Virgo interferometer - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.

org/wiki/Virgo_interferometer

Coordinates: 43.6313°N 10.5045°E

Virgo interferometer
The Virgo interferometer is a large interferometer designed to detect gravitational
waves predicted by the general theory of relativity. Virgo is a Michelson interferometer The Virgo experiment
that is isolated from external disturbances: its mirrors and instrumentation are
suspended and its laser beam operates in a vacuum. The instrument's two arms are
three kilometres long and located in Santo Stefano a Macerata, near the city of Pisa,
Italy.

Virgo is part of a scientific collaboration of laboratories from six countries: Italy, France,
the Netherlands, Poland, Hungary and Spain. Other interferometers similar to Virgo
have the same goal of detecting gravitational waves, including the two LIGO
interferometers in the United States (at the Hanford Site and in Livingston, Louisiana).
Since 2007, Virgo and LIGO have agreed to share and jointly analyze the data recorded
by their detectors and to jointly publish their results.[1] Because the interferometric
detectors are not directional (they survey the whole sky) and they are looking for signals
which are weak, infrequent, one-time events, simultaneous detection of a gravitational
wave in multiple instruments is necessary to confirm the signal validity and to deduce
the angular direction of its source.
Founding members
The interferometer is named for the Virgo Cluster of about 1,500 galaxies in the Virgo
Acceded members
constellation, about 50 million light-years from Earth. As no terrestrial source of
gravitational wave is powerful enough to produce a detectable signal, Virgo must Motto Listening to the
observe the Universe. The more sensitive the detector, the further it can see cosmic whisper
gravitational waves, which then increases the number of potential sources. This is Formation 1993
relevant as the violent phenomena Virgo is potentially sensitive to (coalescence of a
compact binary system, neutron stars or black holes; supernova explosion; etc.) are rare: Type International scientific
the more galaxies Virgo is surveying, the larger the probability of a detection. collaboration
Purpose Gravitational wave
detection
Contents Headquarters European
Gravitational
History
Observatory
The initial Virgo detector
Location Santo Stefano a
The Advanced Virgo detector
Macerata, Cascina
Goals
Coordinates 43.6313°N 10.5045°E
Interferometric detection of a gravitational wave
Region Italy
Effect of a gravitational wave in an optical cavity
Detection principle Fields Basic research
Detector sensitivity Membership CNRS (France), INFN
Improving the sensitivity (Italy), NIKHEF
(Netherlands),
The instrument
POLGRAW (https://po
Gallery lgraw.camk.edu.pl/en)
References (Poland), RMKI (htt
External links p://www.grid.kfki.hu/tw
iki/bin/view/RmiVirgo/
WebHome) (Hungary)
History and Spain
Spokesperson Giovanni Losurdo
The Virgo project was approved in 1993 by the French CNRS and in 1994 by the Italian Affiliations LVC (LIGO Scientific
INFN, the two institutes at the origin of the experiment. The construction of the detector
Collaboration and
started in 1996 in the Cascina site near Pisa, Italy.
Virgo Collaboration)
In December 2000,[2] CNRS and INFN created the European Gravitational Observatory Budget About ten million
(EGO consortium), later joined by the Netherlands, Poland, Hungary and Spain. EGO is euros per year

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responsible for the Virgo site, in charge of the construction, the maintenance and the Staff More than 320 people
operation of the detector, as well as of its upgrades. The goal of EGO is also to promote contribute to the Virgo
research and studies about gravitation in Europe. By December 2015, 19 laboratories experiment
plus EGO were members of the Virgo collaboration.
Website www.virgo-gw.eu (htt
p://www.virgo-gw.eu)
The initial Virgo detector

In the 2000s, the Virgo detector was built, commissioned and operated. The instrument reached its design sensitivity to
gravitational wave signals. This initial endeavour was used to validate the Virgo technical design choices; and it also
demonstrated that giant interferometers are promising devices to detect gravitational waves in a wide frequency band.[3][4] The
construction of the Initial Virgo detector was completed in June 2003[5] and several data taking periods followed between 2007
and 2011.[6] Some of these runs were done in coincidence with the two LIGO detectors. The initial Virgo detector recorded
scientific data from 2007 to 2011 during four science runs.[7] There was a shut-down of a few months in 2010 to allow for a
major upgrade of the Virgo suspension system: the original suspension steel wires were replaced by glass fibers in order to
reduce the thermal noise.[8] After several months of data taking with this final configuration, the initial Virgo detector was shut
down in September 2011 to begin the installation of Advanced Virgo.[9]

The Advanced Virgo detector

However, the initial Virgo detector was not sensitive enough to detect such
gravitational waves. Therefore, it was decommissioned in 2011 and replaced by
the Advanced Virgo detector which aims at increasing its sensitivity by a factor
of 10, allowing it to probe a volume of the Universe 1,000 times larger, making
detections of gravitational waves more likely. The original detector is generally
referred to as the "initial Virgo" or "original Virgo". The Advanced Virgo
detector benefits from the experience gained on the initial detector and from
technological advances since it was made.

The first direct detection of gravitational wave of
Virgo, GW170814.
Advanced Virgo started the commissioning process in 2016, joining the two
advanced LIGO detectors ("aLIGO") for a first "engineering" observing period
in May and June 2017.[10] On 14 August 2017, LIGO and Virgo detected a signal,
GW170814, which was reported on 27 September 2017. It was the first binary
black hole merger detected by both LIGO and Virgo.[11]

The Advanced Virgo is 10 times more sensitive than the initial Virgo.[12] According to the Advanced Virgo Technical Design
Report VIR–0128A–12 of 2012, advanced Virgo keeps the same vacuum infrastructure as Virgo, with four additional cryotraps
located at both ends of both three-kilometre-long arms to trap residual particles coming from the mirror towers, but the
remainder of the interferometer has been significantly upgraded. The new mirrors are larger (350 mm in diameter, with a
weight of 40 kg), and their optical performances have been improved.[13] The critical optical elements used to control the
interferometer are under vacuum on suspended benches. A system of adaptive optics was to be installed to correct the mirror
aberrations in-situ.[13] In the final Advanced Virgo configuration, the laser power will be 200 W.

A milestone for the Advanced Virgo was reached in 2017 with the installation of the new detector. A first joint science run with
LIGO, in the second half of 2017, started following a commissioning period of a few months.

The first detection of gravitational waves by Virgo is known as GW170814, which was announced on 27 September 2017 in a G7
science meeting conference in Turin, Italy.[14][11]

Just few days later, GW170817 was detected by the LIGO and Virgo on 17 August 2017. The GW was produced by the last
minutes of two neutron stars spiralling closer to each other and finally merging, and is the first GW observation which has been
confirmed by non-gravitational means.

After further upgrades Virgo started the "O3" observation run in April 2019, it is planned to last one year, followed by further
upgrades.[15]

Goals
The first goal of Virgo is to directly observe gravitational waves, a straightforward prediction of Albert Einstein's general

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relativity.[16] The study over three decades of the binary pulsar 1913+16, whose discovery
was awarded the 1993 Nobel Prize in Physics, led to indirect evidence of the existence of
gravitational waves. The observed evolution over time of this binary pulsar's orbital period
is in excellent agreement with the hypothesis that the system is losing energy by emitting
gravitational waves.[17] The rotation motion is accelerating (its period, reported in 2004 to
be 7.75 hours, is decreasing by 76.5 microseconds per year) and the two compact stars get
closer by about three meters each year. They should coalesce in about 300 million years.
Aerial view of the site of the Virgo But only the very last moments preceding that particular cosmic collision will generate
experiment showing the central gravitational waves strong enough to be visible in a detector like Virgo. This theoretical
building, the Mode-Cleaner building, scenario for the evolution of Binary Pulsar B1913+16 would be confirmed by a direct
the full 3 km-long west arm and the detection of gravitational waves from a similar system, the main goal of giant
beginning of the north arm (on the interferometric detectors like Virgo and LIGO.
right). The other buildings include
offices, workshops, the local The longer term goal, after accomplishing the primary goal of discovering gravitational
computing center and the waves, Virgo aims at being part of the birth of a new branch of astronomy by observing the
interferometer control room. When Universe with a different and complementary perspective than current telescopes and
this picture was shot, the building detectors. Information brought by gravitational waves will be added to those provided by
hosting the project management the study of the electromagnetic spectrum (microwaves, radio waves, infrared, the visible
and the canteen had not been built spectrum, ultraviolet, X-rays and gamma rays), of cosmic rays and of neutrinos. In order to
yet. correlate a gravitational wave detection with visible and localized events in the sky, the
LIGO and Virgo collaborations have signed bilateral agreements with many teams
operating telescopes to quickly inform (on the timescale of a few days or a few hours) these
partners that a potential gravitational wave signal has been observed. These alerts must be sent before knowing whether the
signal is real or not, because the source (if it is real) may only remain visible during a short amount of time.

Interferometric detection of a gravitational wave

Effect of a gravitational wave in an optical cavity

In general relativity, a gravitational wave is a space-time perturbation which propagates at the speed of light. It then curves
slightly the space-time, which changes locally the light path. Mathematically speaking, if is the amplitude (assumed to be
small) of the incoming gravitational wave and the length of the optical cavity in which the light is in circulation, the change
of the optical path due to the gravitational wave is given by the formula:[18]

with being a geometrical factor which depends on the relative orientation between the cavity and the direction of
propagation of the incoming gravitational wave.

Detection principle

Virgo is a Michelson interferometer whose mirrors are

suspended. A laser is divided into two beams by a beam
splitter tilted by 45 degrees. The two beams propagate in the
two perpendicular arms of the interferometer, are reflected
by mirrors located at the end of the arms and recombine on
the beam splitter, generating interferences which are
detected by a photodiode. An incoming gravitational wave
changes the optical path of the laser beams in the arms,
which then changes the interference pattern recorded by the
photodiode.

The signal induced by a potential gravitational wave is thus

"embedded" in the light intensity variations detected at the
interferometer output.[19] Yet, several external causes Basic scheme of a gravitational wave suspended interferometric detector
—globally denoted as noise—change the interference like Virgo (labels are in French)
pattern perpetually and significantly. Should nothing be
done to remove or mitigate them, the expected physical
signals would be buried in noise and would then remain undetectable. The design of detectors like Virgo and LIGO thus

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requires a detailed inventory of all noise sources which could impact the measurement, allowing a strong and continuing effort
to reduce them as much as possible.[20][21] During the data taking periods, dedicated software monitors in real time the noise
levels in the interferometer, and deep studies are carried out to identify the loudest noises and mitigate them. Each period
during which a detector is found to be "too noisy" is excluded from the data analysis: these dead times need to be reduced as
much as possible.

Detector sensitivity

A detector like Virgo is characterized by its sensitivity, a

figure of merit providing information about the tiniest
signal the instrument could detect—the smaller the value of
the sensitivity, the better the detector. The sensitivity varies
with frequency as each noise has its own frequency range.
For instance, it is foreseen that the sensitivity of the
advanced Virgo detector be ultimately limited by:[21]

seismic noise (any ground motion whose sources are

numerous: waves in the Mediterranean sea, wind,
human activity for instance the traffic during daytime,
etc.) in the low frequencies up to about 10 Hertz (Hz);
the thermal noise of the mirrors and their suspension
wires, from a few tens of Hz up to a few hundreds;
the laser shot noise above a few hundreds of Hz.

Virgo is a wide band detector whose sensitivity ranges from

a few Hz up to 10 kHz. Mathematically speaking, its A sensitivity curve from the Virgo detector in the frequency band [10 Hz;
sensitivity is characterized by its power spectrum which is 10 kHz], computed in August 2011"Virgo Sensitivity Curves" (https://archi
computed in real time using the data recorded by the ve.is/20151201141218/http://www.virgo-gw.eu/DataAnalysis/Calibration/S
detector. The curve opposite shows an example of a Virgo ensitivity). 2011. Archived from the original (http://www.virgo-gw.eu/DataA
amplitude spectrum density (the square root of the power nalysis/Calibration/Sensitivity) on 1 December 2015. Retrieved
spectrum) from 2011, plotted using log-log scale. 15 December 2015.. Its shape is typical: the thermal noise of the mirror
suspension pendulum mode dominates at low frequency while the
increase at high frequency is due to the laser shot noise. In between
Improving the sensitivity these two frequency bands and superimposed to these fundamental
noises, one can see resonances (for instance the suspension wire violin
Using an interferometer rather than a single optical cavity modes) such as contributions from various instrumental noises (among
allows one to enhance significantly the sensitivity of the which the 50 Hz frequency from the power grid and its harmonics) which
detector to gravitational waves.[22] Indeed, in this one is trying to reduce continuously.
configuration based on an interference measurement, the
contributions from some experimental noises are strongly
reduced: instead of being proportional to the length of the single cavity, they depend in that case on the length difference
between the arms (so equal arm length cancels the noise). In addition, the interferometer configuration benefits from the
differential effect induced by a gravitational wave in the plane transverse to its direction of propagation: when the length of an
optical path changes by a quantity , the perpendicular optical path of same length changes by (same magnitude but
opposite sign). And the interference at the output port of a Michelson interferometer depends on the difference of length
between the two arms: the measured effect is hence amplified by a factor 2 with respect to a simple cavity.

Then, one has to "freeze" the various mirrors of the interferometer: when they move, the optical cavity length changes and so
does the interference signal read at the instrument output port. The mirror positions relative to a reference and their alignment
are monitored accurately in real time[23] with a precision better than the tenth of a nanometre for the lengths;[21] at the level of
a few nanoradians for the angles. The more sensitive the detector, the narrower its optimal working point.

Reaching that working point from an initial configuration in which the various mirrors are moving freely is a control system
challenge.[24] In a first step, each mirror is controlled locally to damp its residual motion; then, an automated sequence of
steps, usually long and complex, allows one to make the transition between a series of independent local controls to a unique
global control steering the interferometer as a whole. Once this working point is reached, it is simpler to keep it as error signals
read in real time provide a measurement of the deviation between the actual state of the interferometer and its optimal
condition. From the measured differences, mechanical corrections are applied on the various mirrors to bring the system closer
to its best working point.

The optimal working point of an interferometric detector of gravitational waves is slightly detuned from the "dark fringe", a
configuration in which the two laser beams recombined on the beam splitter interfere in a destructive way: almost no light is

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detected at the output port. Calculations show that the detector sensitivity scales as[21] , where is the arm cavity

length and the laser power on the beam splitter. To improve it, these two quantities must be increased.

The arms of the Virgo detector are thus 3-km long.

To increase even more (by a factor 50) the length of the laser optical paths, highly reflecting mirrors are installed at the
entry of the kilometric arms to create Fabry-Perot cavities.
Finally, as the interferometer is tuned on the dark fringe and that the mirrors located at the end of the arms are highly
reflecting as well, almost all the laser power is sent back to the laser source from the beam splitter. Therefore, an additional
highly reflecting mirror is located in this area to recycle the light and store it inside the instrument.

Optical configuration of the first generation Virgo detector. On the

schematics one can read the level of magnitude of the power
stored in the various cavities.

The instrument
Seen from the air, the Virgo detector has a characteristic "L" shape with its two 3-km long perpendicular arms. The arm
"tunnels" house vacuum pipes with a 120 cm diameter in which the laser beams are travelling under ultra-high vacuum. To
increase the interaction between the light and an incoming gravitational wave, a Fabry-Perot optical cavity is installed in each
arm as well as a mirror called "recycling mirror" at the instrument entrance, between the laser source and the beam splitter.

Virgo is sensitive to gravitational waves in a wide frequency range, from 10 Hz to 10,000 Hz. The main components of the
detector are the following:

The laser is the light source of the experiment. It must be powerful, while extremely stable in frequency as well as in
amplitude.[25] To meet all these specifications which are somewhat opposing, the beam starts from a very low power, yet
very stable, laser.[26] The light from this laser passes through several amplifiers which enhance its power by a factor 100. A
50 W output power was achieved for the last configuration of the initial Virgo detector—called "Virgo+"—while in the final
configuration of Advanced Virgo, the laser will deliver 200 W.[13] The retained solution is to have a fully fibered laser with an
amplification stage made of fibers as well, to improve the robustness of the system. That laser is actively stabilised in
amplitude, frequency and position, in order to not inject additional noise in the interferometer, and hence to improve the
sensitivity to the gravitational wave signal.
The large mirrors of the arm cavities are the most critical optics of the interferometer. Those mirrors make a resonant
optical cavity in each arm and allow to increase the power of the light stored in the 3-km arms. Thanks to this setup, the
interaction time between the light and the gravitational wave signal is significantly increased. Those mirrors are non-
standard pieces, made from state-of-the-art technologies. They are cylinders 35 cm in diameter and 20 cm thick,[13] made
from the purest glass in the world.[27] The mirrors are polished to the atomic level in order to not diffuse (and hence lose)
any light.[28] Finally, a reflective coating (a Bragg reflector made with ion beam sputtering, or IBS) is added. The mirrors
located at the end of the arms reflect all incoming light; less than 0.002% of the light is lost at each reflection.[29]
In order to mitigate the seismic noise which could propagate up to the mirrors, shaking them and hence obscuring potential
gravitational wave signals, the large mirrors are suspended by a complex system. All of the main mirrors are suspended by
four thin fibers made of silica[30] (hence in glass) which are attached to a series of attenuators. This chain of suspension,

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called the 'superattenuator', is close to 10 meters high and is also under

vacuum.[31] The superattenuators do not only limit the disturbances on
the mirrors, they also allow the mirror position and orientation to be
precisely steered. The optical table where the injection optics used to
shape the laser beam are located, such as the benches used for the
light detection, are also suspended and under vacuum, in order to limit
the seismic and acoustic noises. For advanced Virgo, the whole
instrumentation used to detect gravitational waves signals and to steer
the interferometer (photodiodes, cameras and the associated
electronics) are also installed on several suspended benches, and
under vacuum. This choice and the use of light traps (called baffles)
inside the vacuum pipes, prevent the residual seismic noise from being
reintroduced into the dark port signals because of spurious reflections
from diffused light.
Virgo is the largest ultra-high vacuum installation in Europe, with a total
volume of 6,800 cubic meters.[32] The two 3-km arms are made of a
long pipe 1.2m in diameter in which the residual pressure is about 1
thousandth of a billionth of an atmosphere. Thus, the residual air
molecules are not disturbing the path of the laser beams. Large gate
valves are located at both ends of the arms so that work can be done in
the mirror vacuum towers without breaking the arm ultra-high vacuum.
Indeed, both Virgo arms have been kept under vacuum since 2008.[33]

Gallery

Any Virgo mirror is supported, under vacuum, by a

mechanical structure enormously damping seismic
vibrations. A "Superattenuator" consists of a chain of
pendula, hanging from an upper platform, supported by
three long flexible legs clamped to ground, technically
called inverted pendulum. In this way seismic
vibrations above 10 Hz are reduced by more than 1012
Overview of the Virgo site. times and the position of the mirror is very carefully
controlled.

Aerial view of the Virgo Start of the Virgo north

detector. arm; in the foreground on
the right, the central
building.

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The Virgo site with, in
View of the 3 km-long
the foreground, the
Virgo north arm.
building which hosts the
detector control room
and the local computer
center.
The Virgo central View of the 3 km-long
building which hosts the Virgo west arm (right
laser and the pipe). The tube on the
beamsplitter mirror. left, which is 150
m-long, hosts the mode-
cleaner cavity which is
used to spatially filter
the laser beam.

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Virgo interferometer - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgo_interferometer

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External links
Description on EGO's website (http://www.ego-gw.it/virgodescription/pag_4.html)
Virgo's homepage (https://web.archive.org/web/20071014004427/http://www.virgo.infn.it/)
Advanced Virgo Technical Design Report (https://archive.is/20130413031159/https://tds.ego-gw.it/ql/?c=8940)

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