Dharmashastra National Law University, Jabalpur

2020-2021

Subject
Administrative Law
p project topic
Examine the concept of ‘laying procedure’ as laid down in Narendra
Kumar v. Union of India.
Submitted by Submitted to
Anoop Kumar Bardiya I Ms. RUCHIRA CHATURVEDI
BAL/015/18 i (Assistant Prof. Of Law)
Sem. – 5th I i DNLUS, Jabalpur
DNLU, Jabalpur

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Anoop Kumar Bardiya
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 Acknowledgment

God gives us life to decorate it with knowledge. Life without knowledge is like
a river without water.

I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to our Hon’ble Vice-

Chancellor Prof. Shri Balraj Chauhan sir as well as our Head Of
Department Shilpa Jain and Dr. Manvendra sir and my subject teacher Ms.
Ruchira Chaturvedi mam who gave me the golden opportunity to work on this
great or wonderful Project of the subject and only just Because of this project I
got the opportunity to understand how to do the Examine the concept of
‘laying procedure’ as laid down in Narendra Kumar v. Union of
India research on the topic and how to collect the data and how to arrange the
data in research.

Secondly, I would like to express my special thanks to my mentor Mr. Ashit

sir, Animesh Jha sir, and to my University. And I also want to thanks to my
friend Balram Jat, who help me a lot to research in my project.

Anoop Kumar Bardiya

BAL/015/18
DNLU, Jabalpur
Cont. No. 8435381296
Anoop015-18@mpdnlu.ac.in

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 Table of Content

Contents

Introduction..............................................................................................................................6
DELEGATED LEGISLATION..........................................................................................7
Laying Procedure:................................................................................................................7
NEED / REASONS FOR THE GROWTH OF DELEGATED LEGISLATION: -...........8
Classification of administrative Rulemaking power or Delegative legislation...................9
Title- Based Classification:..................................................................................................9
Discretion-based classification (conditional legislation)...................................................9
Nature-based classification (exceptional delegation)......................................................10
Purpose-based classification:.............................................................................................10
Delegated Legislation in Britain...........................................................................................11
Control Mechanism over Delegated Legislation.................................................................11
1. Control of the legislature over delegated legislation:..................................................12
2. Procedural Control over Delegated Legislation..........................................................15
3. Judicial Control over Delegated Legislation:...............................................................15
Constitutionality of Delegated Legislation...........................................................................17
Conclusion...............................................................................................................................19

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Delegative legislation and laying procedure

Objective:
My project topic is delegated legislation and laying procedure, my main objective is to know
about the delegated legislation and laying procedure through historical development to
judicial interpretation and legal framework. What is the current legal framework in India of
delegative legislation?

Hypothesis
This research hypothesises that delegated legislation cannot effectively be controlled by the
judiciary but legislative control is necessary.

Research problem
The center of the research work is to delegated legislation and laying procedure. The positive
and negative impact of delegated legislation and laying procedure. constitutionality validity
of the delegated legislation or laying procedure. And how they come to affect, and what is the
procedure of delegated legislation and laying procedure, and what leads to by-laws,
legislation, circular. How they were challenged in the court of law. What are the judicial
interpterion and the role of Lok sabha and ray Sabha in the delegated legislation or laying
procedure?

Research questions

 What is the delegated legislation?

 What is the laying procedure?
 How the delegated legislation is important in India?
 How individuals/ citizens affected?
 What is the procedure of delegated legislation?
 What is the current legal position of delegative legislation?

Research methodology:

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Anoop Kumar Bardiya
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The present project work is on doctrinal research the research work is based on various
research articles and books, government data, Various statues, publications, and various
websites.

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 Introduction

The Constitution of Indian empowers Legislature to make laws for the country. One of the
significant legislative functions is to determine a legislative policy and to frame it as a rule of
conduct. Obviously, such powers cannot be conferred on other institutions. But keeping in
mind various multifarious activities of a welfare State, the legislature can't perform all the
functions. In such a situation, the delegated legislation comes into the picture. Delegated
Legislature is one of the essential elements of administration whereby the executive has to
perform certain legislative functions. So, delegated legislation is a process by which the
executive authority is given powers by primary legislation to make laws to implement and
administer the requirements of that primary legislation

Some acts of Parliament delegate to Ministers, departments, agencies, boards, or other

authorities the power to make and apply subordinate legislation described only in general
terms in the acts. Delegated legislation is a term used to describe these regulations, orders,
rules, by-laws, and other instruments. Parliament scrutinizes most delegated legislation to
ensure that its provisions do not exceed the powers approved by Parliament itself.

This responsibility to scrutinize delegated legislation has been assigned to the Standing Joint
Committee for the Scrutiny of Regulations. In addition to the terms of reference set out by the
House itself, this Committee’s mandate is in part described by an act of Parliament. Its
activities sometimes lead to the invocation of special procedures in the House when the
Committee makes a report to the House advocating the revocation of a regulation.

Laying procedure' definition is not defined properly but judicial interpretation tried to define,
the rules, regulation, by-laws through delegative legislation, have to lay before to the
parliament, and parliament has to pass it within the time as prescribed if the pass as it then
they come into force as it, but any changes made by the houses then the will come into force
as changes made by the houses.

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 DELEGATED LEGISLATION

GrowthiofiAdministrativeiProcessibulkiofilawicomesifromitheiadministrators.iiAllilaw-
makingiwhichitakesiplaceioutsideitheilegislatureiexpressediasirules,iregulations,ibylaws,iord
ers,ischemes,idirectionsiorinotifications,ietc.iArt.i13i(3)iDefinesilawiandiitiIncludesiordinanc
e,iorder,ibye-law,irule,iregulationi&inotificationihavingitheiforceiofilaw.
Delegatedilegislationi(sometimesireferreditoiasisecondaryilegislationiorisubordinateilegislati
oniorisubsidiaryilegislation)iisiaiprocessibyiwhichitheiexecutiveiauthorityiisigivenipowersib
yiprimaryilegislationitoimakeilawsitoiimplementiandiadministeritheirequirementsiofithatipri
maryilegislation.iSuchilawiisitheilawimadeibyiaipersonioribodyiotherithanitheilegislatureibut
iwithitheilegislature'siauthority.
AlthoughiJusticeiMukherjeeionceiobservedithatitheiwordsidelegatedilegislationitoicoveri“iai
multitudeiofiproblems”,itheitermicaniindeedibeiexplainediinisimpleilanguageithus:iifitheifun
ctioniofilegislationiisidelegatediorientrusteditoianyiorganiofitheigovernmentiotherithanitheile
gislature,isuchidelegationibeingibyitheilegislatureiitself,itheiresultingilegislationimadeibyithe
inon-legislativeiorganiisicalledidelegatedilegislation.i
AccordingitoiSalmond,ilegislationiisiofitwoitypes:isupremeiandisubordinate.iWhenitheilegisl
ationiproceedsifromiaisupremeiorisovereignilegislature-ilikeitheiparliamentiofiIndia-
iitiisicalledisupremeilegislation.iDelegatedilegislationiisithusilegislationimadeibyiaipersonior
ibodyiofipersonsiotherithanitheisovereignilegislatureibyivirtueiofipowersiconferredibyitheile
gislature.1

LayingiProcedure:

Layingiprocedure'idefinitioniisinotidefinediproperlyibutijudicialiinterpretationitrieditoidefine
i.e.iNarendraiKumariV.iUnioniofiIndiaietc.,itheirules,iregulation,bylawsithroughidelegated
legislation,ihaveitoilayibeforeitoitheiparliament,iandiparliamentihasitoipassiitiwithinitheitime
asiprescribediifitheipassiasiitithenitheyicomeiintoiforceiasiit,ibutianyichangesimadeibyithe
housesithenitheiwillibecameiintoiforceiasichangesimadeibyitheihouses.

1
Page 79, I.P. Massey, 9th Edition 2017
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Anoop Kumar Bardiya
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NEEDi/iREASONSiFORiTHEiGROWTHiOFiDELEGATEDiLE
GISLATION:i-
1.iLawmakingioriever-
wideningimoderniwelfareiandiserviceistateiisinotipossible.iForitheinatureiandiqualityiofiwork
requiredi365idaysi–
imayinotibeisufficientiandiifioverburdeneditheiparliamentican'tigiveiqualityilegislation.iAlso,iitiis
occupiediwithiimportantipolicyimattersiandirarelyifindsitimeitoidiscussimattersiofidetail.2

2.FillingiiniDetailsiofilegislation-
iTheiexecutiveiiniconsultationiwithitheiexpertsioriwithiitsiowniexperienceiofilocalicondition
sicanibetteriimprovise.iAlso,ilegislationihasibecomeihighlyitechnicalibecauseiofitheicomplex
itiesiofiaimodernigovt.3
i3.iNeediforiflexibility:i-
iOrdinaryilegislativeiprocessisuffersifromitheilimitationiofilackiofiexperiment.iAilawicanibei
repeatedibyiparliamentiitself,iifiitirequirediadjustmentiadministrativeirulemakingiisitheionlyi
answeribetweenitwoisessions.4
4.imeetingiEmergencyiSituationsi–
iitiisiaicushioniagainsticrisisibecauseiwhatiificrisisilegislationiisineeded5.
5.iGovt.iactionirequiredidiscretioni–I
theirulemakingipoweriofiadministrativeiagenciesiisineedediwhenitheigovernmentineedsito
haveitheidiscretionitoicarryioutitheipolicyiobjectives.6
6.iDirectiparticipationiofithoseiwhoiareigovernediisimerelyipossibleiinidelegatedilegisla
tion.
CommitteeioniMinister'sipower:i-
iiticoncludediandirecommendedithatiadministrativeirulemakingiisiuseful,iinevitablei&
indispensable.
ItihasibeenistatediiniCooley'siConstitutionaliLimitations7,iinitheseiwords:i-
"Oneiofitheisettledimaximsiiniconstitutionalilawiisithatitheipowericonferrediuponithem
legislatureitoimakeilawsicannotibeidelegatedibyithatidepartmentitoianyiotheribodyior
authority.iWhereitheisovereignipoweriofitheiStateihasilocateditheiauthority,ithereiitimustire
main;iandibyitheiconstitutionaliagencyialoneitheilawsimustibeimadeiuntilitheiconstitutioniits
elfiisichanged.iTheipoweritoiwhoseijudgment,iwisdom,iandipatriotismithisihighiprerogativei
hasibeenientrustedicannotirelieveiitselfiofitheiresponsibilityibyichoosingiotheriagenciesiupon
whichitheipowerishallibeidevolved,inoricaniitisubstituteitheijudgment,iwisdom,iandipatriotis
miofianyiotheribodyiforithoseitoiwhichialoneitheipeopleihaveiseenifititoiconfideithis

2
Supra 3
3
Supra 3
4
Supra 3
5
Supra 3
6
Supra 3
7
Volume I on page 224
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Anoop Kumar Bardiya
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sovereignitrust.i“Theisameilearnediauthoriobservesithusiinihisiwell-
knownibookioniConstitutionaliLawi8.
"Noilegislativeibodyicanidelegateitoianotheridepartmentiofitheigovernment,ioritoianyiotheria
uthority,itheipower,ieitherigenerallyioriespecially,itoienactilaws.iTheireasoniisifoundiinitheiv
eryiexistenceiofiitsipowers.iThisihighiprerogativeihasibeenientrusteditoiitsiowniwisdom,
judgment,iandipatriotism,iandinotitoithoseiofiotheripersons,iandiitiwilliactiultraiviresiifiit
undertakesitoidelegateitheitrust,iinsteadiofiexecutingiit."

ClassificationiofiadministrativeiRulemakingipowerioriDelegativei
legislation
Administrativeirule-
makingioridelegatedilegislationiiniIndiaiisicommonlyiexpressedibyitheitermi“statutoryirulesi
andiorders”.iHowever,ithisiclassificationiisinotiexhaustiveiasiitiappearsiiniotheriformsialso,
i.e.iregulation,inotification,bye-
law,ischeme,iandidirection.iTheseiterminologiesiareiconfusingibecauseidifferentiwordsiare
usediforitheisameithingianditheisameiwordsiareiusediforidifferentithings.

Title-iBasediClassification:i
 Rule
 Regulations
 Order
 Bye-laws
 Directionsi
 Scheme
.

Discretion-basediclassificationi(conditionalilegislation)

Initheicaseioficonditionalilegislation,itheilegislationiisicompleteiiniitselfibutiitsioperationiisi
madeitoidependionitheifulfillmentioficertainiconditionsiandiwhatiisidelegateditoianioutsideia
uthority,iisitheipoweritoidetermineiaccordingitoiitsijudgmentiwhetheriorinotithoseiconditioni
areifulfilled.iInicaseiofidelegatedilegislationiproper,isomeiportioniofitheilegislativeipoweriof
theiLegislatureiisidelegateditoitheioutsideiauthorityiinithat,itheiLegislature,ithough
competentitoiperformibothitheiessentialiandiancillaryilegislativeifunctions,iperformsionlyithe
8
4th Edition, page 138
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Anoop Kumar Bardiya
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formeriandipartsiwithitheilatter,ii.e.,itheiancillaryifunctioniofilayingidownidetailsiinifavoriofi
anotheriforiexecutingitheipolicyiofitheistatuteienacted.iTheidistinctionibetweenitheitwoiexist
siinithisithatiwhereasiconditionalilegislationicontainsinoielementiofitheidelegationiofilegislat
iveipoweriandiis,itherefore,inotiopenitoiattackionitheigroundiofiexcessiveidelegation,idelegat
edilegislationidoesiconferisomeilegislativeipowerionisomeioutsideiauthorityiandiis,itherefore
,iopen toiattackionitheigroundiofiexcessiveidelegation.

IniSardariInderiSinghiv.iStateiofiRajasthan9,
itiwasilaididownithatiwhenianiappropriateiLegislatureienactsiailawiandiauthorizesianioutside
iauthorityitoibringiitiintoiforceiinisuchiareaioriatisuchitimeiasiitimayidecide,ithatiisicondition
aliandinotidelegatedilegislation.iFollowingithisidecisioniiniStateiofiTamiliNaduiv.iKiSabana
yagam,10itheiSupremeiCourtiheld:i"Theidistinctionibetweeniconditionalilegislationiandideleg
atedilegislationiisithisithat,iinitheiformer,itheidelegate'sipoweriisithatiofideterminingiwheniai
legislativeideclarediruleioficonductishallibecomeieffective

iNature-
basediclassificationi(exceptionalidelegation):iClassificationiofiadministrativeirule-
makingimayialsoibeibasedionitheinatureiandiextentiofidelegation.iTheiCommitteeioniMinist
ers’ipowersidistinguisheditwoitypesiofiparliamentaryidelegation:i
1.iNormaliDelegationiThereiareitwoitypesiofinormalidelegation:
iAiPositiveidelegation.i-
WhereitheilimitsiareiclearlyidefinediinitheiParentiAct,iitiisicalledipositiveidelegation.i

B.iNegativeidelegation.i-
Whereitheidelegatedipoweridoesinotiincludeitheipoweritoidoicertainithings,iitiisiknownias
negativeidelegationie.g.ipoweritoilegislateionimattersiofipolicyioripoweritoiimposeitheitax.
2.iExceptionaliDelegation.iExceptionalidelegationiisialsoiknowniasitheiHenryiVIIIiclause.
Instancesiofiexceptionalidelegationimayibeiasifollows:

 Poweritoilegislateionimattersiofiprinciple.i
 PoweritoiamendiActsiofiParliament.
 Theipowerigivingisuchiwideidiscretionithatiitiisialmostiimpossibleitoiknowitheilimits
.
 Poweritoimakeirulesiwhichicannotibeichallengediiniaicourtiofilaw.

9
AIR 1957 SC 510
11 AIR 1998 SC 344
10

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Purpose-basediclassification:
 ExtensioniandiapplicationiActs
 EnablingiActs
 DispensingiandiSuspendingiActs
 AlterationiActs
 Poweritoimakeirules
 ClassifyingiandifixingistandardiActs
 ClarifyitheiprovisioniofitheistatutesiActs

DelegatediLegislationiiniBritain

AbsoluteiDelegation
IniBritain,ithereiprevailsitheiprincipleiofisovereigntyiofiParliament.iThisidoctrineiimpliesitha
tiParliamentiisisupremeiandihasiunlimitedipoweritoimakeianyilaw.iConsequently,iCourtsican
notiquestioniparliamentaryilawionianyiground.ii

iR.iv.iHalliday:I Itihasibeenirightlyiobserved,i"TheiBritishiConstitutionihasientrusteditoithe
twoiHousesiofiParliament,isubjectitoitheiassentiofitheiking,ianiabsoluteipoweriuntrammeledi
byianyiinstrumentiobedienceitoiwhichimayibeicompelledibyisomeijudicialibody."iParliament
imayiaccordinglyidelegatei.toianyiextentiitsipowersiofilaw-
makingitoianioutsideiauthority.iTheilimitsiofidelegatedilegislationiInitheiBritishiConstitution
,iifithereiareitoibeiany,ithereforeiremainiaiquestioniofipolicyiandinotiaijustifiableiissueitoibei
decidedibyitheicourtsiofilaw.iTheidoctrineiofiexcessiveidelegationihasinoiapplicationiiniBrit
ain.11

TheiremedyiinitheihandsiofiParliament
AniimportantipointitoinoteiisithatiiniBritainitheiremedyiliesiinitheihandsiofiParliamentiitself.
iParliamenticanicontrolitheidelegationiofipoweribyiitiifiitisoipleases.iThereiisinoiexternaliag
encyitoicompeliParliamentitoidoiso.iParliamentidoesn'tineeditoilayidowniiniaidelegatingistat
uteianyistandard,ipolicy,iorinormiforiguidingitheidelegateiiniexercisingitheipowerientrusted
toihim.iTheidelegateimayibeileftifreeitoidraftidelegatedilegislationiinianyiwayiheilikes.iHe
canievolveihisipolicyioristandardiiniexercisingidelegatedipower.
However,itheisovereigntyiofiParliamentidoesinotimeanithatithereiareinoiprinciplesitoiwhich
theipracticeiofidelegationimusticonform.iItihasibeenisuggestedibyitheiCommitteeion
Minister'siPowers:i"Theipreciseilimitsiofilaw-
makingipoweriwhichiParliamentiintendsitoiconferioniaiMinisterishouldialwaysibeiexpresslyi
definediiniclearilanguageibyitheistatuteiwhichiconfersiit:iWhenidiscretioniisiconferrediits
11
1917 AC 260
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limitsishouldibeidefinediwithiequaliclearness."iTheicommittee,iitishouldibeinoted,iexpressed
iaiprincipleisimilaritoitheistandardirequirement.

ControliMechanismioveriDelegatediLegislation

Whateveriprejudicesithereimightihaveibeeniinitheipastiagainstidelegatedilegislation,to-
dayiitihasicomeitoibeiregardediasiinevitable.iTherefore,iinsteadiofiarguingiagainstiit,itheimor
eiimportantithingiwouldibeitoithinkioficontrolsiandisafeguardsisubjectitoiwhichidelegatedile
gislationishouldifunctioniinitheicountry.iThereiisinoidoubtithatitoisomeiextentitheipracticeiof
idelegatedilegislationientailsianiabandonmentiofiitsilegislativeifunctionibyitheilegislature.iOf
ten,imattersiofiprincipleiareileftitoiadministrativeilegislation.iTheisystemiofidelegatedilegisla
tioniaddsiconsiderablyitoitheipowersiofitheiexecutive,iand,irelatively,iweakensitheipositionio
fitheilegislature12.
iItineedsinoiemphasisithatitheipoweriofidelegatedilegislationiisiaipoweriofienormousiconseq
uenceiinitheihandsiofitheiexecutive:iitiisiscarcelyilessieffectiveithanitheilegislativeipoweriini
theihandsiofitheilegislatureiinisoifariasiitiaffectsiprivateirightsiandiinterests.i
Itiis,itoisomeiextent,iundemocraticiinitheisenseithatiwhileilegislationibyitheilegislatureiisisub
jectitoitheiusualidemocraticisafeguardsiofipublicity,idiscussioniwithiniandioutsideitheilegisla
ture,ilegislationibyitheiadministrationiisinotisubjectitoitheseisafeguards,iandithusiisilosti“that
isafeguardiofilibertyiwhichidependsiuponitheilaw-
makingipoweribeingiexercisedibyitheielectedirepresentativesiofitheipeopleiwhoiwillibeiaffec
tedibyitheilawsithatiareimade.iSelf-
governmentiisiendangerediwhenitheirepresentativesiofitheipeopleidoinotieffectivelyicontrolit
heimakingiofitheilawsiwhichitheipeopleimustiobey13.”iiDelegatedilegislationiisimostlyibureau
craticilegislation.iTheiquestionioficontrolsiofidelegatedilegislationithereforeiassumesiimporta
nceiifitheiexecutiveiisinotitoibeialloweditoiactiarbitrarily.i
Controlioveridelegatedilegislationicanibeiofivariousikinds,ie.g.,ijudicial,ilegislative14iandiofi
otheritypes;itheilatterimayiincludeitheiparticipationiofitheiaffectediinterestsiinitheirule-
makingiprocess,iitsidueipublication,ietc

1.iControliofitheilegislatureioveridelegatedilegislation:
Iniaiparliamentaryidemocracy,iitiisitheifunctioniofitheilegislatureitoilegislate.iIfiitiseeksitoid
elegateiitsilegislativeipoweritoitheiexecutiveibecauseiofisomeireasons,iitiisinotionlyitheiright
iofitheiLegislatureibutialsoiitsiobligation,iasiprincipal,itoiseeihowiitsiagentii.e.itheiExecutive
icarriesioutitheiagencyientrusteditoiit.iSinceiitiisitheilegislatureiwhichigrantsilegislativeipow
eritoitheiadministration,iitiisiprimarilyiitsiresponsibilityitoiensureitheiproperiexerciseiofidele

12
M.P. Jain, Indian Constitutional Law 129 (1962).
13
wage and Phillips, Constitutional Law 26 (6th Edn 1960)
14
See Jain, “Parliamentary Control of Delegated Legislation in India, Public Law 33 (1964), Also see The
Indian Law Institute, Delegated Legislation in India 162-264 (1964)
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gatedilegislativeipower,itoisuperviseiandicontrolitheiactualiexerciseiofithisipower,iandiensur
eitheidangeriofiitsiobjectionable,iabusive,iandiunwarrantediuseibyitheiadministration.

AiwholeisystemiofilegislativeisupervisionioveridelegatedilegislationihasicomeiintoibeingiiniI
ndia.iTwoisignificantilimbsiofithisimechanismiare:
 Layingiofidelegatedilegislationibeforeitheilegislaturei(i.e.iDirectiControl);iand
 Scrutinyiofidelegatedilegislationibyiailegislativeiscrutinyicommitteei(i.e.iIndirectiCo
ntrol)
(a)iMemorandumioniDelegation:iAtitheicentralilevel,itheifirstistepiinitheichai
niofiParliamentaryicontrolioveridelegatedilegislationiisitakeniatitheistageiofidelegatio
nibyiParliament.iAiruleiofiprocedureiofieachiHouseiofiParliamentirequiresithatiaibilli
involvingiaiproposaliforidelegationiofilegislativeipowerishallibe15“accompaniedibyiai
memorandumiexplainingisuchiproposalsiandidrawingiattentionitoitheiriscope,iandista
tingialsoiwhetheritheyiofiexceptionaliorinormalicharacter".iTheiruleiisisalutary,iforith
eifirstistageiofisupervisioniarisesiatitheistageiofidelegation.iTheipurposeiofitheimemo
randumiisitoifocusitheiattentioniofitheiMemberiofiParliamentitoitheiprovisionsiofithe
ibilliinvolvingidelegationiofilegislativeipower16.
TheiSpeakerimayialsoireferibillsicontainingiaiprovisioniforidelegationiofilegislativeip
oweritoitheicommitteeitoiexamineitheiextentiofisuchipowersisoughtitoibeidelegated17.

(b)iLayingiProcedure:iTheisecondilinkiinitheichainiofiParliamentaryiControlico
mesiintoiplayiafteritheirulesiareimade.iThisiisiachievedibyitheimechanismiofithei'layi
ngiprocedure'.iTheibasicipurposeiofithisiprocedureiisiinformational.iTheiunderlyingii
deaiisithatiifiParliamentiisitoiexerciseianyicontrol,iitiisinecessaryithatitheiHouseiofip
arliamentibeiinformediofitheicontentiofitheidelegatedilegislationimadeibyitheiGovern
mentifromitimeitoitimeiunderivariousistatutes.iAccordingitoiGarner,itheiobjectiofilay
ingiprocedureiisitoibringitheilegislativeimeasuresitoitheipotentialinoticeiofitheiMemb
ersiofiParliament.24iTheinotableiuseiofithisitechniqueiwasimadeiinitheiReorganizatio
niActsiofi1939itoi1969,iwhichiauthorizeditheiPresidentitoireorganizeitheiexecutiveig
overnmentibyiadministrativeirule
making.iIniEngland,itheitechniqueiofilayingiisiveryiextensivelyiusedibecauseiallithei
administrativeirule-
makingiisisubjectitoitheisupervisioniofiParliamentiunderitheiStatutoryiInstruments
Act,i1946iwhichiprescribesitimetable.iTheimosticommoniformiofiprovisioniprovidesi
thatitheidelegatedilegislationicomesiintoiimmediateieffectibutiisisubjectitoiannulment
ibyianiadverseiresolutioniofieitherihouse.

15
M.P. Jain, Parliamentary Control of Delegated Legislation in India, 1964 Public Law 33, 152.
16
Rules of Procedure and Conduct of Business in Lok Sabha, Rule 70; Rules of Procedure and Conduct of
Business in the Council of States (Rajya Sabha), Rule 65.
17
Directions 103A of the Speaker in Direction by the Speaker of the Lok Sabha, 66 (III ed. 1980).
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 ByiSectioni4iofitheiStatutoryiInstrumentsiAct,i1946,iwhereisubordinateilegislationiis
irequireditoibeilaidibeforeiParliamentiafteribeingimade,iaicopyishallibeilaidibeforeiea
chiHouseibeforeitheilegislationicomesiintoioperation.iHowever,iifiitiisiessentialithatii
tishouldicomeiintoioperationibeforeitheicopiesiareilaid,iitimayisoioperateibutinotifica
tionishallibeisentitoitheiLordiChancellorianditheiSpeakeriofitheiHouseiofiCommonsi
explainingiwhyitheicopiesiwereinotilaidibeforehand.iUnderiSectioni6iofitheiStatutory
iInstrumentsiAct,i1946,itheidraftiofianyistatutoryiinstrumentishouldibeilaidibeforeith
eiparliament.iThisiactihasisomewhatiformalizediandisystematizeditheilayingiprocedur
e.iThreeimainivariantsiofithisiprocedureiareiusediinistatutes:

 SimpleiLaying
 Layingiwithiimmediateieffectibutisubjectitoiannulment
 Layingiinidraftisubjectitoiaffirmativeiresolution
 Legaliconsequencesiofinon-complianceiwithitheilayingiprovisions

Inicaseiofilayingiprocedureisubjectitoiainegativeiresolution,iitiisialsoiregardediasiaidirectory.
iInithisicase,itheirulesicomeiintoieffectiasisooniasitheyiareimadeianditheilayingiprocedureita
kesieffectisubsequently.iIniIndiaialso,itheicourtsihaveitakeniaisimilariviewi18theiquestionihas
ibeenielaboratelyiconsideredibyitheiSupremeiCourtiiniAtlasiCycleiIndustriesiLtd.iViStateiofi
Haryana.i28iSectioni3i(6)iofitheiEssentialiCommoditiesiAct,1955ilaysidownithatianyiorder
issuediunderiSectioni3i“shallibeilaidibeforeibothiHousesiofitheiParliamentiasisooniasimay19
beiafteriitiisimade".iAniorderiissuediunderiS.3iwasinotilaidiinitheiHousesiandiitiwasichallen
gediasibeingiultra-
vires.iRejectingitheiargument,itheiSupremeiCourtiruledithatiS.i3(6)iisitheionlyidirectoryiandi
notimandatoryiandithatinon
lyingiofiorderibeforeiParliamentidoesinotimakeiitivoid.iTheiuseiofitheiwordi'shall'iiniS.i3(6)i
isinoticonclusiveiandidecisiveiofitheimatter,iitiisiforitheicourtitoidetermineitheitrueiintentioni
ofitheilegislature.
IniNarendraiKumariv.iUnioniofiIndia,itheiSupremeiCourtiheldithatitheiprovisionsiofiSection
i3(5)iofitheiEssentialiCommoditiesiAct,i1955,iwhichiprovidedithatitheirulesiframediunder
theiActimustibeilaidibeforeibothiHousesiofiParliament,iareimandatory,iandithereforeiClausei
4iofitheiNon-FerrousiControliOrder,i1958ihasinoieffectiunlessilaidibeforeiParliament.20
However,iiniJaniMohammadiv.iStateiofiGujarat,itheicourtideviatedifromiitsipreviousistand.i
Sectioni26(5)iofitheiBombayiAgriculturaliProduceiMarketsiAct,i1939icontainediailayingipro
visionibutitheirulesiframediunderitheiActicouldinotibeilaidibeforeitheiProvincialilegislature
iniitsifirstisessioniasithereiwasitheninoifunctioningilegislatureibecauseiofiWorldiWariIIiemer

18
Jan Mohammad Noor Mohammed v. State of Gujarat, AIR 1966 SC 385; Krishna Khanna v State of Punjab,
AIR 1962 Punj 132; Mathura Prasad Yadav v Inspector General, RPF, Railway Board, New Delhi, 1974 Lab
LC 1177
19
AIR 1979 SC 1149
20
AIR 1960 SC 430
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gency.iTheirulesiwereiplacediduringitheisecondisession.iCourtiheldithatitheirulesiremained
validibecauseitheilegislatureididinotiprovideithatitheinon-
layingiatiitsifirstisessioniwouldimakeitheirulesiinvalid.iEveniifitheirequirementiofilayingiisit
heionlyidirectoryiandinotimandatory,itheirulesiframedibyitheiadministrativeiauthorityiwithou
ticonformingitoitheirequirementiofilayingiwouldinotibeipermissibleiifitheimodeiofirule-
makingihasibeeniviolated.21

(c)iParliamentaryiScrutinyiCommitteesi(IndirectiControl):iTheilaying
procedureibyiitselfidoesinotiaffordimuchiofieffectiveiparliamentaryisupervision.iInithe
negativeiresolutioniwhichinowiprevailsiiniIndia,ieverythingidependsionitheivigilanceiofieach
memberiofiParliament.iAllenihasiremarkedisoirightly,i'itilies,ithen,iinitheirealmioficonstituti
onalifictionitoisayithatiParliamentiexercisesianyieffectiveisafeguardioveridelegatedilegislatio
n'.

(d)iRecommendationibyitheiCommitteeioniSubordinateiLegislation:iTheiCo
mmitteeioniSubordinateiLegislationihasimadeitheifollowingirecommendationitoistreamlineit
heiprocessiofidelegatedilegislationiiniIndia:

 Theipoweriofijudicialireviewishouldinotibeitakeniawayioricurtailedibyirules.
 Aifinancialilevyioritaxishouldinotibeiimposedibyirules.
 Theilanguageiofitheirulesishouldibeisimpleiandicleariandinoticomplicatedioriambigu
ous.
 Theilegislativeipolicyimustibeiformulatedibyitheilegislatureiandilaididowniinitheistat
uteiandipoweritoisupplyidetailsimayibeileftitoitheiexecutive,iandicanibeiworkedioutit
hroughitheirulesimadeibyitheiadministration.
 Sub-
delegationiiniaiveryiwideilanguageiisiimproperiandisomeisafeguardsimustibeiprovide
dibeforeiaidelegateiisialloweditoisub-delegateihisiauthorityitoianotherifunctionary.
 Discriminatoryirulesishouldinotibeiframedibyitheiadministration.
 Rulesishouldinotitravelibeyonditheirule-makingipowericonferredibyitheiparentiAct.i
 Thereishouldinotibeianiinordinateidelayiinitheimakingiofirulesibyitheiadministration.
 Theifinaliauthorityiofitheiinterpretationiofirulesishouldinotibeiwithitheiadministration
.
 Sufficientipublicityimustibeigivenitoitheistatutoryirulesiandiorders.

Therefore,itheilegislatureiexercisesiitsicontrolioveritheidelegatedilegislationioritheirule-
makingipoweribyitheseitwoimethods:inamely,i'laying'iprocedureiandiviaiScrutinyicommittee
s.

21
AIR 1966 SC 385
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2.iProceduraliControlioveriDelegatediLegislation:iTheiParliamentican'tiexercisei
effectiveicontrolioveridelegatedilegislation.iTherefore,icertainiproceduralisafeguardsihaveibe
eniprovidediwhichiareirelevantitoikeepiconstantiwatchioveritheiexerciseiofithisipoweribyithe
iadministrativeiauthorities.iTheimethodsiofiproceduralicontrolicanibeistudiediunderitheifollo
wingiheads.
 PrioriConsultationiofiInterestsiLikelyitoibeiaffectedibyiProposediDelegatediLegislati
on
 PrioriPublicityiofiProposediRulesiandiRegulation
 Publication

3.iJudicialiControlioveriDelegatediLegislation:iDespiteitheiexistenceiofitheiParlia
mentaryiControl,itheijudicialiformioficontroliofidelegatedilegislationiisiconsiderediasianiinte
graliformioficontrolimechanism.iTheifundamentalijustificationiforijudicialicontroliisibased
onitheiconstitutionaliobligationiofitheiCourtsitoiupholditheiprincipleiofiruleiofilaw.i
Iniaiconstitutionallyigovernedistate,iitiisitheiessentialifunctioniofitheijudiciaryitoiensureithati
theilawsimadeibyitheiParliamentiareinotiUltraiviresiunderitheiConstitutionianditheidelegated
ilegislationienactediunderitheistatuteiisiwithinitheiambitiofibothitheiparentistatuteianditheico
nstitution.iBesides,iArticlei13(3)
(a)iofitheiConstitutionihasidefineditheitermilawiasiorder,irules,ibye-
law,iregulation,iandinotificationitherebyiclearlyihighlightingithatinotionlyithroughilaws
madeibyitheilegislaturesibutialsoithroughitheisubordinateiexecutiveilaws,itheistate
authoritiesishouldinotiattemptitoitakeiawayioriabridgeitheirightsiconferredibyitheiPartiIIIiof
theiConstitution.
Judicialiformioficontroliisisaiditoibeiaimoreieffectiveiformioficontrolibecauseitheicourtsihav
eitheipoweritoistrikeidowniailawiifiitiisiultraiviresitoitheiparentistatuteioritheiConstitution.iT
heiimplementationiofitheiproceduraliformioficontroliisialsoientrusteditoitheijudiciaryiwhoide
terminesitheilegalityiofitheisubordinateilaw-
makingiprocessithroughitheirulesiofiproceduraliultraivires.
IniRamiKrishnaiDalmiaiviJusticeiS.R.iTendulkaritheiconstitutionibenchiofifiveiJudgesiofithe
iSupremeiCourtiafterianalyzingiaiseriesiofiearlieridecisionsilaididownitheiscopeiandiextentio
fitheipoweriofiJudicialireviewiofilegislationiiniIndia.22

(i)iParentiactiisiUltraiViresitheiConstitution:iiIfitheiparentistatuteioritheienablingi
ActiisiininonconformityiwithitheiConstitutionithenitheidifferentirulesiandiregulationsiframed
iunderisuchistatuteiwillialsoibeideemeditoibeiunconstitutionaliifiitiisiiniviolationiwithitheiex
pressioriimpliedilimitsiofitheiconstitution.ii

22
1959 SCR 279
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Theiexpressilimitiunderitheiconstitutioniisithoseiprovisionsiwhichispecificallyisetitheilimitsi
onitheipowersiofitheistateiauthoritiesisuchiasinoiviolationiofitheifundamentalirightsispecified
iunderiPartiIIIiofitheiconstitution,istrictiadherenceiwithitheidistributioniofitheilegislativeipo
wersiasispecifiediunderiListiI,iIIiandiIIIiofitheiSeventhischedule,inoiviolationiofitheicommer
ceiclauseiunderiArticlei301iofitheiConstitution,inoiretrospectiveieffectioficriminalilegislation
iasiprovidediunderiArticlei20,ietc.iitiisinecessaryithatibothitheiParentistatuteiasiwelliasitheid
elegatedilegislationishouldicomplyiwithitheseiexpressilimitsiofitheiconstitutioniforilegalienfo
rcement.
Theiimpliedilimitsiinitheicontextiofidelegatedilegislationihaveibeenilaididowniinitheicasesiof
iIniRe:iDelhiiLawsiActicase23iandiHariiShankariBaglaiviStateiofiM.P.iwhereiniitiacknowled
gedithatilegislatureicanidelegateitheipoweriofirulemakingitoiaisubordinateibodyiafterilayingi
downitheilegislativeipolicyianditheigeneralirulesioficonduct24.

(ii)iDelegatedilegislationiisiultraiViresitheiConstitution: Theicourtimayibeiasked
ii

itoiconsideritheiquestioniofiConstitutionalityiofidelegatedilegislationiitself.iTheiparentistatut
eimayibeiconstitutional,ibutitheidelegatedilegislationiemanatingithereunderimayiconflictiwit
hisomeiprovisioniofitheiconstitution.iInithaticase,itheidelegatedilegislationiwillibeiinvalid.iH
ere,iagainitheiframeiofireferenceitoiassessitheivalidityiofidelegatedilegislationiisitheiconstitut
ion.

(iii)iDoctrineiofiUltraiVires:iSubordinateilegislationidoesinoticarryitheisameidegreeiof
iimmunityiwhichiisienjoyedibyiaistatuteipassedibyiaicompetentilegislature.iSubordinateilegis
lationimayibeiquestionedionitheigroundithatiitidoesinoticonformitoitheistatuteiunderiwhichiit
iisimade.iItimayibeifurtheriquestionedionitheigroundithatiitiisiinconsistentiwithitheiprovision
iofitheiactiorithatiitiisicontraryitoisomeiotheristatuteiapplicableionitheisameisubject-
matter.iTherefore,iitihasitoiyielditoiplenaryilegislation.iIticanialsoibeiquestionedionitheigrou
ndithatiitiisimanifestlyiarbitraryiandiunjust.i
That,ianyiinquiryiintoiitsiviresimustibeiconfineditoitheigroundsioniwhichiplenaryilegislationi
mayibeiquestioned,itoitheigroundsithatiisicontraryitoitheistatuteiunderiwhichiitiisimade,itoith
eigroundsithatiitiisicontraryitoiotheristatutoryiprovisionsiorionitheiground,iitiisisoipatently
arbitraryithatiiticannotibeisaiditoiconformiwithitheistatute.iIticanialsoibeichallengedionitheig
roundithatiitiviolatesiArt.i14iofitheiConstitution.i25
Delegatedilegislationicanibeichallengedibeforeitheicourtionitheigroundiofibeingiultraiviresith
eiparentiact.iTheiCourticaniadjudgeitheilegalityiandivalidityiofidelegatedibyiapplyingitheido
ctrineiofiultraivires.iItineedsitoibeiemphasizediatitheiveryioutset,ithatitheidoctrineiofiultra
viresiconcernsiitselfiwithitheiquestion:iisitheiruleichallengediwithinitheiscopeiofitheiauthorit
yiconferredionitheirule-makeribyitheiparentistatute?
iTheiCourtidoesinoticoncerniitselfiwithitheiwisdomioriefficaciesiofitheirules.i

23
[1951] 2 SCR 471
24
AIR 1954 SC 465
25
J.K. Industries Ltd. v Union of India, (2007) 13 SCC 673
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Itiisiforitheiruleimakeritoidecideiaimatteriofipolicy,ihowitoiimplementitheiprovisionsiofithe
statute,iandiwhatimeasuresitoitakeitoiefficaciouslyiachieveitheiobjectiofitheiact.iItiisinotifor
theicourtitoiexamineitheimeritiandidemeritiofitheicase.26iTheidoctrineiofiultraiviresihasitwoi
aspects:isubstantiveiandiprocedural.iWhenidelegatedilegislationigoesibeyonditheiscopeiofith
eiauthorityiconferrediby,ioriitiisiiniconflictiwithitheiparentistatuteiitiisiinvalidiandithisiisikno
wniasisubstantiveiultraivires.iWhenitheirulemakingiauthorityideviatesifromitheiprocedure,iifi
any,iprescribedibyitheiparentistatuteiforimakingirules,iitiisiknowniasiproceduraliultraivires.
(iv)iNoncomplianceiwithitheiCourt’siOrder:iinitheiinstanticase,itheigovernmentiattemptito
ievade theidirectioniofitheiSupremeiCourt,ianditheiCourtistruckiitidown.
i(v)iNonapplicationiofimind:iDelegatedilegislationimayibeistruckidownionitheigroundiofin
onapplicationiofimindionitheipartiofidelegateeitoitheirelevantifactsiinimakingidecisions.i

ConstitutionalityiofiDelegatediLegislation
IniIndia,iLegislatures,iconsistentiwithitheirisovereignicharacter,ihaveibeenihelditoipossessiwi
deipowersiofidelegation.iThisipoweriis,ihowever,isubjectitoilimitations.iTheiLegislatureican
notidelegateiessentialilegislativeifunctions,iwhichiconsistiofitheideterminationiorichoosingiof
itheilegislativeipolicyiandiofiformallyienactingithatipolicyiintoiaibindingiruleioficonduct.iTh
eiLegislatureicannotidelegatei'unanalyzediandiuncontrolledipower'.iTheidelegationiisivalidio
nlyiwhenitheilegislativeipolicyiandiguidelinesitoiimplementiitiareiadequatelyilaididowniandi
theidelegateionlyiisiempowereditoicarryioutitheipolicyiwithinitheiguidelinesilaididownibyith
eiLegislature.i
Theiquestion,iwhetherianyiparticularilegislationisuffersifromitheiexcessiveidelegation,ihasito
ibeidecidedihavingiregarditoitheisubjectimatter,itheischeme,itheiprovisionsiofitheistatuteiincl
udingiitsipreamble,ianditheifactsiandicircumstancesiinitheibackgroundiofiwhichitheistatuteiis
ienacted.
IniPanditiBanarasiiDasiBhanotiviStateiofiMadhyaiPradeshi27itiwasiheldithatitheipower
toitaxiisiaiwell-
recognizedilegislativeipower,iampleilatitudeihasibeenialloweditoitheiLegislatureitoileaveitoia
delegateitheipoweritoiworkioutidetailsiofitaxipolicy.iIniupholdingiaipoweridelegateditoitheiS
tateiGovernmentiforiamendingitheiScheduleirelatingitoiexemptionsiiniaiSalesiTax
legislation,iJusticeiVenkataramaiAiyariobservedithatiitiisinotiunconstitutionaliforithe
Legislatureitoihaveiititoitheiexecutiveitoidetermineidetailsirelatingitoitheiworkingiofitaxation
ilaws,isuchiasitheiselectioniofipersonsioniwhomitheitaxiisitoibeipaid,itheiratesiatiwhichiitiis
toibeichargediinirespectiofidifferenticlassesiofigoodsianditheilike.

26
Sitaram Sugar Co. Ltd. v Union of India (1990) 3 SCC 233
27
1958 AIR 909
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IniHariiShankariBaglaiviStateiofiMPi28theiSupremeiCourtiheldithatiwhileisustainingitheile
galityiofisectioni3iofitheiEssentialiSuppliesi(TemporaryiPowers)iAct,i1946,iwhichigaveiwid
eipowersitoitheiCentraliGovernmentitoimakeiordersiforiregulatingioriprohibitingitheiproduct
ion,isupply,iandidistributioniofiessentialicommodities,iwasisatisfiedithatiitihadilaidiaiclearipr
incipleiandiofferedisufficientiguidance.iItiwasiheldithatitheipowericonferredibyitheisectionit
hereiniisitoibeiexercisediforimaintainingioriincreasingisuppliesiofianyiessentialicommodity,i
orifor,isecuringitheiriequitableidistributioniandiavailabilityiofifairiprices.
TheiConstitutioniBenchiofiSupremeiCourtiiniKishaniPrakashiSharmaiviUnioniofiIndia13ithe
iSupremeiCourtilaididownitheitestiofitheiconstitutionalilimitiofidelegatedilegislation.iTheiSu
premeiCourtiinithisicaseiheldithatitheiLegislatureimustisetitheilimitsiofitheipoweridelegatedi
byideclaringitheipolicyiofitheilawiandibyilayingidownistandardsiforitheiguidanceiofithoseion
iwhomitheipoweritoiexecuteitheilawiisiconferred.iThus,itheidelegationiisivalidionlyiwhenith
eilegislativeipolicyianditheiguidelinesitoiimplementiitiareiadequatelyilaididownianditheidele
gateiisionlyiempowereditoicarryioutitheipolicyiwithinitheiguidelinesilaididownibyitheiLegisl
ature.iTheiLegislatureimay,iafterilayingidownitheilegislativeipolicy,iconferiaidiscretionion
aniadministrativeiagencyitoiworkioutitheidetailsiwithinitheiframeworkiofitheipolicy.iWhen
theiConstitutionientrustsitheidutyiofilawmakingitoiParliamentiandiLegislaturesiofitheiStates,i
itiimpliedlyiprohibitsithemitoithrowiawayithatiresponsibilityionitheishouldersiofisomeiotheri
authority.iAniareaioficompromiseiisithatiParliamenticannotiworkiinidetailitheivariousirequir
ementsiofigivingieffectitoitheienactmentiand,itherefore,ithatiareaiwillibeileftitoibeifillediby
theidelegate.

Conclusion

DelegatedilegislationiisipermittedibyitheiIndianiConstitution.iItiexistsiiniformiofibye-
rules,iregulations,iorders,iby-
laws,ietc.iModernilegislationirequiresitechnicalityiandiexpertiknowledgeiofiproblemsiof
variousifields,iourilegislators,iwhoiareipoliticiansiareinotiexpecteditoihaveisuchiknowledge.
Subordinateilegislationsiareimoreiflexible,iquickly,iandieasilyiamendableiandirevocableitha
ordinaryilegislation,iinicaseiofifailureioridefectiiniitsiapplication.
JusticeiP.B.iMukherjeeihasistated;i"Delegatedilegislationiisianiexpressioniwhichicoversia
multitudeioficonfusion.iItiisianiexcuseiforitheilegislators,iaishieldiforitheiadministrators,iand
28
1954 AIR 465
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aiprovocationitoitheiconstitutionalijurists.iItiisipraisediasiainecessityiandifeltiasiinevitableiin
ouriworldiwhereisocialieconomicitechnologicalipsychologicaliandiadministrativeispeed
outstripsitheispaciousiandiplaciditraditionalilegislativeiidealsiandiprocesses.iItiisicriticizedias
ianiabdicationiofipoweribyilegislatorsiandianiescapeifromitheidutyiimposedionithemiby
votersiofidemocracy.iIniEnglanditheikingilostitheilegislativeipoweriatiRunnymedeiand
parliamentilostilegislativeiatistampedeithatifollowedisinceitoiprovideitheigovernmentiforithei
country throughiadministrationiandibureaucracy".
Toiensureithatitheipoweriofidelegatedilegislationiisinotimisusediinitheihandsiofithe
executiveiitiisinecessaryitoiadoptieffectiveimodesioficontrol.iTheijudicialicontroliof
delegatedilegislationiiniIndiaiisicomplete.iTheiconstitutionalipositioniofitheijudiciaryiisisuch
ithatiitsirightitoiexamineilegislation,iwhetheriemanatingidirectlyifromiParliamentiorifrom
subordinateiauthorities,icannotibeibarred.iAilawipurportingitoiconferitheistatutoryifinalityion
isubordinateilegislationiwouldinotibinditheicourt.
Butiitiisisubmittedithatijudicialicontrolifromiitsiveryinatureicanionlyibeiofilimitedieffectiven
ess.iTheicourtimayistepiinitoipreventitheiabuseiofipowerioriitsiexerciseiforiaipurposeiother
thanithoseiforiwhichiitiisidelegated.iAnyiinterferenceibyitheicourtsibeyondithatiwillihamper
theipotentialitiesiofidelegatedilegislation-
iaiprocessiofiundeniableinecessityiandiincontestableiusefulness.iEffectiveicontroliagainstithe
iabuseiofidelegatedipowersiofilegislationimusticomeifromitheilegislatureiitself,iprimarilyiat
theitimeiofidelegation,iandisecondarilyiinitheisupervisioniofihowitheyiareiexercised.iEqually
iimportantiisitheineediforipublicico-operationiinitheirule-
makingiprocess.iIniaidemocraticisystem,itheiadministrationimustiresponditoitheineedsiand
viewsiofithoseiwhomiitsirulesiareigoingitoiaffect.iThereiisinoisureitestiofitheisuccessiof
policyithanithatiitiisiinituneiwithitheigenuineineedsiofitheipeople,ireceivingitheirisympathy,i
good will,iandisatisfaction.iFinally,iweimustideviseimethodsibyiwhichitheirapidlyigrowing
subordinateilegislationishallibecomeieasilyiaccessible,iinianiintelligibleimanner,itoithose
concerned.iAllithoseihaveitoibeidoneiiniIndiaitoiachieveianiefficientisystemiofidelegated
legislation.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1.MP. JAIN & S.N. JAIN, “Principles of Administrative Law”, Lexis Nexis, 7th Edition, 2011

20 | P a g e
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2.PETER CANE, “Administrative Law”, Oxford University Press,5th Edition,2011

3.I.P. MASSEY, “Administrative Law”, Eastern Book Company, 7th Edition 2008

4. Peter Leyland, Gordon Anthony Oxford University Press, 2005 - Law

5. Peter Leyland, Terry Woods Blackstone Press, 1997 - Administrative law

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