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THESIS
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2016
i
ABSTRACT
ii
RATIF'ICATION
l)ate Signature
The Head of English Language Teaching Department
Lala Bumela. M.Pd
ltrIP. 19821231201101 I 011
The Secretary
of Fnglish Langrage Teaching Department
z3_oE-ru,r-@) _
Sumadi. SS. M.Hum
NrP. 19701005 200003 1 002
Fxaminer 1
Farouk Imam Arrasyid. M.Pd.L. M.P4 +s d'aolb
NIP. 19830420200901 1 009
Examiner 2
Sumadi. SS. M.Hum zz-d-zab 4<?+1 '
NrP. 19701005 200003 1 002
Supervisor 1
Supervisor 2
Or. tedi Rohaai. U.pd. S.p. Oipt.TEpL
NrP. 19680309 200801 1 017 a? -06a-al+
Acknowledged by,
The Dean of Tarbil,ah and Teacher Training Faculty
e Islamic Institute Cirebon
VI
TABLE OF CONTENT
TITLE .............................................................................................................. i
ABSTRACT ................................................................................................... ii
APPROVAL.................................................................................................. iii
RATIFICATION .......................................................................................... vi
MOTTO ........................................................................................................ ix
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ............................................................................. x
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION................................................................. 1
xiii
1.2.2 The Limitation of Problem ................................................................. 5
1.6.2 Pragmatic............................................................................................. 9
xiv
CHAPTER II THE TYPES OF SPEECH ACTS IN SHORT STORY
“CHOOSING A WIFE AND THE LOST DIARY”
2.1 The Research Finding ............................................................................ 29
xv
CHAPTER III THE DIFFERENCES TYPE OF SPEECH ACT IN SHORT
STORY “CHOOSING A WIFE AND THE LOST DIARY”
xvi
1
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
In real, in everyday life, language serves a great many more social and
affective functions than the cognitive ones commonly associated with it. So, if we
see in our surrounding, besides language as a means of transferring our thought, it
has many more functions.
The writer has an opinion that the acquisition of using language in our
daily life, it is not far from our ability to master all of the aspects that supported
our use of the language itself. It is particularly about the sentences, the meanings
and the words, etc.
Discussing about this point, Brewton (1990:61) states that one
characteristic common to successful people is the ability to use words
appropriately and precisely. Within your school, as in society in general, the
persons who achieve the most and who hold positions of responsibility and
leadership are usually those who have both an understanding of language and the
ability to us a language effectively.
In other words, understanding of language involves knowing what words
are, what they mean and how they develop meaning. Since language is constantly
changing, it is necessary to know how these changes affect word forms and
meanings.
Fromkin (1999:3) points out that knowing a language means knowing
what sounds are in that language and what sounds are not. This unconscious
knowledge is revealed by the way speakers of one language pronounce words
from another language.
In order for a group of sounds or a combination of letters to be a
meaningful word, it must be a referent, that is, it must stand for something. Every
speaker of every language knows thousands, even tens of thousands of words.
Words are important part of linguistic knowledge and constitute a component of
our mental grammar. On the other hand, without words we would unable to
convey our thought through language.
Language functions such as language personal works. That is,
the speaker expressed the attitude towards what is presented. The speakers not
only express emotions through language, but also show that when conveying
3
emotion. In this case the listener is also able to predict whether the speaker is
upset, angry or excited. Barton, Literacy (1994) Language is symbolic system
linking what goes on inside our heads with what goes on outside. It mediates
between self and society.
It is a form of representation, a way of representing the world to ourselves
and to others. Therefore, in this paper study focuses on speech act pragmatic. One
general classification system list five types of general functions performed by
speech acts, such as signifying group identity, social stratification, as well as for
social grooming and entertainment.
This paper will analyze the speech act in short story of online Islamic short
story “Choosing a Wife” by Amina Bint Al-Huda. This research inspired on the
factual experience, and theory of Speech act by Brian Paltridge. In the factual
experience, every people have write literature to express their ides in life and in
communicating they produce words. The words they write are known as forms of
language, in every written also use the implicit and explicit meaning that should
be understand by others. It is about the language use. As paltridge says that
discourse analysis is the analysis of language in use (Brown and Yule, 1983 in
Paltridge, 2000:4) and it is also consider the relationship between language and
the context in which it is used and are concerned with the description and analysis
of both spoken and written interactions (Mc Carthy, 1991 in Paltridge, 2000:4).
The development of online print media on the internet, along with the
number of newspaper and magazine companies are turning founded the online site
and also coupled with the trend of the use of gadgets such as smart phones to
access the internet. The mass media are evolving in this new era is no longer the
same as the older cannot only be enjoyed through television, print, and radio, but
also can be enjoyed through the online media.
News in online media is now more attractive packed with many features
in the Web features. This way it can be seen that many online media provide the
features and options of diverse news that cannot be enjoyed in a daily newspaper
that we read every day. Online media always update the news each time by
presenting information that was happening, another case with print media.
4
Modern literary fiction in English has been dominated by two forms, they
are novel and short story. Both are imaginative works and ideas of the writer.
Author write short story with some purpose. Some of them are to tell about
something to reader, to express their ideas or imagine, give illusion and also as
entertainment. Because of that, author write short story in interesting form in
order to avoid the boredom of reader. So many ways and style of the writer in
presenting interesting stories such as by using kinds of words and sentences or can
be called speech act. They should control the text that would be written so the
reader can understand. To make their short story pleasure to reading, commonly
they are very same dialogues among and in a character that is created. In
dialogues, some characters are speaking, they speak one another use sentences or
to be more precise utterance, in making utterance does not only speak but also has
meanings and effect for listener. Speaker hope respond can be answer or act from
listener, it is called speech act.
Toolan (1997) argues that speech act refers to what is done when
something is said (for example, warning, threatening, promising, requesting). In
other hand, Graffity (2006) assume the meaning of speech act are these basic units
of linguistic interaction such as give a warning to, greet, apply for, tell what,
confirm an appointment. Furthermore, Kreidler (1998) said that there are seven
basic kinds of speech acts. There are assertive utterances, performative utterances,
verdictive utterances, expressive utterances, directive utterances, commissive
utterances, phatic utterances.
1.6.2. Pragmatics
Pragmatics has known as the area of investigation a number of aspects of
language use that consider under the heading of discourse. Pragmatics is
especially interested in the relationship between language and context (Paltridge,
2000:5). Pragmatic also describe as meaning in context: e.g. the relationship
between what we say, what we mean, and what we understand according to a
particular context or situation (Paltridge, 2000: 7)
Pragmatic is concerned with the use of these tools in meaningful
communication and also it is about the interaction of semantic knowledge with
our knowledge of the world, taking into account contexts of use. It means that
pragmatics is the study of utterance meaning (Griffiths, 2006: 1-6).
Pragmatics also concerned with the study of meaning as communicated
by a speaker (or writer) and interpreted by a listener (or reader), this type of study
necessarily involves the interpretation of what people mean in a particular context
and how the context influences what is said. It is explores how a great deal of
what is unsaid is recognized as part of what is communicated (Yule, 1996: 3).
Talking over about this case, in other part, Ken Heyland (2009:218)
stated that pragmatics is a broad approach to discourse that studies the use of text
to make inferences about meaning. So, the writer has an opinion that the focuse of
pragmatics is on both the processes of communication and its products, including
the situatidness of language and its consequences.
Fromkin (1999:182) pointed out that pragmatics is concerned with the
interpretation of linguistic meaning in context. Two kinds of contexts are relevant.
The first is linguistic context – the discourse that precedes the phrase or sentence
to be interpreted. Taken by itself, for example, the sentence:
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means of digging beneath the surface of discourse and establishing the function
of what is said (Cook 1992:34).
Jacques Moeslcher (1994:2) declared that speech acts are not isolated
moves in communication : they appear in more global units of communication,
defined as conversations or discourses.
In other words, the witer has an opinion that the speech act theory
attempts to explain how speakers use the language to accomplish intended actions
and how hearers infer intended meaning form what is said.
Moreover, the same utterance could at the same time constitute three kinds
of acts:
1) A locutionary act (or locution): The particular sense and reference of an
utterance;
2) An illocutionary act (or illocution): The act performed in, or by virtue of, the
performance of the illocution; and
3) A perlocutionary act (or per locution): The act performed by means of what
is said.
Searle has introduced the notion of an 'indirect speech act', which in his
account is meant to be, more particularly, an indirect 'illocutionary' act. Applying a
conception of such illocutionary acts according to which they are (roughly) acts of
saying something with the intention of communicating with an audience, he
describes indirect speech acts as follows:
In indirect speech acts the speaker communicates to the hearer more
than he actually says by way of relying on their mutually shared
background information, both linguistic and nonlinguistic, together
with the general powers of rationality and inference on the part of the
hearer. (Searle, 1975:60)
An account of such act, it follows, will require such things as an analysis
of mutually shared background information about the conversation, as well as of
rationality and linguistic conventions.
In connection with indirect speech acts, Searle introduces the notions of
'primary' and 'secondary' illocutionary acts. The primary illocutionary act is the
14
indirect one, which is not literally performed. The secondary illocutionary act is the
direct one, performed in the literal utterance of the sentence (Searle, 1985). In the
example:
(1) Speaker X: "We should leave for the show or else we‟ll be late."
(2) Speaker Y: "I am not ready yet."
The primary illocutionary act is Y's rejection of X's suggestion, and the
secondary illocutionary act is Y's statement that she is not ready to leave. By
dividing the illocutionary act into two subparts, Searle is able to explain that we
can understand two meanings from the same utterance all the while knowing
which the correct meaning to respond to is.
Tsohatzidis (1994) agrees with Searle in that the logical theory of success
and satisfaction for illocutionary acts can be developed on the basis of few basic
principles:
1) Each illocutionary force can be divided into six types of components
which are an illocutionary point, a mode of achievement of that point,
preparatory and sincerity conditions and the degree of strength;
2) The set of illocutionary forces is recursive;
3) The conditions of success of elementary illocutionary acts are entirely
determined by the components of their force and their force and their
propositional contents;
4) The conditions of satisfaction of elementary illocutionary acts are
entirely determined by their propositional content and their direction of
fit.
Jacques Moeslcher (1994:3) explained that conversation is made of
sequences of speech acts. This certainly is a plausible theoretical claim3, but gives
rise to a certain number of objections. These objections concern essentially the
possible relations between questions and answers in conversation, and can be stated
as follows.
First of all, questions are defined in speech acts theory as requests for
information, and as such impose representative acts as replies. But this cannot be
correct, since a reply may have another illocutionary point (as a promise) if the
15
acts as units of communication and discourse. This has several consequences for
the description of speech acts within discourse analysis.
The study of speech act is the study how to do thing with utterances. In
making utterance, speaker does not only speak but also has meanings and effects
for listener. Speaker hopes to respond from listener. For example:
Jack : “I will come to your house tomorrow”
Jill : “Oh, yeah”
On example above, speaker only said to his friend “I will come to your
house tomorrow”. He does not add his utterance more specific. Whereas he can
add sentence such as “You should be at home at five o‟clock” or you “You should
serve me goodly”. The listener may be confuses and cannot catch the intent of the
speaker. Listener will interpret that it is just murmur of the speaker or more than
that listener think every possible meaning besides utterance. Speech act was not
an utterance that can pass after utter by the speaker. The utterance “I will come to
your house tomorrow”, implicitly means that the speaker would like to express
her or his expectation for the listener after he or she uttered the sentence.
Searle in Paltridge (2000) classified five types of speech act, they are:
1) Representative: utterances which commit the speaker to the truth of a
particular proposition, such as asserting.
2) Directives: utterances which attempt to get someone to do something.
Such as ordering.
3) Commissive: utterances which commit the speaker to a future course of
action, such as promising.
4) Expressive: utterance which express a particular psychological state, such
as apologizing.
5) Declaration: utterance which bring about an immediate change in a state
of affairs, such as excommunicating.
While, in another source in Yule (1996) also says that there are five types
of general functions performed by speech acts: declaration, representatives,
expressive, directives, and comissive.
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1) Declarations are those kinds of speech acts that change the world via
their utterance, in using a declaration, the speaker changes the world via
words.
2) Representatives are those kinds of speech acts that state what the speaker
believes to be the case or not, in using a representative, the speaker
makes words fit the world (of belief)
3) Expressive are those kinds of speech acts that state what the speaker
feels, they express psychological states and can be statements of
pleasure, pain, likes, dislikes, joy or sorrow. In using an expressive, the
speaker makes words fit the world (of feeling)
4) Directives are those kinds of speech acts that speakers use to get
someone else to do something. They express what the speaker wants. In
using directives, the speaker attempts to make the world fit the words
(via hearer).
5) Commissive are those kind of speech acts that speakers use to commit
themselves to some future action, they express what the speaker intends.
In using a commissive, the speaker undertakes to make the world fit the
words (via the speaker).
"single effect" or mood. In doing so, short stories make use of plot, resonance, and
other dynamic components to a far greater degree than is typical of an anecdote,
yet to a far lesser degree than a novel. While the short story is largely distinct
from the novel, authors of both generally draw from a common pool of literary
techniques.
Short stories have no set length. In terms of word count there is no
official demarcation between an anecdote, a short story, and a novel. Rather, the
form's parameters are given by the rhetorical and practical context in which a
given story is produced and considered, so that what constitutes a short story may
differ between genres, countries, eras, and commentators. Like the novel, the short
story's predominant shape reflects the demands of the available markets for
publication, and the evolution of the form seems closely tied to the evolution of
the publishing industry and the submission guidelines of its constituent houses.
The short story has been considered both an apprenticeship form
preceding more lengthy works, and a crafted form in its own right, collected
together in books of similar length, price, and distribution as novels. Short story
writers may define their works as part of the artistic and personal expression of
the form. They may also attempt to resist categorization by genre and fixed
formation.
As a concentrated form of narrative prose fiction, the short story has been
teorised through the traditional elements of dramatic structure: exposition (the
introduction of setting, situation and main characters), complication (the event
that introduces the conflict), rising action, crisis (the decisive moment for the
protagonist and his commitment to a course of action), climax (the point of
highest interest in terms of the conflict and the point with the most action) and
resolution (the point when the conflict is resolved).
Because of their length, short stories may or may not follow this pattern.
For example, modern short stories only occasionally have an exposition, more
typically beginning in the middle of the action (in medias res). As with longer
stories, plots of short stories also have a climax, crisis, or turning point.
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However, the endings of many short stories are abrupt and open and may
or may not have a moral or practical lesson. As with any art form, the exact
characteristics of a short story will vary by creator. Short stories tend to be less
complex than novels. Usually a short story focuses on one incident; has a single
plot, a single setting, and a small number of characters; and covers a short period
of time. The modern short story form emerged from oral story-telling traditions,
the brief moralistic narratives of parables and fables, and the prose anecdote, all of
these being forms of a swiftly sketched situation that quickly comes to its point.
In concluding, short story must content form of story such as characters,
events, and setting. It is should be presented by author although in a very brief
short story.
her short-lived life, she would inspire an entire generation of men and women to
do the same. Amina al-Sadr was born in al-Kadhimiya, Baghdad in 1937. Being
the only girl in her family, she was also too young to remember her father, the
scholar Haider al-Sadr who died during her childhood. As part of a poor family,
Amina was primarily educated at home by her mother, and then later by her
brother Muhammed Baqir.
She developed a talent for reading and writing at a young age, which
would later, as the leader of the women‟s branch of the Islamic Dawa party, allow
her to play an instrumental role in the publications of the party. In 1966, she began
writing in al-Adhwaa magazine, and was one of its main contributors. Amina al-
Sadr‟s ability to eloquently articulate the concerns of the masses made her an
influential woman in Iraq. Her prolific writings made her very popular,
particularly among women who were unable to express their sentiments in such a
way.
As well as this, she was always readily available to help solve women‟s
family problems and to answer a variety of religious questions. Amina al-Sadr is
renowned for her dedication to education and learning. In 1967, she helped
establish several schools for girls in Baghdad and Najaf and played a principal
role in running them as the headmaster. She authored many books, many of which
were fictional stories that dealt with the social problems of her time.
Many of her themes were directly relevant to the struggles that women
were facing in Iraq. At all times she wished to maintain a modest profile, and was
reluctant to thrust herself into the limelight. For that reason, she refrained from
using her real name in her books, instead adopting the pseudonym „Bint al-Huda‟.
On 5th April 1980, Saddam decided that Amina and her brother Muhammed
Baqir were a significant threat to his regime and the order was given for their
arrest. Three days later, after being severely beaten and tortured, it is reported that
Saddam himself shot them both dead.
Her body is not found until now, and it is said that Saddam dissolved her
body with acid. Amina al-Sadr was a channel for women to raise their concerns
and worked alongside her brother Muhammed Baqir al-Sadr in championing their
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