Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Dam Foundation Grouting: Revised and Expanded Edition
Dam Foundation Grouting: Revised and Expanded Edition
Grouting
Revised and Expanded Edition
by
Kenneth D. Weaver
Retired Grouting Consultant
Dona Id A. Bruce
Geosystems L. P.
ASCE
PIIESS
Contents
Cbapter I . Introduction ..... .... .. ... ..... .... .... .. ..... .. .... . l
vii
viii CONTENTS
7. l M<ne rial ;md Mi x Pro pe rties Affecring Grout Pe ne tratio n . . ........ 193
7. I .l Rheology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
7. 1.2 StH'Cifir Gravity . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . ...... .. ........ 194
7.1 .3 SPlllement (8/eed) . .. . . . . .. .. .... .. . . . ... . .. ... . ...... 194
7. 1.4 JJress11re Filtmlion .. . . . . • . .. . . ... .................... 194
7.1.5 Grain Size ............ . ... . . . ............. . . . . . . . . . 195
7.1. 6 Water-Repel!tmt and Anti-Washout Characteristics ......... . . . . 195
7.2 Fracture C haracre risrics An:ecting Grout Pe neu·ation ...... ........ 195
7.2.1 Fractu:re Aperture ........................... . ........ 195
7.2.2 Rou.ghness ....................... . ................. l 96
7.2.3 Hydraulic Routing ................................... 196
7.2.4 Tortuosity ... . ... . . . ............................ . .. 197
7.2.5 Po1·osity ........ . ... . .. ..................... ....... l 97
7.2. 6 Penneability ......... . . . ... ................ ......... 197
7.3 Procedura! Factors Affecting Grouting Effectiveness .. . . . .......... l 98
7.3.1 Drilling MethocLç ancl Procedures ........ . ................ 198
7.3.2 P.rotection of Holes ..... .............. ..... .......... . 199
7.3.3 G1·out Mixing P.rocedures ......... .. . ....... ...... ..... 200
7.3. 4 Choice of Orou.ting Melhod ......... ............ . . ...... 200
7.3.5 Stage Refusa.l Criteria .......... ....................... 200
7.3.6 Closure Criteria ..................................... 202
7.3. 7 Baclifilling Method ... . ...................... ......... 203
7.4 Climatic Factors Aflècting Grouting Effectiveness ................. 203
7.4.1 Winte1· Grouting . .. . . ..... . .......................... 203
7.4.2 Hot-Weather Grouting ............ ......... ... .. ... ... 204
7.5 Desig n L'actors Affecting Grouting Effectiveness ... ... .... ....... . 206
7.5. 1 Grout Curla.ìn Depth ....... . ... .................... . . 206
7.5.2 Grout Curtain Lenglh .... ..... ... .............. ....... 207
7.5.3 G1·out CttTlain Widlh .. . .............. . ....... ........ 207
7.5.4 G1'0ut Hole SfJacing .............. ...... .............. 207
7.5.5 G1·out Hol.e Orientation . . . . ...... . . . . . ................. 208
7.6 Nebulous Facto rs Affecting Grouting Effectiveness ........... . . . .. 209
7.7 Factors AffectiJ1g Gr o ut Curtain Durability . ....... ......... .. . .. 210
7. 7. 1 Geochemical Environment ......................... . .... 21 O
7.7.2 G1'0ut Mix Design ......... .................... ...... 210
7. 7.3 H)•dmulic Gradient . ...... ............ . ........ ....... 21 1
7. 7. 4 Erodibili.J,y OT Solubi.lity of the Rock. Mass or Defect lnfillings ...... 212
Cha pte r 8. Drilling .... ... .... ... •.. ....•.. . .... . .•..•........ 2 13
Chapter 9. Grouting Equipment ....... .... ... .. ... . ....... .. .... 263
Chapter 12. Sup ervision and Insp ection . .. ...... .. . ... .. .. . .. . .... 359
C hapter 13. Records . . . .... .... . ... . . ........ . .. ... .. . . .. ... .. 371
Chapter 14. Quality Assuran ce, Q uality Contro!, and Verification ...... 381
Chapter 15. Some Considerations for Remedial Grouting ....... . ..... 397
15.1 Outlook for Future Remedial eeds ....... . ... . .... . ... . .. . . . . 397
15.2 A Problem Appea rs ........... . . . . . ....................... 398
15.3 The Search for Causative Factors .................. . ... ....... 399
15.3. 1 Geologie Factors .. . ........................ . ....... .. 399
15.].2 Dissolution of Crou/ CuTlain ................ . ........... 40 l
l 5.3 .3 i'n.af;projn"iale Grouting Materi.als cnul Fonnulations ....... ..... 40 l
15.3.4 Design Faclors .......... ........ .................... 402
15.3.5 1nafJprojniale Drilling Procerlures ............... . ........ 404
15.3.6 lnadequate CTouting EquifJ/nenl ............. . . . . . ........ 405
l 5.3. 7 Arlvrn-se Oimatic Conditions .. . . .. ........ . . . . . ... ..... .. 406
15.3.8 fnadequate Clostm ~f Cu·rtain .......... . ... . ............ 406
15.3.9 Jrw.dequate Injection Presmre ............................ 407
15.3. 1O lnadequate Quolily Assum:nce and llerification Procedm·es .. ..... 407
l 5.3.11 La.ck of Cormection lo the Strttclnre ........... ............ 408
15.3.12 Failure ofCalculaterl Risll .............................. 408
15.3.13 Economie FaclOI"S ................ . ...... . . . .......... 408
15.4 Some Examples of Causative Factors ..... . . . . ................ . 409
15.5 Basic Conside ratio ns [or Remed ia l Grouting .......... . ......... 411
15.6 Faetors Impeding Re medial Grouting . ........................ 4 12
15.7 Basic Principles for Remed ial Grouting ........................ 4 13
l 5. 7. 1 Reduce the Reseruoir Head if Feasible ..... .......... ....... 4 14
15. 7.2 Selecl AjrjJTojn·iate Grouting MateriaLs ........ ........... . . . 4 J4
15. 7.3 lntersectthe Voids cmrl Othe1· Openings ............. ........ 4 15
15. 7. 4 Use Correcl ancl AfJprojniate Crout-Delivel)' Systems ............ 4 16
xv
CONTENTS
Chapter 16. Specifications and Contracts . . .... .... ......... .... ... 429
16. 1 Cenerai and Historical Persp ective . ..... . .. ........ ... ........ 429
16.2 Type of Specifications a nel Contracts .... .................. . .. 43 1
16.3 Items T o Be Addressed in Specifications ....................... 433
16.4 T he Qua1ification and Prequalification of Biclclers ................ 437
16.5 T he eed for f lexibi1ity and a Partnering Menta1ity ....... .. . .... 438
16.6 The Advisability of I nclependent T echnical Review ......... ...... 4 39
Index .. ........ .......... ..... .. .. ... ......... ... .... ... .. 465
About the Authors ..... .. .... ... ........... ... ........... ... .. 473