Signal, Image and Video Processing

https://doi.org/10.1007/s11760-018-1267-z

ORIGINAL PAPER

Abnormal event detection in crowded scenes using one-class SVM

Somaieh Amraee1 · Abbas Vafaei1 · Kamal Jamshidi1 · Peyman Adibi1

Received: 21 August 2017 / Revised: 24 January 2018 / Accepted: 2 March 2018

© Springer-Verlag London Ltd., part of Springer Nature 2018

Abstract
In this paper, a new method for detecting abnormal events in public surveillance systems is proposed. In the first step of the
proposed method, candidate regions are extracted, and the redundant information is eliminated. To describe appearance and
motion of the extracted regions, HOG-LBP and HOF are calculated for each region. Finally, abnormal events are detected
using two distinct one-class SVM models. To achieve more accurate anomaly localization, the large regions are divided into
non-overlapping cells, and the abnormality of each cell is examined separately. Experimental results show that the proposed
method outperforms existing methods based on the UCSD anomaly detection video datasets.

Keywords Anomaly detection · Crowded scenes · One-class SVM · Optical flow

1 Introduction extraction of occluded entities is an important problem in

Video surveillance systems have made great progress in
recent years. Pedestrian safety has become one of the most
important applications of surveillance systems. Therefore,
the number of public places that are equipped with surveil-
lance cameras is increasing day by day. Due to the cost and
difficulties of careful monitoring by human operators in a
traditional surveillance system, the automatic approaches are
required for detecting abnormal events in public places and
important buildings. It should be mentioned that the pres-
ence of unusual moving objects such as trucks, cars, bicycles,
carts on pedestrian walkways is considered as an appear-
ance anomaly. Also, the unusual actions of one or multiple
pedestrians are considered as motion abnormality. The act
of running and aggressive behavior of pedestrians are two
examples of this anomaly type.
To detect abnormalities in the places with sparse distri-
bution of moving objects, automated surveillance systems
are often used to extract object-level features such as posi-
tion, size, speed, trajectory for each moving object. Then
the abnormal object is detected according to these features
[1–4]. In crowded scenes, the performance of tracking algo-
rithms is reduced because of temporary loss of an object due
to its being blocked from camera view. The accurate feature
B Abbas Vafaei
abbas_vafaei@eng.ui.ac.ir
1 Faculty of Computer Engineering, University of Isfahan,
Isfahan, Iran
the object-level methods [5–12]. In the systems with variable
congestion of the intended environment, we need a method
that can continue with high performance in the crowded sit-
uation.
In the low-level feature extraction methods, the moving
objects are not recognized as independent entities. In these
approaches, the features such as motion, color, texture, opti-
cal flow are extracted for each pixel or cell. The low-level
feature extraction approaches have the advantages of being
robust to occlusion which affect the tracking accuracy. Since
no object is extracted from the image, this approach is able
to operate in crowded scenes [13–38]. In most low-level fea-
ture extraction methods, the input video sequence is first
divided into a set of 2D or 3D non-overlapping cells. Then,
the cells are represented in the form of appropriate descrip-
tors such as histogram of oriented gradients (HOG) [39],
local binary pattern (LBP) [40], histogram of optical flow
(HOF) [41]. Consequently, the cells that contain abnormal
events are detected using a proper one-class classifier.
In recent years, several methods have been developed to
detect abnormal events in crowded scenes without the need
for object tracking. Kim and Grauman [16] model the local
optical flow using mixtures of probabilistic principal com-
ponent analyzers (MPPCA). They employ spatiotemporal
Markov random field (MRF) to detect local and global abnor-
malities. Mehran et al. [17] propose social force concept in
which interacting forces are calculated using the extracted
optical flow from small cells.

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Biswas et al. [22] propose an approach in H.264/AVC
framework to detect anomalies in surveillance videos using
the magnitude and orientation of motion vectors. Zaharescu
and Waild [23] propose a method that employs the spatiotem-
poral energy filters to make a pixel-level activity pattern.
They also model the appearance and dynamics of the crowded
scenes using the mixture of dynamic textures (MDT) [15].
Bertini et al. [24] propose a local test to measure the simi-
larity of a video cell and its eight neighbors. In this method,
the cells that are not similar to other neighboring cells are
considered as abnormal events. Reddy et al. [14] divide each
frame into the same size cells and extract the features such
as motion, size, and texture for each of them. They model
the scene by combining three types of classifiers to make
effective use of different features.
Cong et al. [32] segment the video in spatiotemporal
domain at first. Then, a region-based descriptor is used to
describe the appearance and motion of the patches. In this
approach, anomaly detection is formulated as a matching
problem instead of using statistical models. Roshtkhari et
al. [13] model the spatiotemporal compositions (STC) using
a method which imposes spatial and temporal constraints
on the video volumes so that a video arrangement with the
very low frequency of occurrence is considered as an abnor-
mality. Amraee et al. [26] present a method based on the
connected component analysis (CCA). In this method, the
appearance abnormality is detected using the HOG of candi-
date regions and a multivariate Gaussian model. For motion
anomaly detection, they propose a simple algorithm using
the average magnitude of optical flow without considering
the direction of moving objects.
Revathi et al. [33] propose a deep learning-based anomaly
detection (DLAD) system that involves four modules for
background estimation, object segmentation, feature extrac-
tion, and activity recognition.The proposed method by Zhou
et al. [20] models the events using a spatial-temporal con-
volutional neural networks (CNN) to capture features from
both spatial and temporal dimensions by performing spatial-
temporal convolutions. Yu et al. [21] propose a multiscale
histogram of optical flow and oriented gradient (MHOFG)
to represent the features of a spatiotemporal patches. They
use two sparse dictionaries to include both normal and abnor-
mal information in training. Also, an additional abnormality
dictionary is trained as an additional condition of judging
testing samples to be normal or abnormal. Sabokrou et al.
[29] define each video as a set of non-overlapping cubic
patches using two local and global descriptors. The local
and global features are based on structure similarity between
adjacent patches and the features learned in an unsupervised
way, using a sparse autoencoder.
In the other work, Sabokrou et al. [30] propose two cubic
patch-based anomaly detectors using autoencoders where
one works based on the reconstituting error (RE), and the
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Signal, Image and Video Processing
other on the sparse representation (SR) of an input video
patch. Xu et al. [36] propose an appearance and motion deep
network (AMDN) in a double-fusion framework to extract
both motion and appearance information. Leyva et al. [28]
propose binary features to detect abnormal events in an online
manner. They extract binary strings from temporal gradients
and also foreground occupancy features to detect the abnor-
mality in a Gaussian mixture model (GMM).
Kangwei et al. [27] extract five image descriptors, namely
the color moments, the edge histogram descriptors, the color
and edge directivity descriptors, the color layout descriptors,
and the scalable color descriptors, for robust detection. They
employ the local binary fitting model (LBF) for anomaly
detection.
In this paper, we propose a new approach for anomaly
detection and localization in crowded senses. The most
important contributions of the proposed method include: (1)
Eliminating the problem of occluded normal objects by learn-
ing the conventional overlapping from the training data (2)
extracting important regions and eliminating trivial infor-
mation to reduce the number of required feature vectors
and computational load (3) using two different classifiers to
detect appearance and motion anomalies separately (4) divid-
ing large regions into non-overlapping cells and examining
abnormalities for each cell to achieve more accurate anomaly
localizations. The rest of this paper is structured as follows:
the main body of the proposed method is discussed in Sect. 2.
The experimental results are shown in Sect. 3. Finally, Sect. 4
is dedicated to conclusions and recommendations for future
research.
2 The proposed method
The proposed method consists of three main parts: feature
extraction, one-class SVM model, and anomaly detection,
which are described in this section.
2.1 Feature extraction
As shown in Fig. 1, in the first step of the proposed method,
a foreground binary mask is created for each frame. Then,
the connected components are extracted from the foreground
mask using associated region map. A connected component
in a binary image is a set of contiguous pixels that contain
“1”. In a region map, each connected component receives a
unique number as its region code. There are three separate
regions in the map of Fig. 1b which are labeled with No. 1
to 3. The size of each region is defined by the rectangle that
covers it (see Fig. 1a).
In the next step, we construct a matrix called region-size
matrix. This matrix displays the number of regions that have
the same size. In other words, the entry in the ith row and jth
Signal, Image and Video Processing
Fig. 1 Determining proper cell size: a Foreground mask with three
connected components and their covering rectangles, b Region map, c
Region-size matrix, d Proper cell size (PCS)
column represents the number of regions that have the width
of i and the length of j. For example, if there are four regions
with the size of 24 × 10 pixels, the element at row 24 and
column 10 is marked by number 4 (blue rectangle in Fig. 1c).
After parsing all the training frames, this matrix represents
the repetition of different region sizes in the whole of the
training data. As the region-size matrix becomes complete,
an entry which has the maximum value is considered as the
cell size. The red circle shows the maximum entry of Fig. 1c.
Thus, the proper cell is a rectangle with the size of 21 × 12 in
this example. Thereafter, we call the proper cell size as PCS.
We expect that PCS is proportional to the size of the normal
objects (pedestrians in Fig. 1d) because it is calculated using
the most frequent region size in the training data.
Generally, there are two types of abnormalities in the
surveillance systems. Appearance anomaly refers to an object
which is visually different from normal ones, such as a truck
or bicycle on the sidewalk. Motion anomaly refers to an
unusual motion by an object that seems normal in physi-
cal appearance. A running pedestrian on the sidewalk is an
example of motion anomaly. To detect appearance anomaly,
the first step is to extract large regions. Any region whose
covering rectangle is adequately greater than the PCS is con-
sidered as a large region. The large regions are extracted in
the training data, and then HOG-LBP descriptor is calcu-
lated for each of them. Since there is no abnormality in the
training data, the large regions in these frames are certainly
made by a set of occluded normal objects. Therefore, we
can make a one-class model on these regions. This model
describes the large regions in which there is no appearance
anomaly. It should be remembered that the main problem in
the crowded scenes is the occlusion of moving objects. In
our method, this problem is well resolved, because the con-
ventional overlapped objects are learned from the training
data.
Figure 2a shows the block diagram of the proposed method
for HOG-LBP extraction from the training data. To extract
the HOG vector for a candidate region, each pixel within
a cell casts a weighted vote for one of the nine histogram
bins based on the values found by the gradient computation.
Also, we use the rotationally invariant uniform LBP, which
implements a ten-bin histogram as a simple texture descrip-
tor. By putting together these two HOG and LBP vectors,
the final feature vectors are created to describe the appear-
ance of the regions. Therefore, the HOG-LBP feature vector
has a length of 19, and we have a 19-dimensional space to
detect appearance abnormalities. To extract motion informa-
tion from training data, we use Lucas–Kanade method [42]
to calculate the optical flow of two consecutive frames.
For each pixel, the magnitude of optical flow indicates its
speed that has a value greater than zero inside the foreground.
In order to attain better utilization of motion information, it is
necessary to use the direction of optical flow vectors in addi-
tion to their magnitudes. As shown in Fig. 2b after calculating
the optical flow, each frame is divided into non-overlapping
cells and histogram of oriented optical flow (HOF) is calcu-
lated for each of them. It should be noted that the cells that are
mostly occupied by background pixels do not have significant
motion information. So, to avoid modeling the background
and additional computation load, the motion feature is only
extracted from the foreground cells. Thus, the white cells in
Fig. 2b does not affect the histogram formation.
2.2 One-class SVM modeling
One-class SVM (OC-SVM) is widely used for abnormal
event detection [36–38]. The main idea of OC-SVM is to
find the maximal margin hyperplane using appropriate ker-
nel function to map most of the training data into only one
side of the hyperplane. The OC-SVM maximizes the dis-
tance of this hyperplane from the origin. It may be viewed
as a regular two-class SVM where all the training data lies
on one side of the feature space while outlier data points find
themselves on the other side. To find the maximal margin
hyperplane, the underlying problem of OC-SVM is formu-
lated as the following quadratic program [36,43]:
1 1 N
min w2 + ξi − ρ (1)
w,ρ 2 vN i=1
such that:
w T . (xi ) ≥ ρ − ξi , ξi ≥ 0 (2)
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 Signal, Image and Video Processing

HOG 9
1 2 3

1 2 3 ... LBP 9 10

HOG-LBP
1 2 3 ... 9 10 11 18 19

(a)

…
Optical flow maps Foreground cells HOF
(b)

Fig. 2 Feature extraction from training data: a appearance features (HOG-LBP), b motion features (HOF)

Where xi for i = {1, 2, . . . , N} is a set of training data and
w is the learned weight vector. Also, ρ is the offset, and the
predefined parameter ν ∈ (0, 1] represents an upper bound
on the fraction of data that is let to be located in the outlier
side of the hypeplane. (xi ) is a feature projection function
which maps feature vector xi into a higher dimensional fea-
ture hyperspace F. The projection function  can be defined
implicitly by introducing an associated kernel function k
[36,43]:
k(xi , x j ) = (xi )T .(x j )
Polynomial, sigmoid and radial basis kernel function (RBF)
are the most frequently used kernel functions in SVM mod-
els. In the RBF kernel, the number of parameters which
influences the complexity of model selection is less than the
others. In the proposed method, we use RBF kernel in two
distinct OC-SVM models to detect appearance and motion
anomaly separately. The RBF kernel function on two samples
xi and x j is defined as [36]:
   
k xi , x j = exp −γ xi − x j 2 , γ ≥ 0 (4)
where γ is a parameter that sets the spread of the kernel.
2.3 Anomaly detection
To detect abnormalities in our method, the foreground mask
and the region map are extracted from the current frame.
For the regions whose sizes are similar to the PCS, HOF is
calculated and then applied to the OC-SVM model. If the
(3) HOF of a region does not fall into normal half of feature
space, it is reported as a motion anomaly. For large regions,
the work is a bit complicated because there may be an abnor-
mality in a small part of it. For example, in a large region that
includes two or more occluded objects, only one of them may
carry out abnormal motion. So, the global HOF of the region
cannot reflect this abnormality. Therefore, it is necessary to
divide the large region into non-overlapping cells and calcu-
late individual HOF for each cell. Figure 3 illustrates how
this subdivision is performed. In this figure, a large region is

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Signal, Image and Video Processing
1 2
Abnormal
cell
3 4
5 6
Large Region Optical Flow
Fig. 3 Division of large regions into non-overlapping cells
divided into six cells. HOF is plotted at the bottom of each
cell. The first cell contains no motion information, so it’s
HOF is not calculated. The cell No. 3 covers a skateboard, so
it produces an unusual HOF. Therefore, this cell is reported
as containing a motion anomaly. Other cells have all normal
motion, so their HOF are placed in the normal half of feature
space.
In this way, the motion abnormalities of each cell are
examined independently of the others. In addition, a large
region is not always the result of occluded pedestrians. Some-
times an unusual moving object, such as a truck, forms a
large region. By extracting the HOG-LBP and applying it to
another OC-SVM model, we can identify large regions that
include an object with apparent anomaly. In other words,
New test Create Get a new
frame region map region
Fig. 4 Anomaly detection in the proposed method
if a new HOG-LBP is known as an outlier of the learned
hyperplane, it means that this large region is not made by a
set of occluded normal objects and it has different appear-
ance characteristics from the training ones. As a result, this
region is reported as an appearance anomaly. The overall
structure of the proposed algorithm for detecting abnormal-
ities in crowded scenes is shown in Fig. 4. As can be seen in
this figure, a region map is created by receiving a new frame.
Abnormality of each region is examined separately, and the
size of each region determines the path that follows in the
flowchart of Fig. 4
3 Experimental results
The proposed method is implemented using MATLAB 2016
and LibSVM3.22 library. We used UCSD anomaly detec-
tion dataset [44] for evaluation of abnormal event detection
and localization in crowded scenes. The UCSD image set
has been recorded by a fixed camera on the sidewalks. The
crowd density in the walkways is variable from sparse to very
crowded and abnormal events are due to either the circulation
of non-pedestrian moving objects on the sidewalks or anoma-
lous pedestrian motion patterns. The UCSD dataset is split
into two image sequences. Ped1 contains 34 and 36 training
and testing video clips, respectively, and Ped2 includes 16
training clips and 12 test clips. Each test clip in Ped1 and
Ped2 is provided with manually generated pixel-level binary
masks for evaluating the anomaly localization. In the exper-
iments, any region whose covering rectangle’s area is two
times greater than the PCS is considered as a large region.
The calculated PCS value is 32 × 12 for Ped1 and 40 × 15
for Ped2. In the proposed method, there are two distinct OC-
SVM classifiers to detect appearance and motion anomaly.
Thus, they receive two independent γ in Eq. (4). The value of
Create HOG-LBP
OC-SVM
for the region Appearance
Anomaly
Detecon
Divide the
Create HOF
region into non-
for each cell
overlapped cells
yes
Large
OC-SVM
region Moon
Anomaly
NO Detecon
Create HOF for
the region
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 Signal, Image and Video Processing

Fig. 5 Anomaly detection in Ped1 (top) and Ped2 (bottom)

Fig. 6 Anomaly detection on Ped2: frame-level ROC

Table 1 EER comparison with the state-of-the-art methods

Pixel-level Frame-level Method which indicates its higher accuracy in anomaly detection.
With a closer look at Table 1, it becomes obvious that despite
SF [17] 0.42 0.79
the frame-level EER in the methods of [13] and [31] is lower
MPPCA [16] 0.31 0.82
than the proposed method, their pixel-level error is more than
SF+MPPCA [15] 0.36 0.72 ours (the pixel-level EER is not available in [31]).
Bertini [24] 0.30 – Note that a frame is considered correctly detected if at least
Zaharescu [23] 0.27 0.36 one pixel is detected as an abnormality, and actual location
MDT [15] 0.25 0.55 of the anomaly is not necessary for frame-level evaluation.
Biswas [22] 0.21 – Therefore, it is possible for some true positive detections to
Reddy [14] 0.20 – identify abnormal events in the wrong location. To test local-
Revathi [33] 0.18 – ization accuracy, detected regions are compared to pixel-level
STC [13] 0.13 0.26 ground truth masks. In the pixel-level evaluation, a frame is
Cong [32] 0.24 – considered as correctly detected if at least 40 percent of the
Zhou [20] 0.24 – truly anomalous pixels have been identified and is counted
Xu [36] 0.17 – as a false positive detection otherwise. Thus, the pixel-level
Sabokrou [29] 0.19 0.24 criterion seems to be the predominant criterion for evalua-
RE-SR [30] 0.15 – tion of different methods. The frame-level and pixel-level
CCA [26] 0.21 0.27 receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves of the pro-
Leyva [28] 0.21 0.38 posed method are plotted in Figs. 6 and 7 respectively. Also,
Lee [31] 0.10 – a quantitative comparison of different methods in terms of
Proposed method 0.14 0.21 area under curve (AUC) is shown in Table 2. The superiority
of the proposed method in terms of anomaly detection and
localization is obvious from this table.
To perform a more accurate evaluation, the ROC curves for
γ is set to 0.05 on appearance classifier and 0.10 on motion appearance and motion anomaly detection are drawn up indi-
classifier. These values lead to better detection accuracy in vidually and then compared with the related curves of CCA
our experiments. [26].1 Figure 8 shows the ROC of appearance anomaly detec-
Figure 5 shows four examples of anomaly detection on tion for proposed method and CCA [26]. It can be seen in this
Ped1 and Ped2 datasets. Also, In Table 1, the frame-level figure that the proposed method has achieved better results
and pixel-level values of equal error rate (EER) on Ped2 are due to the use of more accurate descriptors (HOG-LBP) and
shown. In an anomaly detection method, EER is defined as classifier (OC-SVM). The ROC curves of motion anomaly
the point that the false positive rate (FPR) is equal to the
false negative rate (FNR). The lower values of EER show 1 Individual ROC curves for motion/appearance anomaly detection are
the higher accuracy of detection. As this table shows, the only available for Ped2 in [26]. Such curves have not been reported in
proposed method has achieved a smaller pixel-level EER, the other methods.

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Signal, Image and Video Processing

Fig. 7 Anomaly localization on Ped2: pixel-level ROC Fig. 8 ROC of appearance anomaly detection: Proposed method
(HOG-LBP, OC-SVM), and CCA [26] (HOG, Gaussian model)
Table 2 Comparison of AUC on UCSD (Ped1 | Ped2)
Frame-level Pixel-level Method

SF [17] 0.67 | 0.55 0.20 | 0.17

MPPCA [16] 0.59 | 0.69 0.20 | 0.13
SF+MPPCA [15] 0.67 | 0.61 0.21 | 0.20
MDT [15] 0.82 | 0.83 0.44 | 0.42
CCA [26] – | 0.85 – | 0.80
Kangwei [27] 0.79 | 0.90 0.66 | 0.77
Xu [36] 0.92 | 0.90 0.67 | –
Lee [31] –|– 0.65 | 0.81
Biswas [22] –|– 0.40 | –
Proposed method 0.85 | 0.93 0.68 | 0.85

detection are plotted in Fig. 9. This figure also shows the

superiority of the proposed method for detecting abnormal
motion events. It is necessary to mention that the algorithm
of motion anomaly detection in [26] is based on the average
magnitude of optical flow (AOF) and it does not indicate the
direction of moving objects. Figure 9 demonstrates that the
HOF descriptor simultaneously utilizes both magnitude and
direction of the optical flow vectors, and this will result in
higher accuracy for motion anomaly detection.
To detect abnormal events in the proposed method, due
to the extraction of connected components from the original
frames, there is no need for dividing of the entire frame into
the non-overlapping cells (see Fig. 4). Therefore, the amount
of required data and thus the computational load is signifi-
cantly reduced. For example, as can be seen in Fig. 1b, a frame
of Ped2 contains 144 cells of size 40 × 15. In the traditional
method, one HOG-LBP feature vector and one HOF feature
vector are extracted for each cell. Thus, it is necessary to
extract 144 × 2 = 288 feature vectors for one frame of Ped2.
However, in the proposed method, if a hypothetical frame
Fig. 9 ROC of motion anomaly detection: Proposed method (HOF,
OC-SVM), and CCA [26] (Average optical flow)
contains six small regions and four large regions (as large as
three cells), the number of extracted feature vectors is much
less than 288. In this example, six HOF vectors for the small
regions and four HOG-LBP vectors plus 4 × 3 = 12 HOF
vectors for large regions are extracted. In this way, a total
of 22 vectors are calculated for the example frame, which is
much less than 288. It should be noted that the number of
large regions in the test set is 7090 and 5535 for Ped1 and
Ped2, respectively, and the total number of extracted HOF is
74,689 for Ped1 and 25,620 for ped2. Also, there are 7200
test frames in Ped1, and this number is 2010 for Ped2. Table
3 compares our method with the traditional method in terms
of the total number of feature vectors. The comparison of
these numbers proves that our method can accurately detect
anomalies using a smaller number of feature vectors.

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Table 3 Total number of extracted feature vectors
HOG-LB HOF
Traditional method
Ped1 100 × 7200 = 720,000 720,000
Ped2 144 × 2010 = 289,440 289,440
Proposed method
Ped1 7090 74,689
Ped2 5535 25,620
4 Conclusion
In this paper, a new method for detecting anomalous events in
crowded scenes is presented. The proposed method is based
on one-class support vector machine. In the first step, we
determine the proper cell size (PCS). The PCS is calculated
by considering the common size of normal objects in the
training data. Then, the appearance abnormality is detected
using HOG-LBP descriptors of the candidate regions and
applying it to a trained OC-SVM classifier. To achieve more
accurate detection of appearance anomalies, the conven-
tional overlappings are taken into account in training data.
In fact, the proposed method can correctly distinguish a few
overlapped normal objects from a single large (abnormal)
one. Motion abnormalities are also detected by a separate
OC-SVM using HOF. To achieve higher accuracy, the large
regions are divided into non-overlapping cells, and a sepa-
rate HOF is calculated for each cell. The experimental results
show that the proposed method can detect abnormal events in
crowded scenes outperforming the state-of-the-art methods
based on the UCSD dataset.
In the follow-up of this work, we intend to move toward
deep learning concepts and use of autoencoders. In this way,
it will no longer be necessary to calculate the hand-crafted
features such as HOG-LBP and HOF. The output codes of
a trained autoencoder in a deep network can be used as the
extracted feature vectors. Also, we will conduct our research
toward other types of anomaly detection algorithms applica-
ble to other sorts of surveillance systems. In the method we
presented here, it is assumed that the background image is
time-invariant and is calculated in the training phase. In appli-
cations using a moving camera, the background image of the
target environment is variable. In these circumstances, we
need to create a module for recalculation of the background
image at specified intervals and add it to the proposed system.
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