AHrrnficKuil

UKONbHUIKAM, AEI,ITYPI,IEHTAM, YHAIIII,IMCR

A. C. Cynurerrr
M.A. Marnu'u
YV
AHil[IIIICKI|IIII
f,3brK

c ynpaxrerufMu

English Topics
(for perfect
speaking)
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ISBN I 78-9 85- 529 -7 08-7'
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flporparvrnn rro aHrJrr{ficxorvry .aabrry Arfl o6lqeo6-
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ISBN 978-985 -529 -7 08-7
rrJreHcoM ynpa)flHeHufi. sa [poBepKy froHr4MaHr{.ff
coAeplrcaHrrfl TeMbr, reKclrqecKyro Aom,q{y vr 3a-
KperlJreHue JreKcr4Krr, paSBktrr4e HaBbrlcoB ycTHofi
@ Cyrurenuv A. C., Mar':rrru M. A',1999 peqlr. I-{eJIbrc [oco6r4ff .fiBJrffercfl rroAroroBKa y.ra-
(O O+opMneHI4e. OIO tAnepcesr, 1999
3
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oArrofi I{3 rrpeAJro}r(eHrrbrx TeM' BeAeHr4IO 6eceAbr
no 4anuofi TeMe fl Bbrpaficelrklro cobctnenHoro MH+
:rvrfi. Pae4eleHIae reM eo II z III paBAeJIax yc-
JroBrro. Teurr Il3 pas,qeJra III rvroryt 6rrtr I4cfIoJIb- PaeAe"rr I
BoB&trbr lruaulrrMr4ca 9, 10, 11 x'naccon o6,l4eo6pa-
SOBaTeJrbHbrx ruHoJr u KaK IAn$OpUaqIIOHHbIe
Topics. Elementary Level
TeKcTbr ,4IIff qTeHI4ff no Aaunoft TeMe c rrocJle'4y-
rcuILrM ynpoqeHrleM. About myself
Hello!
My name is Kate. My surname is Pavlova. I'm
seven. I live in Minsk, in Pushkin'street. I go to
school number 2L4.I'rn in the first form.
I've got a family. It is small. We are a family
of four. I've got a father, a mother and a brother.
I haven't got a sister. My father is.an engineer.
He works in a plant. My mother is a teacher. She
works at school. My brother is little. He doesn't
go tg school. He goes to a kindergarten. He is
four.
I like to play. I have got many toys. I have got
a teddy-bear, dolls, a ball, a toy monkey and a
doll?s house. I like the doll's house very much. It
.is big. It is pink and nice.
We have got a cat. It is small and grey. It is
very nice. It has big blue eyes, a funny nose, a
small mouth.and sharp teeth. Its ears are small.
It can play hide-and-seek. I love my cat. ft loves
me, too.
I go to school. I'm a pupil. I have got many
friends. We have our classroom. It is nice and
large. You can see twelve desks, many chairs, our
b
teacher's table, a blackboard, two bookcases in But they don't live in Minsk. They live
lren_h9w.
the classroom. At the lessons we have pens, pencils, in different towns. They come to see us and we
pencil-boxes or pencil-cases, rulers, erasers, rrsually have a good time together.
textbooks, exercise-books, record-books on the I'm happy to have such a family.
desks.
I like to read. I can read well. I like fairytales. Vocabulary
They are very interesting. I like <Cirtderella>
and <Pinocchio> best. ttunt n. [o:nt] r6rs
be busy ['brzd 6srrs sax,nr.6rtl
Bye! cook u. [kukj crpariarr, roroBrrr6, Bapr.rb
Oousln n. [k"zn] ABoropoAErrft 6par (cecrpa)
different a. ['dfaront] paeazvnrrfi, pasxrri
People in the Family dinner n.
englneer n.
['drna] o6e4
[endr'nre] ru]rceuep
famiiy n. ['famh] ceM6n
My name is Helen. Ilm nine. I'm from Minsk. grandchildren z. ['grantJrldren] anyxra
I've got a mother, a father and a sister. So we are have a good time xopoffo [poBoAr,rTL BpeM.E
a family of four. hide-and-seek n, ['hardond'si:k] rpflrxt4
interesting a. [intrrstr4]
My sister's name is Kitty. She is three. She is kind a.
r.rnrepecnrrfi

a nice funny.little girl. I like to play with her. We

[kamd] 4o6prrft
look after u. ['luk'o:fte] aa6orzrrca, cneAvrE
play hide-and-seek and tag. Kitty has got many nephew n. ['nevjul rrJreMfiHrrrx
toys: dolls, balls, toy animals. We often play with nrece
'?. [ni:s] rrJreMsnnlrqa
parents z. ['peerents]
her toys. people z.
poArrrenr
My father and my mother are very busy. My ['PiPl] nroAr{
plant n.- [plo:nt] saB6s
father works in a plant. He is an engineer. My relative rr. ['reletrv] poAcrBeEHrK
mother is a teacher. She works at school and such a. [s.,\,tll raxofi
teaches children English. Her pupils love her. I tag n. [teeg] carrotrxr.r
take for a walk [wc:k]
want to be a teacher, too. I like to go to school. tasty a.
BErBoAr.rrs rra [polyJrny
It's interesting. ['terstr] ncycurrfi
teach (taught, taught) u. [tiil yrrr{rb
When my parents are at work my Granny looks town z. ['taun] ropo4
after my sister and me. She cooks us tasty dinner uncle n. ["nkl] Ar^Aa
usually [ju:Set]
and takes us for a walk. She is very kind. I love o6rrruo
her very much.
We have got a lot of relatives: cousins, aunts I. Ornerrre rra Bolpocbr.
and uncles, because my Granny has a son and two 1. What is your name?
daughters, five grandchildren, two nieces and one 2. How old are you?
6
 3. Where are you from?
4. Have you got a familY?
5. Are youfamilY of four or three?
a My name is Tanya; I live in Minsk, the capital
6. Have you got a sister or a brother?
al
What is her (his) name?
8. How old is she (he)?
9. Do you like to play yith your sister (prother)?
10, What is she (he)?
11. What is your father's name?
t2. What is he?
13. Where does he work?
14. What is your mother's name?
15. What is she?
16. Where does she work?
t7. Have you got other relatives?
18. What can you tell us about your relatives?
19. Do you love your,familY? WhY?
II. Paccxancute o cnoeft ceMbe.
My name is ... .I am ... . I am from -.. . I have
got ... . So we are a family of ... . My ... name is
.... Sft" (He) is... . She (He) is a... girl (bov)' I
(d.on't) Iike to play with her (him). We play" '
" Our bathroom is clean and niee. We wash hands
My father and mother are very busy. My father
works in (at) a... .He is a ... . My mother is a " ' '
She works in (at) a ... . I want to be a ... ' It is
interesting.
When my parents are at work, my Granny looks
after my... and me. She eooks us tasty." and
takes us for a walk. She is very....I love her
very much.
We have (haven't) got a lot of relatives: ... ' .. ' '
... .They (don't) live in ... . They come to see us
and we usually have a good time. I am happy to
have such a family.
My Flat
of Belarus. I live in Gerasimenko street in a large
nine-storeyed house. Our flat is on the eighth
floor. Our flat is not large but it is very cosy.
There are two rooms in our flat. There is a living-
room and a bedroom in our flat. There is a kitchen,
a bathroom and a toilet there, too.
Our living-room is light and comfortable.
There is only one window in it, but it's very large.
There is modern furniture in our living-room.
There is a wall-unit, a TV-set, a sofa, two armchairs
and a table in the room. There is a large carpet on
the fioor. But there is no carpet on the wall.
There are some pictures on the walls. I like to
watch TV in the living-room and to'play or talk
with my parents in the evening there.
Our kitchen is small, but it is nice. There is a
cooker there, a refrigerator, a table and four chairs.
We have meals .in the kitchen ancl my mother
cooks tasty things there.
and face, clean teeth in the bathroom. There is a
bath and a sink with hot and cold water taps there.
I like to be at home,'to play, to read books.
There are a lot oJ books in our flat. I help my
parents about the house and our flat is always
clean and nice. I think, there is no place like home.
Vocahulary
armchair n. ['o:m'![ee] Kpecro
avenue n. ['evrnjuJ rpocrrexr
bath n. [bo:O] BaHEa
I
bathroom n. ['bo:Orum] BAIIIIAfi II. Cor.racrrrecb rtJ;:i vcfipaBbre rreBepsbre rrpeA-
bedroom n. ['bedrum] CIIAJIbH,fi
roilceHllg.
capital n. ['kaprtl] cToJrtrqa
carpet n. ['ko:prt] IcOBep 1. There are three rooms in our: flat. There is a
comfortable o. ['k^mfetebl] yAo6ssrft living-room, abedroorn and my room.
cooker z. ['koke] KyxoIIHag trJII4Ta 2. There is only one window in the living-room and
ytornrrft
cosy (,. ['keuzr]
cro.nos'ag
. it is very small.
dining-room n. ['darm4rum] 1 .
3. There is a large carpet on the floor and another
flaf, n. lfle0 KBapTIIpa
one is on the wall.
floor z. [flc:] IIOJI, ATA}K
furniture n. ['fa:rufa] rvre6e.nr, o6cranoara 4. My mother cooks tasty things in the bathroom.
house z. Ihaus] AOM 5. We wash our face and hands, clean teeth in the
kitchen n. ['krtjon] KyxHs kitchen.
Iight a. Iart] cgerlrrrft
Iive u. llwl )I(TTTb III. Ilepene4rrre na anr.nuftcrcnfi sarrr.
living-room n. ['hvrq'rum] rocrunag, o6u1aa rorvnara
meal z. Imi:l] eAa, trpneM rrr{rql{ 1. Hanra RBaprrrpa Ha rperbeM gTarrce.
modern o. ['moden] coapeuennsrft 2. IJanala rocrrrHafi cBerJraff u y4o6naa.
nine-storeyed ['narn'stc:nd] 4eaarueraxrtrtrYt 3. Ha Kyxlre ecrb rrJrI{Ta, xoJroAr/tJrbutrx, croJr !r
refrigerator z. (ftidge) In'fnfieretto] XOJIOAIINbIII4K rreTbrpe cryna.
room tt. [rum] KOMIIATA 4. B nannofi ecrb BaHHa, Kpanbr c ropaveft ra
sink n. Isqk] paKoBnEa
xoJroAHofi no4ofi r,I paroBrrua.
sitting-room n. ['utrgnrm] TOCTITIIA,f
5. ,f nowroraro MaMe rro AoMy.
sofa n. ['seufe] gnra-r, cotPa
street n. ynrqa
tap n.
['stri:t]
Kparr
IV. Ornerbre Ee Borrpocbr.
ltapl
TV-set n. ['ti:vi:'set] TeJreBnSop 1. Where do you live?
wall unit n. I wcljurut] rou6unrrpoaarnrrft rura(P, 2. Do you live in a large or a small house?
ceR4rrs
yMbrBarbcf,
3. Is your flat comfortable?
wash u. lwojl 4. Is your room cosy?
window n. ['Wmdou] OKHO
5. How many rooms are there in your flat?
6. Whdt are they?
I. SanoJrsrrre nlxrnycnrr rrog'o4srymm rro cMbrcnJr 7. You have got akitchen and abathnoom, haven'tyou?
CJIOBAMIT. 8. Have you got modern furniture?
1. The flat is not ... but it is very... . 9. What is there in your living-room?
2. There is modern ... in our ...-room. 10. WilI you describe your room?
3. We have ... rooms in our ... . 11. Is your kitchen large or small?
4. There is a... and a... with hot and cold water --. 12. What furniture is there in the kitchen?
in the bathroom. 13. What do you do in the kitchen?
5. I think, there is no ... Iike ... . 14. What is there in your bathroom?
10 11
 15. Do you like your flat?
'16. What do you usually do at home?

V. Paccrcasrcrflre o KBaprrrpe (gorue), rge rrr ncmiire.

Daily Life 1
ypoKrr
I'm Jane. I'm nine. f'm a pupil of the third do ih time AeJraTb BoBpeMfl
form. I go to school every day. dress u. Idres] oAeBaT6C.fi
I usually get up at 7 o'clock. Then I do everung n.
every a.
['ivmt3] Beqep
exercises, take a shower, wash my face and hands, , ['evn] raxgrrft
everything ['evn0rp] BCe
clean teeth and dress. Then I have breakfast and get up (got) u.
['getnp] BCTaBaTb, IIpOCEIIIaTBCfi
go to school. go for a walk (went)
['wc:k] xoAr4TE rra [poryJrKy
At 8 o'clock my classes begin. We usually have go to bed
help about the house
['gaute'bed] JIOlKItTbcfi cIIaTb
five lessons. We have lunch at school after the lesson n.
rloMoraTb rro AoMy
[lesn] ypoK
second lesson. When the lessons are over I go home. life z. ['larfl )KNSIIB
I come home at one o'clock. I wash my hands play chess [rIesl lII'paTB B IIIaXMaTbI
and have dinner. It is always very tasty. After proverb n. ['pmveb] IIOCnOBilTIa
sometimes adu.
dinner I go for a walk or read books; take a shower (took)
['sirmtatmz] ,rHoIAa
Sometimes I watch TV when an interesting try u.
['terkeJaue] IIPLIHEMATE AYIII
Itrar] npo6onarr, rrbrrarscf,
film is on. At 4 o'clock I do my homework. wash u. lwoIJ yMrrBarbcs, urrrr(ca)
At 6 o'clock I have supper. In the evening I watch TV u. I wof^ti:vil cMoTpeTb TeJreBrrSop
help my parents about the house, play chess or f.Bcranrre nporryqeExbre cJroBa.
computer games with my father, read, watch TV
or play with my friends. 1. I am a pupil of the
At I o'clock I go to bed. 2. I ... get up at 7 o'clock.
I like the proverb, <,Never put off till tomorrow 3. At 8 o'clock my ... begin.
4. When the lessons ... ... I go home.
what you can do today>. So I try to do everything 5. At 4 o'clbck I do my
in time; 6. I ... to do ... in time.
Vocabulary II. Cor.racrlrecb rrJr[ llcrrpaBbre rreBeprrbre
JrrBep_
ilcAeEIIff.
always adu. l'c:lwazl BCerAa
at ,., o'clock Ie'klokl B.., qacoB 1. I go to school every day.
be on (was, were) u. unru (o (pnrrrrvre) 2. After breakfast I go to the swimming pool.
t2 13
 3. We have lunch at home a-fter the second lesson. At the English Lesson
4. After dinner l do exercises.
5. At 9 o'clock in the evening I go for a walk. I have English on Monday, Wednesday and
6. I try to do everything in time. Thursday. English is usually the second lesson.
III.IlepeneArrre ua asrlrllftcrcllft ssrrrc. At the English lesson we speak, read and
1. Sarervr s AeJraro BapffAny, rrprrul{Maro 4yrrr' Moro write. We speak about school, pupils and
Jrrrqo r pVKu, quqy ay6rr ra oAeBarocb. teachers, about lessons, animals and nature,
2. O6sr-ruo y Hac n.srb ypoxoB. about our friends, sports and games. We read
3. fl npvxoxcy 4owroft B qac, Moro pynrr z o6egaro. books and stories about children, nature, school
4. ?l:,::otqa fl cMorpro reJreBr{eop, ecrul r'r4tit zrre- life and so on. We write letters, words, sentences,
pecnsrfi @znrm. exercises and dictations.
5. Bevepou,fi rroMoraro cBolIM poAIrreJIsM rlo AoMy' We play at English, too. We sing songs and
firpalo B rrraxMarbr vrrvr B KoMrlbrorepHbre r{r'pbr learn poems.
c nauofi, rruraro KHr{rlr, cMorpro reJreBr'r3op trJr9r I like English. I can read and write well, but I
firpam co cBorl[Mrr ApysbflMrr. can't speak English well yet.
6. Mne HpaBr4Tcs [ocJIoB]IrIa: (He orxlagrrnafi na
SaBTpa To' rrTo MolItHO cAeJraTb ceroAH'fl. ))
Vocabulary
IV. Paccrcaficnre o cnoiltu pa6oueu gue. Bonpocrr dictation z. [d*'terJnJ Ar.rxrarrr
rroMoryT BaM. Engiish n. ['r4ghl] anr.nuficrczfi ssrrr
exerclse n. ['eksesaz] yflpa)rinenrre
1. Are you a pupil? Friday z.
2. When do you usually get uP? ['frardr] trfirnr4rla
learn u, [s:n] yqr,rrb
3. What do you do before breakfast? lesson z. .[esn] ypox
4. Do you havebreakfastbefore you go to school? Lelter n. ['leta] 6yxra
5. When do your classes begin? Monday z. ['mmdt] [orreAerrbur4x
6. How many lessons do you have every day? poem n, ['peum] crrrxorBoperrne
Saturday z. ['s@todr]. cy66ora
7. When do you have lunch?
8. Do you come home at 1 o'clock?
sentence n. ['sentens] [peAno]r(earre

9. When do you usually have dinner?

speak u. [spi:k] roBopnrs
Thursday z. ['Os:zdr] rrerBepr
10. What do you usually do after dinner? Tuesday n. ['tju:zdr] BropEr{K
11. When do you do your homework? Wednesday n. ['wenzdr] cpeAa
12. Do you help your parents about the house? word n. [ws:d] cnoBo
13. What do you like to do in the evening after supper?
14. When do you usually go to bed? I. Bcrasrre rrporryulerrnbre cJroBa.
15. Do you try to do everything in time? 1. I have English oD ...,
2. At English w€ ..., ... and ... .
t4 15
 3. We ... English songs and .'. poems. Books
4. I can read and ... well, but I can't ..' English
weII yet. It goes without saying, books are our teachers
and friends. They teach us to be kind, clever,
II. CornacuTecb rrJrrr rlcrrpaBbre rreBeprrbre rrpeJtr-
polite, hardworking, friendly. Books help us to
JIO'ICEHIIfl.
learn more about nature, the iborld around us and
1. English is usually the second lessonl many other interesting thiags.
2. We write letters, words, sentences, exercises, There are a lot of books on history, about
dictations and stories. animals, travellers, children, school and so on.
3. We play at English, too. Children like to read adventure and magic books,
4. I can sing and write well, but I can't speak science fiction and detective stories. They enjoy
English well.
stories, short stories, novels, fairy-tales, fables and
III. IlepeneArrre rrpeAJroJrceHrrs Ea asr.nuficrcuft poems.
g3brK. We must keep books clean and tidy. We must
1. Vponra anr.nnftcxoro .flobrna y MeHfl o6slrHo no
not spoil them.
rloHeAeJrbHrrKaM, cpeAaM lI rreTBepraM.
I am fond of reading, too. I like to read fairy-
2. Mrr roBopr,IM o rrrxoJre, yrIeHIlIKax rr yrrzTeJr'fix' tales. My favourite book is <,Ma1y poppins>. The
o6 yporcax, EtLIBorHbIx lr [pplpoAe, o Harrr]Ix Apy- author of the book is Pamela Travers. She is a
3bsx, cflopTe r,I urpax. famous English writer. The book tells us about
3. ,fl nrc6.rrro anr.nzficrczfi. wonderful adventures of children with their
4. ,f mory xopolro rlr{Tarb vr rlurcarb, r{o rroxa He magic nurse Mary Poppins. She is my favourite
otrerrb xopouro roBopro no-anrnzficxu. character. She is kind and strict at the same time,
joyful and tactful, well-bred and very pretty. Mary
IV. Otnerbre Ea Borrpocbr.
Poppins is popular with children.
1. When do you have English?
, Is English usually the first lesson?
Vocabulary
3. What do you do at the English lesson?
4. What do you speak and read about? adventure z. Ied'ven{e] IIpI{KnIOTIeHI'Ie
5. You write letters, words, sentences, exercises, author z. {'c:oe} aBTOp
dietations, don't you? be fond of u. nro6rarr
character n.
6. Do you play, sing songs or learn poems at your detective story
['kankte] uepconaxc, repoft
English lessons? [&'telarv] AereKrr.rB (paccras)
enJoy u. lm'4crl tron] {aTb yAoBoJrbcTBrre
7. Do you like English? fable z, ['ferbl] 6acx.a
8. Can you speak English well? fairy-tale n. ['feen terl] cKaSRa
famous a. ['fermes] ngsecrHsrri

16 t7
 vrrrft
III. Sanorurrre rrponycrrr rroAxoA.strIuMrl rro cMbrc-
.nro6v
favourite a. ['fervant]
rpygonro6raeufr
ny cnoBalull.
hardworking a. ['ho:d,ws:kr1]
maglc a. ['me{tk] nonure6nrrft I am fond of reading. I like to read ... (books).
poMaH
novel n, ['novel]
cTlrxoTBOpegne
My favourite book is ... . The author of the book
poem n.
polite a.
['pourm]
Ipo'latt]
gexc.nnsuft is ... . He (she) is a famous ... writer. The book
popular o. ['popjule] uonylcPnrrfi tells us about ... . My favourite character is ... .
science fiction ['sarens'fikJan] safruaa (Pafriacrr'rra She (he) is popular with children. She (he) is ...
IIopTrITb
spoil u. lspcill (brave, strong, funny etc.).
lactft a. ['teektful] raxrlr.rxsrt
tidy a. ['tardr] onpatnrrfi , axxYP4rxrrfi IV. IlepeueArrre npeAnorcenrls Ea aurnnftcrcnft
no.nlnrr,reufi ft xoporree
well-bred a' ['wel'bred] g3brK.
BOCIII'IT II'1C

wonderful o. ['w,tndefu] vy4ecnrrir, nPercPacnuft 1. Cauo co6ofi paayMeercff, rrro Kut4rrr Hafirfi Jrqlr-
writer n. ['rarte] lllcarenE
TeJrs r4 Apysbs.
-
2. [errz. rro6sr qnrarb Krr]rrr{ o fipr{Krroqenr{.fix }r
I. Cor;racurecb rrJrr( lrcnpaBbre rreBeprrbre yrBep- nonure6cree, HaJ rHyrc $arrracrrarcy rr AereKTrrBbI.
ficneHrrff. 3. Knuru rroMoraror navr 6onsure yauarb o rrpupo-
1. It goes without saying' books are our teachers rqe, o Mkrpe BoKpyI Hac lr o MHorr{x Apyrrrx Be-
and friends.
qax.
2.
- They help us to learn more about nature' the 4. Ksrz'ryt AoJrlKHbr 6rrrr.rrcrbrMlr fi arrcyparHbr-
worid around us and many other things' ura. Mrr He AoJrrrdHbr rroprkrrb t4x.
3. I don't like reading'
;: ih; author of the iook <'Marv Poppins> is AIan Food
Milne'
II. Orserrre Ea Borrpocbr' I usually have four meals a day. In the morning
I have breakfast. At school I have lunch. At home
1. Do you agree that books are our teachers and I have dinner and in the evening I have supper.
friends? Besides, I like to eat an apple or a b-anana, or to
2. Why do You think so? drink a glass of juice between meals, if I'm thirsty.
g. Wnlt Uolts do children read?
Yesterday I got up at 7 o'clock, washed, cleaned
4. What books do theY enjoY?
5. Must we keep or spoil books? teeth and dressed. Then I had breakfast. I had
6. Are you fond of reading? mashed potatoes with meat, a cheese sandwich
7. What is Your favourite book? and a cup of tea for breakfast. At school we had
8. Who is the author of the book? a pie and a glass of orange juice. I'm always
9. What is the book about? hungry when I come home after school. Yesterday
fO. Wfto is your favouri'te character? Why?
19
18
my mother.cooked cabbage soup' roast chicken II. Corrracrrrecb rrnll llcrrpaBlTe EeBepHbre yrBep-
and rice, made pudding and tea. It was so tasty' nc4err.iB,
I ate everything with Pleasure. l

1. In the morning I have supper.

For.supper we had pancakes with iam and sour 2. I had mashed potatoes with meat, a hamburger
cream. These are my favourite things. and a cup of tea for breakfast.
3. Yesterday my mother cooked cabbage soup, roast
chicken and rice and made pudding and tea.
4. My mother thinks that a potato a day keeps the
driver away.
I'Ir. Ilepene4nre Ea anrrruftcrcuft ssntrc,
very much. ,f o6sr.ruo nymarc qerbrpe pasa B AeHb.
Kporvre roro, .fi rro6rro cBecrb fi6roxo, 6antantunu
Vocabulary BbIIIr4Tb CTaKarr coKa, ecJIlI fi xoqy IIraTb.
3. B urxone HaM AaBaJrv rrupoficord lr cra.Kan arreJrb-
be hungry u. ['h,rryn] 6rrrr roaoAurrrvr
XOTCTb TIIITb
CI{HOBOIO COKa.
be thirsty u. ['Os:stt]
besides adu. Ibr'sardz] rpowr6 (roro), rroMrrMo 4. ,f cren ncti c y4onoJrbcrBr4eM.
between prep. [br'twi:nl MerK4y b. ,f[ c.rracriina.
different o. ['drferent] paa.nrrnrrft, Pasnrrfi 6. Kyrrrafi uo a6.rroHy B AeHb, r,r AoRTop He rroHa,qo-
favouiite a. ['fervelt] .rro6r.rurrfi 6zrrcs.
have a sweet tooth 6rrrr caacriinofi
have breakfast u' ['breKest] 3aBTpaKaTb rv. Paccrcaucu o ce6e. Bonpocrr rroMoryT Te6e.
have dinner u. ['drnel o6e4arr
saBrpaKarb (ntoPoft Paa) 1. How many meals a day do you have?
have lunch u. [,rntfl
y:tcur{aT6 2. Where and when do you have breakfast (lunch,
have supper u. ['s,tpe]
mashed potatoes ['mzejtpe'terteuz] rapro(pearuoe rrope dinner, supper)?
meal n. lmill rpr{Hfirlre rrqrr' eAa 3. What did you have for breakfast (lunch, dinner,
pancake n. ['pankerk] 6.nr'rn, o.nagra supper) yesterday?
roast a. ['reust] rxaPerrrft 4. What do you like to eat when you are hungry?
sour cream n. ['saue'kri:m] cMeraua
5. What do you like to drink when you are thirsty?
tasty a. ['terstr] nrYcurrfi
6. Do you like fruit and vegetables? Why?
I. Bcraurre npouyrqeEnbre cJroBa. 7. Do you harre a sweet tooth? What do you like to eat?
1. I usually have ..' '.. a.day-
2. ...Ilikoto eat an apple or abanana' or to drink Holidays
a glass of juice ... meals, if I'm ... .
3. I'm aiways ... when I come home after school' I think all people like holidays, because they
4. For supper we had ... with jam and ..' "' ' don't work and have a good time. They can visit
20 2t
their friends and relatives, invite guests and have Vocabulary
a lot of fun. rrnd so on [end'seuen] lr rar Aarree
There are many different holidays. On the first lrecause cj. [br'koz] raK KaK, rroroMy qro
r:elebrate u. ['sehbrert] rpaaAuoBarb
of January we celebrate New Year. On the seventh charming a.
of January and the twenty-fifth of December we [tjo:mn] otnpoBarcJrbrrrnl, npelecn*u?
Christmas n. ['knsmas] Porx4ecreo
have Christmas. The twenty-third of February is congratuiate u. [ken'gratjulert] nos4paraarr
the Day of the Defenders of the Motherland or decorate u, ['dekerert] yxparrrarr
the Army Day. On the eighth of March we defender z.
Easter z.
[dr'fendo] Barrlr.rrut4r
congratulate our mothers, grandmothers, sisters ['i:ste] racxa
greeting card ['gri:t4'ko:d] trosApaBvrenEua.fiorKpbrrKa
and all the women with their holiday. Then comes guest n. [gest] rocrb
Easter and Rad.onitsa. The first of May is the holiday n. ['holedr] rpagAHr{rc
Labour Da Y DaY. hope n. [houp] EaAe)r(Aa
The third . Then I would like ['ar wed'lark] a 6rr xore.n(a)
I'm going ['gourp]
comes the of the invite
a co6r,rparocr
u. [m'vart] rplrrnarrrarE
October Revolution and so on' lightn. [alt] orondx
But our favourite holidays are Christmas and New maglc a. ['me$rk] soame6rbrfi
Motherland z.
Year. They are full of magic, presents and hopes' present n.
['mldoland] Ore.recrso, po,uzua
Every yea-f we have a New Year tree and decorate strike (struck)
['preznt] troAapoK
u. Istrark] 6urr (o vacax)
it with toys, tinsel and coloured lights. We send take care of ['terk'keer e{l sa6orrrrcs o
the dearest arrd nearest ['drenstend,ruenst] carurre 6.rrragrne r,r
Aopor[e
the Labour Day ['lerbe] . fienr Tpyga
the October Revolution [okrtmbs reve.ljuJn] Orre6prcKas peBorrcqrs
the Victory Day ['vrktan] flo6e4rr
,{exr
tinsel n. ['trnsel] 6.ricrxra, Mlrrrrypa
present. Next year I would like to get a PUPPV' toast n: Iteust] TOCT
b.""n." I like pets and I want td take care of visit u. ['vrzrt] EABEIIIATb
somebody. Puppies are so charming. I'm going with my own hands
wonderful a.
Ieun] cBorrMr{ pyKaMr{

to make something with my own hands for my ['wnndeful] y4raurearnrrft,

Mum, Dad, Granddad and GrannY.
We usually have a holiday supper witlh many
tasty things. When the clock strikes twelve the
grown-ups drink a toast to the New Year and
wish oHappy New Year> to each other. Then we
dance, sing songs, watch holiday TV or go for a
walk and play games. I think it is the best holida5l'
saue.rafearnrrft
I.
Bcranrre rrporryqeEEbre cnoBa.
1. They can ... their friends and relativ€s, ... ...
and have a lot of fun.
2. On the first of January we ... New year.
3. On the eighth of March we ... our mothers,
grandmothers, sisters and all women with their:.. .

22 23
 4. But our... holidays are... and... . 6. What presents did you get last time?
5. We Send and get many '(. What do you usually do on a holiday?
6. We buy and give presents to dur ... and ... .

il. Cornacnrecb rrJrrl lrcnpaBbre EeBepnbre yrBep- Victory Day

,rcAerr[s.
Every year on th_e ninth of May all the people
1. I think people don't like holidays, because they in our country celebrate Victory buy. ttre grf,of
must work and have a good time. May was the fina-t day of the Great palriotic War.
()
There are no holiday in our country. It was in 194b. T!"!war.began on the twenty_
3. The twenty-third of i,'ebruary is the Day of the second of Jtme I9AL. people from Belarus,
Defenders of the Motherland. Russia,
the Ukraine and other countries fought..gainsi
4. The first of May is the Victory Day. nazis. England, the USA, France and Folanl took
5. Every year we have a New Year tree and decorate
part-in that war, too. Many people were killed.
it with fruit and vegetables.
There are many monuments and Victory
6. When the clock strikes ten We have a toast to
the New Year and wish <,Merry Christmas>. memorials in our country. Every year in spring
we put flowers to the monumenis to hono".
IIr. flepere,qlrre Ea anrnnfi crcuft sarrrc.
tfrl
memory of the war heroes. We congratulate war
1. Cyrqecrnyer MHoro paaJrr{rrrrbrx [paBAH]rKoB. veterans and give them flowers, too.
, 7 annapa u 25 gexa6p,fi Mbr rrpaaArryeu Poxq4ecrBo.
Vocabulary
- ,{enr Heaanwcfnfocrv.
3. 3 rarons
4. 7 noa6pa oxra6prcxofi pero.rrroqrau. againstprep.
5. Pom4ecrno
-,{enr
pr Honsrfi roA rroJrubr nollre6crsa, celebrate u.
[a'gernst]
[,seirbrelt]
lpoTr,rB, c
IIpaSArroBaTI'
rroAapKoB r{ HaAe}ftA. fight (fought) u. ['fart (fcr)] cpanrarbc.Er eecrz 6ori
finalday uoc.le4nzrl 4eHr
6. B nporu.rrowr roAy poAt4TeJrlr noAapr.rJrur MHe BaMe- ['farnel]
flower n. ['flaua]
qareJrbrryro vrpy v Mnono pasHbrx Br{ycHbrx neu1eft. IIBETOK
Great Patriotic War I grert petnotk'wc:] Beauxaa Oreqecrgernaa
7. Mrr ranqyem, noiilr rrecurr,, cMorpkrM npay'4Hrav-
sor?Ha
Hbre rrepeAatrrr IIo TeJreBzsopy uru wgem ryJr.8Tb. kill'u. thtl y6zrarr
memorial n. Imr'mc:nel] MeMopr4aJr; IIaMsTHrfR
rv. Ornerrre Ha Borrpocbr. monument z. ['monjument] MOEYMEIIT, IIAM.ETHITR
nazL n.
1. Do you like holidays? Why? ['no:tsd Eaqrlcr, rparrrzcr
take part {took)
2. What holidays do you know? ['terk'po:t] IrpI{HI4MaTB lqacTtle

3. What is your favourite holiday?

4. How do you decorate your house on Christmas Pets
and New Year?
b- Do you give or get presents? - Yury people are fond of pets. They
different animals and birds as-pets. More often
keep

24 25
 3. I teach my parrot to ... .
they are dogs, cats, hamsters, guinea-pigs' parrots 4. Kesha can ... to his name.
5. He is a ... of our family.
II. Cornacrrrecb rrJrrr rc[paBbre rreBeprrbre yrBep-
, }CAEIIIIfl.
1. People keep different toys as pets.
2. Pets are not clever and nice.
3. I take care of my pet.
4. Parrots live in boxes.
5. People love their pets very much.

-I play and talk.

fly, III. IlepeneArrre na arrr.nrricrrfi sarrr.
iove him very much. He is a member of our 1. Yaqe Bcero AoMa Aepffiar co6arc, Korrrex, xoMfir{-
family. KOB, MOpCKIIIX CBIZIHOK, IIOnyraeB Z pU6On.
2. T{ro Kacaercg MeHfl, To Mrre HpaB.flTcff rroly-
VocabularY rau.
3. fl 4aro rrorryrarc Bo,qy u eAy KarfiAbrft genr.
OTBCTIAT6
ans'wer u. ['o:nsa]
.nro6rrr
4. V nero MaJrer{bxa.fi roJroBa, m6arrrfi KJrIoB, rdo-
be fond of u. '
Ifund] porxas [res, ABa KpacilBbrx KpbrJra u 4nnnnr,tir
lbikl KJIIOB
beak z.
KJICTKA xBocT.
cagen. IketS]
JIETATb
fly (flew) u. lflarl
IV. Paccrcalrc,rrre o csoiiM.rro6uuqe. Boupocrr no-
guinea-pig n' ['glnptg] MoPCKafl cB!{rrRa
hamster n. ['hemste] XOMgR MOryT BaM.
keep (kept) u. lKpl Aep?r(arb
1. What animals do people keep as pets?
TIJIEI{
member n, ['membe]
more often adu.
.ranle, 6onee 'racro 2. What is your favourite pet? Why?
pet n. lpetl .nro6raueq, [r,rroMeq' 3. What is its name?
AOMartrEee ,KLtBOTrroe 4. Is it big or little?
speak (spoke) u. ['spi:k] roBoplrrB' pa3roBapr'rBaT6 5. What colour is it?
take care of (took) u. ['terk'keol sa6orratrcs 6. What is its head (neck, body, tail, mouth) like?
pa3roBapr'IBarb
talk u. [tc:kl 7. What are its legs (eyes, ears) like?
KpbIJrO
wmg n. lwml 8. What do you teach your pet?
CJIOBO
word n. [ws:d]
9. What can it do?
I. Bctasrre nporryrqenubre cJroBa' 10. How do you take care of your pet?
11. What does your pet like to eat and to drink?
1. Many people are .-. ... Pets.
12. Are you fond of your pet?
2. Parrots are mY ... Pets.

26 27
 put on (put)
Clothing. ShoPPing nhopping n.
u. ['puton]
I Joprol
rraAeBaT6
[ocetrIeEr,re Mar.asu Ea

Tastes differ. That's why all people wear size n.

, c q,€Jrbro troKyrlftrr
pasMep
different clothes. Besides they wear different suit n.
Isarz]

clothes whgn it is warm and cold. When it is

lsjutl KOCTIOM
srrit u. .
tsju'tl coorBgIrcTBOBaTE, rroAxoFrTb,
cold we put on sweaters, coats, caps qnd gloves' , 6rrrs K Jrrlrly
take off (tobk) u.
When it-'s warm we take off warm ilothes and taste n.
['terkef] CHIdMATE,
['terst] BKyC
put on light shirts or blouses and dresses. that's why
= My favourite clothes are ieans, shirts and try on u.
loaToMy, BOT trOqeMy
['traran] nprrMepaTb
sweaters or jackets. They are comfortable. And I warm (l.
Iwc:m] rdn.urrfi
can wear them in any weathqr- Now I'm wearing wear (wore) u.
weather n.
[wee] HOCItrTB

jeans, a white shirt and a sweater. But tomorrow I wede] rroroAa

wrong (r.
lrod ror
is ^my friend's birthday. He invited me to the
HeIlpaBr{.JrbHbIfi , ae

birthday party. So I shall be in my best. I. Bcrabrre ilpor5qeEurre cJroBa.

My mother bought me a nice suit and new shoes. 1. Tastes differ..That's why people ... different ... .
We went to the shop together and chose a grey 2. My ... clothes are jeans, shirts and sweaters,
suit. I'tried it on. It was my size and suited me jackets. They are... .
well. I looked great. Mother paid money for the 3. My mother ... a nice .,. and new ... .
suit and we brought it home. It's a pity I didn't 4. It was my ... and ... me well.
"try the shoes on. They were the wrong size. So b. My mother ... them for the bigger ... .
my mother changed them for the bigger size.
And now they are OK.. Frankly speaking, I d6n't II. Coruacxrecb rrfir ucnpauiie EeBepEoe yrBep-
like shopping. There are more interesting things. JrqAerrue.

1. When it is cold we put on light shirts or blouses,

Vocabulary T-shirts or dresses, caps and gloves.
2. I can wear jeans in any weather.
bring (brought) u. [bru1@rc:t)] trprnocrarb 3. My friend invited me to the cinema.
buy (bought) u. [ba @ct)] troryrrarb
4. We wentto the sports ground and Chose a grey suit.
change u. [fen6] Merr.f,rb
choose (chose) u. [tfu:z] nu6nParr b. It's a pity, I didn't try the shoes on: they were
clothes n. [kleudz] oAeEiAa the right size.
cold o. [keuld] xoaoAsirft
comfortable o. ['k^mfetebl] ylo6srrft III. IlepeneArrre na anranfic-rcnfi ssrrx. .

frankly speaking l'franklt] ' orKpoBe]ruo roBops 1. O nrycax He cnop,rr.

money n. I'rmrul AeHbrIr
2. ICporvre roro, onlr EocflT pasJrr4truyro oAeEcAy, Kor_
pay (paid) u. [pei] trnarurl
pitv z. ['pttt] ]rianocfr, cor*aJlexrre Aa TetrJro rr KoPAa XOJrOArro.

28 29
 3. ,{xcltucu Y4o6nrr.
4. ,fl oleny ecd catroe Jryrlilree'
5. gemno roBop.fi' s ne.nro6nro xoAr4rb rro MaraorrHaM'
IV. Ornerbre rra Borrpocbr'
1. Why do people wear different clothes?
2. What do you put on when it's warrs or cold?
3. What are Your favourite clothes?
4. What are You wearing now?
5. What do You wear everY ilaY?
6- What wiII You Put on tomorrow?
7. What did You wear YesterdaY?
- 8. What do you put onwhen you go to the party?
9. What did your parents buy you last month? Did
it suit You?
10. Do You like to go shoPPing?
Seasons
lrrighter and the days become longer. Summer is
Lhe hottest season when there are a lot of fruit,
br:rries and vegetables. Schoolchildren have their
longest holidays. Itts my favourite season. I like
Lo swim, lie in the sun, play outdoors in summer.
'['he weather is usually fine' Sometimes it rains.
But the rains are usually warm.
Autumn comes after summer. It brings rains
trnd cold weather. But it's a tasty and beautiful
season. Because there are a lot of fruits in autumn:
apples, pears, Sapes, plums, watermelons and melons.
The leaves are red, green and yellow ald they fall
down from the trees. On the 1"t of Septemberwe go
to school. A school year begins.
I think all seasons are beautiful.
VocabuIary
autumn n. ['c:tem] ocerrb

There are four seasons in a year' They are winter'

beautiful o. ['bju:tafol] xpacrnrrfi, npexpacxuft
because cj. IIOTOMy rITO, TaK KaR
spring, summer and autumn' There are three
[bi:'koz]
trecorire (became) u. [bt'krm] CTAHOBIIThCfi.
and
,io"til. in each season. December, January begin (began) u. Ibr'gm] na.rr.raarr(ca)
FlUrrrury are winter months' March' April and berry n. ['ben] sroAa

May are spring months. Summer months are

June' bright a. Ibrart] aprufi
months come: each pron. li:{l raxArri
i"fy u"a-August- Then Autumn enJoy u. Im'Scr] lonyqaTb yAoBonbcTBrte
Sepiember, October and November' faII down (fell) u. ['fc:ldaon] olaaaTb, IIa.4atb
^Wirrt"t
is the coldest s )ason of the year' Summer flower n. [flaua] IIBeroK

is the warmest season. Spring is warmer than

winter fruit n. Ifnrt] Qpynr(rr)

but it is colder than iummer' Autumn is also

grapes n. Igrerps] Br{rroqpaA
grass n. Igro:s] TpaBa
cold.er than summer but it is warmer than
winter' holidays n. Iholedz] KallUKyn6r
Every season has its own charm and is good hot a. Ihot] nrapxufi, ropavrafi

in its own way. There is much snow in winter' It Ieaf (leaves) n.

lie (lay) u.
[1i:fJ
Ia]
.nncr (;racrra)

oit"" snows. I like to ski, skate and sledge in JIE,KAT6

melon z. ['melan] AbIHtr,
winter. In spring we enjoy the first grass' green month n. Imrn0] Mecfi4
t"u'u"t and the first flowers' The sun shines outdoors adu. ['aut'dc:z] rra oTlcpbrToM BosAyxe

30 31
own a. Ieon] cnoft, co6creennuii IIL flepeneArrre rra aurJrrrftcnlrfi ffBbrrc.
rpyIlIa
pear n. lpeel 1 Becna rerrJree Br4Mbr, Ho xoJroAHee Jrera.
CJIIIBA
plum n. Ipl,rm]
1. n. Aoxc.qr, 2. u. zA6t Aor+cAr
{acro vA(ir cHer'.
ral.n Irern]
BpeMg roAa, ceSorr 3. Jlero caivroe E(apxoe BpeMfl roAa, HorAa MHoro
season n. Isi:zn]
CBETIITb rppyrcron, ffroA lr oBorrleft.
shine (shone) u. [Jarn]
skatd u. Iskert] KATATbCfi HA KOIIbKAX 4. Ero Moii rro6r,rMoe BpeMfl roAa.
xo,4rrrb na Jtnxax 5.
ski u. Iski:] .{oxc4z o6br-rHo rtifiJrbre JreroM.
Karatbcfi rra carrRax
sledge u. Isle6] 6. Ocenr rtpacuBoe u ((BKycHoe) BpeMs roAa.
snow Isneo] 1. n. cnef, 2. u. raA€r cner -
IIIIOrAa
sometimes ['s,tmtarmz]
BCCHA
lV. Paccrcalrcrrre o cBoiiM rro6rlMoM BpeMerr[ ro4a.
sprlng n. lspnnl
['s,r.me] JIETO Boupocrr rroMoryT BaM.
summer n.
IIJIABATb
swim (swam) u. Iswrm]
1. How many seasons are there in a year?
coJIHqe
the sun z. Is,"n]
2. What are the winter, spring, summer, autumn
['vefirtebl] osoq(r)
vegetable n.
water melon n. ['wote melen] ap6ya months?
way n. lwetl Aopora' nYtr, o6Pas, cnoco6 3. What is your favourite season?
3I'MA 4. What is the weather like?
winter n' ['wrnte]
5. Are the days short or long?
I. 6. Does the sun shine brightly?
1.
d
t- Does it often snow or rain?
2. 8. What do you like to do?
and the
3. 9. Are there fruit, vegetables or berries?
10. Is it a beautiful season? Why do you think so?
4.
... from
b.
The English Year
II.CorrracllTecbuJIIIucilpaBbTeHeBepIIbIeyTBep-
,rcAeHrrs. Though there are four seasons and twelve
There are four months in each season'
months in the English year, it diffeis from our
1. year.
i. Wittt"t is the hottest season of the year'
3. There is much snow in winter' The first difference is in the number of months
a. i".pti"g the sun shinesbrighter and the
days in spring, summer, winter and autumn. There are
become longer than in winter' only two spring months in Great Britain. They
5. I like to staY at home in summer' are March and April. But there are four summer
O. Arrtrr*n brings rains and cold weather' months. Summer begins in May. Then June, July
i. b" ttt" first oiOctober we go to school' a school and August come. Autumn months are September
year begins.
32
2 3x. l5l 33
 !ltit
and October. Winter begins in November and lasts '
il li 0/lble a.
['tJernSebl] Lr}I./terqerlJ:.,ri4
rltl I'r,r. u.
four months: November, December, January and rll l'llr.cnce z.
['dfe] orrnttarbcfr
February. So there are two months in spring.and rlt r.rli ttlt u.
['dfrens] pa3rrrzrla
['dresip] nepeo4eriarrca
autumn and four months in summer and winter. I IlIt /1.
[to] crpax, yrrcac
The weather is also different. It is warmer in llrrl,ivnl n.
['festrvel] rpasAHr{K
lrosl n.
Great Britain than in our country. It sgldom snows lq
[geust] npvrBfl.Ae:frvre
lnr l, u.
but it often rains. The weather is changeable. rrrrrrrber z.
[o:st] Anzirbcn
The Englishmen celebrate different holidays. tn,hlorn adu,
['nirmbe] rrr4cJro, KoJrr4rrecrBo
['seldem] peaxo
Their favourite holidays are Christmas, St. lrl)(,oial A.
[tpeJolj ocol:rrir
Ilrorrgh cj.
Valentine's Day, Mother's Day, April Fool's Day, [deo] xorn
wil,ch n.
Easter, Father's Day and Halloween. They have a [wt{J BeAEMa

lot of fun then. f. Bcranrre rrpouyqeuubre cJroBa.

Halloween
I'd like to tell you about Halloween. It is an
old festival. It-is more than two thousand years
old. In the past this festival was a time of fear
because people believed in ghosts and witches.
Halloween is celebrated,on the thirty-first of
October. It is a special night, an exciting and
funny holiday, There are pumpkins on the If. Coraacrrrecr rrJrrr lrcrrpaBbre EeBepEbre
JrrBep_
SrcAeErrg.
windows. They look like faces. Children dress
up as witches and ghosts. They have parties and
play tricks on people. Children go from house to
house and say <,Trick or treat!> The grown-ups
give them some fruit, sweets, chocolate or money.
When there is no treat, the children play a trick
on them. A favourite trick is to ring a doorbell
and hide. It's really an exciting holiday.
III. IfepeneArrre na anmuftcruri garuc.
Vocabulary 1. Xors r anr-rrzrzcrcoM IOAy rrerblpe BpeMeHrr
roAa
also adu. ['c:lseo] TaKX(e, Torr(e t4 ABeHaIrIaTb MecfiIIeB, OH oTJII4qaeTC.g OT Hzrrie_
believe u. lbr'livl BCPIITL ro roAa.
34 35
 2. Jleto e Beluxo6purarvrvl flaqurnaerca B Mae rr We can't live without fresh air, clean
AJrrrTcfi qeTbrpe Mecfirla. sunshine and a lot of things which water,
3. ,fi xoren 6tr paccraoarb o Arre Bcex cBgrbrx- we take from
the nature. That,s why w"
4. B nporunou oror trpaoAnzr 6rrn speueueu brpa- We must keep our rivers
:(A, IIOTOMY \ITO JIIOAII BEPI4JIII B IIPIIBIIAEIJI/S' UI
towns clean. We must ta
BeAbM.
lt crrp'fl- cach animal. We m
b. Jlro6uuas.rrrJmra rlosBoHrrrB B .4Bepb
TaTbcff.
- them up, feed birds
kill them. Then we'll
IV. Orrerrre Eo Borrpocbr; most beautiful planet in
1. How many seasons and months are there in the
English year? VocabuIary
2. What is the first difference between our and a7r n.
lecl BoBAyx
the English year? aroundprep.
Ie'raund] aoKpyr
3. What are the sprilg,summer, autumn and winter cover u.
['kwo] SaKpEIBaTb, [oxpErBaTB
'months? each pron.
trt'J rcarr4ufi
4. Is the weather colder in our country than in Earth z.
Is:0] SCMJIA
enJoy u.
Great Britain? Im'Scr] EacnaxcAaTbcfi , troryqatB
5. What English holidaYs do You know? feed (fed) u.
yAoBonBcTBE,fi

6. What is the most exciting holidaY? lfidl KopM.arE

field z. [fi:ld] rrorre
7. What is your favourite holidaY? forest z.
fresh a.
['fonst] rrec
tfrel caexcrft
full o.
tfuU uoasrrii
Nature high a.
[hal]' grrcorzfi
keep (kept) u. [kiP] xjraalrrr
kill
Our Earth is so beautiful. There- are a lot qf lake n.
u.
tkill y6r,rBarE

blue rivers and lakes on the Earth. Its oceans are iletkl osepo
million n. Imrljeni -
full of wonders.There are high mountains moon
'l. [mun]
ur.r.un6n
nyga
covered with snow and wonderful fields and mountain z.
['mauntrn] ropa
forests full of ,different plants and animals. The nature z.
night.a.
['nede] IIpIrpoAa
sun shines high up in the blue sky. At night we ocean z.
[nartl Eoqb

can see the moon and million$ of stars. One season pick up
[ouJn] oreaa
u.
I PrknP] rroArtrMarB, uo46nparr,
comes aftel another and brings changes i1 3A. CpBrBarb
weather and nature. There ari.erso many wonderful place z: :
Iplers] MECTO
.pl.aces to visit and intereSting things to see. plant n.
Iplo:nt] pacTeEue
rich a. lnfl
i.lature gives people its richiis to live and enjoy' rirrer a,
['nvel
6orarrrfi
peKa
-i36 gx
 ne6o
IV. Orserbre Ea Borrpocbr.
sky n. Iskatl
star n. Istol 3Be3Aa 1. Is our Earth beautiful?
contte-rttrtft crer
sunshine n. ['srnJatn]
uzp, aceneHHaa
2. What is there on the Earth?
universe n. IJu:mvg:s]
yA'rBneIII4e' rlyAo
3. When does the sun shine?
w<inder n. ['w,rndel 4.
gawre'late.ngxuft, What can \Me see at night?
wonderful a. ['w,tndoful]
' ygnaurenrnrri 5. What does nature give people?
4
6. What can't we live without?
I. Bcrasrre nporryqeusbre cJroBa' 7. How must we take care of the nature around us?

1. Our ... is so beautiful'

2. There are high "' "ov"d
with snow ut'+ "' fields English Primary School
plants and animals'
;il f*;;t. ].. of differentanother and brings "'
3. One season comes a-fter In Great Britain school begins at the age of
in weather and "' ' five. At the age of sixteen the children usually
4. ihut'" why we must ...
... of the nature ..' us' leave school. So they spend eleven years there.
b. Then we,ll be n.ppv
... on the most beautiful
There are primary and secondary schools in
planet in the ." ' England. When children are five, they go to
[crrpaBBTe HeBepEbre yrBep- primary schools. First they attend infant schools
il. Couacute cb nr'Jtw
or infant classes. They spend two years there tiIl
ilcAeEufl.
they are seven.
blue'skv'
1. The moon shines high up in the live and enjoy'' Their classes are usually informal: they learn
2. Stars give people th*bir riches toan{ each animal' to read, count and write through different games.
3. We must take ""t"-oi"u"tt ntant pick them up' Thev sing songs, dance, look at pictures in
;: W; must plant flowers not
- winter - not kiII interesting books, draw, learn to get on with their
feed birds a"i ;;i Lals in
classmates. So their lessons are easy, not dif,ficult.
' them'
At the age of seven they go to junior schools
III. IlepeneArlre na aurnuficrcllft ssrrrc' and stay bhere till they ai-e eleven. Real school
oaep' begins. The lessons are more formal. There are
1. Ha 3en.ne MHoro rory6ux perc Ir rvrecr'-Ko- different subjects on the tirnetable. Children
yAr(BflTeJrbubrx
2. CyrqectByer rax Mrroro
Berrle[' study English, Maths, History, Nature Study,
Topbre MOlr(HO troceTr4Tb' r'r
lrrrTepecHbrx
yBr4AeTb' Geography, Art, Music, Physical Education (PE),
KOTOpbre MO)I{IIO
3. Msr coxparrfiTb rrlrcrbrMtT penr4 !r oaepa'
AoJr)rirrbr
Handicraft and'Religion.
Jreca u ropoAa. By the way, English chitdren go to school five
r{ia cavrofi xpa_
4. Tor4a vru 6y4evr cqacrrfiBo ]r(rrrb days a week. On Saturday and on Sunday they
clrsofi rrJrarrere Bo BceJrerrHolr' have their days off . Classes usually begin at nine
g9
38
 Chitrdren have lunch at l,ill prep. ltlll Ao
and are over at 4 o'clock' pupils dol'l l,irrretable n. ['tarm,terbl] pacnacanlre
school. In many pri*"rv schools have special rr niforrir z. Iju:nrfc:m] (popua

wear uniforms' Bil t;; schools and

wcar (wore, worn) u, lwgel Hocr{rb, oAeBarb

uniforms. s"ttooiJ"tt ti^*t in September f. Bcrasrre cJroBa, rroAxoAffrqrre no cMrrcJry.

is over in summer, in JulY'
1. At the ... of sixteen the children usually ...
VocabularY school.
BOspacT 2. First they attend ... school or ... classes.
let6l
agen.
Io:tl
I.ICKyccrBO 3. So their lessons are easy, not... .
Art z. IIoceqaT6 4. At the ... of seven they go to ... schools and ...
attend u. Io'tendl
['euvel
3AKAIIqI4BATbCfl there ... th'ey are eleven.
be over u'
classmate n. ['klo:smert]
OAIIOKJIACCIII,IK 5. In many ... schools pupils don't wear ... .
euxognoft
day off n. ['der efl
['drfikelt]
rpygruft II. Cor.uacrlrecb vJrrt rtctrplBbre rreBepubre yrBep-
diJficult a.
easy a'
. ['i:ztl
.nErrtfi
frcAeHr[.E.
['fc:mall
tpopuallrrrfi,
formal o.
otluqralrnrrft 1. In Great Britain school begins at the age of seven.
reorPatlua
GeograPhY n. [6r'ografil
JIaAr4Tb c rcervr-'nra6o
2. There are primary and secondary schools in Great
get on with smb'
rPYA
Britain.
Handicraft n' ['hzendrkro:ft] 3. The classes are usually informal: the pupils learn
HistorY n' rvra.ngrruefi to play football, basketball and write.
infant school u*rft 4. Injunior schools the lessons are more formal.
informal a. I IIrKOJIa rlepBori
junior school 5. By the way, English children go to school six
cTyIreHlr . days a week.

III. flepereArrre na anrrruftcrcnfi garrr.

1. Tarcnnn o6paeom Aerrr [poBoAsr B rrrrcoJre oAuH-
HaIqaTb JreT.
2. KorAa AerffM r{crroJrnfierc.s fiffTb .fier, onu ra4yr
B HAIIAJIbIIYP IIIKOJIY.
3. OnrE troxrr fiecurr, TanqyroT, paccMarpr,rBaror Kap-
Tr4HKVt B t4HTepeCHbrX KHlIlrCKaX, pIICyrOT, )AIaTCff
JIa,4rtTb c oAHoKJraccHV KaMI{.
4. B pacnzcanvrn ecrb paoHbre rrpeAMerbr.
5. Vporn o6rr.ruo HaqrrHarorcfi B AeBffTb qacoB r{
rPeAMer
n.
subject ['slbfirktl SAKAEIIIIBAIOTCS B IIETBIPE,.qACA. J
rrePea
throughPreP tOrul
40 4t
 sit in rows and follow a regular timetable. There
rv. rrrc many different subjects on the timetable.
( )hildren study Belarusian and Russian, Maths,
1.
2. Nature Study, Art, Music, PE and Handicraft. Many
3. sr:troolchildren study English. After the second
Britain? Icsson they have lunch.
i;'JT#."' infant school form4 :Lllt"*utt
4. Are urasruD in
"""-*--io scho6i? When classes are over about one o'clock, many
What do children in infant
5.
begin? prrpils have dinner at school. After classes they
6. d;;;;;.
w nelr (ruuD real school
tvar ""-ttt"tt
the timetable? 11o in for sports, dancing, drawing and other
w nau suurcvvu
7. What are
subjects *- - r: -r ^r^irrrrc go
"'n
a ui""rt do English children rrc;tivities. They often visit museums and other
8. I{ow manY daYs
l'irmous and interesting places, theatres and
to school?
off? cinemas with their teachers.
I. Wftut are their daYs
begin? Schoolchildren have autumn, winter a4d spring
10. Wh;" do classes
11. il;;ildt;r, h"t'" lunch at school? lrolidays for ten days. School is over at the end
t2. Oo children wear uniforms?
"wh";;;"s
ol'May and summer holidays are the longest.
start?
school Year
13.
t4. When is it over? Vocabulary
V. IlePecraxrrre rerccr' rrcl,ivity n. [ak'trvttt] Ae"f,reJrbHocr6
ttt,r tL. [etft] rospacr
1,,. over u. ['ewe] onarqrrBarLcs
School Life lrr.1lin (began, begun) u. [br'grn]
ll:rss n.
nauranarr(ca)
aaiilflrra.E (n trxo;re), raacc
[klo:s]
rlrrv off n. ['detefl arrxo4noft 4enr
at the age of six'
In our country school beginsleave school at the Irrll1r* ,. ['foleo] cneAoBarb, rrpfiAep]Kr.rBar6c.E

Many boys and' gitit ""oully

tio irr for (went, gone) u. ['gou'rnfc] yBnexarLcs (ueru-az6o),
3AIIIIMATbCg
lrolidays n. ['holedrz] Karrr/rnyJrbr
lr,rrvc (left, Ieft) u.
[i:v] yxoAr{rb, Eorr{Aarb
Ilr*ion n. [esn] ypox
1'r rrrrary school ['prarman] EarraJrbHas mxoJra
r,.1';rrlar timetable ['regjolo] rrocro.EHHoe pac[rcaHlre
r ,,w /r. [reo] psA
r,lrrrlrl u. ['stldd lrsyrrarh
r,rrlrict:t n. ['s,rb{rkt] trpeAMer (y.le6urrfi)
llrr, l)uy of Knowledge ['nolt$] ,{enr arannft
rrrrrlorrn z. [ju:rufc:m] (popua
or r{)lrr r'DDvrtp' r -!- rv,,1r (wore, worn) u. [wee] rrocrrb
schoolchildren have tlve
l

42 43
 I. Bcranrre flporyqeurrbre cJroBa.
1. Many boys and girls usually .'. school.at the ...
of seventeen.
2. Some of them ... ...,'but some don't. "
3. There are many different ..; on the .'.. .
4. After the second ... they have lunch. And wh
the ... ... ... about one o'clock many childr
have dinner at school.
5. Schoolchildren have autumn, winter, spring ...
for 10 days.
II. Cornacnrecb rlJrrl rlcflpaBbre rreBeprrbre ytBep-
SrcIeEIIg.
1. In our countrysqhool begins at the age of eight.
2. The lst of September is the Teacherf s days.
3. At primary school children have classes five days
a week.
4. After classes children do their homework and
go to bed.
5.' School is over at the end of June and summer
holidays are the l6ngest.
III.IlepeueA[Te ua asrrrnftcrcuft sarnc.
1. V.re6nufi ro4 Harlrrnaerca rlepBoro centa6pa.
2. \eru, nAyrqne B rrrroJry c noptQen,rMz I{ qBera-
uz n neperrft mxonsEbrfi Aenr, BbrrJrffA.fiT TaKr/t-
MrI aKRypaTHbrMr{ r{ rcpacrlBbrMrl.
3. V.Ieguxll crrAffT aa uapraul{ Ir SarrrrMalorcg rro
paeulrcallrrro.-
4. fieru rsyqaror 6enopyccruft r pyccrcufi sastrr,
MareMarrilKy, rrpEIDAOBeAeHr4e, uBdpa3llTerbHoe
rrcKyccrBo lr [eHrre.
. 5, Osut rracro troceqaroT Mygelr 1I Apyrne Br{aMexlr-
Tbre lI urrrepecEble MecTa' TeaTpbI I{ KIlHOTeaTpbI
co cBorrMrr y-arr4TeJrfi Mr!.
44
IV. Ornelbre EaiBorrpoebr.
1. When does school begin in our country?
2. What is the first schoot day?'
3. Do pupils wear uniforms at school?
4. When do classes begiir?
5.' How many tlays a week do children have lessons
at primary school?
6. Itrow many lessons do you have every day?
7. What subjects do you study?
8. Do children have lunch or dinner at school? And
what about you?
9. What can pupils do after classes?
10. What holidays do school.children have?
. 11. When is school over?
V. lepecrcaffcrrre rerccr.
My Favourite Subject
I am a sixth-former. This year we have begun to
study sorne new subjects. They are Literature,
Geography, Botany, Ancient,Ilistory,, French or
German. At Geography we study the world around
us, at Botany different plants, at History
life of people-in the ancient times. There are - the
so
many things to do, to learn and to see. IMe cannqt
afford to go to the,ci.nema or, just for a.walk very
often, beeause we don't have enougrrl time. There
are six 'or'se'ven.lessons. oit ourri timetable every
da1z..Somebf thernere my faVourit6 ories.
Mathematics ' ' i'
of
,I
AS
,45
ABC. At the lessons we learn to add, divide, mr-rltiply
and subtract, because everybody uses numbers and
Mathematics every day: when we go shopping, plan
something, build houses, plant corn and vegetables
and so on. As for me, I'am good at Maths.
Drawing
Drawing is an interesting subject, too. I'm for{d we'll understand each other. We'll make friends
and will live in peace.
of drawing and painting. When we draw, we make
pictures with a pen or chalk. When we paint, we
make pictures with paint. We may paint in water- Vocabulary
colours or in oils. It is not easy to paint in oils. At add u. ladl upr,r6as.rrsrr, cKJraAbrBarb
the lessons we speak about famous artists and their affnrd u. Ie'fc:d] ' uoaeoalrrr ce6e
ptrintings. It helps me to understand the beauty, ancient a. ['emJent] Apennuri
artist n.
There is a Museum of Fine Arts in our city. beauty z.
['o:trst] xyAOlKr{r,rK
['bju:tr] Rpac6ra
There are many paintings of Belarusian, Russian divide u. [ft'vard] AernrB
and foreign artists there. drawing n. ['drcrq] pI(COBaHr,re, pr{cyHoK -

If we want to make a good drawing, we must enottgh adv.

imagination n.
[r'nrfl AOcTaTorrIIo
have a good eye, see and watch, learn to compaie [r,ma$r'neden] noo6pa*cenze, tpaurasza
make friends with smb. rroApyJr(r4Trcs c reu_.nra6o
things and have rich imagination. multiply u. ['m,rltrplar] yMuorfiarb
Drawing helps us in many subjects: in number z. ['nrmbe] .rrcro, qr4Qpa
Geography, History, Botany, Literdture. We oils n. lctlzl MacJrfiHbre Kpacxr,r
paint [Perntl n. Rpacrda; u. rvcarb
under:stand things better, remember the facts and
ipacraun
learn things quicker if there are pictures in the painting n. ['perntr4] ,xcrasorrci, xapir.rna
books and our.textbooks: Drawing is a useful sixth-former n. ['srks0'fc:ma] trreirzr.naccszr
subject, I think. I'm good at Drawing. subject n. [:q,$fuk!] rrpeAMer l

English subtract u. [sab'trakt] Bbrqr.rrarb

time-table n. ['tam,tetbl] pacrr4caHr,re
We study one of the modern languages at school. water-colours n, Iwc:te,kirlez] areape.lr,,
It is English. It's my favourite subject. At the , aKBapenbrrEre RpacKtr
lessons of English we'learn to read, write and speak.
We learn the History and Geography of our country, I. Oruerrre B Terccre rrpeAJrotceiua, snuarotrvre_

Great Britain and the USA. We read stories a-fter cs pycc-rlllx.

grcBrrB aJreETaMr[

famous Fnglish and American children's writers; 1. Ha reorpaSrr uri raey.raeM MI{p Boxpyr Hac, Ha
I like stories afterAlan Milne, Donald Bisset, Lewis 6orarrraxe
-
pacJrrurnre paorenr{ff, Ha ucrropr{t4 _
Carroll, Mark Twain and others; )r(r4 BHb nrc4efi, B:.{&BHrre BpeMeHa.,
2. Hexoropbre r,ra nrax (npe4rreron) uou nro6rvrrre.
46 47
 3. Bbr Brraere ra6.nzrlrr (cnor*cenr,ra z yMHo-
Ecnr
xcenraa), aro [pocro, KaK ABUI]KAIr ABa.
4. Ecnz vrrr xorllM cAeJrarb xoporuuft p[cyrrox, Mbr
AoJrlnub,r rrMerb xopourraft rJrasoMep, yMerb Bu-
r4 na6nro4arr, J IlITbcfl cpaBlrr,rBarb rr l{Merb
Aerb
xopo[ree noo6paxcenue.
b. ,f clrory qilTarb KHr{rv, cMorperb $nrru kr
cJryrrrarb rrecur4 rra anrnuiicroM fiBbrne, paaro-
BaprrBar6 c JrroAbMT,.r LT3 paSHbrx cTpaH uI rroEn-
Marb ?rx.
II. Sanolunre npolycrcu.
1. We cannot ..: to go to the ... very often, because
we do not have ... time.
2. Everybody uses ... and ... every day, when we go
..., ... somethirg, ... houses, ... cornandvegetables
and so on.
3. When we . .'. , we make pictures with a pen, a pencil
or chalk. When we ..., we make pictures with
4. There are many ... of Belarusian, Russian and
foreign ... in the Museum of Fine Arts.
b. When we understand people, we ... ... with them
and live in ... .
ilr. Sarcons[re flpeAnoffieur{s, rrcfionbays rrpeAno-
tceEEBIe BaprlaETbr.
1.Mathematics is the science
a) of plants and animals.
b) about the future.
c) of numberi. ':1
2. We understand things better, remember the
facts and learn things quioker if
a) we learn them by heart.
b) there are pictures in the books and our
textbooks.
48
c) we learn to add, divide, multip.ly and
subtract.
3. At the lessons of English we learn
a) to read, write and sPeak.
b) to speak and sing English songs.
c) to read stories after famous English
children's writers.
4. I want to be clever at English because
a) English will help me to go shopping.
b) I want to sing English songs'
c) English will help me in my future life.
IV. Ornerbre Ea Borrpocbr.
1. What subjects do you study at school?
2. What do you study at Literature, Geography,
Botany, History, Maths?
3. Is it a hard work to study many subjects?
4. Is Maths an easy subject?
5. Where can we use numbers?
6. What is the difference between drawing and
painting?
7. What do we need to make a good picture?
8. Does drawing help us in many subjects?
9. What foreign languages do you study?
9. Why is it necessary to learn foreign languages?
10. What is your favourite subject? Why?
V. Ilpovrrrre rerccr eqd pas rl paBAeJr[Te ero Ha
cMbrqlroBBre qacrr{.Ilo46epllre EaBBaErre rc rgarlc-
gofi ue uux.
VI. Ilcnourayr Qarcrrr IrB Terccra' paccrcaficrrre o
1. Your time-table
2. Your favourite subiects.
49
 My Native Town are only some churches in our city. Every evening
we can hear the sound of the bells.
There are many beautiful cities and towns in the Our city stands on the river. Parks, lanes, bridges
world. I would like to visit some of them, to see across the river, small water falls and m&rl;fii&de
with my own eyes what I have read or heard about. islands add niuch to the beauty of the city.
But there is no place like home. I love my n ve Just come and see everything with your own
city. I was born here and live with my parents. It's eyes. It is better to see than to hear.
not the capital, but it is a wonderful piace to live.
My city is old and modern at the same time. It is Vocabulary
old because it was founded in the 11th century. At that
time its streets were na.rrow, dark and diity. Now add u. ladl npn6ar.rarr
admire u. Ied:mare] BOCXI,IUIaTbCfi
my city looks modern because of its architecture. almost adu. ['cJrneust] IIO!ITI,I
Almost a-11 the buitdings were built after the war. architecture n. ['ci:krtekfo] apxrzTeKTypa
The streets and avenues are wide ald clean. art gallery ['o:t'galen] xyAo)rcecTBerrHaff raJrepeff
I live in the main street. It is the widest street avenue z. ['avrnju:] trpocrreKT
' in the city. A lot of cais, buses and trolley_buses be born [bc:n] 6rrrr poxc4dnHbrM, poAr,rrbc,fl
beauty n. ['bju:tr] KpacoTa
run fast along it. If you want to see the piaces of bell n. Ibell] KONOKOJI
interest in our city, you can walk along ihe main block z. lblokl KBAPTAJI
street. It leads to the main square. It will be a bridge n. lbn6l MOCT

short trip,but you can see a lot: a cinema and a build (built, built) u. lbildl crpotrrb
building n. ['brldrO] sAarrr{e
concert hall, an art galtery and museums, a stadium, iapital n. croJrraIIa
['keprtl]
a zoo and a large park. century n. ['senfurr] cToJreTr{e, BeK

_ Our art gallery is next to the main post office. church n.

crcus n.
['fg:tI]
'ss:kes]
rlepKoBb I

Opposite the post office there is a modern hotel. [ IILI PK

If you turn to the left, you can see a theatre. And city n. ['srtr] 6onrruofi ropog
concert haII ['konset] ronqeprnrrfi ea.n
in front of the theatre there is a museum of history culture z. ['knl$e] Kyrr6rypa
and culture. Walk two blocks and you'll come tL dark a. Ido:k] r6wrxrrft
a monument to our famous writer and a fountain dirty a. ['ds:tt] rpfiSrrBrr,t
in the park. If you want to visit our zoo, take a famous a. ['fermesJ Snarvrenrarrrft
far from ['fo:fram] AaJreKo oT
bus and get off on the third bus stop. ilot far fast adv. Ifo:st] 6rrcrpo
from the traffic lights you will see thl entrance f6und u. Ifaond] OCHOBbIBATB
to the zoo. Near lt ihere is a circus. Children and fountain n. ['faontrn] rponran
tourists can't but visit it. They admire funny get off (a bus) coftrra (c arro6yca)
history n. ['htsten] vrcTopttfi
clowns, tamed animals, miracles and magic. Therl
hotel n. Uloole! r6crl{Hllqa, orerb

50 5L
islandl z. ['arlend] ocTIroB
lane n. flern] [epeynoK 4. The children admire funny clowns, tamed animals,
lead (led, led) u.
. miracles and magic.
lli:dl BECTlI
magic z. ['maSrk] MATII.E 5. Our city stands near the sea.
maln a. Imern] rnasHrlft
man-'made a. ['man'merd] ' t4cxyccrBenxbrfi,pyxmsoprur? iI. Sano.nsrrre rrpofiycftrr rroAxoA.ffquMrr rro cMnrc-
miracle z. ['mrrekl] .IYAO ny cnoBaMrr.
modern a. ['moden] conpenaennrrfi / 1. There ane manybeautiful ,.. md ... in the world.
monument z. ['monjurnent] IIAM.fi TH}IK, MOIIYMEHT
museum z. Imju:'zrem] uyeeft 2. Now our city looks ... because of its ... .
narrow a. ['nareu] ysrcrafi 3. If you want to see ... of ... in our city, you can
native @. ['nertrv] po4nofi walk along its ... street.
own a. launl croft, co6craeurrrft 4. 'writer
Watk two -.. and you will come to a ... to our ...
place z. Iplen] MECTO and a ... in the park.
places of interest .
post office
AO-CTOtrpt4 MeqateJrBsocTr{ 5. Every evening we can hear the ... of the ... .
I peust,ofis] IIOIITA
sound z. Isaund] ?eYK IU. Ilepere4rre rqrcAJrorcieErrff Ea anTJtrfltcrrrft ffBbrrc.
square n. Iskwee] IIJIOIIIAA6
take a bus 1. ,fi 6rr xoreJr rrocerrrrb MHofze ropoAa, rrro6br yBlr-
cecrE lra aaro6yc
tamed animals Itemd] Apecc[poBaErlEre rcrrBoTEbre Aerb co6crBeHEbfMi rJIasaMH To, o niiM s qr,rraJl r{
theatre n. I Oote] TeaTp CJIbIIIIAJI.
tourist z. ['tuanst] TJrpr,rcT, tryTemecTBeEErR 2. Her nytrme Mecra, rreM.qoM. (B rocrsx xopomo,
town n. Itaun] ropoA a AoMa JryqEe.)
traffic lights ['trafik'larts] caero(pop 3. 9rc 6yAer Ee6orbruoe rryreruecrBae, Ho Bbr yBr.I-
trip n. Itnpl sncxypcllg, rryTerrrecTBve
turlto the left (right) ArISe MEOTOe: $rrroreaTp rI KorrqelvrHbrft 3aJr, xy-
[tr:n] rroBepHyrr rraneBo (nanpaeo)
war n. sofiHa AOrrcecTBeHEJrro raJrepero rr MySer(, cranEoH, 3oo-
Iwc:]
water-fall z. I wc:tot'cJ] BOAOIIAA
rrapK rr 6onrmofi rapK.
wide a. Iward] nrraporlrfi 4. flaprz, nepeyJrrclr, Mocrbr qepeo peny, MaJIeIrb-
wondeiful a. ['wlrndetul] y4nrrare.nlurrfi, KI{e BOAOrraIbr Lt OCTpOTiKII, CO3.(ass51g pyKaMLr
saMe.rateargrrfi IIeJIOBeICa' fKpanrilOT ll4rrr IOpOA
5. Jlyil1g oAIc paB )rBq4grb, qeM clto paB yslrbrruarb.
Qor.nacurecr rirr rrcrrpg1brg EeBepubre ]TBep-
IV. OrserBre Ed BonpocDf,.
lrcAeErrg.
1. Are there many beautiful cities and towns in
1. Our city is old because it was,founded in the the world? :

2Oth century-
2. \Mould you like to visit them?
2. A lot of ca.rs, buses and trolley-buses run fast
3. Do you love yQur native city (town)? '
along the streets 4. What is the name of your city (town)?
3 If you want to visit our z.qo, takg ,a bus and get
5. Is it old or modern?
off on the secondrbreg;stqp: , ." ,i ; i , i 6. When was itfounded?
.62 53
 7. What can you say about its streets, squares, Buses also can take you to any place you wish. .

buildings? IL can be a trip not far from your home or a long

8. What is your address?
9. Do you live in a wide or a narrow street?
10. Arc there riranycans, buses, foolley-lusss in your town?
11. Are there museums, art galleries in your town?
12. What theatres are there in your towu? 1
13. Does your town stand on.the river?
14. What makes your town beautiful?
15. What places of interest are there in your town?
16. What is your favourite place?
VII. Paccrcarrcrrre o csoiilu poAEoM ropoAe.
Travelling
Thou'sands of people travellevery day. To prove
I invite you to a railway or a bus station, a port or an
airport. There you will'see thousands of pmple trving
journey even to a foreign country. Modern buses
have comfortable seats, video and phone, you can
have hot tea or coffee, drinksand snack. Tourist
groups usually use buses to visit fo.reign
countries and different places of interest.
Many people prefer travelling by car. They
don't have'to buy tickets. They don't have to carry
heavy luggage. They can stop wherever they wish
and spend as much time as they like at any place.
But some people Iike spending their holidays
travelling on foot.or by bike.
If you feel like travreIling by plane, by train or
by bus, you have to choose a flight or a line, to go to
a ticket office and buy a single or a return ticket.
it, t
Sometimes you have to c
usually travellers prefer s

to catch a train,a bus,a ship or a plane. Evervbody or buses. Then you take t
war.rts to go somewhere and to get there as quickly to miss your plane, train orbus. They usually arrive
as possible, with all conveniences and safely. at the airport o1 the
Of course, travelling by plane is the fastest, but yourwonderful journ
it is also the most expensive. That's why if people As for me, I have
have time they go by train. It is one of the most home. I and my family usually spend hgtidays at
popular means of travelling. Trains go slower my Granny's in the country. But last year we
than planes, but you can see much more interesting went to the seasidg. It was so exciting. I hope,
places of the country you are travelling through, next year I shall visit Londou, I]:tt Ue gre4t. ,,,.,
Modern trains are very comfortable and you can
enjoy even the longest journey. Vocabulary
Travelling by sea is popufar mostly for pleasure airport, n. []eepc:tl a9poIIopT

trips. Onboard largeships apd small rivlrboats arrive (in. at) u. [.e'rarv] np.u 6rraarr
bike n. ' tUartt BetrocI4rreA
people can visit foreign countries and,different boat n. ' Ibeot] noAKa
places of interest within their own country. A bus- n. [!4.],: , auro6yc
trip by sea is usually called a voyage or a cruise. busstation !. .., I utf 'lts'Jr'lr,

54
f /^
U,D;
 car n. Iko:] agtorro6zrrr ship n. ropa6.nr
tjrpl
catry u. ['karr] IIOCIIT6 single ticket ['snsl] 6lrner a ofirroM rranpsBrg',,nu
catch u. lcaughil lkafl ycneTb snack n. JIerKafi SaRycKa
Isnak]
change u. ltjem6l AeJraTL rrepecaAKy spend (spent, spent) u. rrpoBoA14T6 BpeMf
Ispend]
choose (chose, chosen) u. [[u:z) arr6zparr through train Iorul aKcrrpecc
comfortabld a. ['k^mfotobl] ygo6nrrfi ticket n. 6uter
['trht]
convenrence n, y4o6crno
Iken'vi:njens] ticket office ['ofis] 6naernag racca
cruise z. ['kruz] KpJrI,I3, MOpCKOe rrjzreuglTBtre tourist group ['tuorlst'grup] rypr4crrrrrecKas rDynna
drink n. Idn$]
enJoy u.
HAIII4TOR train n. [trern] roe3A
In'ficr] IIaCJIalKAaTbc,f, , IroJI] IaTr ravel u. ['travl] rryrerrrecrBoBarl
yAoBonEcTBrre
excitirg a.
traveller n. Iltrevle] tryrerrrecrBerrnrrx
rorryrorqrafi , saxnarrrnarotrylft
expensive a.
[rk'sartq] travelling z. ['travh4] nyrerrecrBre
far from
[*s'pensrv] 4oporoft trip n. [tnp] rryrerrrecrBrre, oxc&ypcus
['fo:from] AaneKo oT try u. [trar] rrbrrarbcfi, upo6oaqls,
fast a. Ifo:st] cropuft, 6rrcrprui cTapaTbcs
feel like doing smth. 6rrrr craognrrrvr .rro-.nrl6o
USE U. fiu:z] ynorpe6.narr, rrpI,rNleHsrb,
cAeJraTb rICIIOJIbSOBAT6
flight z. [flart] noair rryTerrrecTBr{e (uoDcroe)
voyage n. IvcrS]
foreign a. ['fonn] nrocrpannrrfi wish u. Iwrll x(enarB
heavy a, ['hevr] rsr<darrfi witlarn prep. Iwr'drn] B IIpeAeJIax, BHyTpU
hope u. Iheop] HaAe.ETECg
JOUrney n. ['@s:m] rroeSARa, IIyTerrrecTBIze I.
Bcrasrre rrponyqenrrbre cJroBa.
Iine z. Iam] nfiItng., )Kene3HoAopox(Eoe
IIaIIpaBJIeHLIe
1. Everybody wants to go somewhere and to get
Iuggage n. ['l^sr6] 6ararx there as quickly &s ..., with all ... and ... .
means n. Imi:nz] cuoco6, cpeAcrBo 2. The train is one of the most ... ... of travelling.
mlss u. Imrs] oIIaSAbIBaT6 3. On board large ... and small river ... people can
modern a. coapeuenrrrfi
mostly adv.
['moden] visit ... countries and different places of interest
['meusth] uraBrrLrM o6pasorr, 6bartreft ... their own country.
qacT6Io
on board the ship Ibc:d] xa 6opry ropa6as 4. It can be a ... not far from your home or a long
on foot Ien'fut] IIEIIIKOM ... even to a foreign country.
phone z. Ifoun] re.ne(pon 5. Those who travel by car can stop whereygl lhsy
plane n. Iplern] cavro.rrdr ... and ... as long as they like at"any ... .
popular
possible a.
a. ['popjule] rronya,apnrrri 6. Then you take your... and try not to ... your
['posebl] eesNro)Krrsrft plane, train or bus.
prefer u. [pn'fs:] IIpeAIIOrrrrTaTB
prove u. Ipru:v] AOKaSBrBaTb II. Corracrrrecb rrJrrr rrcrrpaBbre EeBepEoe yrBep-
railway station ['rerlwer'sterJn] ]rcenesrroAoporxnrrft soxsar tcAeErre.
return ticket In'ts:n] 6r,r.ner s o6a ronqa
salely adv. [:seiflr] 6esonacrro 1. Thousands of people travel every day.
seaside n. Iki:sardl no6epexre 2. Of course, travelling by plane is the fastest, but
seat n. lsiil . MecTo,i cuAe116e it is also the rnost expensive.
'56 57
 D. Modern trains are uncomfortable and you can't
enjoy your journey.
4. Travelling by sea is popular mostly for pleasure trips.
5. Tourist groups usually use bikes to visit foreign
countries and different places of interest.
6. Travellers r.rsually prefer to change trains or buses.
Pastpr II
IIr. Ifepeqequre Ha aur.nuficrwrfi qegrrc. ,',,
Topics. Pre-Intermediate Level
1. Onu craparorc.fi ycrrerb Ha rroeoA, anro6yc, no-
pa6;rr z.nra cavro.niir.
2. floeaga 4nrarlcyTcff MeAJreurree calnoniiron, rro BbI Introducing Myself
Morrcere yBrrAerb HaMHoro 6o.rrsrue llrrrepecHbrx
Mecr B rofi crpane, qepeg Koropyrc Bbr eAere. 'Let me introduce myself . I'rn Svetlana
3. B conpeuerrulrx anro6ycax y4o6nsre cr{Aerrbff , Alexandrova; I was born on the 29th of Maich
ecTb BLrAeo v reneson, y Bac ecTb BoSMOIIIHOCTs 1.985 in:Minsk under the zodiac sign of Aries. I
Bbrrrt(Tb ropflr{ero rrarc vJrr( xo@e v [epeftycr.rrb.
believe that stars influence our fate and character.
4. Heroroprru JrroAgM Hpalvrcff rrpoBo4trrb ceofi m-
rrycK, IlyTelrrecTByff TTeIIIKOM
As you see, f am Aries. They saSr that Aries is
UTJIUI Ha BeJIOCUTIeAe.
b. floee4a, anro6ycrr n cawro.rri,irrr o6lrqno upu6sr- full of energy, a leader; straight talker, ambitious
BaroT Ha BoKsaJr Vrrur B agpolopT BoBpeM,fi. and frank, likes sport, stubborn, hot tempered,
6. 9ro xacaerc.a MeHff, To fi Hr{KorAa He yeo}KaJI but quick to apologize, P'artially it is true. I
AaJreKo oT AoMa. can't admit I am stubborn. Actually, I'm
persistent .
IV. Oquerpre rra Borrpocbr. As to m tall and slim.
1. Can you prove.that thousands of people travel I have nev I wish.I were
every day? more beautiful. I think, that I'm even-tempered,
2. How does every.body want to travel? rather reserved, calm and'modest. But sometimes
3. What is the faptest way of, travelling? I can become either angry or
4. What can you say abgut travelling by train? sad. and sometimes I retire
e same time I like mY
b.
.6.
into
7.
friends, I like to'laugh and to joke. I have got a
" 8.'
'9.
10.
,11.
I.ttl.2. up to difficulties when things are not'goiug rny
59
 hot-tempered a. ['hot'tempad] gcnturgqzsBrft
way. Besides, f am sincere and tolerant, friendly influence u. ['rnfluens] BJIIIgTb
and faithful, hard-working and serious. introduce u, Irntra'dju:s] lpeAiTaBrsr6c.a,
Theie are many things in our life which I like sHaroNrrarrb.fi
and some I dislike. I like when everything is Iose one's temper srrfiru :ziece6s, Tepsrb
cal'roo6na,4agrae
OK. 6eing happy is one way of being wise. I modest a. ['modrst] crcpounrrft
like to study, because knowledge is ugeful overcrowded a. [,awe'kraudrd] uepeno.nueunrrfi
sometimes. I am fond of reading as it give-S not partially adu. ['Po:Jeh]
IIACTIIIIHO

only knowledge but also wonderful moments of persistent a. [Pe'srstant] rracrofi .rzerrft , ynopnrrfi
joy and pleasure. Sometimes I enjoy watching reserved a. [n'zs:vb] c4epxcannrrfi
retire into smb's shell [n'tate] yfirra u ce6n
TV or listening to the radio. Especially when I serious c. ['srarres] ceprdenrrfi
can hear some wonderful pieces of music. I like sincere o. [srn'sre] ncrpennnft
music. It makes people better. It awakens the slim o. [slm] crpoinrrfi
best feelings and high emotions. But there is a stand up to smth [stand] Br,rAeprrcaTb
stubborn a. ['shban] ynpaurrft
thing that makes me crazy.I'm fond of horses tolerant o. ['tDlerent] repnraurrft , ornocaullrfi c'f
and equestrian skill. I dislike overcrowded buses. TepIIvMo
And I hate getting up early. I'm happy I have wise a. [warz] uygprrri
got more things I like than I dislike. witty c. ['wrtr] ocrpoyunrrft
zodiac sign ['zeodtak'sarn] errax soAwara
Star Sisns
Vocabulary Aries ['eeri:z] Onen
Taurus ['tc:ras] Teneq
admit u. [ed'mrtj EprlarraBarL, Aorrycrarb Germini ['6emrnarl Errrlsrrerrbr
ambitious a. [am'bdas] -recroaro6nsErfi Cancer ['kanse] Par
apologize u. [e'polo$arz] rsBr,rrrflTbcn Leo ['li:eu] JIes
apprecilrte u. [e'priJrert] qeErrrE Virgo ['vs:geu] ,(ena
awaken u. [e'werken] 6y4urr, upo6pr4arr Libra ['li:bra] Becrr
beauty z. ['bjutt] KpacaBnr(r, Kpacora Scorpio ['skc:preu] Cropnrlou
calm a. [ko:m] cnoxoftsrrft Sagittarius [,sa$r'teanes] Crpe;req
ctazy a. ['kezd crurrno yaaerrdnrurfi ueu-ro, Capricorn ['kepnkc:n] Koaepor -
nouemaxgrrft sa r{€M-m Aquarius Ie'kweerres] Bogo.nefi
equestrian a. [r'kwestnen] rosnrrii Pisces ['prsiz] Prr6rr
even-tempered c. ['rvan'temped] cnorcofiuurfi,
yparnoeeurenurrfi
faithful I. Otuerste B TeKcre npeAJroJrceurrff sBJrff rcrr{ue:
a. ['fergtul] reprrrfi, npegauarrft '
fate n. lfe(l cy4r6a cff oKBrrBaJIerrTaM[ pycc$rrx.
frank a. lftankl ncrpexauft , orrcprrrrrfi ,
oTKpoBeEEErA 1. ,fl nepro, tITo BBitBAbr BJrrrflror Ha Harly cygs6y vt
hard-working a. ['ho:d,ws:krp] rpy4oaro6urrrft xaparcrep. i ;: :"'

60 61
 2. V rvrenq ecrE qyBcrBo roMopa. Dro ana.rzr, qro fl
rroufiMaro pyop lr qeHro ero. Ho, K co)rcaJlerrr4ro,
caMa ff Hegacro 6rrearc ocrpoytunofi.
3. ,f ne reparo roJroBbr, KorAa Bce Boxpyr MeH.E Tepff-
!or, lr cnoco6na fipcrrr,rBocro.trrb rpy4HocrfiM, Kor-
4a nci! cKJraAbrBaercff He B Moro rroJrboy.
4. Errrr cqacrJrltBblM : glo oAI{H LrB crto66os
cTaTb MyApbrM.
5. ,f c'{actrr,rBa, troroMy rrro cyulecrByer 6onsrue
neu1efi, Koropbre MEe HpaBfiTcff, TIeM Tex, KorG-
pbre MEe He HpaB,ETcff.
II. Sano.nrurre rrpolycnlr rrogxogstrIrrMrl rro cMbrc-
ny cJroBa![[.
1. I was born on the ... in ... under the zodiac ... of ... .
2. I can't ... I am ..., actually I'm ... .
3. I like staying ... and sometimes L.. into my -.. .
4. Music ... the best feelings and high emotions..
b. I dislike ... buses and I hate getting up ... .
III. Ornerbre Ea" Bonltocbr.
1. What is your name?
2. What is yoursurname?
3. When and where were you born?
4. Do you know your zodiac sign?
5. What does your zodiac sign predict? Is it true?
6. Carr you describe yourself?
7. What are the strong and the weak traits of your
character?
8. There are things that you like and dislike, alen't
there? What are they?
9. Areyouhappy?
IV. Paccrcailcrrre o
1. Your zodiac sign andits predictions.
2. Your likes and dislikes.
82
. My Family
I'm Alex Kovalev. I am fifteen. I'd like to teII
you about my family.
We are a family of three. I live with my parents.
But I've got an elder brother. He is married and
has a family of his own.
In my opinion, family is an emotional centre
of a person's life, transmitter of culture, the place
where children are being raised. The process of
upbringing children is difficult. It requires
much effort, inutual respect, tolerance.In happy
families parents are frankly honest with their
children without moralizing, and the children
in their turn learn how to get on with other
people.
Th-e proverb says, <.Men make houses, women
make homes>. In my view, it means that the man
provides for his family, pays attention to the
problems of the members of the family. And the
woman creates the homely atmosphere, encourages
her husband and children to keep up family
traditions and'keeps the house. Together they
bring up their children in the right \May.
It is true to our family, I think. My parents
have been married for twenty-six years. My
father's name is Vitaly. He is 45 years old. He is
an engineer at a Motor Plant. He is tall and
strong both in body and character, but rather
stout. He has plump oval face with an aquiline
nose. IIe's generous and full of joy, but very
careless. He can make different things with his
own hands. Almost all the bookshelves in our
flat were made by my father.'
68
 My mother's name is Irina. She is a medium farr a. ['fea] [opsAorrr{6fr, crrpaae4.rrcrrfi
size woman. She has got a thin oval attractive frankly adu. ['frapklt] orKpoBerruo, orKplrro

face and light grey eyes and a snub nose. When

generous (I. {'Seneres] re;ru xo4yrnrmri,
6.rraropo4nr:ft , qe gprrft
she was young she had thick curly ash-blond get on with 6urr g xopo[rfix
long hair, now she wears her hair short. My oTHor[eHrrffx, naAItTB
mother is a woman of character, well-bred, tactful honest c. ['omst] .recrsrrfi
and fair. She's warm-hearted and at the s6me housriwife n. ['hauswafj AoMarrrnsfixossfira
keep the house Becrll AoMarrruee xoggftcreo
time practical, reserved and full of common sense. keep up u. lki:pl uoAAeplicr4BaTb
She is a housewife, she does all the housework medium size ['mi:drem] cpeAHero pocTa
and helps my elder brother to bring up his sons. moralizing z. ['morolarzr4] troyqeEEe
She is really concerned about thern. They are the mutual a. ['mjutjuol] sgarMgrrft
plump a. no.nnrtft
apple of her eye. And the boys feel affection for practical a.
lphmpl
uparrzvnrrfi
['praktrkel]
their Granny. My father and I try to help her provide u. lpro vardl o6ecneqltsarr
about the house ralse u. Irez] BOCrrATBrBaTb, paCTItTb
My brother Igor is about 25. He is married, as require u. Irr'kware] rpe6oaarr
I have already said. He has got two sons. My reserved a.
respect n.
[rr'zs:vd]
Ins'pekt]
c4epxanrrrfi
yBarKeHr4e
elder nephew is a spitting image of my brother snub a. Isrvrb] na4dpnyrr,rfi , xypnocrrfi
and the junior one takes after his mother, ffiy spitting image ['sprtulimr$] TOITEAg ItOIIlIff
brother's wife. The boys are funny and curious. stout o. Istaut] ry.rnrrfi , macrnft , crurrurrfi ,
We have got a lot of relatives, because my mother rpenrzft
tactful a. {'tektfu! raxrn.rnrrri
has got five sisters and a brother. So I've got take after u. ['terk'o:fta] 6rrrr noxoxorm
many aunts, uncles and cousins. We are all on thick a. ['erk] rycroft
friendly terms. tolerance z. ['tolarens] TeprrnMocrB
transmitter z. [tranz'mlte] fiepeAarrn4 rt
Vocabulary upbringing n. ['lpbn4rq] Bocrrrrrarr]re
warm-hearted a. ['wc:m'ho:tri] 4o6pocep4evnrrfi
aquiline a. ['akwdan] op;ruxrrft well-bred a. ['wel'bred] socnnrassbrft
ash-blonil o. ['aJ'blond] uene.nrrrrfi(oro.nocax)
attractive a. [a'traktrv] rprrBJreKare.Jrbnafl L Oruetrre rrpe4noilcenrls;'gBJrsrcqlle-
B Terccre
careless a. I'keols] 6eosa6ornbrft cs arcBrlBaJreuTaMlr pyacKllx.
common sense ['komen'sens] agpaarri cubrerr 1. flo-rvroervry, ceMrff. aro oMorluorraJrrsrrft rIeFTp
create u. [kri:'ert] cosAaBarr -
fiCIISHIlt rIeJIOBeRa, IIepeAaTlMK KyJIbT!4)bI, MeCTO,
curious a. ['kjuenes] nro6osrare;rrsblfi
r,qe BocrrrrTbrBaroTcff AeTrr.
cudy a, ['ks:li] xygpansrft l

effort n. ['efat] ycrJrrre 2. )ICenuluna coegaEn AoMarrrnroro arrvroc$epy, troA-

ellcourage u. [rn'krnd] EooAyrreBnrrl, AepxcrrBaer cBoero Mylrca u'gerefi, xpaurrr ce-
rr9AAepJKr,rBaTb, rrooqpsTb ryrefinrre rpa,qrrqrru u ne4iir xossftcrso.

64 3 3aK. 151 OD
 3. Itor4a MaMa 6srra MoJroAafl, y neii 6rr.nv rycrbre
BbIOIIII4eCff IIeIIeJIbHbIe AJIIzIHHbIe BOJIOCbI, a Ceft-
arac y Heii KoporKze BoJrocbr.
4.' Mofi crapuruft rrJreMflHHlrrc
- ToqHa.fi Korrrrff Mo-
ero 6para, a vrnagnnaft roxolx rra cBoro MaMy, )KeHy
Moero 6para.
5. Mrr Bce Apyrnt4M. 1 9. Who keeps your house?
II. Sano.nrurre npouycrcrr rroAxoA.sulrrMrr rro ctubrc-
Jry cJroBaMu,
1. The process of ... children is difficult.
2. In happy families parents are ... honest with
their children without ..., and the children in
'their ... learn how to get on with other people.
3. The proverb says, <,Men make ..., women make ...,>.
4. She is ... and at the same time ... and full of .., ... .
5. Boys are funny and ... .
III. Sarconsure rrpeAnorrceurrs, Hcrronboyfl rrpeAno-
ficerrrrbre BaprraETbl.
1. The process of upbringing children requires
a) parents'tolerance.
b) not so much effort, but mutual respect,.
c) much effort, mutual respect and tolerance.
2. In my view, the man must
a) provide for the family.
b) build his house with his own hands.
c) keep awa]t from family problems.
3. The housewife
a) does all the work about the house.
b) stays at home all day long.
c) helps different people keep their houses.
IV. Ornerbre rra Borrpocbr.
1, Will you introduce yourself?
2. Is your family large?
3. Have you got any brothers or sisters?
4. What are your parents?
5. Where do they work?
6. How long have your parents been married?
7. Dq you spend much time with your family?
8. Do you go out with your parents?
10. What are your parents' hobbies?
11. Will you describe your mother and father?
12. Have you got any other relatives?
v. Paccrcatcnre o
1. Your ideas of the role the family plays in our life.
2. Your parents.
3. Your relatives.
My Flat
I live in Yakubov street in a nine-storeyed
block of flats. Our flat is on the ninth floor. It's
a four-room flat with all the modern conveniences.
As I have already said, there are four rooms in
our flat: a living-room, my parents' bedroom, my
sludy and my sister's room. Our living-room isn't
large. In the evening we stay here together
watching TV, listening to music, talking or
discussing family problems. There is a TV-set there,
a sofa, four armchairs, a piano and a wall-unit. On
the floor and on the waII there are carpets, because
we like when it's warm and cosy in the room.
In my study there is a writing table near the
window, two chairs and a bookcase. Besides, there
are shelves with audio-cassettes, CDs, books and
souvenirs. I've got a computer and a CD-player.
On the walls there are some pictures. But what

66 67
r makes my room interesting is my air fleet of rnodernconveniences [ken'vi:njensrz] conpilwreunrrey4o6crra
planes. They hang on strings over your head. nine-storeyed ['stc:nd] 4ensrraarar*cnrrfi
There are different types of airplanes there: passenger plane ['pasen$a] racca]Kr4pcrcr.rfi cauo:rdr
poster n. ['peuste] rrJrarar
helicopters, spor:t planes, fighters, bombers, reflect u.
passenger planes and old models. Besides, I've [n'flekt] orpa]Karb
souvenir n, ['snruerue] cyBenlrp
got a model airport, which I have made with my string 'n. ['stnq] crpyrra, rrecra
own hands. It's a special attraction to my c6usin. study z. ['strdr] ra6r,rner
My parent's.and my sister's rooms are different. taste n. ['terst] BRyc
wall-unit n. f'wc:lju:mt] xou6rlrnpoeaxnrrft umarp
They reflect their tastes, hobbies and the way of . (cexqna)
life. In my parents' room there are a lot of books
and souvenirs. My mother keeps all the things I I. Oruerrre B Terccre rrpeAJrolrceurrs, ffBJrsrcr4rre-

and my sister made ourselves. My sister made a lot c.fl 9KBrrBaJreETaMr{ pyccft rrx.
of toys: teddy bears, cb.ts, horses and other animals. 1. Ero rrerBrpexnoMnarHaff rcBaprkrpa co BceMrr
She is cyazy on horses'that's why in her room there y4o6crnauz.
are many beautiful posters of horses on the walls. 2. Ha rroJry H Ha creHe KoBpbr, rroroMy rITo MbI Jrro-
.6zvr, xor,4a B KoMHare rerrJro lI yrcTHo.
I can say a lot about my flat. But to make a
long story short, I must say, there is no place like 3. O6cranoBxa ux KoMHarax orpaffi,aer lTx BKy-
B
cbr, rrHTepecbr u o6pae r*cr4aHrur.
home. Speaking about our home I don't mean a
flat as it is. I mean people who are dear to me, 4. Mos cecrpa oqeub nto6ur nourageft, rz s eii xonr-
' HaTe.Ha.cTeHax MHoro RpacrrBbrx nJraKaroB.
who love me and are always waiting for me. That's 5. ,f znrerc B Br,rAy .nro4efi, Horopu'e Aoporrr MHe,
why wherever f were I would always hurry home. Koropbre MeHfi .nro6sr ra BcerAa JrcAyr wrens. flo-
aroMy, rjle 6rr s uu 6rr.n, ff ToporrJrrocs 4ouofi.
Vocabulary
air fleet ['ee'fli:t] BO3AyIrIHaSI eCRaAprdJr6s II. Sanorxfire rrporrycnrr rro4xoAffrqrrtv,rlr rro cMbrc-
bedroom n. ['bednrm] CIIAJIEEfi Jry cJroBaMrr.
block of flats Mnoroft BaprrrPnrrrl 4om
bomber n. 6ou6ap4raporulzx
1. floor ald on th'e wall there are ..., because
On the
['bome]
CD.player n. Isi:di:'plere] IIporlr,'p618aTe.tb KoMIIaKT , we like when it's ... and ... in the foom.
AI,ICKOB 2. Planes ... on ... over your head.
ctazy a. ['krerzr] overr yraevtinnrrfr qeu-to 3. The rooms reflect their ..., ..: and the way of life.
discuss u.
fighter
[drs'kts] o6cyrxgarr 4. Atoy-airport is a special ... to my cousin.
n. ['farte] ucrpe6zre.lr
floor n.
hang u.
[flr:l ora]K, rroJt III. Saroucrrre rrpeAJro JrceHrrs, ucrro Jrbays rrpeAJro -
[hrel] Blrcerr
srceEEbre BaprraETbr.
helicopter n. ['hehknpta] eepro"rr,tir
hurry u. ['h,rn] crrerrrr4 rL 1. I live in Yakubov street in
living-room n. ['ltvr4i-om] Barr, xocrvnas a) a 16-storeyed building.
68 69
 b) a private house.
c) a 9-storeyed block of flats.
2. What makes my room interesting is
a) my air fleet of model planes.
b) my collection of badges.
c) apicture I have painted.
3. My mother keeps all the things
a) my father brought from his journeys,
b) she has made herself.
c) I and my sister made ourselves.
4. To make a long story short, I must Say
a) East or \Mest, home is best.
b) every bird likes its own nest best.
c) there is no place like home.
IV. Orserrre Ea Borrpocbr.
1. Where do you live?
2. Do you live in a small house or in a block of flats?
3. Which floor is your flat on?
4. Are there all modern conveniences in your flat?
b. How many rooms are there in your flat?
6, What are they?
7. Where do you usually spend evenings?
8. Is there much furniture in your flat?
9. Do you change it round from time to time?
10. What is there in your room?
11. Do the rooms in your flat reflect the tastes of
their owners?
12. Do you agree that there is no place like home?
v. flpourrafiTe rerccr euq6 paa lr paoAeJrrlre ero
Ea cMbrcJroBbre rracrrr. Ilog6epnre EaaBarrrre K
rcancAofi rra Er{x.
vr. Pacno.no ncrrre rryErcrbr rrJrarra co rJracno Jrorfi -
Ke noBecTBoBaUUg.
1. My room.
70
2. Our living-room.
3. The place where I live.
4. My parents' and my sister's rooms.
VII. Paccrcarrcrre o
1. Your flat.
2. Your room.
3. Prove there is no place like home.
My Friend
Lucky are the people who have friends. I'm
happy to have lots of friends, too. Some of them
are very close, some are less. But all of them make
my life interesting and enjoyable.
I appreciate friendship. It's a special thing. It
makes happiness glowbrighter and grief less painful,
beeause we have friends to share it. When we doubt
our ability to fulfill our aspiration or to reach our
secret goal it is our best friend who gives us a spark
of assurance. And we trust our friend ancl are
grateful. Friendship is a bridgebetween loneliness
and fellowship,frustration and confidence,despair
and hope, setbacks and success. That's why a true
friend is a priceless gift. They are rich who have true
friends, says a proverb and I agree.
I think, Natasha is my best friend. We have
much in common: the same interests arid attitude
to life. Very often our opinions coincide, sometimes
they differ. But we never quarrel, there's mutual
understanding between us.
I like her. appearance. She is a tall blonde with
blue eyes. She's not a beauty, but rather attractive.
She possesses a sense of humour and often makes
me laugh.
7t
 She lives far from my house. But we meet every
'We
I. Orn'retrre B Terccre rrpeAJroficelrus, sBJrsroque-
day at school. are the same age. We spenda lot cg orcB[BaJreHTaMr{ pyccrcux.
of time together discussing books, films, 1. CqacrnraBbr JrroAr{, Koropbre vMelor 4pyaefi.
performances, solving our problems, planning our 2. [pyx6a
future. We can talk about everything. I appreciate - oro Mocr Me]iKAy oAt'ruouecrBoM
ApySbsMkr, pacTep.fiHrrocrbro r4 yBepeHHocTblo, oT-
rr

my friend's advice. rraffHfieM lr HaAerrcAofi, ney4auaMu I4 ycrrexoM.

I know, that the way to have a friend is'to be 3. V nac Muoro o6rqero: oArrHar{oBbre r4HTepecbr 14
one, so my friend can rely on me I won't let her OTHOIIIEHLI E K }IdKI 3HTT.
down. 4. V seii ecrb rryBcrBo roMopa, vr olaa rlacro sacraB-
JI.gCT MEIIfi CME.ETbCE .
Vocabulary 5. ,f enaro, tITo eAldgcrseggbrft [yrb vMerb Apyra
ero caMoMy 6rrrr xopolrr{M ApyloM.
-
appreciate u. Io'prii[rert] qerrfi T6
aspiration z. Izespe'rerJn] cTpeMneEr,Ie, }IceJIaHrte
yBepeHHocT6
fI. Sano.nnrrre rrpo[ycrc[ rroAxoAflrrlrrMrr rro cMbrc-
assurance n, Ia Joorens]
Jfy cJroBaMrr.
attitutle n. ['atrtju:d] OTHOIIICIII{E
close a. Ikleus]
" 6nuzx:ritrt 1. Some of my friends are very ..., some are ... .
coincide u. [, keurn'sard] coBIIaAaTb
2. Friendship makes happiness ... brighter and ...
confidence n. yBeperrHocrb
['konfidens] less painful, because we have friends to ... it.
despair n. Idrs'pee] OTqAfiIII{E
doubt u. ['daut] coMHeBaT6C.fi 3. We ... our friends and are grateful.
fellowship n. ['feleuJtp] 4pyx6a, ToBapzqecrBo 4. Yery often our opinions ..:, sorr.etifiIes they differ.
frustration n. Ifns'trerJn] pacctpoft crro (n.nanou), But we never ... There's ... understanding
Kpyrueulre (na4ex4) between us.
gift z. Isrft] troAapoK 5. L.. my friend's advice.
glow u. Igleu] 34. CIl.ETb
goal n. Igetil] qeJrr, III. Sarcoxqrrre rrpeAJrorrceHrrs, rlcilonbays rrpeAJro-
grateful a. ['grertful] 6.naro4apnrrfi
SrceEEbIe BaprrarrTbr.
griefn. Igri:fl rope
have much in common ['komen] rrMerb Muoro o6Iqero 1. All my friends make my life
let smb. down IIOABOAI'Tb, pa3OrlapoBaTb a) boring and lonely
loneliness n. ['leunhnes] oAr4HOrrecTBo
b) interesting and enjoyable.
mutual a. ['mjutjoel] gsartNIHrrfi
priceless a. 6ecqenssrft
c) dangerous and risky.
['pratslts]
quarrel u. ['kworel] ccopr,rrbcfi
2. A truefriendship is
rely u. Irr'lar] IIOJIATATbCfi a) a priceless gift.
setback n. ['setbak] HeyAarra b) a useless thing.
share u. lleel .qeJrrrr6 c) a usual thing.
spark n. Ispo:k] r4cKpa
trust u. ltr stl AOBepfiTL.

72 ,o
r
are philately, collecting view-cards, coins,'stamps
IV. Ilpo.Yrrraftre,te$cr €rrlii paB il paoAeJrrrre ero
IIA CMbICJIOBbIE qACTU, 'fIOA6EPI(TE IIASBAHIIE K badges and books. Soine people are interested in
rcaxAofi rr3 Errx. modern architecture. Others' are interested in
photography. A useful hobbY is collecting
V. Pbcno.rofrcrrre rryrrrcTbr rrJrarra corJracuo Jrorlr- cassettes. You may have recordings of operas
KE IIOBECTBOBAEITS. and pop music, folk music and jazz coicerts. It's
1. My friend's appeararce. impossible to describe all these 1019 hobbies
2. The role of friendship in our life' known in the world. The main thing is that they
a. The reasons we havq made friends' enrich our knowledge in some particular field,
4. Why I value mY friend. broaden our outlook and help us to relax.
VI. Orrerrre Ha Borrpocbr. Hobbies differ like tastes: If you have chosen
a hobby according to your character and taste
1. Are people who have friends lucky? What's your you are lucky because your life becomes more
opinion?
2. Have you got lots of friends?
interesting.
3. Are all of them Your close friends?
Hobbies are divided into four large elasses:
4, Friendship is a special thing,isn't it? doing things, making things, collecting things
5. How do you understand friendshiP? and learning things.
6. What is a true friend? The most.popular of all hobbY groups is doing
7. Who is your best friend? things. It includes a wide variety of activilids from
8. Have you much in common? gardening to travelling and from chess to volleyball.
o Do you often quarrel? Gardening is one of the,oldest of marl's hobbies.
10. What does Your friend look like? Playing computer'garnes is a relatively new hobby.
11. Do you often meet? Making things includes drawing, painting,
12. What do you do together? making. sculpture, designing costumes, handicrafts.
13. What must one do to have a friend? Some hobbyists write rnusic or play musical
VII. Paccraxure o instruments.
Almost everyone collects something a't some
1. What real friendshiP is' period of his life. Some collections have no real
, Your best friend.
value. Others become so large ahd valuable that
they are housed in museums and galleries. Many
Hobbies . world-famous collections started in a small way
with one or two items.
The author of an article in a Polish newspaper No matter what kind of hobby a person has, he
has counted 1019 personal interests and ways to always has the opportuRity of learning from it.
spend one's free time. The most popular hobbies
74 7:5
By reading is interested in^, Reading in Our Life
tre is addin Learning things
of a hobbY' I'm fond of reading. In my opinion, books are
can b'e the a source of emotional inspiration and romantic.
I VocabularY feelings. Reading iS very useful, because books
rlo / enrich our experience with that of the other.people.
according adu. [a'kc:dl;] corrracuo'
aspect n. cropoua*'acrrexr Besidesn, books help me to continue m]/ o\lrn
-[:respekt]
computer games [kem'pju:to] KoMrrbrorepHble nrpbr education.
costume n. t'kpstju:ml oAexAa' KocrK)M I'm sure that a reader lives a richer: life than a
design u. [dr'zarn] cosnaqarb' MoAeJrr{poBatl
non-reader. The time spent on a good book is
gardening n. ['ga:dnr4] caAoBogcrBo
aro6rnte'nr' rreJroBer' never wasted. Reading,is a rewarding pastime.
hobbyigt n. [.hobust]
rarvrerotlrft xo66u But some people think, that the tempo of modern
in a small waY IIorreMrrory life is too fast to waste time on reading. They are
include u. [rn'klu:d] BKJIIOqATb
rreJroBex
sure that books have begun to lose their prestige.
no matter what kind 'relr 6rr and value. I disagree.
.
of hobby a Person has EI,T YBNCKAJICfi

relatively adu. ['reletlh] orrrocrlreJlbrro I enjoy books of different genres: love and
valuable a. ['valjuebl] qennuft detective stories, thrillers and historical novels,
value z. ['veljul -' qerruocrb tales, works after classical and modern lvriters.
I. Ornerrte rra Borrpocbr. I'm a great lover of the English and American
literature. Among my favourite writers are
1. Tastes differ. Can you. say the same about W. Shakespeare and Ch. Dickens, J. Galsworthy
hobbies? and A. Cronin, J. London and E. Hemingway to
2. Have you chosen a hobby hccording to your name only a few. I read them in translation and
character and taste? try to read in the original.
3. What hobbY g'roups'do You know? I read books aJter Russian andBelarusian:writers,
4. The rnost popular hobby group is doing things,-
isn't it? too. We can say that L. Tolstoy, D. Dostoevsky,
5. What kind of activities does it include? A. Chekhov, A.Pushkin are as popular as they used
Do you like computer:games? to be; Their works have stood the test of time.
' 6.
7, Areyoufond of gardening? My favourite modern writers are V.Karatkevich
8. Do you enjoY making things? and I. Sblzhenitsyn.
9. Have you ever collected anything? I try to get acquainted with popular works
10. Do collection that was and best-sellers. Luckily there is a big choice
giv lery? of various books in book shops and stalls.
11. Do is the most exciting But more often I buy books after ,Ioanna
aspect of a hobbYt WhY?
,77
76
Chmielewska, a Polish writer of ironical detective II. Sanonrrrrre rrporrycffrr rroAxoAsqrrMu rro cMbrc-
stories. Jfy cJroBaMrr.
I can't irnagine my life without reading' 1. In my opinion, books Ere a... of emotional ... and
<,Excepta living man there is nothing more
romantic... .
wonderful than a book>, said one clever man' 2. The time ... on a good book is never ... .
And I share his opinion. Books teach us what is 3. I'm a great ... of the English and American ... .
right and what is ivrong, to understand the riorld 4. T try to get . .. with popular works and .. . .
arid people in it, they mould our character and at 5. I ... his opinion.
the same time tell us exciting stories' III. Ilpouuraftre rerccr erqE paa r paoAeJrr{Te ero
Ea cMbrcJroBhre qacrrr. Ilprrgyruaftre saasanue
Vocabulary
rc rauc4ofi nB nrrx.
enrich u. Irn'rrtll o6orarqarr
experrence n. Irks'prenons] OIILIT IV. PaccraBbre [yHrcr6r rrJrarra corJracHo Jror[rce
genre n. Igo:pr] )rcaEp IIOBECTBOBAEy/'.g,.
inspiration n. Irnspe'rerJen] B,[OXHOBeHr4e

mould u. Imeuld]
(popurapoearr 1. I enjoy books of different genres.
pastime n. ['po:starm] BpeMslpeIIpoBornAeHr(e 2. I'm fond of reading.
prestige n. Ipres'ti:S] IIpecTr{}In 3. Books are the greatest wonders in the world.
reward u, Irr'wc:d] BO3Harpa,ICAaT6 4. My favourite writers.
ljeel paSAenfiTb
share u,
source n. Is*] IICTOqHI,IK V. Orserrre Ha Borrpocbr.
test of time I,TCIIbITAIII{E BPCMEIIEM
1. Are you fond of reading?
B Terccre rrpeAnolrcenrrgr gBJrgrorqfle-
2. Why is reading useful?
I. Oruerrte 3. Is time spent on a good book wasted?
cs oKBrrBaJreETaMrr pyccKrrx' 4. What books do you enjoy?
1. grenue oqerb [oJreBHo' TaK Kart Krruru o6orarqa- 5. Do you like English and American literature?
ror Hac orrbrroM APYrlIx lrcAefi' 6. What are your favourite writers?
2. Hexoroprre JrroAlr c\Irrraror' tITo reMrl coBpeMeH- 7. Do you read English writers in translations?
noft xcrngnrr cJrlrrrrrcou 6rrctp, qto6rr erqti tpa- 8. Whatbooks have stoodthe test of timeinyouropinion?
TIITb BpeME Ha rITeHrIe. 9. What modern writers do you know and like?
3. ,f .ruraro rrx B flepeBone fi rlblTarocb rlnlTarb B 10. What is your favourite book?
opurrrHaJre. 11. Can you imagine your life without reading?
4. ?Ix rpy4rr BbrAep)fi aJlrr ficrlbrraHrre BpeMeIreM'
b. <KpoMe )flrlBoro tIeJIoBeKa' Her Hrarrero
yAlIBrr- VI. Paccrcailcrrre o
TeJrbHee Kur4rr{>' cKaBaJI oA}IH MyAprrfi 'rero- 1. The importance of reading in our life.
-
BCK, 2. Your favourite writers and books.
78 79
 Our school provides high quality education, so
MY School that all our pupils have the opportunity to achieve
their- potential.
AII children at the age of six go to school' On the ground floor one can see two carrteens
Schooling is free,' universal and compulsory' for junior and senior pupils and a library,,In the
ihllE";ieave school at the age of 17' so school canteens we have meals: breakfast and lunch. In
the library there i.re not only textbooks, but there
is fiction, newspapers and magazines.
Our Assembly Hall is on the first floor. It is as
large and beautiful as at the theatre. Different
festivals, concerts, drama perfcinn4nces, competitions
are held there.
On the second floor our video-classes, art
workshops; a dance hall and Ecological Centre are
situated. Different out-of-class activities are at
our disposal.
Our school teachers do their best to provide
pupils with wide ranging knowledge ahd skills.
They aim to provide learning for the new
millennium and we appreciate it.
Vocabulary
achieve u. [o'tJi:v] Aocrrirlarb
acquire u. [a'kwato] upro6perarr, fioryqarr
aim u. [erm] crpeMnrlcs
Assembly Hall [o'sembl] arrosbrfi aar
be at one's disposal fdrs pauzel] 6srrr s qriirvr-ro
pacllopsx{eErarr
canteen z. [kan'tin] croJroBat
carpenter's workshop ['ko:purtes'ws:kJop] cronapnaa Macrepcxafl
compulsory a. [kem'pdsen] o6gsaremurrft
connbct u. [ke'nekt] coeAr{rrsrb, cBsobrBarb
design n. [dr'zarn] rpoexr
equip u. [r'hmp]o o6opyAoBar6
excursior] n. [rks'ksJn] eRclrypca.rr
facilities z. [fs'srlrtz] BooMo)nnocrrz, y4o6crna
and to go in for sPorts' free a. [lril 6ecn.narnsrft

80 81
 a) is the best place for studies.
homeeconomicsroom [,i:ka'nomrks] ra6ranero$c:ryxIlearcqero
TPYAA b) is neVer opened again.
JUnlOr O. ['fiu:nje] vna4uruft c) becomes their second home.
millennium n. Imr'lenrem] TbIC,flqEJIETI,IE 2. Traditionally the first day at school is a
potential n. Ipa'tenJol] BO3MO]IiHOCTIA holiday
provide u. Ipre'vard] o6ecne.rrgarr, cna6rxatr ' a) the -Victory Day.
range n. Irern$] Ar4arraSorr .; b) the Day of Knowledge.
senlor a, ['si:njo] crapnrzfi
cJrecapEag MacrepcKafi
c) April Fool's Day.
tool workshop Itn1]
trade skills upo@eccuona:rBrrbre IraBbrrlI 3. W-e have all facilities to acquire
universal a. [,ju:nr'vs:sel] rceo6Iqraft a) computer and trade skills and go in for sports.
wing n. [wq] Kpbrno b) skills in speaking.
c) wide ranging knowledge and singing skills.
I. Orvrerrre B Terccre rrpe,qJrolrceafi.ar EBJrgrorIryre-
4. The Assembly Hall is as large and beautiful
cff ErcBrrBaJrerrraMrr pyccKrrx. a) as the best concert hall.
1. O6Snrenve B IrrxoJre 6ecnnarnoe, Bceo6qee 14 o6fl- b) as at the theatre.
SaTeJIbHoe. c) as at the cinema.
2. B rpilxaralfiHoM sAanrulrr ABa KpbrJIa: oAHo AJrs 5. Our school teachers do their best to provide
HAIIAJIbHOft IIIROJIbI, A APYTOE AJIfl CPEAI{Cfi. pupils with
3. Bce KJraccbr xoporxo o6opy4onansr. a) wide ranging knowledge and skills.
4. Haura rrrroJla o6ecneqzsaer BbrcoKr4fi ypoBeHb b) computer and trade skills.
o6pasoBaHI4s. c) books and pens.
5. LTx rleJrb Aarb o6pasoBaHl4e coorBercrByroqee
-
HOBOMy TbICgrIeJreTI{ro. IV. Ilpounrafire rerccr er46 paa rl paaAeJrrrre ero
Ea cMbrcJroBbre qacrrr. Ilo46epure HaBBaHrre rc
II. Sanorrru{Te rrporrycnr{ rroAxoAsrlrnnn rro cMbrc-
rcauc4oft rra Errx.
Jfy cJIOBaMrr.
1. this day the first-formers go on an .-. to get
On V. Pacno.noilcrrre rryrrrcTbr rrJrarra corJracuo Jrorrr-
... with the school. ICE IIOBECTBOBAIIIT.fi .

2. Our school was built in 1993 on a special ... . 1. Out-of-class activities.

3. Our school is beautiful and ... . 2. Classrooms and facilities.
4. Besides, we have two computer classes' three gyms, 3. Teachers and their aims.
a... workshop and a... ..., two home ... rooms- 4. Schooling in our country.
5. AIt our pupils have ... to achieve their ... . 5. The school building.
III. Sarcorr.rr.rre rrpeAJrolrcenrrff rrcrro Jrb3yff rrpeAna- VI. Orserbre rra Borrpocbr.
'
raeMbre BaprraETbr 1. At'.what age do children go to school in our
1. Children leave school at the age of 17, so school country?

82 83
 2. Is schooling free? them. Fresh air is very important to good health,
3. When do children leave school? perfect cleanliness is also essential. Every room
4. When does a school Year begin? in the house, especiallybedroom shouldbe properly
5. Is the first daY at school a holidaY? cleaned. The whole body should be washed
6. regularly. We like to look at someone who is tidy
7. and clean. Certain exercises are also necessary to
keep fit. The old and the young should do morning
8. exercises. Rest is also important to the health of
9.
both body and mind. Plenty of food rich in vitamins
10.
is indispensable for our health, too.
11. AretheY well equiPPed?
L2. Have ytu got special classrooms'
gyms and If one of these rules is broken we may fall ill.
workshoPs? The public health system has a variety of medical
13. Does your school Provide high institutions. There are polyclinics, hospitals,
74. Is there a canteen, a librarY, dispensaries and some other medical institutions
art workshoPs in Your school? in our country. Theprincipleof our public health
15. Wh"t".r" y-olr. festivals and holiday
meetings protection is the prevention of a disease. It is a
held?
your matter. of concern not only for doctors, but for
16. Are there d'ifferent out-of-class activities at the entire society.
disposal at school? Last winter I fell ill. I caught a bad cold. I felt
17. What can you say about your teachers? sick and giddy. I
had a bad cough and was
VII. Paecra?rcrrre o running a high temperature. I had also a cold in
my head and a terrible sore throat. It hurt me
1. Schooling in Your countrY'
when I swallowed. It was clear that I needed a
2. Your school- doctor's aid.
My mother dialed the"polyclinic and made an
At the Doctor's appointment with the doctor. In an hour or so
the doctor in a white gown cdme in. Beforb
One of our first duties is to keep our body in diagnosing the disease,she asked me to strip to
perfect order. If our body suffers from any the waist, examined my throat, felt my pulse,
iirord"., our mind suffers from it too and we are
we
sounded my heart and lungs and tested my blood
pressure. She said it was quinsy.
unable to make much progress in our studies'
our duties' The doctor told me to stay in bed for a week to
-^ unfit to Perform
are
avoid complications after the illness. Then she
Th;;; iertuin laws of keeping health which
"rL that even a little child can learn prescribed me some pills, drops and a mixture. I
ur" simple
"o
84 85
 twice a recover u, [n'krva] IIoIIpaBr,rTbcfi
was to take a table-spoonful of mixture drops sick-noten. ['srkneut] c[paBKa, 6to:r.rretettr
dome
Juv, tlr"u pills a day after meals and sore throat ['sc:'Orout] 6ons e rop.ne
ofmedicineinto*y.,o,".Thenmymotherrryent sound one's heart [ro:t] rrpocJlyrrraTb cepArle
prescription made.up' strip to thewaist pa3AeTbcff Ao rlosca
-- tfr" "fr"mist's to have tlie directions and in a
[werst]
io table-spoonful ['spu:nful] CTOJIOBA,fl JIO'XKA
I followed all the doctois of the yeek test bne's blood pressure ['preJe] lISMeprrrb AaBJrerrlte
*""[i r"lt muctr' bltt"t' At theI end chest X-
the chemist's ['kemrsts] aIITeKa
I went to the pofy"fi"i" where had my was all treatment n. ['tritmant] JIE!IEHI,IE

t.n"a'""a;i bloodtested' Evervthing sick-note I. Oruerrre B Terccre

right. I recovered. The doctor gave me a rrpeAnotrceurrs, sBJrsK)rqrre-
that I was as fit as a fiddle' cs oKBrrBaJreETaMrr pyccKrrx.
""-J.uia 1. Ec;rv Harrre reJro crpalaer or rcaxofi-nu6o 6onea-
Vocabulary Hrt, To Harrr Ayx crpa,4aer rorrce, rr Mbr He cnoco6-
HbI HII YCIEIIIHO YIIIitTbCfl, HII BbIIIOJIH.fiTb CBOI{
[e'vcrd] lrs6errarr o6sgagnocru.
avoid u.
be as fit as a fiddle.
6utr g go6Pom 3APaBr,rrI
2. Cse:x<uit BoBAyx oqeHb BalKeH AJr.fi xopouero BAo-
complication n. [,komPh'keJn]
OCJIO]I(HEHI'IE
poBbff, KaK pI a6co.rrorna,a rrrltcrora.
Kaurenb
cough n. lkPfl 3. Cr,rcteua o6rqecreeHrroro BApaBooxpaneuurff rrMe-
[ocTaBI'rTb AIIarlroS
diagnoseu. ['daregnaoz]
gBonlrrb, xa6Panr goueP eT pasJIIItIHbre MeAr4qr{rrcKile yqpe}IdAeHr,r.s.
dial u. [darl]
directions n. [dr'rekJenz] IIpeArr.r4CaHrtfi 4. V rvrens 6Lr.n cnnsurrfi xaruenr rr noAuffJracb reM-
disease n' ldt'zi:zl 6o.nesHr rreparypa.
dispensarY n. [drs'Pensenl AlrcrraHcep 5. ,(oxrop ilocoBeroBiu MHe ocraBarbcs B nocreJrr{
teo6xoanlrsrfi HeAeJrro, .rro6rr n s6ex(atr ocJrolr{HeHnfi nocne
essential a. [r'senJel]
upljeePrarr nY.nrc
feel one's Pulse [P'tls]
TIYBCTBOBATb
6oaeanr,r.
feel sick and giddY l'stdd
ronoBoKpyt(eEre
Igaunl
)(AJIAT II. Sanolurrre rrpo[ycrcrr rroAxoAsrqrrMr{ rro cMbrc-
gown rL.
cxBaTr{Tb rracMopK Jfy cnoBaMrr.
have a cold in'the head
CAATB AIIA JIIIS KPOBI{
have one's blood tested 1. Every room in the house, especially... should be
npoiru t!;rrooPorPa(Puro
have one's chest .X-rayed ['eks'rerd] ... cleaned.
neaaNregrMrrii,
indispensable c' [,rndrs'pensebl]
neo6xogr'rurrft 2. Plenty of food rich in ... is ... for our health.
lungs n. t'lanzl .n€rrr,re 3. It is a matter of ... not only for doctors but for
Io'pcmtment] 84, BErsBaTb Bpalla the whole society.
make an aPPointment
mixture n. ['mrkstJel Mr4Rcrypa 4. My mother ... the polyclinic and made an ... with
ra6.nerra
pill n. lptll the doctor.
Bbrrrncarb (lexaPctso)
prescribe u. Ipns'kratb]
IIpeAyIIpe]fiAeHr're
5. The doctor gave me a ... and said that I was as ...
prevention n. Ipn'venJn]
asa....
AHTITHA
quinsY n, ['kwrnzt]

86 87
III. Saronqure npeAJrorrceHrrs, [crroJrbayfl npeAJro- V. Ifpovurarire rerccr eqi pae lr paoAeJrrrre
ero
SrceHrrbre BapxaETbr. . Ea cMbrcJroBrre rracrrr. ffo46epnre
rracBaE1,1e rc
1. The main principle of our public health rcax4ofi rra rrrrx.
protection is VI. PacnoJroncrrre rrynrcrbr rrJraua
a) the prevention of diseases.' corJracno Jroru_
ICE ITOBECTBOBAEI{g.
b) free service.
c) treatment at home. 1. The disease.
2. It was clear that I needed 2. One of our main duties.
a) to stay in bed for a week. 3. The treatment.
b) ice-cream and sweets. 4. Laws of keeping good health.
c) the doctor's aid. 5. The public health system.
3. I followed all the doctor's directions and
a) became as fit as a fiddle. VII. Paccrcarmrrre o
b) felt sick and giddy. 1. The rul
c) felt much better. 2. What y are ill.
3. What a you are ill.
IV. Orserbre rra Borrpocbr.
1. Why must we keep our body in perfect order?
2. Do you know the laws of keeping good health? Cinema. <,Titanic,>
What are they?
3. What medical institutions are there in our
country?
4. What is the main principleof our public health
protection?
5. Do you often break the rules?
6. When were you ill last time?
7. What did you feel?
8. Did you call a doctor?
9. What was the diagnosis?
10. Did the doctor prescribe you any medicine?
11. Where did you take the medicine?
L2. Did you follow the doctor's directions?
13. When did you recover?
t4. What do you prefer to be ill or healthy?
15. We wish you to be healthy and strong. What
did you say?

88 89
 films with new special effects, which were the
used by James Cameron, the producer' Everybody
biggest box-offj,ce success. <,Titanic>. is not an
wantei to see if the film was really worth eleven exception. Critics say the film has opened a new
<.Oscar> awards.
era in film production. I think, they are right.
<,Titanic> is the latest screen version of the
tragedy happened on April L4-I5, Lgt2 during
the maiden voyage of the British luxury passenger
Vocabulary
Iiner. The vessel sank wLth a loss of about 1'500 arrogance n. ['aregens] BlrcorcoMepue, HanMerrrocrr
lives: men, women and children. Their voyage on attend u. [o'tend] roceqarr
available a. [e'vetlabl] r,rueroulrfica B Harzrrlrlr
board the dream ship ended in a nightmare'-It blockbuster n. ['blok,blste] Aoporocrofiulnfisrlru,
revealed all human vices: arrogance' self- or.nu.raronqufics
satisfaction, greed, selfishness and sel-f-confidence'
But at the sa-me time this tragedy showed the best celebrity n. Isr'lebnti] SHAMEHI{TOCTb

traits of human character: the sense of duty and depict n.

direct u.
Idr'prkt]
Idt'rekt]
raso6paxarr, oro6paxarr
craBr,r16 ((buaru)
responsibility, self-sacrifice and short but immortal entertaining a, , [,ente'termr;] pa3BJreKarenbssrft,
love. The love-story about Jack and Rose, a young sagnluarearH6rfi
poor artist and a 17-year olcl girl from the upper flock u. [flok] CTEKAT6Cfi TO.IINAMIN

society, arouses our sympathy and admiration' horror n.

immortal
['hore] y)Iiac

Paired with the main story-Iine, it adds much to

o. Ir'mc:tl] 6eccnvreprrrrrft , ne9nufi
loss z. [os] troTepff
the impression of the film. <'Titanic> made the Iuxury n. ['hkJan] pocKoIrIb
Ieading actors Leonardo Di Caprio and Kate nightmare n. ['nartmeo] ItOrrrMap

Winslet international celebrities' The music of plot z.

producer z.
[plot] croxceT

James Horner created a special atmosphere in the'

.[pre'djme] pex(trccep-[ocTaEoBrrlnK,
npoArocep
film and has become popular with the public' relaxation n. [, riJak'serJn] OTABIX
The film is interesting not only from the artistic reveal u. [n'vil] flor(aolrBarb, o6napyncNaam
point of view, but from the technical one as weII' science fiction ['sarens'fikJon] EaJrtIEat Sanractnra

both the ship and theocean arevirtual,created by screen version

shooting n.
['skri:n'vsJen] aKpaErrSarIns
(rnro) cri!-Mra
computers. Besides' we can see unique pictures of
IJu:tD]
technology n. Itek'nDle6l] TexHoJIOrIIff
<The fitanic> buried in the depth of the ocean' Its thought-provoking a. [
'Oc:tpre'veuk4] BacraBJrsroquft aagyuarrca
wreck was found lying in two pieces on the oqiean trait of character Itrert] trepTa xapaKTepa

floor at a depth of about 4.000 metres' The pictures unrque o. [ju:'niik] yrnaxa.nrnrrft , e4zncraenrnrr?
B croiu po4e
were taken with the help of the Russian ocean- vessel n. ['vesl] ropa6ar
explorers and shown to the whole world' vlce n. Ivars] uopolt, 3JIo, HeAocTaToK
By the Way, the film was directed by James virtual a. ['vs:tjual] rrpryaarrurft
Cameron, famous for creating very expensive wreck z. Irek] ocroa pas6lzroro cy4rra

90 91
 I. Oruerrre B Terccre rrpeAnolrcenlt'n' ffBJrffroq[e- 2. Thevoyageonboard thedr:eam ship ended
cs gItB![BaJreETaMrr pyccrc[x. a) in America.
b) in a nightmare.
1. ,fl 4ywraro, qro rpocMorp xopourero $ta.nrua c) happily.
sro ryqrrrufi'ot4ux. - 3. The love-story about Jack and Rose, a young
2, Ora rpareAzs rror{aoana lr JrJrqrurle tleprbr rreJro- poor artist and a 17 -year old girl from the upper
. Be.IecKoIo xapaKTEPA: IIYBCTBO AOJII'A I,I 9,IBeT- society, arouses
CTBeHHOCTb, CaMorroEcepTBoBaHrre v KopoTft)IIO, HO a) indignation.
coxpaniinnyro Ha Bcro l,rcr{aHb nro6osr. b) polite interest.
3, Mysrrrca,(xefirvrca Xopnepa coBAaJIa oco6yro ar- c) sympathy.
lnoc@epy $ulrua vt craJra nony.napnoft.' 4. The film is interesting not only from the artistic
4. Kcraru, $znru [ocraBJreH [xtefiucorvr Kawre- point of view, but
poHoM, rcotoprrfi r{BBecren KaK coaAarerb orregb a) from the technical one as well.
Aoporrax rI raMeroqr(x carvrsrft 6onrruoft xaccossrfi b) fro.m the commercial one as well.
ycirex Qumvroe c HoBbrMr4 cueqe$$enraulE c) from the scientific one as well.
[I. Sanousrrre npofiycnrr rroAxoAsrrlnMrr rro cMbilc-
5. Critics say the film
a) was really worth eleven <,Oscar,> awards.
Jfy cnoBaMr'r.
b) has opened a new era in film production.
1. There are wonderful comedies, ... stories, ... films, c) has become a blockbuster.
... stories, historical films on.
2. The ... of <.Titanic> in 1997 brought people ... IV. Ilpouuraftre rerccr 6qd paa, paaAeJrr{Te ero Ha
back to the cinemas. cMbrcJroBbre rracrrt n no46epure rraaBarrue rc
3. <Titanib> is the latest .,. .... of the tragedy rcauc4oft rrs Errx.
happened on April L4-t5,1912 during the ...
voyage of the British ... passenger liner. V. Pacnonorrcrrre rrynrcrbr rrJraua corJracno Jrorfi-
4. <Titanic> made the ... actors Leonardo DiCaprio ICE IIOBECTBOBAIIUS.
and Kate'Winslet international ... 1. <.Titanic> has become a blockbuster.
5. Besides, we car seq the unique ... of the Titanis,
2.. Techologies of film making.
Iying in the ... of the ocean. 3. Watching a good film is the best"relaxation.
III. Barconsrrre rrpeAJrolrceErrfi , rrcfionb3yff rrpeAna-. 4. The plot of the film.
raeMbre BaprraHTbr.
VI. Orserbre Ea Bonpocbr.
1. Now a growing number of people prefer
'watching films on TV to 1. Are you a cinema goer?
a) attending theatres. 2. Where do you prefer to watch films?
b) listening to musie. 3. Is watching a film a good pastime?
. c) attending cinemas. 4. What fiims do you like to watch?

92 93
l
5. What is your favourite film?
6. Can you say that it was a blockbuster?
7. Did it attract public's attention?
8. What do you think the reasons of its popularity
are?
9. What is the film about?
10. Is it ascreen version or an original script?
11. Is it thought-provoking or entertaining?
12. Who stars in the film?
13. Does music create a special atmosphere in the
film?
14. What new technologies were used in the film
making?
15. What do you know about the producer?
16. What do critics say about the film?
VII. Paccrcarrcrrre o
1. The reasons why people are fond of watching
films.
2. Your favourite film.
Sports
Sport is an exiting creative sphere of hard work
and competition. It's a sphere where men and
women want to surpass themselves. In sport
everyone seeks answers to his own problems.
Not without reason do people say that sport is a
world of its own and it can't mean the same to
everybody.
People all over the world are fond of sports
and games. Sport makes people healthy, keeps
them fit. We know that there is a sound mind in
a sound body. Sport makes a person's character.
It's good for moral development as well. It's a
way to meet other people, even people from other
countries. There are no social differences in sport.
Everybody is equal. Sport teaches us how to lose
as well as to win.
Many people do sports on theirpersonal initiative.
They go in for skiing, skating, tennis, swimming,
volleyball, football, body-building, etc. All the
necessa4/ facilities are provided for them: stadiums,
sports grounds, swimming pools, skating rinks,
football fields. Sport is paid much attention to
in our educational establishments.
There are different sporting societies, clubs
and complexes in our republic. The most famous
of them are the Olympic complexes <,Raubichi>,
<Staiki>, <,Dinamo> stadium, etc. They are used
for international and world competitions. They
were built for the 22"d Olyrnpic Games which
took place in 1980.
Everybody chooses a kind of sports he or she
is interested in. Every week thousands of people
do sports and millions watch sports programmes
on TV, read sport news in newspapers and listen
to sport reports on the radio.
As for me, I like sports too, though in theory
at present. When I was a junior pupil I went in
for sports. I liked swimming, so I went to the
swimming pool every day. you know how it
always happens when you grow up. The habits
gradually change and at present I hardly do sports
seriously. Though from time to time I do my
morning exercises.
But I am sure if you want to keep fit you must
go in for sports because sport makes people strong,
healthy and optimistic.
95
 Vocabulary II. Bcranr,Te rrpo[yrqeunrre cJroBa.
competition z. [,kcmpt'ttJn] cocrfiBaurre,copeBrroBaurre 1. Sport is a ... where men and women want to ...
creative 4. [ki:'ertrv] raop.recxraft themselves.
development n. [dr'velepment] paaB]rrr,re 2. Sport ... a person's ... . Itls good for moral ... .
equal o. ['i:kwel] pasrrrr?
3. There are different sporting and ... in our
facilities n. [fa'ulrtrzl BooMoxrnocrrr, cpeAcrBa
republic.
gradually adu. ['gradjuah] nocretrerHo 1 4. The habits ... change and at present I ...
habit n. ['habrt] rpr,rBbrrrxa do
healthy a. ['helOr] a4oporrrfi sports... .
junior pupil ['6u:njs] ]^regrrr MnaArrrtrx rcJraccoB
keep fit coxpaH,Erb (bopnny III. Sarconsrrre rrpeAJro?rceErrff , rrcrroJrbays rrpeAno-
(6rrrr 6o4prrrvr r s4oponrrrvr) ?neHrlbre Bap[aIrTbI.
mean (meant) u. Imi:n] SHAqI,ITb
mould u. Imauld] (poprrraporarr 1. Sport is an exiting, creative sphere of
provide u. Ipre'vard] cna6r*arr, o6ecnequsatr a) our every day life.
reason n. ['ri:zn] IIptFII,rHa, ocIIoBaHlle b) hard work and competition.
seriously odu. ['srerrash] cepLesEo c) records and competition.
sphere z. Isfie] cQepa, no.ne Aefi TeJrbrrocrr,r 2. Sport teaches us how
surpass u. Iso:'pa:s] rrpeBocxoAt4T6
a) to make friends.
to be fond of .nro6zrr
b) to spend our time.
I. Orruerrre rrpeAnolrcenrr.fl , ffBngrcql{ecg grcBrr- c) to lose as well as to win.
BaJIeHTaMrr pyccft[x. 3. Many people do sports
1. He 6eg ocnosaur{fi JrroArzr roBopfiT, rrro clopr ffB- a) on their personal initiative.
JrfleTc.fi Mr4poM n ce6e v He Mo)neT SHarrlrrb oAHo
b) because they want to surpass themselves.
I,r To )fie AJrff KilICAOtO. c) because they have nothing else to do.
2. Mu BHaeM, qro <(B BAopoBoM TeJre BAopoBbrft
4. Sport complexes are used for
AYXD.
- a) school sport events.
3. Cnopry yAeJrfferc.fl 6olruroe BHr4MaHLre B Harunx b) local competition.
yr{e6Hbrx BaBeAeunsx. c) international and world competitions.
4. ICaxAyro HeAeJrro rbrcffrrr4 JrroAefi BauLrMarorcs IV. Ornerbre rra Borrpocbr
CIOpTOM, a MIIIJIJII4OHbI CMOTp,flT C[OpTlIBHbIe
llpolpaMMbr IIo TeJreBIIAeHr4 IO, ttLI TarOT CrrOpTv B - 1. What is sport?
Hbre HoBocTr{ B raSeTax II cJryrlaroT crropTlaBHbre 2. Why do people go in for sports?
penopra,filr no par4rro. 3. What facilities are provided for sportsmen?
5. Ecnz srr xorr{re coxpaHr,rrb Ooprvry (a4oponre), 4. Are there different sporting societies, clubs
BbI AOJITTCHbI SaHrrMaTbcs c[opToM, TaIt KaIc cnopT and complexes in your country (city)? What are
AeJIaeT IIeJIOBeKa CIzIJIbHbIM, SAOpOBbIM vl OIITUI- they?
MI{CTVqIIBIM. 5. Do you like sport?
96 4 3ax. 15l 97
 6. Do you go in for sports? In 1984 Jordan was drafted by the Chicago
7. Do you agree that people must go in for sports? I
tsulls. In his first season as a professional
V. PasAerr{Te rerccr Ha cMbrcJroBbre lracrrr r{ rroA-
(1984-1985), he tred the league in scoring and
6epure rt ErrM Ea3Barrlla.
was named Rookie of the Year. He missed the
following season because of an injury. When
VI. PacnoJrorrcrrre rqrurcrbr nJrana couracuo Jr rrrrce. he retunned, he was agairi a success, scoring 32
1. I like sport. points per.game. 'He was only the second player
2. What is sport? (after Wilt Chamberlain) to score'3,000 points
3. The necessary facilities for doing sport. in a single season (1986-tgS7). Jordan was
4. Sport in my country. named the NBA's Most Valuable Player (MVP)
5. The reasons to go in for sports. four times (1988, 1991 , 1992,1996) and was
VII. Paccrcatcrrre o also named Defensive P1ayer of, the Year in
1988.
1. Sport in your life In October 1993 Jordan retired briefly to pursue
2. Sport in your country. a career in professional baseball.rBut in 1995 he
returned to basketball again. In the 1995-1996
My Favourite Sportsman season Jordan led the Bulls to a regular season
record, the best in the history of the NBA. The
MICHAEL JORDAN is Ameiican professional following season he won his fifth championship
basketball player. He is often cQnsidered the with the Bulls and was named MVP of the NBA
greatest player in the history of the game. He led Finals. :

the National Basketball Association (NBA)
Chicago Bulls to five championships.
Jordan was born on the 17th of February, 1963
in Brookl5m, New York. He grew up in Wilmington,
N.C., and entered the Universityiof North Carolina
at Chapel HilI in 1981. As a freshman,.he made the
At 1.98 m, Jordan, & guord, was an exceptionally
talented shooter and passer and a tenacious
defender. His nickname is <Air Jordan> because
of his extraordinary leaping ability and the
acrobatic manoeuvres he used to evade def6nders
as he approached,the basket. :

winning basket in the1982 national championship

game. Jordan was named C.ollege' Player of the Vocabulary
Year in both his solhomore and junior years. He
left North Carolirta aftbr his junior year. Two times approach u. Ie'preutl] npr.r6.nrxar rc s, rr oAxoAr,rrb
consider u.
Jordan led the'U.S. basketball team to Olympic defender n.
Iken'srde] C!II,ITATb
SAIIIIITI{T1 K
gold medals'in 1984 in Los Airgeles and in Lgg2 draft u.
Idr'fende]
"Idro:ft] uporaaeopns or6op, BbrneJrETL
in Barcelona, Spain. , evade u: Ir'verd] yeronbsarl, o6xoar,rfr

98 99
freshman n. ['freJnlen] cryAenr-rrepBorypcnr'tK III. Ornerbre Ha Borrpocbr.
[qo:d] 3A' saulllrrrrrK
guard n.
['rnfien] rPaBMa 1. What is Michael Jordan?
injury n.
league n' [i:q] rtvta 2. When and where was he born?
Ieaping abilitY ['li:prqe'bilrfi] rlpbrryqecrb 3. When did he make his winning basket as a
MaHeBP
manoeuvre n. [me'nu:ve] freshman?
['nrknerm] [Po3Blr[Ie
nickname n. 4. How many times did Jordan win the Olympic
['po:so] nePe4aroulNfi
passer n. gold medals?
[po'sju:] nPecle4onars (r1elr)
pursue u.
5. When was he drafted by the Chicago Bulls?
retire u. [n'tata] Yirrn
['ruk,] rroBlrqorc 6. Was he a successful player?
rookie n.
score u. [skc:] xa6uParr ovxra 7. Can you name his titles?
shooter n. IJure] sa6nsarcrquft 8. Why did he retire in October 1993?
sophomore z. ['sofemc:] cryAerrr-BroporypcurrK 9. When did Jordan lead the BuIIs to the best
qenrnft, rpenruft' ynopnnft
tenacious o. itr'i',"rtosi season record in the history of the NBA?
gBJrgrorq'rre- 10. Why is Michael called <,Air Jordan>?
I. Orrvrerrre B Terccre rrpeAnoficerr[st
cfl orcBrrBaJrerrraMrr pyccKlrx' IV. Paccrcarrcrrre o
B rrc-
1. Ero qacro crrrrraror serl'rgaftfflrM rrlpordoM Michael Jordan is an outstanding basketball-
player.
2.

Music in Our Life

s 1992 roAy B Eapce;loue sVIcflarttv'
rlervl6ep;rena'
rIocJIe Vranra KTo
3. On 6u.n etoprrM
ce30He'
It's difficult to speak about music in general,
because it will either take a lot of time or just one
Ha rdopornoe BPe-
4. sentence to explain our attitude. Music is an
cleccronanrnufi
integral part of our life. It is varied because it
6eftc6otr- reflects different human emotions. If we ask
II.' Sanonsrrre rrponyc$fi rro4xoAsrrlrrMrr rro cMbrc- of
severa-l people what kind of music thejz Hke, all
Jfy cJroBaMrr. them will give different answers. Tastes differ.
But the \Morld of music is boundless and everybdy
1. As a ..., he made the winning basket in the
1982
can find there something that satisfies his tastes
and demands. And all the people will agree that
our world will be dull without music. We enjoy
music because it influences our mood and
imagination, reflects our inner state and character,
100 101
 arouses deep ernotions and,,makes us think. It leflect u. In'flekt] oTpariraTb
helps us to remove from tiredness and tension or satisfy u. ['saetrsfar] yAoBneTBopfirb
Eoare u, Iskee] orrryftrBar6, rryraT6
strength n. ['stre40] cfira
tension n. ['tenJn] EarlpalKerrue
tiredness n. ['taradrus] ycTaJIOCTb, yroMJIeHr4 e
tuneful a. ['tjunful] Iue.noA!r'rftuYr
varied q. , ['veend] paeroo6Pasnrrfi
variety n.' [ve.'raretr] 1) paanoo6Pasrae,
2) ecrPaP,a

I. OrMetrre B Terccre' rrfe4noxeuffi ' gBn.rrcqfie-

As for ille, I enjoy both classical music and
vaiiety show. Some people say, it is difficult to
understand classieal music. But IfVe never been 1_
2.
among singers or pop groups, I won't be able to 3.
4.
cs aKBrrBaJreETaMrr pyccKux.
Tpy4no roBoprrrb o M)f?Errte Boo6ule,,TaK KaK
o6r,scnenze Harrrero orHorrregrl fl uIJrvI aafirvldr
MHoro BpeMerru, rrJrr4 6yAer Bbrpar*{er{o B oAHoM
IIpeAJIOlICeHIrttl.
Mup vrysrrKr4 6eBIpaIIHEIeH' 14 Ra)rtA'5rft Mdfi(er
]aafrrra B rriiM To' rrro yAoBJrerBopfier elo Bxycbr
v rpe6oBaEl,Lfi.
Bot no.reNry Mygbrxailbubre OecrlrBaJrw, Koropbre
rrpoBoAfiTc,fl elnexoguo, co6rparor olpoMnble
ayAVrlopvflt.
,f npe4no.ruTalo MeJroA[rrdyo MyBbrKy' JIerKo 3a-
rroMrrHaroulyloQfl , Jriirnyro tI llrlqrAa FaBff3llraBylo.

Voeabulary II. Sanorrsrrre nporrycrcr{ rrorxo4ffqrrMr{. rro cMbrc-

Jry cJroBaMrr.
annually adu, ['enjuah] e*ceroArro
appeil u.
[a'piJ] HpaBr{rbcs 1. It is ... because it reflects different
arouse u. [e'rauzl BbrcbrBarb,6y4zrr emotions. : :

attitude z. ['atrtju:d] ornorrrenrre 2. We enjoy music because it ... our mood'and

boundless o, ['baundhs] ' , 6eerpanu.rn.rrft imagl'ination,:.. our ... state and character, .i; deep
contemporary a. Iken'tempelarl] goppennennrrft rjl t.
haunting a. emotibns anil rnakes us think.
['hcntrg] rrasss.rnsrrfi
influence u. 3. As for me I enjoy both ... music and ... qhow-
['rnfluens] Brrrrsrr
inner state ['rno] BEyrperrnee cocroffHue 4. .I enjoy music if it ... to me
integral.part I'lntlgrill : r .neorseuaetuas.racrr 5. Among ... cornposers I,... A.Lloyd Webber and
mood n.
[mu:d] ' : Eacipoefi1te his musicals,and ... operas.

102 10e
III. Sarcouqr.rre rrpeAJroficerr[s, llcrroJrbsys rrp eAJro- VI. Pacnono?rcrrre rryrrrcTbr rrJrarra corJracHo Jroru-
SrceHrrbre BaprraHTbr. IcE IIOBECTBOBAIIIIg.

1. Music is 1. The world of music is boundless.

a) a complicated art difficult to understand. 2. The music I enjoy.
b) an integral part of our life. 3. Music is an integral part of our life.
c) one of the fine arts.
2. AII the people will agree that our world.will be VII. Paccrcaircr{Te o
a) more interesting without music. 1. The role of music in our life.
b) dull without music. 2. Your preferences in music.
c) dull without cinema.
3. Music helps us to remove from
a) tiredness and tension. My Favourite Composer
b) friends and other people.
c) noise of the city. ANDREW LLOYD WEBBER is one of the
4. I enjoy music if outstanding contemporary English composers.
a) I am in good mood. He is famous for his electric, rock-based works
b) I'm tired and ill. :
which helped revitalize British and American
c) it appeals to me. musical theatre in the late 20th century.
Lloyd Webber was born on March 22, Lg48 tn
IV. Oraerbre Ea Borrpocbr. London. He studied at Magdalen College, Oxford,
1. Is it easy for you to speak about music in and at the Royal College of Music. While a student
general? he began collaborating with Timothy Rice on
2. Why do you think music is varied? dramatic productions. Rice wrote the lyrics to
3. Can people live without music? What's your Lloyd Webber's music. Their first notable venture
opinion? was <,Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor
4. Why do people enjoy music? Dreamcoat) (1968), a pop oratorio for children.
5. What music is popular? It earned world-wide popularity. It was followed
6. What music do you enjoy? by the rock opera <,Jesus Christ Superstir) (1971),
7. What composers are you fond of?
8. What are your favourite groups, singers and an extremely popular work that blended classical
musicians? forms with rock music to tell the story of Jesus'
9. What melodies are you fond of? life. This show was one of the longest-running
musicals in.British theatrical history.
V. Ilpouuraftre reftcr eqd paa lr paaAeJrrrre ero Lloyd Webber's last major collaboration with
rra cMbrcJroBbre qacrrr. Ilog6epure rraaBaurre ft Rice was on <Evitar (1978), a musical about Eva
xa*c4oft rra Hrrx. Peron, the wife of the Argentine dictator Juan Peron.

LO4 105
 In his next major musical, <.Cats> (1981), Lloyd forceful a. ['fc:sfol] czarnrrri
lyrics
Webber set to music verses from a children's n.
revitalize
['hrrks] cJroBa rrecHil
u. [re'vartelarz] Bospor*Aarb,o]KlrBJrsrr
book by T.S. Eliot. <,Cats> became the longest- spectacle n. ['spektekl] crrexraxnr
running musical in the history of British theatre venture n. ['ventJe] cMeJroe trpe.qfiprfirlre
and eventually (1996) eclipsed the record-setting vivid a. ['vtvrd] apxuir, xanofi
Broadway performance run of A Chorus Line.
In 1986 Lloyd Webber composed a hugely I. Orvrerrre B Terccre npeAJroilcenrrfl, .ffBJr.fircrque-
popular musical version of <The Phantom of the cs 9KBrrBaJrerrTaMrr pyccrcIlx.
Opera> with lyricist Charles Hart and Richard 1. On siTaNreuzr cBor4MIt npor{BBeAeHrut.flMrr, B ocHo-
Stilgoe. It strikes the spectators' imagination with Be KOTOpbIX JreXCr{T pOK MySbrKa, vcrroJlHffeMafl
superb music, powerful and captivating melodies, Ha o JrenTporrHcrpyMeuTax. grn npor,raBeAeHr{ff
which have become classical. rroMo rJr\r Bo 3poAkr rb anr.rrzft c xyt fi rl annepzn auc -
Lloyd Webber's other musicals include <,Song xufi mysrrxa.rrrnrrfi Tearp B KoHrIe 20 nexa.
and Dance> (L982), <Starlight Express> (1984) 2. Sarenn nocJreAoBaJra pox-orrepa <(I{t4cyc Xpuc-
and <,Aspects of Love> (1989). Toc clmepaBeoAa> (1971), vpeenrrvafiHo rrony-
-
JrflpHoe rrpor4SBeAeHr4e, B KoTopoM coeAvHraJrr4cb
Lloyd Webber's best musicals were flashy
rcJraccr4r{ecxrae (popurr r{ pox Mysbrxa, uro6rr pac-
spectacles that featured vivid melodies and cKaBarb o ;rdr{gHLr Xpzcra.
forceful dramatic staging. He was able to blend
I

3. <flpnapaft orrepbr> [opa]Kaer noo6paxcenue Bpr,r-

such disparate genres as rock and roll, English renefi BeJrr4xoJrernrofi nnyasrrofi , apxumr4 rrapyro-
music-hall song, and operatic forms into music IIII,IM tI MeJIOAI4 fl Mlr, KOTOpbIe CTaJIII r.nac czrcofi .
that had a wide popular appeal. ,1. B 1992 roAy xopoJresa Err4 sasera II rocBsrr{Jra
In 1992 Queen Elizabeth II dubbed Webber a Be6epa B pbrrlapkr.
knight.
II. Sanousrlre rrporrycrcrr rroAxoAsqnMrr rro cMbrc-
Vocabulary ny cnoBaMu.
I

1. While a student with Timothy Rice

I

blend u. [blend] cmtiruzgarr he began ...

collaborate u. Ika'leberert] corpyAul{qarb on... ... .
disparate a. ['drqpant] rrecorrocraslaMrrft , It ... worldwide popularity.
dub a knight ['d,tba'nart] EocBfirrlarr,Bpbrqaptr 3. <,Cats> became the longest-running ... in the
[s:n] aapg6arrrnarr
ear.n u. history of British theatre and ... eclipsed the
eclipse u. [r'klrps] sarMegarr
c.{6re, e firore,
record-setting Broadway performance mn of A
eventually adu. Ir'ventjueh] B KoIreqHoM
B KOHqe ftoIIqoB Chorus Line.
feattrre u. I:fif4 oTJIr4qaTbcs 4. Lloyd Webber's best musicals were ... spectacles
flashy a. ['fla!l caeprarorqr.ri : that featured ... melodies and ... dramatic staging.

106 to7
 ur. Orserrre Ea,Borrpocbr.
moment the curtain goes up to the'end of the last
act.
1. What is Lloyd Webber? Frankly speaking, the same was With me when
2. What is hir famous for? I saw <,Swan Lake> by Pyotr Ilyitch Chaykovsky,
3. When and where was he.born?
the great Russian composer. I had heard a tot
4. Where did he study?
5. When did he begin collaborating with T.Rice?
about the <Swan Lake> and was eager to see it.
6. Was their collaboration successful?
Once I learnt that the ballet would be on at our
7. What are Webber's most popular operas? Opera and BaIIet House. But I was in doubt
8. What are his works noted for? whether I could get tickets as the house is usually
9. Why did Elizab'eth II dub Webber a knight? sold long before the performance. Luckily, I
10. Have you heard his rock operas or musicals? managed to get two tickets to the evening
performance.
rv. Paccrcancure o
Long before the performance I and my friend
A.L. Webber is an outstanding English composter. we{e at the theatre impatiently waiting for the
beginning of the ballet. The audience came and
all the seats were engaged though the house held
My Going to the Theatre very mairy people.
" Soon the lights went down, the curtain rose and
I should say that it is impossible not to love -we caught our breath when we saw a lake in the
theatre. It shows us how beautiful, strong and
moonlight and tender sounds'of music touched
clever people are, how wonderful and interesting
life is. That's why it is almost impossible to get our ears. From that time on we couldn't take our
tickets when a good play is on. You have to buy eyes off the stage where delicate" charming
tickets beforehand either at the box-office of the
theatre itself or at one of the agencies.
When you go to the theatre you should know
that the best seatb are those in the stalls, the circle
and the upper circle. Then comes the pit and last
of all the gallery where the seats are the cheapest.
Boxes, of course, are the most expensive. It is true
to every theatre where you can see opera, ballet,
comedy, drama, musical comedy or a variety show.
Most theatres and music-halls have good orchestras
with'popular conductors, So if you have chosen a suecqss,indeed",qnd. it .lpf,{ 4n, unforgettable
good play you will enjoy it thoroughly from thc Impres$on,on r-ng!,

108 109
 Chaykovsky created <.Swan Lake> in 1876. And
thereis no one who is indifferent to this masterpiece.
Perhaps, it is because the musician of genius
Chaykovsky had a rare gift of responding with
his heart to sufferings and joys of all people. Pasler III
Vocabulary Topics. Intermediate Level
audience n. ['c:djons] ny6twxa, spr,rreJru
be on u. r,r4rra (o cnercrax.ne)
beforehand adu.
box z.
[br'fc:hand] 3apaIIee
JIO]IdA
Great Britain in Brief
'
box-office n. ['boks'ofis] TeaTpaJrbHafi Kacca
circle n. Iss:kl] fipyc The United Kingdom of Great Britain and
dress-circle 6earara:rc Northern Ireland is the official name of the British
pit n. rrocJreAHrre psA6r napTepa
stage n. crIeHa
Kingdom, including England, Scotland, Wales and
IsterS]
stalls n. Istc:lz] raprep Northern Ireland.
treacherous c. ['tre{eres] repo;rovrnrrfi It is situated on the British Isles which lie off
upper circle 6a.nxon the north-west coast of the European continent.
witchcraft n. ['wr{kra:ftl KOJIAOBCTBO
The British Isles consist of more than 5,500
I. Orsettre Ea Borrpocbr. islands. The biggest island is Great Britain.
There are also the Shetland Islands, the Hebrides,
1. Do you like to go to the theatre?
the Orkney Islands, the Isle of Man, Anglesey,
2. Where can you buy tickets?
3. Where are the best seats at the theatre?
Wight, etc.
4. What kinds of performances are on at the Great Britain stretches for 1000 kilometres
theatre? from the south to the extreme north, and for 500
5. Are you fond of opera or ballet? kilometres in the widest part.
6. Have you seen <.Swan Lake>? It is washed by the Atlantic Ocean in the north-
7. What was the last performance you enjoyed? west, north and south-west, and is separated from
8. Was the house full? the European continent by the North Sea, the
9. What were you impressed with? Straight of Dover and the English Channel.
10. Was the performance a success? The country occupies the area of.242,5OO squzrre
kilometres. The territory of Great Britain is small,
II. Paccrcaficr{Te o
yet the country has a wide variety of scenery.
1. Theatres in your town. England, which is the richest, the most fertile and
2. Your impressions after a visit to the theatre. th6 most populated part of the country, is a vast

111
r
plain. It is separated from Scotland by the Cheviot are London, Birmingham, Liverpool, Manchester,
Hills running from east to west. In Northwest Glasgow, Edinburgh, Cardiff and Belfast.
England there are many picturesque lakes with Britain is a parliamentary democracy with a
green, wooded or grassy shores and grey constitutional monarch. The present Sovereign
mountains all around. It is famous Lake District, is Queen Elizabeth II. In practice, the Sovereign
the real tourist attraction. Wales and Scotlgnd reigns but doesn't rule. The United Kingdom is
governed by the Government
- a body of
are mountainous areas. In Wales the mountains
are rocky and difficult to climb. The highest
mountain is Snowdon. The Highlands of Scotland
are among the oldest mountains in the world.
The highest of them is Ben Nevis. By the way,
Scotland is a land of famous lakes. They are
called <,lochs,> there. The beautiful Loch Lomond
is the largest one and Loch Ness attracts millions
of tourists by its legendary monster.
The rivers are not long in Britain. The largest
of them are the Severn (350 km), the Clyde and
the Mersey. They flow into the Irish Sea. The
Thames (346 km), the Trent (274 km), the Ouse
keep their way to the North Sea. The Thames is
the busiest and the most important river in Great
Britain. The capital of Great Britain, London,
stands on the Thames.
The climate of Great Britain is temperate and
mild due to the influence of the warm waters of
the Gulf-Stream. The summers are usually cool
and rainy. There is much rain and fog in autumn
and in winter. Great Brj.tain is a damp country.
The weather is very changeable and it is the
favourite topic of conversation in Britain.
- The population of Great Britain is 57 million Ministers, the Cabinet. It consists of the leading
people. Population density is highest in England members of the political party in power. They
and lowest in Scotland. Four out of every five are responsible to Parliament. The main political
people live in towns and cities. The largest of them parties are the Conservatives, the Labour party

LL2 113
 mild q. [marld] pr.srxrlfi
and the Liberal-Social Democratic party. The picturesque o. [prktJe'resk] ncrnonrcnsrfi
Prime Minister, who heads the Government, is provide u. [pre'vard] o6ecne.rzearr
usually the leader of the party which has a rergn u. [rern] qapcrBoBarb
majority in the House of Commons. The House of Royal Assent ['rcrele'sent] Koporebcrafi canrqr{fi,
ogo6penze
Commons and the House of Lords with the rule u. rrpaB14Tb
Iru:l]
Monarch'comprise the Parliament. O ce scenery n. ['si:nan] nefieanc, erag
Parliament approves legislation it receives he separate u. ['seperert] pasAenfiTb, oTAeJrgTb
Royal Assent and becomes law. slrore n, ljc:l 6eper
Great Britain is one of the world's major sovereign n. ['sovnn] MOrrapx
rrpocrlrparbc,fi , npQTfirryrbcfl
stretch u. lstretjl
industrialised and trading nations. It enjoys a long temperate a. ['tempent] yrvrepenrrrfi
established democratic pystem of government topic n. ['toprk] rrpeAMeT pasr'oBopa, TeMa
which has provided political stability. The United vast a. [vo:st] o6rulrpnrrft , orpounrrfi
Kingdom is a member of theEuropean Community
(EC), the United Nations Organisation (UNO), the I. OriuerrTe B Temcre rrpe4Jroficeurrfl' sBJrsrcrqlle-
cff gKBrrBaJreHTaMrr pyccKrrx.
North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) and
the Commonwealth. i. Ono (O6sepln6nnoe Koponeectro) pacrroJlo)fieHo
na BpHrarrcwllx ocrpoBax' Koropbre HaxoA.fiTcs He-
Vocabulary Aaireno or ceBepo-Barra,quoro no6epexra Enponrr'
2. Anr:nus. naz6onee 6ofaraa, nJroAopoAuas. vr lri"vI-
appoint u. Ie'pcrnt] HASIIAqATE 6o.nee sacertifiHafl qacrb crpaHbr' apnaerca o6-
approve u, Ie'pruv] o4o6parr, yrBeprrcAarb lrr,rpHor{ paBHrrHoI4. .

attraction z. trpIIBJreRaTe Jr6rIOCTb

be situated u.
Iet'rekJn]
6rrrr pacno.notreHrrbrM
3. Vonrc r,r fllornaJrAus ; ropHbre pafiorrsr.
coast z.
['srtjoertrd]
Ikeost] no6eperxre
4. rlereepq kra KuDKAbrx rr.fiTtl qeJIoBeK )rcr'IByr B ro-
comprrse u. Ikom'praz] BXOAr,IT6 B COCTaB
poAar.
damp a. Idamp] crrpofi, eaalrxrrfi 5, floroAa e Epurauuv rI3MeHqI4Bafi. vI €Brfiercfi
density n. ['densrtr] IIJICITHOCTE IIACEJIEHIIfi
_ .rro6unnofi reuoft 4;rfl paoroBopoB.
due to ldjul 6aaro4apa 6. @axtraqecnrt, Mouapx qapcrByer' Ho He rIpaBr4T.
establish u. Irs'tzebhll ycraHaBJrr{BaTb, ocHoBaTB
7. Be-nuxolpntanua- oAHa I{3 oerroBHbrx [po-
fertile a. ['fs:tarl] nno4opo4nsrft
MbITIIJICHHb,IX lI TOPIOBb-IX HAIIIIT4 B MIIPE.
flow u. [fleo] Teqb
govern u. ['g,won] yrrpaBnaTb
influence z. ['rnfloens] BJI14 gHI,TE
II. Sano;rsuig nponycftr[ rroAx.oAflrqrrMrr rro cMFrc-
island z. [.'ailend] ocTpoB i : Jry cJroBaMrr.
Iegislation n.
Iie off (lay, Iain)
[,leSrs'IerJn]
rraxoAtlT6cfl Ha rreKoTopoM
1. Great Britain ... for over 1000 kilometres from
u. ['lar cf]
paccTofiHrzr{ the south !o the ... north and for 500 kilometres
majority n. Imo'gontr] 6o.nrurrancrno . in the ... part.
lL4 115
 2. The ... of Great Britain is small, yet the country IV. OrserrTe Ea Borrpocbr:
has a wide variety of ... .
3. The beautiful Loch Lomond is the largest lake 1. What is the official name of Gfeat Britain?
and Loch Ness ... millions of tourists by its 2. Where is the United Kingdom situatdd?
4. The Thames is the ... and the most importan.t ... 3. Is it a large eountry?
in Great Britain. 4. What kind of scenery can you see on the territory
5. Population ... is highest in England and .* in of Great Britain?
Scotland. 5. What can you say about mountains, rivers and
6. The Queen ... the Prime Minister to form a ... or lakes in Great Britain?
the Cabinet. 6. Is population density high in Great Britain?
7, The Prime Minister is usually the leader of the 7. What influences the climate of Great Britain?
party which has a ... in the House of Commons. 8. Is Britain a parliamentary democracy?
9. Who rules the country?
III. Onupascb Ea eo4epJrcaurfe rrpoqrrTanEorrr rerc- 10. Who is appointed the Prime Minister in Great
cTa, SarcoEIIuTe IIpeAJIOfiCeErrff, rrCIIOJrbSyfl rrpeA- Britain?
JraraeMbre napnadrur. li. What is the British Parliament?
1. Great Britain is washed by the Atlantic Ocean
in the north-west, 4orth and south-west and is V. Ilpowrafue rersr, pa.qAetrlre ent) rra cMbrctroBbre
separated from the European continent
qiasrrruog6epnre EaBBaErls r rcarqAofi r[.3 urttL
a) by the Irish Sea and the Strait of Dover. YI. PacuoJroflcure rryurcrhr rrJraua cornacno Jrorn-
b) bV the Chaviot Hills.
IOE IIODECTBOBAEITfl.
c) by the North Sea, the Strait of Dover and the
English Channel. 1. The climate of Great Britain;
'2.
2. In Northwest England there are manypicturesque The political system of the United Kingdqm.
a) lakes with green, wooded or grassy shores 3. The geographical position of the UK.
and grey mountains all around. 4. The population of Great Britain.
b) mountains with green, wooded or grassy slopes. 5. A wide variety of scenery
c) rivtirs wi.th green, wooded or gtassy banks 6. The world's majoi industrialised and trading
and grey moirntains. nation.
3. The Highlands of Scotland are among
, a) thq highest mountaiRs iii'the wofld. VII. EcuoJrbays Qarcrn [B Terccra paccrcailcrrre o
b) the oJdest mountains in !.he world., 1. The geographical position of the UK.
c) the most rocky mountaics in the world. , The climate of the UK.
4. Summers are usually 3. The population of Great Britain.
a) hot qnd rainy. , , i ..; l 4. The political system of the UK.
,: . ib) cool and rainy. , , :rijil D. Great Britain as one of the major industrialised
c) warmanilsunny -:i i,l and trading nations.

116 lL7
 History of Great Britain
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and
Northern Ireland is a country of great history rich
in important events and entertaining legends
connected with them. It's not enough to wrjte
several volumes to tell the full history of 'the
country. That's why we'II try to answer the question
where the British come from and who they are.
They say, that in prehistoric times Britain was
joined to Europe. So the first people came there
over dry land. The present English Channel which
separates Britain from Europe appeared at the end
of the Ice Age. In the New Stone Age the hunters
the sea to the west of the Channel ald
crossed .along
settled the Western shores in search of
food. The first inhabitants of the island came from
the Iberian peninsula, where Spain is located,
somewhere after 3000 BC. After 2000 BC the
people from the east of Europe entered the country.
The two peoples inte-rm,ixed. They left us
Stonehenge. and Avebury as imprassive monuments
of their time.
After 800 BC the Celts arrived from Central
Europe and opened up a new important page of
the British history. The name <Britain> comes
from the name of a.Celtic tribe known'as the
Britons. Their influence was greatest in'Wales,,
Scotland and Ireland, as they were driven to these
parts by the invaders who followed them.. That's
why these parts of Britain are very different from
Englantl in language, customs and traditions.
In 55 BC Julius Caesar, the Roman ruler,
invaded Britain. However; his first expedition
118
was not successful, because his force was small,
and the Celts fought well. In the following year
54 BC he invaded the country with a larger army
and this time the expedition was successful: the
Celts were defeated. But Caesar didn't stay in
Britain. He left the country with slaves and riches
and made the Celts pay a regular tribute to Rome.
Some 90 years later, in 43 AD, the country was
conqirered by the Romans and the occupation
continued to the beginning of the 5th century
(410 AD). Roman influence was greatest in the
south and south-east, while in the north and west
the country remained untouched. The Romans
built many towns, connected them by good roads.
The largest of the towns was called Londinium.
Rornan culture and civiLization had a positive
influence on the development of the country. When
the Romans left, Britain remained independent
for some time.
However quite soon it was attacked by Germanic
tribes: the Jutes, the Saxons and the Angles. And
by the end of the 5th century the greater part of
the country was occupied. People began to call the
new land of the Angles and Saxons England. Wales,
Cornwall, the northern palt of Britain and'Irelarrd
remained'unconquered,imd. preserved. Celtic culture.
' The Saxon kingdoms,fought one against 'the:
other.'In 829 the greater part of the country was
united under the narrie England.
The,northern, part:was the horne,of the,Picts,
and ScbtS; ,{f,ter the conquest of the Picts by the
Scots:in the 9th centtlry this territory was called
Scotland;,And in' the 1 lth century a -tinited Scottish
kingdorn'was formed.: i "'j"'i :i: i'::' ;":
119
r
An important event which contributed to the of England quarreled with Rome and declared
unification of the country was the adoption of himself head of the Anglican Church, which was a
Christianity in England in 664. Protestant church. He tried to force Irish Catholics
In the 9th century the Danes attacked England. to become Anglican. This policy was continued by
It was Alfred who defeated the Danes making his daughter Elizabeth I; The <Irish question,>
them sign a peace agreement. remained in the centre of British politics 1921. till
The last of the invaders to come to Britain re After a long and bitter struggled the southern
the Normans from France. In 1066 Duke William part of Ireland became a Free State. The northern
of Normandy defeated the English at the battle of part of Ireland where the Protestants were in
Hastings and established his rule as king of majority remained part of the UK. After all the
England known as William the Conqueror. The years of confrontation the people of Northern
French language became the official language of Ireland irnderstand that only through peace talks
the ruling class for the next three centuries. This and respect for the rights of both Catholics and
explains the great number of French words in Protestants can peace be achieved.
English. The power of the state grew and little by Recently, there have been many waves of
little England began to spread its power. First on immigration into Britain. Now Britain is a
Wales, then on Scotland and later on lreland. multinational society, which benefits frorn the
Wales was brought under the English parliament influence of different people and cultures.
in 1536 and L542 by Henry VIII.
In 1603 the son of Mary Queen of Scots Vocabulary
James Stuart became James I of England. The
union of England, Wales and Scotland became AD: anno Domini ("tlam.) naureft epar
adoption n. IIpr{HsTI,Ie
known as Great Britain. However the final attack u.
_
Ie'dopJn]
Ha[aAarb, aTaKoBaTb
Ie'tak]
unification of Scotland and England took place BC: before Christ go narueft eprr
in L7O7 when both sides agreed to form a single benefit n. ['benrfit] r438JreK&Tb rroJIbSy
parliament in London for Great Britain; although bitter struggle rrecroKa.fi 6opr6a
Scotland continued to keep its own system of CeIt [kelt] Kerrbr
conquer u. ['kpOke] saroiiertratr, roropsrr
law, education and have an independent church. conqueior z. ['k4kore] BaBoeBarerrr
Ireland was England's first colony, but even contribute u. lkon'tnbjut] cnoco6crgosars
now there are problems there connected with Danes [danz] AarrraHe
religion, The Irish people can be divided into two declare u. [d'klee] o6rgsrsrr
religious groups: Catholics and Protestants. The ilefeat u. [dr'fir] rranocnrb rlopa)KeHr{e
drive (drove, driven) u, [drarv] ruarE, rrpecrreAoadir
fighting between these groups is connected with eniertaining o:r :
[,enta'ternrrl] gaRurvrarenrxslfi
the colonial past. In the 16th century Henry VIItr force u. ': :
[fc:s] . gacraBJr,trB, rrpI,IHy]r{AarL

t20 tzt
Iberian peninsula [ar'brarren] }'I6epuircxuir ronyocrpoB 6. Jlro,qz craJrr{ HagbrBarb HoBbre seMJrr{ aHrJroB r4
(rawr, 14e HaxoArrrcs Anrnuefi.
caKcoB
llcuarza) 7. B 1066 roAy repqor BurbrerbM HopMaHAcxraft
Ice Age negnaxonuft fleprroA paB6IrJr aHUII{rIaH s 6l4rse rroA lacr]IlrrcoM rr
rmpressrve (}. [rm'presrv] nnevarnarorquri
ira;r rcopo.nilrvr Anr.nvIuI, uraBecrHbrM noA r4Me-
intermix u. [,rnte'mrks] cueruranarr(ca),
neneMelrr.rsarr(cg)
HeM Br{JIbreJrbM Sasoesarem.
a
8. Cefiqac Bpuranna gro MuoropaccoBoe o6ule-
invade u. Irn'verd] BTOpraT6Cfi , SaXBaTbIBaTL, -
CTBO, KOTopOe BbIIIIpbIBaeT OT BJII4fiHI/tff pa3IIIq-
oRRyrrrrpoBaTL
New Stone Age nosrrft raMesxrri ger Hbrx HapoAoB rr KyJIbTyp Apyr Ha Apyra.
preserve u. [pn'zs:v] coxpausrr
quarrel ['kworol]
ruler n,
u.
['ruJe]
ccoprrrbca
nparvrdm
il. Sanonnure nporrycrcrr rroAxoAaqrrMrt rro ctubrc-
Jry cJroBaMrr.
search n. [ss:tll ror{ctr,r
separate u. ['seperert] orAeJrfirr, pasAenflTb
1. The present English Channel which ... Britain
srgn u. [satn] rroArrr{cbrBarb
tribe n. [trarb] rrrreMs from Europe ... at the end of the
tribute z. ['tnbju:t] Aarrr 2. They left us ... and ... as ... monuments of their
unification z. [,ju:mfi'kerJn] o6regranenrae time.
untouched [m'tlift] nerponyrrrft, 3. Their influence was great in'Wales, Scotland
negasoEsaxsrrfi arrd lreland, as they were ... to these parts by the
volume n. ['voljum] roM, Rrrrra
... who followed them.
4 Roman ... was greatest in the south and south-
I. Orruerrre ripeAnoJrcenrr.fi, sBJrsrlquecs orcBrr- east, while in the north and west the country
BaJreETaMrr pyccKrrx. remained .:. .
b. An important event which ... to the ... of the
1. 9ro6u paccraoarb rroJrnocrbro prcropr{ro crpaHbr, country was the ... of Christianity in England
He XBaTLIT I{ HeCKOJIbKIUIX TOMOB. in 664.
2" flepurre ,rt"urrerrut ocTpoBa npfirrrJrr[ c VI6epnft- 6. The French ... became the official ... of the ...
cKoro [oJryocTpoBa, rA9 rraxoArrTcfi Llcuarrua, r4e- class for the next three centuries.
,ro rocrre,3000 ro4a Ao Harrrefi epbr. 7. In the l6th century Henry VIII of England ...
3, flocne 800 roga go narrrefi opbr HeJrbrbr rrpl{rrrJrr4 with Rome and ... himself head of the'... ...,
r{B IIeHTpaJr-bHofi Enpouu ll_ orxpbrJlr{ HoByIo which was a Protestant church.
crpaHr{qy B r4cropr(Lt Epzranr,rz 8. After all years of ...'the people of Northern
4,,IOtruir I{eoapr rroxrrHyJr ctpauy c pa6aMri 14 60- Ireland understand that only through ... talks
raTcTBoM II 3a,CTaBrrJr KeJTbTOB peryJr.fipr{o rlJra- and ... for,the rights of both Catholics and
Tr{Tb Aarrb P4tuIy. Protestants can peace be ... .
5. Pumcnas KyJrbrypa v.\vrrlrJrvrgarll{ff oxaoaJrur uo- l

Jronctl TeJrbHoe BJI rrsHr{e Ha pasB r(T[e cTp aHbr.

tzz t23
III. Sarcon rnre npeAJroficeEqg, [crroJrbayff rrpeAna- 3. Who were the first inhabitants of the island?
IaeMbre Bap[aHTbr. 4. Who left us Stonehenge and AveburSi?
5. Where did the name <,Britain> come from?
1. That's why we try to answer the questions 6. Where were the Celtic language, customs and
a) why the British are so arrogant and who traditions preserved?
they are. 7. Who made the Celts pay a regular tribute to
b) where the British come from and who they are. Rome?
c) where the British come from and where they 8. How long did the Romans stay in Britain?
leave for. 9. Roman culture had a positive influence on'ihe
2. The Romals built many towns, connected them development of the country, didn't it?
by roads. The largest of the towns was called 10. Where did the name <,England> come from?
a) New Rome. 11. Why was the northern part of Great Britain
b) Scotland. called Scotland?
c) Londinium. t2. What important event contributed to the
3. After the conquest of the Picts by the Scots in unification of the country?
the 9th century this territory was called 13. Who were the iast of the invaders to come to
a) Scotland. England?
b) Wales. t4. How long did the Norman invasion last?
c) Ireland. 15. What language was the official one during the
4. An important event which contributed to the rule of William the Conqueror?
unification of the country was 16. What were the next steps of the unification of
a) the formation of a single parliament in the country?
London. 17. What is the <,Irish question>?
b) the defeat of the English by William the 18. What's the reason of the confrontation in Ireland?
Conqueror 19. Can peace be achieved?
c) the adoption of Christianity in England in 20. Britain is a multinational society now, isn't it?
664.
5. The union of England, Wales and Scotland became
v. rlpovrure rerccr eqi paa rl paaAeJrrrre ero Ha
known as
cMbrclroBbre rlacrrr. [og6epure EaBBaErre K raa]rc-
a) Great Britain. AOrr rr3 EIIX.
b) England. VI. PacnoJro?rcure rrynrcrrr rrJraua corJracuo Jrorrr-
c) the United Kingdom of Great Britain and KE IIOBECTBOBAEIIS.
Northern Ireland. The last of the invaders.
Julius Caesar and the Romans in the history of
IV. Otrerbre Ea Boupocbr. Great Britain.
1. What was Britain in prehistoric times? The first inhabitants.
2. When did theEnglish Channel appear? <Irish question>

124 125
 5. The Celts opened up a new important page in
the British history.
6. Germanic tribes and the formation of the
Scottish kingdom.
7, England began to spread its power. The
formation of Great Britain.
8. Britain is a country of great history. I
VII. llcnoJrbays Qarcnm rla Terccra paccrcaficrrTe o
The first inhabitants of the British Isles and
1.
the Celtic tribes.
2 Roman influence on the development of Britain.
3 The formation of Great Britain.
4 The <,Irish question>.
London
London is the capital of the United Kingdom,
one of the largest and one of the world's most
enjoyable cities. It offers the tourists an
astonishing variety of scene. In this historic
city the modern rubs shoulders with the old, the
present is ever conscious of the past, the great
and the small live side by side in mutual tolerance
and respect.
London is more than 20 centuries old. Its
buildings express all the different areas of its
history, for Lgndon manages in a unique way to
reflect its past and at the same time to fulfil the
functions of a modern city.
The City, the oldes! part of London, is the
commercial and financial centre of the country.
Westminsler is the,political heart of London.
The West,End is the richest and th€ most belrutiful
t26
part of London, the symbol of wealth and luxury,
where the most expensive hotels, restaurants, shops
and clubs are situated. The East End is the
industrial part. There are many factories,
workshops and shipyards there.
London offers the visitors a great variety of
places of interest. It's a city of dream to everybody
interested in the English history and culture.
World famous places are the Houses of
Parliament, Westminster Abbey, St. Paul's
Cathedral, Trafalgar Square, the Tower of London
and so on and so forth.
The Houses of Parliament, a syrnbol of London,
spread magnificently on the north bank of the
Thames. This structure is a remarkable example
of Gothic architecture. The Clock Tower called
<Big Ben>, is known the world over. Its hour
bell is named after Sir Benjamin Hall, the first
Commi:ssioner of Works. The Houses of Parliament,
called officially the Palace of Westminster, were
formally a palace for kings and queens. Until the
16th century it was used both as a royal residence
and as a parliament house. After the royal family
moved to Whitehall Palace, the Westminster
Palace was occupied by the Parliament and became
its permanent home.
Opposite the Houses of Parliament'Westminster
Abbey is situated. Itls,a national shrine where
the kings and queens are crowned and famous
people are buried. It was founded by Edward the
Confessor in 1050. The construction lasted 300
years.,One of the greatest treasures of the Abbey
is the oaken,Coronation Chair,made in 1300,,Near
the West Door of,the,Abbey the,Unkrtown Waruior
L27
lies in a simple grave commemorating the men
who died in the First World War. The memorials
to G. G. Byron, R. Burns, W. Shakespeare'
W. M. Thackeray, W. Scott attract tourists to the
Poets' Corner.
Londoners have a particular affection, for
St. Paul's Cathedral, the largest Protestant
Church in England. It is an architectural masterpiece
of the eminent architect Sir Christopher Wren'
It stands on the site of the forrrer Saxon and
Norman churches destroyed in the Great Fire of
London in 1656.The building was completed in
1710. Wren is buried under the roof of his own
great work. <If you want to see his monument,
Iook arould>, is written on his tomb'
Trafalgar Square is a place of pilgrimage for
visitors. It's the natural centre of London' It is
usually full of visitors'feeding the pigeons and
looking at the statues and fountains' In the
it to protect the City of London. The Tower has
been used as a royal palace, an obserwatory, an
arsenal, a state prison where many famous people
have been executed. It is now a museum where
one can see the Crown Jewels, the finest precious
stones of the nation and a fine collection of aJirnollr,
exhibited in the Keep. The security of the Tower
is ensured by <.Beefeatersr or the Yeoman
Warders who still wear their picturesque Tudor
uniform. A lot of ancient traditions and customs
are carefully kept in the Tower.
And it is true to the whole city. In every part
of London you can find a very genuine affection
for national traditions.
Vocabulary
affection n. [e'fekJon] rprBs3aHxocrr, rro6osr
ancient a. ['ernJent] 4pernnft, crapuaurrft
architecture z. ['o:krtek{o] apxr,rreKrypa, soArrecrBo

middlJof the square we can see Nelson's Column

armour n. ['o:mol Boopyrrcexue, Aocrrexl
astonishing a. y4uaure.nrarrft,
with the statue of Nelson at the top' This ueyruutearrufi
monument was erected to commemorate Nelson's attract u. Ietrakt] trpnBJreRaTB, rrpETaruBaTb

victory at the Battle of Trafalgar in 1805 where bank n. 6eper

he deflated the French and Spanish fleets' The

bas-relief n. ['basn,li:fl 6apenre(p
be conscious of ['konJos] coSEaBaTb
pedestal of the bury u. [:ben] xopoEr4Tb
reliefs represe capital n. cTonEq,a
victories. Here i carefully adv, ['keotuh] 6epexno, BEuMareJtlrro,
ga6oranso
castlen. [ko:sl] saMoK
commemorate u, [ke'memerert] ycrpa[BarbBrraMfiTr,
B qecTb; osEardeEoBbrBaTB
complete u. Ikem'pli:t]
for tourists. It is one of the first and most construction z.
contain rr.
Iken'stnkJn] cTpollaeJIbcTBo
co4epxarr a ce6e
impressive castles built after the Norman invasion
[,kan'tern]
Crown Jewels ['kraun'$uelz] Aparo4eHHocr[1
of England in 1066. William the Conquerorbuilt ropoaencrcoft .ragE6r

128 5 salc l5l t29

 ;rlr:cious stone ['preJes'steun] 4paroqenmrfr RaMenb
KOPOTTOBaTb
crown u. Ikraun] pr ison n. [prun] TIOpbMa
uo6errcAarr, pas6nratr \ l
defeat u. Idr'ftt] protect u. [pre tekt] oxpaEffTb, SrrrIEuIaTE
paSpyrrrarb, yEIfrITOlrcarB
destroy u. Idrs'trct] rrllect u. [n'flekt] oTpa)rcaTb
dock n. 4or, aeptpr lcrnarkable a, gaMd.rareasHrrfi
nrr4arouqrtca, enauenrarrtft
eminent a. ['emtnent] lcspect z. [ns'pekt] yBalrceHfie
enjoyable o. Irn'Scrobl] rprxrnrrft royal residence KOpOneBCKas pesrrAerrq[s
['rcrol'rezrdons]
ensure u. Irn Jue] o6ecne.rusatr,
I rtrb shoulders with 34. CTOffTL rrJreqoM K rrJrerry
rapaETKpOBarb
:i(:ene z, Isi:n] Bpen[qe, neftearx, aN4
erect lr'rektl BOSABT{IaTF, coopylKarE
u. r;clport n. uopcrcoi nopr
execute u. ['eksrkju:t] KASIILITb
r;cr:urity z. Isr'kjuantr] oxparra, sarrlr,rTa
e:<hibit u. Irg'zrbtt] BbICTABJISTE,
r;lripyard z. I Jrpjo:d] rep@r
arcuoxtPonarr(cn) :;lrrine z. [frarn] cB8Tbrrrg, Meero uoKrlorreHvfi
EA ELICTABKE
r;ite a. J^IACTOR
factory n. @a6purca, saaog (gaa crpozremcrra)
feed (fed, fed) u. ROpMr{Tb
spread (spread, spread) u. [spred] rrpocTr,rpaTbcfi
fleet z. tftitl (plor, acragPa
paccTlrJraTbcg
former c. uperxrufi, 6srsrrzfi
statue z, ['statjuJ cTaTyfi
formerly adu. IIpe]r(Ae
structure n, 3AaHr4e, CoOpylKerrue
fountain z. ['fauntm] <ponran
lhe Keep lk:pl ruraBrraff 6aurng,
genulne (r, ['fienjum] noAlnnnrrft , racrranngrft
COKPOBIIIIIHIIqA
gtaven. MOTI,IJIA
lolerance n. ['tolarens] TeprrrrMocr6
impressive a. snesarnaroqufi,
tomb z. Itu:m] Morr{na, ragrpo6nrrfi
nrrpaev renrnrrft
TIAMfiTIIIIK
invasion n. Irn'vetgn] BTOpr,Kerr!Ie' r,rHTepBeHqrrfi
top z. BeprrruHa
last u. [o:st] IIpOAOJI:r(aTbca
treasure n. ['tre3o] coRpoBr{rrle
Iuxury n. ['hkJen] pocKortrb
Irnlque (l. liu'ni:k] yrt<a-nrmfr , e4fincrgerrGrfi
magnificentlY adu. Imag'nrfisntlt] BeJr[rKonetrEo, trbrrIIIIo
B CBOeM pOAe
manage u. ['maeruS] yAaBaTbcs, c[paBnflTbcs
IIIEAEBP
unknownwarrior .['rrn'neun'wotre] rer,rerecrnrrfi coa4ar
masterpiece n. ['mo:stepi:s] wealth z.
IIepeeS}ICaTb
['welO] 6orarcrso
move u. Imu:v] workshop z. Macrepcrafi, qex
mutual a. ['mjutJuell asanrurrrrfi , o6oroAsrrft
oaken a' ['eoken] Ay6osbrfi
offer u. rrpeAnaraTE I. Orruerrre B Terccre rrpeAnouceErlff , _EBJrsroqle-
outstanding a' rugarorqlrftca cfl 9rcBrrBaJreETaMlr pyccKrrx.
paiating z. KapTI{rra
parliament z. trapJraMerrT
1. JIonAon .--- croJrrrqa O6reAraniinnoro Koponen-
['poJement]
particular 4. [pa'ukjulo] oco6esrsrft, oco6rrfi r
crB a Be Jr r{ Ko 6p 14 TaHr rr Ce B e p rr oir lIp lnanaguu,
pedestal z. ['pedntl] IIOAsOtKrre' trBeAecTaJr oAlrH rr3 KpytrHeftr[]rx MopcK}lx [opToB r.I catr/rbrfi
permanent o' ['ps:menent] noctognnuft rrprrTsrareJrbHbrft ropoA B Mlrpe.
picturesque o. [,prktJe'resk] xlrsonucrErft , ro.noPutxrrfi 2. Jlou4on [peAJraraer cBorrtM rocr.fiM orpoMuoe
prgeon n. ['prGm] roly6r paSHoo6pasr,re AocrofiprrMerrareJrbHocrefi; 0To
pilgrimage n. ['prlgnmr6] TIAJIOMII1FIECTBO

131
130
 ropoA MeqTsr AJrff KilrtAoro, KTo r4HTepecyeTcfi
vrcr opveir l{ KyJrbrypor? Anrnr,rra
D
d. 34anza flap"rrauenra cr{MBor JIoHAoHa Be-
rrecr B eH Ho p acrl o JI o-)rc r4 Jr r{c b H a ce ee p n o-ilr 6 e -
Jr 14
pery Tewrsrr.
4. Be crwrrancrepc Koe a66arcreo s BJrfi ercs Harlr4 o-
ua;irnoft cnarrruefi , r.Ae KopoHoBaJrv cb rropoJrll
14 KOpOJreBbr r{ [oxopoHeHbr 3HaMeHrrTbre JrroAr4.
5. Co6op cBfiToro flanna cror4T Ha Mecre, FAe Haxo-
EtrJrucb caKcoHcKa.s r.{ HopMaHAcrca.fi rIepKBa, pa3-
pyrrreuHbre Bo BpeMfl Be.nyrxoro fioffiapa s JIoH-
AoHe B 1666 ro4y.
6. flocpe4ra Tpacpa.nrrapcxofi nnorqagr4 Mbr BrrArrM Ko-
craryefi a4nnzpa.na HeJrbcoHa Ha Beprrrr4He.
JroHrry co
7. Oxpaua Tayepa ocynlecrB Jrfi ercs 6racbr,rrepannn,>
<,
HJrra r{oMeHalrz (crpa}r{aMv Tayepa), Koropr,re
Hocsr or Jrr{\r Te Jrbnyro fl pxyro rb oplry rroAopoB -
14
cRrrx BpeMeH.
II. Sano;rrrrre nponycftrr rroAxoAsrqrrMrr
Jry cJroBaMrr.
1. In this historic city the modern ... ... with the
old, the present is ever ... of the past, the great
and the small Iive side by side in ... tolerance
and... .
2. Its buildings ... all the different areas of its
history, for London ... in a unique way to ... its
past and at the same time to ... the functions of
a modern city.
3. This ... (the Houses of Parliament) is a ...
example of Gothic ... .
4. One of the greatest ... of Westminster Abbey is
the ... Coronation Chair made in L300.
5. St. Paul's Cathedral is an architectural ... of
the architect Sir Christopher Wren.
6. Trafalgar Square is usually full of visitors ...
the pigeons and looking at the ... and ... .
L32
7. The Tower of London is now a museum where
one can see the
the finest ... stones of the
nation and a fine collection of ... exhibited in
the ... .
III. Sarcorrqrrre rrpeAnoilceHr{ff , rrcrroJrbayfl [peAJra_
faeMbre BapuarrTbl.
1. The City, the oldest part of London, is
a) the political heart of London.
b) the symbol of wealth and luxury.
c) the commercial and financial centre of the
country.
2. The Houses of Parliament, called officially the
Palace of Westminster, were
forrnerly
a) a royal prison.
b) a palace for kings and queens.
c) a national shrine where kings and queens
IIO CMbIC. were crowned.
3. Near the West Door of the Abbey the Unknown
Warrior lies in a simple grave
a) commemorating the men who died in the
First World War.
b) commemorating Nelson's victory at the
Battle of Trafalgar in 1g05.
. c) commemorating the men who died in
different wars.
4. The pedestal of the Coiumn is decorated with
bas-relief s representing
a) the history of London
b) Nelson's most famous victories.
c) Nelson's life.
5. The Tower of London is one of the first and
most impressive castles built
a) after the Great Fire of London in 1666.
b) bv Edward the Confessor in 10b0.
c) after the Norman invasion of Ergland in 1066.
133
IV. Orserbre Ea Borrpocbr'
VII. IlcuoJrbayfl Sarcrrr HB Terccra, paccrcarrcnre o
The places of interest in I.ondon which you like
most of all.

Edueation in Great Britain

Education in Great Britain is provided by the
Local Education Authority (LEA) in each county.
Until recently, each LEA was free to decide how to
organize education in its own area. However, in
1988 the <National Curriculum> was introduced.
It means that there is greater government control
over what is taught in schools now.
Children under five don't have to go to school,
but there is some free nursery-school education
before that age. The places are usually given to
families in special circumstances, for example
hasn't it? families with one parent only. That's why in
18. What is it now? many areas parents have formed play groups
19. Is there really a genuine affection for
national where children under five years can go for a
traditions in London? morning or afternoon a couple of times a week.
At the'age of five children go to primary schools,
V. Ilpouurre rerccr' paaAeJrure ero Ea cMbrcJro- first to infant schools for pupils aged from 5 to
Bbre rracrrr, no46epute EaBBaErre r raxgoir
ua
7 and then to junior" schools for pupils from 8
IIITX.
to 11 years.
VI. PacnoJrotcrrre rryurcrbr rrJrana corJracEo Jrorrr- Some parents choose to pay for private education
KE IIOBECTAOBAEIIS. though there are free state schools. Private schools
are called by different names compared to state
1. The Tower of London' schools. The preparatory schools are for pupils
2. London is a unique citY' aged up to 13, and the public schools are for 13
3. Westniinster AbbeY' to 18 year-olds. These schools are very expensive
4. Trafalgar Square.
5. The Houses of Parliament' : and they are attended only by about 5 per cent
6. St. PauI's Cathedral' of the schoolchildren.
L8 135
 Free secondary education has been available school, For University entrance pupils have to
to all children in Britain since L944. Children 'take<,A,> Level (Advanced Level) GCE exam.
must go to school until the age of 16, and pupils Many people decide to leave school at the age
may stay on for one or two years more if they of 16 and go to a Further Education (FE) College
wish. for practical vocational training, for example in
Over 80 per cent of schoolch.ildren go to engineering, typing, cooking or hairdressing.
comprehensive schools at the age of 11. Ttiese
schools are not selective you don't have to pass Vocabulary
an exam to go there. But-before 1965 all children ability z. [a'brhtr] cuoco6nocrr
took an exam at the age of 11 called the <11+). assess u. [e'ses] .
oqerrr{BaTb
The top 2O per cent were chosen to go to the available a. [a'veilobl] 4ocrynnsrfi
academic grammar schools. Those who failed the circumstances n. ['s::kemstansrz] o6ctogtelrcrna
comprehehsiveschool [kompn'hensrv] o6rqeo6pasoaareJrbnafi
<11*,> went to secondary moder:n schools. A lot IIIKOJIA
of people thought that this system of selection at county n. ['kauntr] rpa(pcrno
the age of 11 was unfair on many children. So couple z. tkrpll IIapa
comprehensive schools were introduced to offer curriculum n. Ike'nkjulem] yve6nsrr? nnan
develop u. pa3BfiBaT6
education for pupils of all abilities. There are a entrance z,
[&'velep]
rrocTyrr)IeHr4e
['entrens]
few LEAs who still keep the old system, but most free education 6ecnaatnoe o6pasoeanze
LEAs have now changed over completely to non- Local Education MecTrr6re oprarr6r
selective education in comprehensive schools. Authority ynpalaernra o6pasoBarr[eM
nursery school gercrzfi ca4, s.crvt
Comprehensive schools want to develop the pass an exam
['nr:sn'sku:l]
cAaTb aKSaMeH
talents of each individual child. So they offer a practical vocational npo(peccnoua.n5noe
wide choice of subjects, from art and craft, training o6yverze
woodwork and domestic science to the sciences, selective a. Isr'lektl] o16opovnrrft
modern languages, computer" studies, etc. All these take an exam cAaBaTb 9KSaMerr

subjects are enjoyed by both girls and boys. All

pupils move to the next class automatically at the I. Oruerrre B Terccre rrpeAJroilce u.v.fi ; frB Jraloqlre-
end of the year. cg gKBrrBaJrerrTaMrr pyccKrrx.
At the age of 14 or 15 pupils begin to choose 1. O6p aso e anue e Be r v n o6pnr awuu o 6ec n e.rr,r saer -
their exam subjects. In 1988 a new public cff MecrrrbrMlt opraHaM?r y[paBJrenza o6pasona-
examination Certificate of Secondary
- the General
Education (GCSE) was introduced for 1.6 year-
HlreM B KilrcAoM rpa$crne.
2. Heroropsre poAlrreJrll rrpeArroqvrraror rrJrar]rrb
-
olds. This examination assesses pupils on the sa qacTHoe o6pasonanue, xorfl cyrqecrByer 6ec-
work they do in the 4th and 5th year at secondary rrJrarrroe rocyAapcrBeHuoe o6pasonanue.

136 t37
3. O6rqeo6paaonare;irnue ruKoJrbI 6r,uru coqAaubr'
b) take a <,C,> Level exam.
.rro611 4arr o6paeoBanr4e r{aq}lMcs c pagHbrMra c) pass an <.A,> Level exam.
cnoco6nocrsuru.
4. Many people decide to leave school at the age of 16 to
4. B eoepacte I4-l5 rer yqarlLlecs Haqr4rraror BbI-
a) go to the University.
6vpars onoaMeHaqrronubre npeAMerbl' b) start their work
b. Mnorne peuaror yitrvtne rrrxoJrbl s 16 rer fi no-
c) go to a Further Education College.
Jr)^rLr rb npo$e cc uon€urbuoe o6pae o n anu e : o6 clny -
IV. Orserbre Ea Borrpocbr.
JftrrBaHr4e TexHr4rcll, MarrrlrHorrr{cb' [oBapcKoe vrJrur
rraprlKMaxepcKoe AeJro. 1. Who provides education in Great Britain?
2. Do children have to go to school until they are
il. Sanorrsure rrponycru rro4xoAfllrlrrM[ uo cMbrc- five?
Jry cJroBaMrr. 3. When does primary education begin?
4. What kinds of schools are there in Britain?
1. Children under ... years do not have to go to
D. Since what time has free secondary education
school, but there is some free ... ... education
been available to all children ?
before that age.
you don't have to '.. an 6. TiIl what age must childr.en go to school?
2. ... ... are not selective
exam to go there. - l. Are cbmprehensive schools selective?
the ... .'. 8. What kinds of schools existed before 1965?
3. In 1988 a new public examination
... ... ... was introdrrced.
- 9. Was the system of <11*> examination fair?
10. What are the advantages of comprehensive
4. This examination ... pupils on the work they do
schools?
in the ... and ... year at secondary school. 11. What subjects clo comprehensive schools offer?
15. How do pupils move to the next class? :
IIr. Sarcouqnte npeAnoffieErls' ucrroJrbayfl rrpegno-
16. When was the <National Curriculum> introduced?
,rceEEbre BapfiarrTbr.
17, What is its aim?
1. Private schools are attendedby about i
18. Who can enter the Univ6rsity?
a) 5 per cent of the pupils, 19. What does practical vocational training mean?
b) S0 per cent of the school population.
c) 10 per cent of pupils. V. Ilpourrafire rerccr erq6 paa ll paaAeJrrrre ero
2. InL944 Ea cMbrcJroBbre qacrrr. Ilog6epure EaBBaErre H
a) the <National Curriculum) was introduced. rcaucgofi rro Errx.
b) free secondary education for all children in
Britain was introduced. VI. PaccraBbre rrynrcTbr rrJrana corJracuo JrorHKe
c) a programme of <Records of Achievement> nosecrnosoErr,fl;
was introduced.
3. For University entrariee it is necessary to
1. Exams.
a) pass an tO> Level exam. 2. Secondary education and comprehensive schools.

138 139,
 3. Primary education.
4. Nursery education.
5. School leaving.
VII. Paccnarftrrre o
1. Nursery arrd primary education in Great Britain.
2. Secondary education and the role of comprehefisive
schools.

The Geography of the USA

The USA is the 4th largest country in the world
(after Russia, Canada and China). It is situated
in central North America and stretches from the
Pacific to the Atlantic Ocean. It borders on Canada
in the north and Mexico in the south and has a
sea-border with Russia. It also includes Alaska
and Hawaii. The total area of the country is 9,4
million square kilometres. The enormous size of
the country influences the diversity of landscape,
climate and even people.
The USA is a federal republic, a union of 50
states. The capital of the country Washington is
situated in a special federal area called the District
of Columbia.
The population of the country is about 260
million people. They are the people of all races and
nationalities, either descendants of immigrants
or immigrants who have come to America from
all the countries of the world in search of
independence and self-realization. It's impossible
to generalize about the weather, the landscape and
the way of living because the nation occupies
nearly half of a continent, which is divided into
L40 t4t
4time zones and has almost every type of 'climate.
If you look at the map of the USA you'll see
snow-topped mountains and flat prairies, f,ertile
valleys and deserts, the areas of tropical heat and
tt"Jt"";:ttu
th e most important . geo g raphic
boundaries in the USA is the 50-centimefre
rainfall line, which runs from north to south
almost through the middle of ,the country. East
of the line farming. is relatively easy and the
population is large. There are man-made irrigation
systems, dry farming, grazing and fewer people
west of the line.
The'West is a mountainous area of the Rocky
Mountains, the Cordillera and the Sierra Nevada.
The highest peak is Mount McKinley in Alaska
(6,000 metres). As compared with the Appalachians
in the east, the Rocky Mountains are sharp and
mggd, over 4,000 metres high, rich in gold, copper,
lead, silver and other minerals.
The USA has m44y thousarrds of streams. Some
of them are mighty rivers, which flow lazily across
the valleys. Others rush swiftly down deep
canyons and steep gorges. The longest are the
Mississippi (6,400 kilometres), <the farther of
waters>., the Missouri (1,600 kilometres) <.too thin
to plough and too thick to drink>, the Colorado
wild, restless and angry, the Columbia full of quiet
dignity and the Rio Grand (3,200 kilometres), a
national boundary between the USA and Mexico.
The Colorado forrns the Grand Canyon, which strikes
one's imagination as a fabulous phenomenon of
nature. Its perpendicular walls go up to 1,500
metres above the river level. The USA has thousands
L42
of lakes of all kinds and sizes. The Gredt Lakes
make up the largest group; they are the greatest
collection of fresh water lakes in the world with
the total area equal to that of Great Britain,
Here the famous Niagara Falls precipilate from
al the height of 50 metres. Among salty lakes thb
Great Salt Lake in Utah and the Salton Sea in
California are the most famous. They are rich in
salt (6,000 million tons).
The climate of the country varies greatly from
arctic in Alaska, through continental in the central
part to subtropical in the south. The climate along
the Pacific coast is warmer than that of the
Atlantic coast. The temperature changes little
between winter and summer there. In the eastern
part the difference between summer and winter
is distinct, but not so extreme as in the north
central part wher:e the difference between winter
and summer is 36 degrees C and even more.
Among the largest cities of the USA are New
York, Los Angeles, Chicago, Philadelphia, Detroit,
San Francisco and others. But a great proportion
of the country consists of open land marked with
farm-houses and small towns-
The USA is one of the greatest industrial and
leading agricultural nations in the world. With
only about 5% of the world's population and about
6oh of its land area, the USA produces around
25% of. the world's industrial products, agricultural
goods and serviees. It's the world's leader in
biochemical and genetic engineering, aerospace
research and development, communications,
computer and information services and similar
high-technology fields. One of the reasons is
143
 I. Orvrerrre Tercre rrpeAJroficeErr.ff , gBJrgxrtrIue-
America's vitality, its spirit of enterprise and B
pyccK[x.
c.E arcBr{BaJreETaMrr
initiative as well as its size and natural resources'
1. Orpovrnsre paeMepbr crpal{bl BJrI4.flIor Ha pasno-
Voeabulary o6pasne naH4ura$ra, KJrr{Mar fi HaceJreH?Ie.
2. Dro nro4z Bcex pac lI Haql,ronaJrruocrefi, Kutrc fro-
boundary n. ['baunden] rpaHrr4a ; TOMKrit ?IMMI4IpaHTOB, TaK rr IrIMMI4rpaHTbI, rlpfi-
dopper h. ['kope] MCAb exaBrrrr{e e Amepzxy co Bcex crpaH Mr{pa B rro-
descendant n. Idr'sendont] IIOTOMOK
sa\Vv.
I4CKaX HeBaBI{CIUIMOCT?I VI CaMOpeaJLl
IIYCTBIIIfi D
desert n. l'dezatl .). O4noft ua nau6onee Balr(Hbrx reorpacpzvecrlrx
dignity n. ['drgmtr] 6naropogcrno, AocrorrHcrBo
rpaHlrrl e CIIIA .sBrfferc.fiJrn:auIfl. <,50 cvr ocaA-
distinct a. Idrs'u4kt] or.nrt rarorqr,rficg,
apro srrpaxenrnfi KOB>, ROTOpafi TffHeTC.fi C CeBepa Ha rol v AeIrurT
pasnoo6pasue crpaHy rra ABe paBHbre rracrlr.
diversity n. Idar'vs: srtr]
enormous a. Ir'nc:mes] orporrnrrft , rPorra4arrfi 4. Hexoropsre rIB Hr4x BeJrI4rraBbIe pexrll, Koropbre
rrpeAIIp r{r{Mrrr,rBoc r b JTeHLTFO TerCyT IIO AOJIPIHaM, ApyII{e CTpeMIIITeJIb-
enterprise n. ['enteprau]
extrerpe a. Irks'tri:m] rpaftnrafi no 6eryr no rny6ortvM KaHboHaM r4 KpyrbIM
fabulous a. ['feebjoles] cxaaovnsrfi , nenePostnrrfi oTporaM.
fertile a. ['fs:tarl] nno4opognrrfi 5. Bennrcze os6pa sBJrflrorcfl carvroft 6o.nruroft rpy[-
generalize u. o6o6u1arr
['ftenerelaz] nofi os6p: B Hr4x HaxoAflTcff eerz-rafinr4e Sarla-
garge n. lsc:41 ylrlenbe
cbr rrpecHofi nogsr B Mr,rpe. I,Ix o6u1aa rrJlorrlaAb
gtazlllgn. ['grerzr4] errnac (mrarornrrx)
paBna flJrorqa,qu Be.rzno6pu r arurv.
independence z. Irndr'pendens] IIESAB'ICIl MOCTE
opolreEr{e, fippfiraqllfi 6. Ho 6onluryrc uacrb crpaHbl BaHr.IMaror ornpbr-
irrigation n. [, rrr'gedn]
cBlI.Heq Tbre rrpocrparrcrBa c pas6pocanHblMr4 To raM, To
Iead n. lIi:dl
mighty a. ['martt] rvroryvraf BAecb QepuepcxnMrr AoMlrnavrv v ne6o.nbruI4Ml4
phenomenon n. Ifi'nomrnen] aBJrerrrre, (Pexorvren ropoAKaMkr.
plough u. Iplao] IIAXAT6 7. OAna lra rrpil rrr4H aMepv KaHcrcoft xcraanecnoco6 -
precipitate u. Ipn'srprtert] nnsnepratr(ca) HOCTLI 3TO AyJ< UpeAnpr,IHr4MareJrbcTBa vI UIIIVI-
relatively adu. ['reletrvh] OTIIOCI'TEJIbEO -
rlilarr{Bb_r, a raxrre pasMepbl crpaHbr z ei! npn-
6ecnoroimrfi , neYroruoranrft
restless a. poAHbre pecypcbr.
rugged a. ['r,rgrd] neponnrrft , ur sPesannrrfi
rush u. cTpeMIrTeJrbHo ABr'rraTbcfi
II. Bcrarrre npoflytrIeErrbre cJroBa.
self-realization z. ['selfrralar'zetJn] cauopeaaueotlraa
steep a. xpyrofi 1. The USA is situated in ... North America and ...
stretch u. Istre{l lpocTl,IPaTbc'fi
'
fiPoTfi HYTIrcs from the Pacific to the Atlantic Ocean.
strike u. [opa]Karb, yAuBnfiTb 2. It is impossible to ... about the weather, the
swiftly odu. 6rrcrpo, croPo Iandscape and the way of living because ...
valley z. ['valt] AOJIIIHA
occupies nearly half of a continent, which is ... into
vitality n. Ivar'tehtt] :rcrasrrecnoco6rroctr,
,KI{SHCHHOCTb
four time zones and has almost every type of ... .

L44 L45
 5. Among the largest cities of the USA are
3. West of the line there are man-made ... systems, a) New York, Los Angeles and Washington.
dry-farming, ... and fewer PeoPle. b) Seattle, Miami and Santa Barbara.
4. As compared with the Appalachians in the east, c) Atlanta and Colorado Springs
the Rockies are ... and ..., over 4,000 metres
high, rich in ..., ..., ...,'.. and other minerals. IV. Orserbre Ea Borrpocbr.
5. The Colorado forms the ... ..., which strikes one's
1. What is the territory of the USA?
imagination as a fabulous ... of nature. 2. How many states are there in the USA?
6. Het" the famous NiagaraFalls ..' from the height 3. What can you see if you look at the map of the
of 50 metres. USA?
7. The climate of the country varies greatly from 4. What is the West like?
... in Alaska, through ... in the central parb to ."
5. What are the longest rivers?
in the south. 6. There are no lakes in the USA, are there?
8. The USA is one of the greatest -.. and the leading 7. Where is the difference between summer and
... nations in the world.
winter temperatures the most distinct?
8. In what fields of economy is the USA the world's
III. Sarouqrrre rrpeAJroJrceHlrs' lrcrroJrbayfl rrpeAJro- Ieader?
l{ceHrrbre B ap}raETbr.
V. Paa4e.nr{Te rexcr rra cMbrcJroBbre rracrrr rr rraao-
1. The USA borders on Canada in the north and Brrre rrx. Pacuorroncrrre AaHrrbre [yHrcrbr ItJrana
Mexico in the south and has a sea-border with COIJTACEO JIOTIIICE IIOBECTBOBAEIIff .
a) Great Britain.
b) Russia. The geographical position of the USA.
c) Japan. The capital and states.
2. The capital of the country Washington is The population.
situated The most important geographical boundary.
a) in a special federal area calied the District The mountains, rivers and lakes.
of Columbia. The climate.
b) in the state of Washington. The largest cities and the economical development.
c) in the centre of the countrY.
3. East of the 50-centimetre rainfall line VI. llcnonrsyfire Qarcrrr rra Terccra r[ paccrca?rcrrre
a) fewer people live. 1. about one of the most important geographical
b) the population is Iarge' boundaries in the USA.
c) there are thousands of streams. 2. about the rivers and Iakes in the USA.
4. The climate along the Pacific coast 3. about the climate of the country.
a) is very cold. 4. about the economica.l development of the USA.
b) is warmer than that of the Atlantic coast.
c) varies greatly from that of California.
147
146
 'W'ashington, DC Lhe Capitol Kanr-rronlrfi
['kaprtl] - sAaxr,re
xonrpecca CIIIA
Washington, DC is the capital of the USA. It is l,reasure ru. ['tre3a] coKpoBr,rrqe

situated on the Potomac River. In 1791 George
Washington, the first American president, chose
the place for a capital city. He thought it was a
good ptrace because the Potomac River was Seep
enough for ships to come to the city.
Washington is not a tylpical American city. It has
no skyscrapers and nobody will build a house higher
than the Capitol. It is a nice thing not to have stone
jungles in the city. There are a lot of large public
gar{ens, parks where you can. sit in the sun, and wide
streets like PennsylvaniaAvenue, which runs to the
foot of Capitol HiIl. Every four years it plays the II.
role of a ceremonial way for a president, connecting
the White House and the CaPitol.
Like any other capital, Washington, DC raeets
millions of tourists from different countries and
all parts of the USA. They come to see the Lincoln
Memorial and the Washington Monument, the
White House and the Capitol, the Library of
Congress and Jefferson Memorial, Kennedy
Center, art treasures and monuments to those
who struggled in the past to make an English III.
colony a free country. Washington, DC is not
I. Orruerrre B Terccre rrpeAJroilceurrs, flBJrflroq[e-
cs orcB[BaJreHTaMrr pyccrcfix.
1. B 1791 ro4y,{xop4m Barrznrrou, nepssrfi irMepr4-
xaucxraft [peBrrAeHT, nrr6pa.n Mecro AJrff croJrr4rlbr.
2. B Banruurroue ner ne6ocrpti6on, ur.laurr'To :nur-
KorAa He rrocrpor4T gAaHrae Bbrrrre lCanr,rronras.
3. Kar n tnto6as. Apyrafl croJllrqa, Barrrrzsllorr rrpn-
Hr{MaeT MLIJIJIIIOHbI TypLTCTOB lr3 paSHbIX CTpaH
r.racrefi CIIIA.
4. Ero ropoA, rAe Bbr A.yMaere o cnasHofi trcroplrr4
Arvrepr,rHra.
Sauo.nurrre rrporrycrcr{ rroAxoAffrrlrrMrr rro cMbrc-
Jry cJIoBaMrr.
1. Washington is not a ... American city.
2. It is a nice ... not to have stone ... .in the city.
3. Every four yedrs PennsylvaniaAvenue plays the
role of a... ... for apresident, ... the White House
and the Capitol.
4. Washington, ... ... is not only the city where the
... lives and works.
Sarcor.rrrre rrpeAJrolrceurrfl , rlcrroJrbays rrpeAJro-
9ICeEEbre BaprrarrTbl.

onlythe city where the President lives and works. 1. He thought it was a good place because
It's the city where you think about the glorious a) it was very beautiful.
history of the USA. b) it was on the hill.
c) the Potomac River was deep enough for
ships to cometo thecity.
Vocabulary 2. There are wide streets like PennsylvaniaAvenue,
a ceremonial way [,sen'meorual] qepeMorrraJrlnr,rfi uyrr which
DC District of Columbia (pqgeparcrotr?oKplrtCInyu6raa a) plays the role of a ceremonial way for a
-
skyscraper n. president.
['skar,skrerpe] ne6ocxp66

t48 r49
 b) runs to the foot of the CaPitoI'
c) is the widest street in the country' '
3. Like any other capital, Washington, DC
a) is the biggest citY in the USA'
b) is an economical centre of the country'
c) meets millions of tourists from different
countries.
4. You can see monuments to those who
a) struggled in the past to make an English
colonY a free countrY.
' b) founded the citY'
c) struggled in the World wars'
IV. Otsetbre Ea Borrpocbr.
1. What is the caPital of the USA?
2. Who found the Place for the citY?
3. Is it a typical American citY?
4. What is the peculiarity of the capital?
5. Is it a beautiful citY?
6. What role does Pennsylvania Avenue play every
four years?
7. Whai things attracttpurist to Washington, DC?
8. What do people think about when they come to
Washington?
V. ilpourlrafire eqi paa' paaAeJrrrre ero Ea
rerccr
. cMbrcJroBbre qacru n nog6epure EaSBaErre rc
rcauc4oft uB Errx.
VI. PacnoJroilcrrre rrynrcTbr rrJrana corJracuo Jroru-
KE IIOBECTBOBAEIIff.
1. The places of interest in Washington'
2. What the capital of the USA looks like'
3. The place where Washington is situated'
VII. IttcnoJrboys Qarcrrr ua rerccra' paccna?rcrrre o
Thq capital of the USA. ::
150
The History of the USA
The history of the USAbegan a little more than
500 years ago. It's rich in great events, interesting
stories and legends, adventures and mysteries, what
not. So we can talk and even sometimes argue
days and nights. That's why I'd rather tell you
about the foundation of the USA.
500 years ago North America was a vast
wilderness inhabited by Indians who 20,000 years
earlier came from Asia across the Bering Strait.
Icelandic Viking Leif Ericson sailed to America
in 1000 but only in 1492 Christopher Columbus
discovered America to the whole world. For the
next 100 years English, Spanish, Portuguese, Dutch
and French explorers sailed there for gold and
riches, for honour and glory. But they didn't stay.
Those who did settle the New World arrived later
in search of economic opportunity and religious
and political freedom. The first English colony
Jamestown appeared in 1607 in Virginia. America
promised, as the poet Robert Frost s&id, <<6 fresh
start for the human race). And it started in 1620
when the Mayflower brought the Pilgrim Fathers.
In the Mayflower Compact they agreed to form <.a
civil body politic for better ordering and
preservation, to enact, constitute and-frame such
just and equal laws>. By 1733 European settlers
occupied 13 colonies along the Atlantic coast.
Later the British started demanding new taxes
on suga-r, coffee, textiles and other imported goods.
And after the <,Boston Tea Party> the War of
Independence began. It lasted from 1775 till 1783.
In L776. on the 4tb of July the Declaration of
151
Independence was adopted which pnoclaimed <Life, the Depression, World War I.and World War II,
Liberty arrd the pursuit of Happiness as the human the Cold war, the struggle for human rights,
natural rights>. In 1783 the Treaty of Paris aerospace research and man's first walk on the
recognized the independence of the USA and Moon (1969), the war in Vietnam (1975)r struggle
granted the new state all the territory north of for disarmament and so on and so forth. And
Florida,south of Canadaand east of theMississippi each period in the history of the USA is interesting
River. The colonies were now free but thefi had and important, and shows the hardships and
not yet a united nation. victories of the American people on the way for
In 1787 55 of the most highly regarded the American Dream: independent, democratic,
American leaders (George Washington, Benjamin powerful state with the developed economy and
Franklin, James Madison among them) opened a equal rights for everybody.
Constitutional Convention in Ph'iladelphia'
Pennsylvania, the meeting which lasted 4 long Vocabulary
months and resulted in the Constitution of the abolition z. [, abe'hJn] OTMCIIA
USA.It established not only aleague of independent aerospace research ['eerouspes n'ss:tl] aeporocurrqecnrre
states but also a strong central government for r,rccJIe,qoBaIIIa.E
amendment z.
the whole nation. The Constitution established Ie'mendmant] rorpaBKa
compact n. ['knmpakt]
separate executive, legislative and judicial branches
AoroBop
disarmament n. Idrs'o:mamant] pasopy]r{eHr,re
of government and required <.a balance of power>. enact u. [t'nakt] a geficrnze (aaron)
BBecrr,r
The Constitution was accepted in 1788 but in 1791 enduring a. [rn'dju:np] 6eccueprrmft
10 amendrnents the Bill of Rights were added executive a, [tg'zekjuttv] vcnornure.lrrrbrfi
-
to guarantee the Iiberties of the -
people: freedom fair trial ['fee'traral] cnpaBeAnr{Boe cy4e6noe
pas6zpare:rrcreo
of religion, a free press, free speech, protection foundation n. [faon'derJn] ocroBanr4e,o6pasonanlre
against illegal search, the right to fair trial and frameu. [frerm] cosAaBarh, nrrpa6arrrnarr,
protection against cruel and unusual punishments. COCTABJIfiT.b
Icelandic Viking vark4] r,rc.nan4cxr-rft Bzrcr.rrrr
The framers of the Constitution created an judicial o.
[ars'landrk
[frtt'drJol] cy4e6ruft
enduring but by no means unchanging document. Ieague n. [i:g] coros, rrrri
Today, 200 years after it was written, the Iegislative a. ['le$rslertrv] sarcono4are.nrurrfi
Constitution remains vital, alive and at the centre Pilgrim Fathers ['prlgnm] arrr.nzricrue KoJrour4crBr,
of American political ideals andrpractices. Then rroceJrrrBrrrr{ecfi e Alvrepzxe
e 1620 ro4y
followed other important events such as the Civil (orqu uualrrpr,rrvrrr )
War (1861-1865) for abolition of slavery, the regard u., regarded [n'go:d] yBa]Kar6, yBarxaerur?
exploration of the West, creation of the developed requrre u. [n'kwaro] rpe6onarr
industry and agriculture, outstanding inventions, the Bering Strait ['ben4'strelt] Eepranron rponr{B :

t52 153
the pursuit of happiness [pe'sju:t] roncxra cqacrbs
vast wilderness ['vo:st'wrldenrs] o6rrnpnrre 4urcrae
rrpocTpaHcrBa
I. Oruerrre B Terccre rrpeAJroficeurls, sBJrsrorqlre-
cfi 9KBrrBaJrerrTaMrr pyccKrrx.
1. Irlcropzff CIIIA 6orara BeJITIKIaMI{ co6brrr4ttMlt,
llHTepecHbrMrr lrcroprl fiINnI'. uI JIeIeHAaMU, trPtr-
KJIIOIICHI4.flMI.I I[ TAfi,EAMI4 qCIO B HEft TOJIbKO
- written, it remains
HerI'| [oATOMy MbI MOx(eM roBoplltTb Iz AaJ+Ce
-
ciloplrrb o Hefi pJdV|],ZI HOqLr HanpoJrijT.
2. B re.renlle cJleAyloq?rx cra JIer aulJlt4ftcnure, vc-
rr€rHcl{lle, fiopTyraJlb eriuIe, IoJTJTaHACK?Ie Iut djpax-
rlyScr{r{e rlyTerrrecrBeHHl4Krr rIJIbrJIrr TyAa 3a 30-
JroroM n 6orarcrsoM, 3a qecTbro w cJraBoir.
3. B 4oronope, cocraBJrenuoM rra Kopa6Jre <<Meft-
Snayep>, 6rr:ro perueHo cooAarb rpaxgancxrafi
opraH yrrpaBJreHr4fi AJrff o6ecue'reHr4ff I{ rroAAep-
r 4eficruze
:rra:rrafi rropffIRa, roropsrft 6rr neo4u.4
z nrrpa6arbrBaJr clpaBeAJrrlBbre sanorbr, rrepeA
KOTopbIMII BCe paBHbr.
4. B 1783 ro4y flapz)rdcrrrM AoroBopoM 6rr.na npu-
sHaHa HesaBr4CIltMOCrr CIIIA tr 3a HOBbTM rOCy-
AapcrBoM saxpefiJrffJrl{cb BeMJrrr cenepnee (Dro-
prr,qbr, IorKHee Kanagrr rc Bocroxy or Mracczcrull.
5. Koscrv ryqr4.fl ycrarraBJrr{B aJra paoAe Jreur{e 14 c-
rIoJrHlrreJrbuoft , B aKoHoAareJrbrrofi ll cy4e6nofi
setneft r,ilacrvr u rpe6onana <<6arauca EJracrrr>.
6. KaxArrfi ueprao4 B r{croBtlr{ CIIIA rHrepeceu fi
Barxerr r{ AeMoncrp}rpyer rpyAuocrll 14 [o6eAbr
aMepvKaHrIeB Ha rryrra K aMeplrrancxoft wre'{te:
HeBaBT4CzMOMyr AeMOKpaTI/rqeCICOMy' CIzIJIbIIOMy FO-
cyAapcrBy c paaaraloft eKoHoMlIKoft Z pannrruz
rrpaBaMlr ,qJrfi Bcex.
II. Berarrre nponyqenErre cJroBa.
1. 500 years ago North America was a ......
inhabited by Indians who 20,000 years earlier
came from Asia across the ... ... .
t51
2. Those who did settle the New World arrived later
in search of ... ... and religious and political ... .
3. Later the British started ... new taxes on sugar,
coffee, textiles and other important goods.
4. The Constitution of the USA established not
only a... of ... statesbut a strong ... ... for the
whole nation.
5. Today, 200 years after the Constitution was
and at the centre of
American political ... and ... .
III. Saron rrrre rrpenJrotrceErrff , rrcrroJrbays rrpeAJro-
ilceHrrbre Baprrarrrbr.
1. Icelandic Viking Leif Ericson sailed to America
in 1000 but only in 1492 Christopher Columbus
a) discovered America to the *hot" world.
b) sailed there for gold and riches.
c) adopted the Declaration of Independence.
2. The first English colony Jamestown appeared
a) in1492 in Florida.
b) in 1607 in Virginia.
c) in 1733 along the-Atlantic'coast.
3. After the <Boston'TeaParty>
a) a Constitutional Convention was opened.
b) the war in Vietnam started.
c) the War of Independence began.
4. In 1787 55 of the most highly regarded American
leaders opened a Constitutional Convention in
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, the meeting which
lasted four long months and resulted in
a) abolition of slavery.
b) the'Constitution of the USA.
- c) the Bill of Rights.
5. The framers of the C,onstitutloncreated an enduring
a) document.
b) state.
c) government. :. i
L55'
r
IV. Orserrre ua Borrpocbr.
1. When did the history.of the USA begin?
2. Who discovered America to the whole world?
3. What did America promise to the first settlers?
4. How many. colonies did the European settlers
. found in 1733?
5. When was the.Declaration of Indepefdence
adopted and what did it proclaim?.
6. When was the Bill of Rights added to the
Constitution and what did it guarante'e?
V. Paa4e.rurre rerccr Ea cMbrcJroBrre qacrrr rr EaBo-
BIITE IIX.
VI. PacnoJroJrcrrre Aarrnbre rryrrrcTbr rrJraua corJrac-
EO JIOIIIICE IIOBECTBOBAHIIS.
1. A young country.
2, The way for the American dream.
3. The promise of <,a fresh start for the humal race)>.
4. The results of the War of Independence.
5. The adoption of the Constitution of the USA.
VII. I{cno;rrsya Qarcrrr lra rerccra paccrcaxrrre
1. About the beginning of the history of the USA.
2. The events after the <,Boston Tea Party>.
3; The Constitirtion of the USA.
The US System of Education
American education remains today what it was
in the earliest days of the Repuhlic: the anvil
upon which the national culture is ireated and
adapted to changing needs. Its goal is universal
education from"kindergarten to university.
All, regardlesS of race or class or economic
status, are entitled to a fair chance ancl to the
156
tools for developing their individual powers of
rnind and spirit to the utmost.
Education in the United States comprises three
basic levels: eletnentar:y, secondary and higher
oducation. Pare4ts may choose whether to send
their children to their local free public schools,
or to private schools which charge fees. The
organization and curricula of private schools and
colleges are similar to those of public schools
although the adrriinistration differs.
The vast majority of students at the primary
and secondary levels go to public schools. Most
of those Who attend private schools dttend church
sponsored parochial schools.
The school year is usually nine months long, from
early September to mid-June.The common pattern
of organization, refetred to as the 6-3-3 plan, includes
elementary school in grades 1 through 6, iunior
high school in grades 7 through 9 arrd senior high
school in grades 10 through 12. Ilowever, many
variations on the pattern exist in the [ISA.
The main purpose of elementary school is the
general intellectual and social development of
the child from 6 to'I2 or 15 years of age.
In secondary schools most pupils follow a
course that includes English, science,'social studies,
riiathematics and physical educatign. Elective
subjects may be chosen in the fields of foreign
Ianguages, fine arts and vocational training.
Pupils usually eleet about half their work in
grades nine through twelve.
The vocational program may give training in
four fields: agricultural education, business
education, home economics and trade and industrial
L57
education.,This program prepares students either llcsides, it was necessary to strengthen the bonds
for employment or further training. between federal, state and local authorities aimed
Most young Americans graduate from school at raising student achievements at all levels.
with" a high school diploma upon satisfactory The American people have accepted the view
completion of a specified number of courses. that the quality of education is directly related
Students are usually graded from A (excel.lent) to the quality of life. It is part of the American
to F (failing) in each course they take ofi the tradition to presume that they can improve.
basis of performance in tests given at intervals
throughout the year. Vocabulary
Students receive <,report cards>.at least twice anvil n. ['anvrl] HAKOBAJI6HS
a year which indicate the grades they have bond n. CBfi3B
received in each of the subjects. High schools calibre n. ['kahbe] rroAroToBKa r{ nr{qHbre
maintain a school <,transcript> which summarizes KAlIECTBA

the courses taken and the'grades obtained for commit u. [ke'mrt] roprrarb, BBepsrb
completion n. [kem'pli:Jn] oxorrrrauue,BaBeprrenlre
each student. comprlse u. [kem'prarz] saxrro.rarr s ce6e
Usually, the pupil has one teacher for all major concern n. [ken'ss:n] 6ecnoroficteo
subjects during his or her first six years of considerable a. [kan'srdarebl] snaqlrre.nrnrrfi
schooling. For the last six grades, however, they devote u. [dr'veut] yAennrb
elective subjects [peAMerbr no nrr6opy
have a separate teacher for each discipline. employment n. [rm'plcrmant] pa6ora'
The US is committed to providing every entitle u. [rn'tartl] AaBarb rrpaBo
youngster with a good; solid education, regardless grade n. K4aCC; OTMerKa, OqeIrKa
graduate from u. oxarrqr{BarB
of the economic background or even the inherent ['grredjtiert]
y.re6noe BaBeAerrve
ability of the youngster. inherent a. Irn'hrerent] rporxgiinnufi
. In May 1983 the National Commission on maintain u. Imern'tern] coxparr.fiTb
Excellence in Education stirred considerable mediocrity n. Imi:dr'okntr] rrocpeAcrBeBrrOcrb
concern when it reported that the US was <,at
.
obtain u. [eb'tem] IIonyrarb
risk> from the <rising tide of mediocrity>. It parochial school Ipa'reukjel] rrpr{xoAcKag ruKoJra, rrrKoJra
IIpr qepRBr.r
judged that standards were too low, the school day pattern n, MOAenb
too short, teacher.s paid too little, and education presume u. Ipn'zju:m] IIpr4sIIaBaTIi
was too far down on the list of national priorities. public school rocyAapcTBerrHas cpeArrsff
IIIKOJIA
Among the Commission's recommendations were
refer u. [n'fs:] OTIIOCITTbCg
calls for higher standards, more time to be devoted satisfactory a. yAoB Jre r B opr4Tensnrrfi
[,satrs'fakten]
to basic academic subjects and attracting a higher stir u. [sts:] 34. BErSbrBaTb
calibre of individual to the teaching profession. the youngsters z. lj,qstozl MOJIOAe)K6, IIOAPOCTKI,I
tide n. 3A. BOJTHa

158 159
utmost ['Atmeust] BA. MaKcl{Manbrro 3. ... subjects may be chosen in the fields of ...
vocational training npo(peccr,rona.nrnoe languages, ... arts and ... training.
o6yuenrae
4. Most young Americans ... from school with a
BE AE high school ... upon satisfactory ... of specified
form grade number of courses.
high higher
t 5. Students receive <(... ... > at least twice a year
mark grade which indicate the ... they have received in each
primary elementary of the subjects.
programme program
pupil student
6. The US is committed to providing every ... with
secondary high
good, solid education, ... of the economic
state public background or even the ... ability of the ... .

I. Oruerrre B Terccre npe4JroJrceurrg, sBJrgroqxe- III. 3 arcorsrrre rrpeAJroJrcenrrff , rrcrro Jrbcys rrpeAno-
cff 9KBrrBaJreETaMr{ pyccKllx. ,rceEEbre BaprraETbr.
1. Bceu, HecMorp.s HapacoByro vrvrnraccoByro [pll- 1. Education in the USA comprises three basic
HaIJIeTKHOCTb, AKOHOMTIqeCKOe IIOJTOIKeHI{e, AUITOT-
levels
c.fi oAr4HaKoBbre BoSMolrcHocrrlr }I ec6 Heo6xoAr{Moe
a) primary, elementary and secondary education.
A Jr fl M aKCritMaJrbH oro pa3 B r{Tr{fl c B oLr x nH AvtBLt Ay -
b) elementary, junior and senior education.
aJlbubrx yMcrBerrHbrx lI AyxoBurrx cnoco6nocrefi . . c) eiementary, secondary and higher education.
2. O6qeryr{HfiTa,fl MoAeJIb opraHvaarrl Vo6paoonarura,
2. The majority of students at the primary and
TaK Ha3blBaemrrft nnan 6-3-3, BKJrIotIaer HarIaJIb- secondary Ievels go to
Hyro rrrxoJry c 1 no 6 x.naccu, cpeAHrolo ruxony c 7 a) private parochial schools.
no 9 rcnaccrr u crap[q[o rrrroJr]r c 10 no 12 ItJraccbl. b) public schools.
3. Vuarqzecs noJryqaror oqeuxr{ or A (orau.*ro) 4o c) senior high schools.
F (ney4or-rrerBopzreJrrno) sa xaxc4rrfi Kypc rro 3. The main purpose of elementary school is
pesyJrbraraM TecroB 3a roA.
a) the general intellectual and social development
4. Avrepanaullbr cqr{Taror, qro KaqecrBo }rdr4rsHra Ba- of the child.
BUrCurr or KaqecrBa o6pa3oBaHlrff.
b) to prepare students for advanced or higher
II. Sanonurfle rrpouycrcrr rroAxoA.EqrrMrr rro cMbrc- education.
Jry cJroBaMrI.
c) to provide literacy and some general
education.
1. The goal of the American education is universal 4. The students gr:aduate from secondary schools
education from... to ... , at the age of
2. The organization and curricula of ... schools and a) L2.
colleges are similar to those of ... schools although b) 15.
the administration differ. c) 18.

160 6 3ar. l5l 161

IV. Ornerbre rra ronpocrr.
1. What is the goal of the American education?
2. Does the quality of education depend on the
race or class or economic status?
3. What basic levels does education comprise?
4. What school may parents choose to send their
children to?
5 How long does the school year last in the USA?
6 What is the common pattern of education
organization in the USA?
7 What is the main purpose of elementary school?
8 What subjects do students foilow in secondary
schools?
9. What elective subjects can students choose?
10. What training do vocational programs give?
11. How are students usually graded?
12. How many.teachers do pupils have in elementary
, and secondaryschools?
13. What did the National Commissiqn on Excellence
in Education report in May 1983?
14. What were its r,ircommendations?
15. What view have the Arnerican people accepted?
V. Ilpovurafire rerccr erq6 pae rl pas,4eJrrrre ero
Ea cMFrcJroBbre qacrrr. flog6eprrre rraaBanrle K
rcalrc4ofi rra Errx.
VI. PacnoJrotrcrrre rryErcrbr rrJrana corJracEo Jror[-
ICE IIOBCCTBOBAE}Iff.
1. The goal of the American education'
2. The organization of education.
3. Elementary school.
4. Higher standards of education.
b. High school.
I62
VII. Paccrcalrcrrre o
1. Elementary school in the USA.
2. Secondary school in the USA.
3. The system of education in the USA.
The Russian Federation
The Russian Federation is the largest country
in the world. It occupies about one-severith of the
earth's surface. It covers the eastern part of Europe
and the northern part of Asia, Its total area is
about 17 million square kilometres. The couhtry
is washed by 12 seas of 3 oceans: the Pacific, the
Arctic and the Atlantic. In the south Russiaborders
on China, Mongolia, Korea, Kazakhstart, Georgia
and Azerbaijan. In the west it borders on Norway,
Finland, the Baltic States, Belarus and Ukraine. It
also has a sea-border with the USA.
There is hardly a country in the world where
such a variety of 'scenery and vegetation can be
found. There are steppes in the south, plains and
forests in tn'e midland, tundra and taiga in the
north, highlands and deserts in the east.
There are two great plains.in Russia: the Great
Russian Plain and the West Siberian Lowland.
There a-re several mountain chains on the territory
of fhs country: the Urals, the CaucasuS; the Altai
and others. The largest mountain chain, the Urals,
separates Europe from Asia.
. There are over two million rivers in Russia.
Eulope's biggest river, the Volgar'flows into the Caspian
Sea. The main Siberiarr riverst- lhe Ob, the.Yenisei
- flow from the south tq the north. The
and the Lena
Amur in the Far East flows into the Pacifit Ocean.
1G,
 j
Russia is rich in beautiful lakes. The worldp lron ore c:]
['aren )rdeneorrarr pyAa

deepest lake (1,600 metres) is Lake Baikal. It Iogislative a. l ['leSslelw] saxoaogare;rrnrrii

nridland r. cpeAEsfi rroJroca
much smaller than the Baltic Sea, but there rrrineral resources IIOne3IIble LICKOIIaeMbIe
[l'sc:srz]
much more water in it than in the Baltic Sea. Norway ['nc:wer] Hoprerlra
water in the lake is so clear that if you look occupy u. ['okjupar] SAIIUMAT6
'[crl]
down you ean see the stones on the bottom. oil z. ne(prr
promising
Russia has one-sixth of the world's f5rests.' steppe z.
a. unoroo6erqaroulnfi
CTE116
They are conientrated in the Fluropean north of temperate a. ['tempent]
Istep]
ynrepexnrrfi
the count'ry,.in Siberia and in the Far East. ' the Baltic States [
'bcJtrk'sterts] flpr{6aruricxue crpanrr
On the vast territory of the country there are- the Caucaius ['kc:kesas] Kagras
various types of climate, from arctic in the north the Great Russian Plain Boirovno-eepoireft cxas
(Pyecxas) paBrrrrua
to sqbtropical in the south. In the middle of the, the Urals :
I
juarelz] Vpar-
country the climate is temperate and continental. the West Siberian Isar'bronon] Sana4no- Cr,r6ripcrca,E
Russia is rich in oil, coal, iron ore, natural gas, Lowland HI1ISMEHIIOCTb

copper, nickel and other mineral resources. vegetation z. [,veSr'tedn] pacrr,ITeJrbEocTb

Russia is a parliamentary republic. The Head

Ormerrre B Terccre upeAnorcexrrfl, sBJrarotrvre-
of State is.the President. The legislative power is cg arcBrrBaJreETaMr[ pyccrcrffi .
exercised by the Duma.
Th'e capital of Russia is Moscow. It is its largest 1. Ona saHuluaer oKoJro 1/ rsceit.sevtnorl uorepxno-
political, scienti.fic, cultural and. industrial centre. CTVI.
I E4na .ru HafiAiircfl erqd oAHa crpaua B Mrpe c
It is one of the oldest Russian cities. paanoo6paSr.IeM JrarrAuraoTa' pacrr4TeJrL-
Today there are a lot of opportunities for this Tarcr2rM 14
HOCTLT.
country to become one of the leading countries 3. O6urupnar repprrropvt ff grpaHbr oxBarbrBaer pao-
in the world. It has great past and promising JrrrqrrBre K Jrtr MaTv qecKr,re SoEbI oT apKT[qec Koft
future. rra ceBepe Ao cy6rpouuqecKoft Ha rcre.
4. SaxonogareJrbHafi BJIacrb ocyilIecrBJraerc,fi Ay-
Vocabulary Mofi.
D. Cero4na y crpaubr Mrroro BooMornnocreft crarr
bottom n. ['botem] nrio
Krnraft
olu.oft rro BeAyrrl[x crparr B Mnpe.
China . ['tJaine]
coal z. yroJrb
concentrate u.
Ikot-tl]
['konsontrett] coipego.ravranarrca
II. Sauorunte rrporry cKrr rroAxoAsquMrl rro cl.rr6rc-
copper n. ['kope] MEAB" ry cnoBaMl
Georgia ['6c:6ia] fpyaua part of Europe and the ...
1. Russia covers the ....
highland n. Earopbe, B6rcbxoropnafi
MCCTHQCTb
part of Asia.
,L64 1_65
 2. There are ... in the south, ... and ... in the midland, 4. What mountain chain separates Europe from
... and ... in the north, .'. and ... in the east' Asia?
3. The largest ... ..., the Urals, ... Europe from Asia' 5. How many rivers are there in Russia?
4. In the ... of the country the climate is ... and "' ' 6. Which is the Iongest river in Europe?
5. Russia has great ... and ... future. 7. What do you know about the Baikal?
8. What mineral resources is the Russian Federation
ilr. 3ancos.rnre [peAJrolrcenrrs' [crroJrraya rrpeg.no- rich in?
trceEEbre BapllarrTbr. 9. What is the climate like in Russia?
1. The country is washed by 12 seas of 3 oceans: 10. What great Russians do you know?
a) the Atlantic, the Indian and the Arctic' V. Ilpouurafire rerccr eqi paa ll pasAenlre ero
b) the Pacific, the Arctic and the Indian. Ea cMbrcJroBbre rracrrr. Ilog6epure EaaBarr[e
c) the Pacific, the Arctic and the Atlantic' rc
rcaucgoft rra Errx.
2. The main Siberian rivers - the Ob, the Yenisei
and the Lena
- flow
a) into the Pacific Ocean.
VI. Pacuoroficllre rryEnrbr nJrana corJracEo Jror[-
ICE IIOBECTBOBAEIIS.
b) from the south to the north.
c) from the north to the south. 1. Types of climate.
3. Forests are concentrated in 2. The geographical position and borders.
a) the European north of the country, in Siberia 3. The rivers and lakes.
and in the Far East. 4. The scenery.
b) the Great Russian Plain. 5. The political system.
c) the European south of the country, in Siberia 6. The mineral resources.
and the Far East.
4. The Head of State is VII. Paccrarrcrrre o
a) the Prime-Minister. 1. The geographical position of the Russian
b) the President. Federation.
c) the Chairman of the Duma. 2. Its political system.
5. The capital of Russia is
a) Novgorod.
b) St. Petersburg. . Moscow
c) Moscow.
Moscow is the capital of Russia, its political,
I Orrerrre Ea Borrpocbr. economic, commercial and cultural centre. It was
Where is the Russian Federation situated? founded 8 centuries ago by Prince Yuri Dolgoruky.
What is the total area of the country? Historians'havei accepted the year of.11-47 as the
What countries does Russia border on? start of lVloscow's hiStory. Gradually the city
166 1b?
becaine rflore, and more .powerful. In the 13tb'
century Moscow was the centre of the struggle
Russian lands for the liberation from the Tartar
yoke. In the.16th century under Ivan the Terrible
Moscow became the capital of the new united
state. Though Peter the Great moved the eapital
to St. Petersburg in 17L2, Moscow rernained,
the heart of Russia. That is why it became the
main target of Napoleon's attack. Three-quarters
of the city were destroyed by the fire during
Napoleon's occupation'but,by the mi.d-19th^,
century Moscow had been cornpletely restored.
After the October revolution Moscow becamel
the capital again.
Now Moscow is one of the'largest cities in
Europe. Its total area is about nine hundred square
kilometres. The population of the city is over 8
million.
Moscow is one of the most bearitiful'cities in
the world. The heart of Moscow is Red Square. It
has more historical associations than any other
place in Moscow. The Kremlin and St. Basil's
Cathedral are masterpieces of ancient Russian'
architecture. The main Kremlin tower, the
Spasskaya Tower, has become the symbol of the
country. On the territory of the Kremlin you can
There are a lot of beauti-ful palaces, old mansions,
t:rrthedrals, churches, and, monuments in'Moscow.
Now Moscow is being reconstructed and we all
lrope that in a few years the city will becorne even
nrore beautiful.
There are more than 80 museums in Moscow. The
largest museurns are the Pushkin Museum if Fine
Arts and the State Tretyakov Gallery. Other unique
rnuseums include the All-Russia Museum of Folk
Arts, the Andrei Rublev Museum of EarlyRussian
Art, Alexei Bakhrushin Theatre Museum, Mikhail
(ilinka Museum of Musical Cultul'e and many others.
Moscow is famous for its theatres. The best-
known of them is the Bolshoi Opera House. Drama
bheatres and studios are also very popular.
Moscow is a city of students. There are over 80
higher educational institutions in it, including
several universities.
Moscow is the seat of the Russian Parliament
(the Duma) and the centre of political life of the
country.
,
Vocabulary
ancient o. ['ernJent] 4peenzfi
blind u. [blamd] ocrrerrrrrB
destroy u. [dts'trol] paspyTrrrarl

see old cathedrals, the Bell Tower of Ivan the Great, l

legend z. ['le$end] rereuAa
manslon n. [manfn] oco6n.ar
the Palace of Congresses, the Tzar-Cannon and the masterpiece n. . ['mo:stepi:s] He,qeBp
Tzar-Bell, the biggest cannon and the bell in the
.

reconstiuct u.' ['rirken'str kt] fepecrparBarb,

world. St. Basil's Cathedral was built in the rnid- BOCCTAHABJI14 BATB
restore u.
16th century in memory of the victory over Kazan,; [ns'tc:]
;
BoccTarraBJrrnBarh
studio n. ['stjtudrou] cryAus,
There is a legend,that:Ivan the Terrible blindedl target n. ['to:grt] Mr{rrren6, qe.nr, o6rexr
the architegts Barrlra and Postnik, becau.se he didn't'; , tartar yoke ['to:ta jeuk] rarapcxoe r,rro
want them to cr:eate another masterpiece. unrque 4. [u:'ni:k] ynzxa.rrrnrrfi

168 169:
I
Oruerrre B Terccre rrpeAJrolrc€[rrs' sBJffirorqtle- 2. Now Moscory in one of . I

cfl oKBTTBaJIeETaMII pyccKllx. . _a) the largest cities in Europe.

b) the largest cities in Asia.
1. Vlcroput<u flpr{HsJrrr Lt47 ro4 Kar( roA HarlaJra c) the youngest cities in Europe.
ficropplt Mocnnrr. 3. The main Kremlin tower, the Spasskaya Tower,
2. C Kpacuofi rrJrorqa,4brc cBflsano 6olrrre accoqr- a) is the tallest tower in the world.
a:q;uitr rreM c ruo6rru ApyrI'rM MecroM e Mocxee. b) has be he
3. Cyrqecreyer JrerelrAa, uro ?fean lposurrfi ocJle- c) was de on
rrraJr apxr,rrexTopoB Bpalry r'r floctnraxa' TaK KaK 4. St. Basil's in
He xoreJr, qro6rr oHI{ cosAa;rv erq6 oAI{H rxe- century in memory
AEBP. a) of the people killed during the Great patriotic
4. Cefi.rac Mocxsa penoHcrpyrrpyercfi' rz Mbr Bce Ha- wa_r.
AEEMC.fl' IITO qEPCS HCCKOJIbKO JIET OHA CTAHET b) of the victory over Napoleon.
eulii rcpaure. c) of the victory over Kazan.
5. Mocxsa 9To qeuTp rroJrlulTltrlecrcoft rxragHu 5. The best-known of the Moscow theatres is
-
cTparrbr, MecTo, rAe HaxoArrTcfl pyccHr.Ift uapna- a) the Central puppet Theatre.
wrenr (,{yvra). b) the Bolshoi Opera House.
c) Sovrerylennik.
II. SanorErlre rrporrycrcrr rroAxoAsqrrMrr rro cMbrc-
ny cJroBaMrr. IV. Orserrre Ha Bonpocbr.
1. In the 13th century Moscow was the centre of 1. When was Moscow founded?
the ... of the Russian lands for the liberation o When did Moscow b apital?
from the 3. In]-7]-2.the capital w St. petersburg,
2. The Kremlin and St. Basil's Cathedral are ... of wasn't it? When did ome the capitai
ancient Russian ... . again?
3. There are a lot of beautiful ..., oId...., cathedrals, 4. What is the total area of modern Moscow?
... and monuments in Moscow. 5. What's the population of Moscow?
4. There are over 80 higher .'. .'. in Moscow, 6. What places bf interest in the centre of Moscow
' including several ... . do you know?
7.
III. Sarcousrrre rrpeAJroJrceurrs' ucrroJrbayff rrpeAJro- 8.
lrceEEble BaprraqTbr 9.
10.
1. Moscow was founded 8 centuries ago by
11.
a) Ivan the Terrible. 12. What is your favourite place in Moqcow?
b) Peter the Great.
c) Prince Yuri DolgorukY.
tqol 17t
 pas r paaAen[Te e square kilometres. It is rnuch. larger,.than,'such
V. trIpourraftre rerccT eq6 countries as Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Greece,
Ea cMbrcnoBBre rracrrt, Ilog6epure EaSBaErIe
Hungary, Portugal, Czechi.a and Slovakia. Its
rcaucAoft r[3 Errx.
present-day population is about 10.3 mln people:
VI. PacnoJrorcrrre rrynrcrbr rrJrana corJracEo Jrorn- 78'h of. Belamsians,L2o/o of Russians,4o/o of Poles
ICE IIOBECTBOBAEIIS. and 2oh of Ukrainians. 68% of the population
live in towns and cities. The largest of which'are
1. Red Square.
Minsk, Gomel, Vjtebsk, Mogilev; Grodno and Brest.
2. Muspums and theatres.
3. Historical background. Belarus is situated on a rolling plain rising
4. Modern citY. to hills, the highest of which is Mt.Dzerzhinskaya
reaching 350 metres above sea level.
VII. Paccrcaffcrrre o There are more than 3,000 rivers in Belarus.
1. The history of Moscow. Seven of them are more than 500 kilometres long
2. The places of interest in Moscow' each. They arethe Dnircper, Neman, Western Dvina,
Prypiat, Berezina, Sozh and Vilia.
Belarus is a lake-cotintry. There are about
Belarus 10,800 lakes here. The lakes are particularly
numerous in the north. The largest is Lake
Naroch 80 square kilometres. The lakes are
-
noted for their great depth, transparent water
and beautiful scenery.
A third of Belarus is under firrest. The largest
forests are called pushchas. The Byelovezhskaya
Pushcha is famous for its aurochs (European bisons).
Fauna is rich and diverse there: one can see elks and
deer, wild boars and wolves, bears and foxes, beavers
in the extreme western part of the East-European and l5rnxes, not mentioning myriads of birds.
Forests, pinewoods,.mighty oak groves, bireh
groves and all sortS pf other mixed forest formatioas
are the charm, wealth and p.ride of our horneland.
Belarus is situated in the Temperate Zone of
and east, on the Ukraine in.the'south'
200-500 kilometres away from the Baltic Sea.
Belarus stretches for 560 kilometres from south
The climate of Belarus varies from maritirrre. to
to -north and for 650 kitometres from east to eontinental due to a,strong .influencer of,..'the
west. It occupies the teruitory of' 2O7 '6 thousand
172 1Y3
maritime air of the Atlantic' This results in hovorelgn
qlrrte emblem
c,. ['sovnp] cyeepennrrfi, rresagrcnurrft
['stert'emblam] rocy4apctnennrrft rep6
,,lr otch u. I{MeTb trpoTffJEceHr,re,
rrpocTr4par6cs, Tfir{yTbcfi
l lurperate a. yuepennrrt (o x;Ir,ruare)
w il.lrin the basin n 6accefine (Perr.r)
wrld boar z. ['warld'bc:] ra6an
I r unsparent a. [trans'pearant] npospaunrrri

L Hafignre B Terccre rrpeAnoJrceurr.fl' sBJrsroque-

c.ff gKBrrBaJreETaMrr pyccErrx.

Vocabulary 1. Otpuqra-nbno oHa rrasbrBaerca Pecny6"nrrra Be-

Jrapycb. Ero cyeepeHHoe HeSaBucrulMoe rocyAap-
anthern n. ['enOom]
CTBO, CO CBOIzIM IIpaBIITeJIbCTBOM' KOHcTI{TyIIIIefi t
aurochs n. ['c:roks]
IOCyAapcrBeHHbrM rep6oM, $.narovr 14 rr4 MHoM.
be noted for u.
beaver n. ['bive] 2. Eenapycb HaxoArrrc.fi rIorITr{ B IIeHTpe Enpousr, n
CIS caMoft BarraAHoft tlacrI/I Bocto.rno-eBpofieftcKofi
paBHnHbr s 6accefiHe,{nenpa, Sanagnofi ,(nzHu
r{ BepxHeto rerleHlr,fi HeuaRa.
deer n. Idre]
ray6nna
3. Oedpa flpr{MerlareJrbubr cBoefi rry6uHofi, rpoapaq-
depth n. ldepol HOCTbTO BOA r.r Kpacorofi nefisaEcefi.
diverse a. Idar'va:s] paenoo6Paanrrft,Paanrrft l

elk n. JIOCb 4. JIeca, cocuoBble 6opu, Ay6paBbI c MoryqrrMll Ay-

Irks'tri:m] cavruft 6antu,6epilaoerre porqll I{ Bce BnAbI cMerrraubrx
extreme a.
founder-member n. rocyIapcrBO OCsoBareJrb JrecoB ffBJr.firoTcg oqapoBaHLIeM, 6oraTcTBOM Lr
grove z. Igrew] poEla ll ropAocrbro Harrreft Pogzurr.
heritage n. ['hent16] HacJreAcrBo, rracJreAr{e 5. Be.napycb crpana c yHr{HaJIbHofi }Icrop}Ieft lr
Homeland n. OTCIICCTBO' POA'IIIA
6orarrrvr -
KyJrbrypHbrM HacJreAueM. Orra urrre-
rreaagncfiNrrtt,
independent a. peCHa Lr c ryplrcrr,rqeiKoft Toqrcfi 3peHvff.
. caMocrogrelrttrrft
pblcb
lynx n. Uqksl II. Sanonnrrre rrpo[ycftrr rroAxoAstrIriMu rro cMbrc-
maritime o. ['meiltarm] uopcxoft, nPurvroPcrrft
MoryrqecrBensrrft , molqnrrfi Jry cnoBaMrr.
mighty o. ['martr]
Mr,rp?rarqbr, HeoMeTHOe
rrrrcJlo
myriad n. ['mrrred]
mnoro.rracnennrrfi
1. Belarus is my ... .
numerous (I. ['nju:meros]
2. Belarus ... for 560 kilometres from ... to ..'. and
officially odu. o@uqna"'rrno
particulariY odu. [pe:trkjulah] oco6enno, e bco6enuocu4 for 650 kilometres from ... to ... .
plain n. lplernJ paBrr!rIIa 3. The lakes are ... ... in the North.
rolling a. xo.nnructrrfi 4. The largest forests are called .... The
Byelovezhskaya Pushcha is famous for its ... .
:

scenery n. i'si:nen] ,
nerisa)K

t:74 L75
r
5: The climate of Belarus varies from ... to ... due VI. Pacuorro:urre rrynrcrbr rrJrana coFJracuo Jror[-
to a strong ... of the maritime air from the ICE IIOBECTBOBAIII{ff.
Atlantic. 1. The climate of Belarus.
2. A sovereign, independent state.
III. Sarcorrqrrre npeAnotrcenr{ff rrcrronbays rrpeAJra-
' 3. The size and population of Belarus.
raeMbre Baprrarrrbr.
4. The forests of Belarus.
1. Belarus is a member-state of b. Rivers and lakes.
a) the CIS. 6. The geographical position of Belarus.
b) the NATO.
c) the UNESCO. VII. Paccrca:rcure o
I Its present-day population is 1. The geographical position of Belarus.
a) about 260 million people. , The population of Belarus.
b) about 10.3 million people. 3. The climate of Belarus.
c) over 1.5 million people.
3. The highest mountain is Mt. Dzerzhinskaya History of Belarus
reaching
a) 978 metres above sea level. Belarus is a unique country. Its history is a little-
b) 3210 metres above sea level. known page in the world history. More over the
c) 350 metres above sea level. Belarusians know the history of their Motherland
4. Belarus is situated in the temperate zone of not better than their neighbours do. But they can
200-500 kilometres away from be proud of their past, culture and art.
a) the Atlantic Ocean.
b) the Baltic Sea. Man came to these lands in the middle
c) the Black Sea. Palaeolithic times. But it was only in the middle
of the first millennium that Slavs settled here.
IV. Orserrre Ea Borrpocbr. East-Slav tribes of Krivichi, Dregovichi and
Radimichi were the Belarusian people's ancestors.
1. Is Belarus a member of the UNO? They settled around the Polota (a Western Dvina
2. What countries does Belarus border on?
tributary) and were later named Polotchane. They
3. Is Belarus a large country?
4. What are the largest rivers and lakes?
had formed local principalities, such as those of
D. Why are our forests the charm, wealth and the
Pinsk, Turov, Polotsk, Slutsk and Minsk by the
pride of our homeland? 8thto 9tr'century. These all came under the general
6. How many regions is Belarus divided into? suzerainty of Kievan Rus, the first East Slavic
State, beginning in the mid-9th century.
v. Paa,4enure rerccr Ea cMrrcJroBbre rracrrr rl rroA- They took up honey collecting, fur hunting
6epnre K rrr{M EaBBaErle. and agriculture. Trade developed as the Dnieper

176 t77
was part of the (water road> from Constantinople
via Kiev and Novgorod to the Baltic Sea. Trading
settlements multiplied and many towns of the
present-day Belarus were founded by the end of
the 12th century. Polotsk and Turov first appeared
in historical documents in'862 and 980 respectivply,
Brest 1017, Minsk in 1067.
The- geographical position of the country, the
development of trade attracted Dutch herring-salters,
Muscovite trappers, Jewish financiers, Hungarian
wine-merchalts, Turkish spicers, Tatar tanners and
Chinese silkmen who bought in exchange furs, dried
fish, salt, linen, sailcloth, ropes, timber, tar and
foodstuffs. These international contacts influenced
the most distinctive features of the Belarusian
national character -- tolerance and hospitality.
The advantageous geographical position
- on
the cross-roads from east to west and from north
to south more than once turned into disadvantage.
Belarus -was the arena of many wars, invasions
and aggressions. In the l1th century the Tatar-
Mongols attacked Polotsk and Turov principalities
in the east and south. In the l3tn century the
Crusaders invaded Belarus from the west. Sweden
conquered the north of Belarus. Belarus was
devastated by Russian-Polish wars (16-18tt'
centuries), the Napoleon invasion (1812), World
War I (1914-1918), the Soviet-Polish war which
ended with Western Belarus ceded to poland
and the World War II and Nazi occupation
(1941-1944), the longest and 'the greatest
fighting for freedom and independence during
which Belarus lost every fourth citizen. All these
tragic events slowed down but didn't stop the
178
development of the nation. Thqugh Belarusians
belong to the East Slavic ethnic group there is a
strong mixturb of Baltic and Scandinavian
elements in their racial, Iinguistic and cultural
background. Belarus was part of the Grand Duchy
of Lithuania (14ih century), Poland and the Russian
Empire (18'h century). It was a backward province
where 80%o of the population were illiterate.
People suffered from many diseases and there
was only one doctor per 7,000 patients.
The life changed for the,better at the beginning
of the 20th century. On January 1, 1919 the
Declaration on the formation of the Byelorussian
Soviet Socialist Republic was adopted. In
December 1922 it joined the Union of the Soviet
Socialist Republics (the USSR) as .one of its
founders. On the disintegration of the USSR,
Belarus proclaimed its sovereignty on July 27,
1990. In December 1991 it was one of the three
Slavic republics of the former USSR to form the
CIS (the Common*ealth of Independent States)
with the headquarters in Minsk.
Nowadays Belarus is a country of developed
industry, agriculture; science and culture. Belarusian
industry produces heavy-duty trucks and tractors,
large-capacity dump trucks, refrigerators, TV sets,
fertilisersi meat and dairy products. They make
its chief exports. Timber processing, furniture
making, match and papermaking, textile .and
r7g
potatoes are the main field crops, a large percentage Large-capacity dump 6oarrtrerpysnrrft cauocgaa
of which is used for animal feed. Cattle and'pig truck
linen z. ['lmm] IIOJIOTI{O
raising are also important. livestock farmingn. ['larvstok] xcrtBoruoBoAcrBo
Belarus is a country of well-developed science, local principality ['leuka!pnnsr'pelrtt] uecrnoe Err.fix{ecrBo
culture and education. There is an Academy of rnillennium n. [mr'lenrem] Trrc.firreJlerrte

Sciences, 37 higher educational establishments, and rnultiply u. ['mrJttplat] yne.nz'ruearr(ca)

oats n. [euts] oeiic
a lot of theatres, museums, and art galleries thbre. Palaeolithic a. [,pehe(u)'h0rk] ua.neoazrz-recnr4fi
The long history has taught Belarusians to preserve D. [pn'zs:v] coxpanfirb
overcome difficulties. Today they are optimistic respectively adu. coorBercrBenuo
because their historical experience makes them revive u. [rr'varv] Bo3po)KAarb
rye n. [ra4 po)rcb
sure they will do their best to preserve their sailcloth n. ['serlkloO] rapycilrra
unique culture, language and revive industry and silkman z. ToproBeII rrij;rrorr
agriculture. But they are anxious about the future spicer z. ['sparso] ToproBeq creqrlfiMu
of their children after the Chernobyl catastrophe, suffer u. crpaAarr,
suzerainty z. ['su:zeremtl] Brracrr
1986. And still they hope for the best. tanner z. ['tane] 4y6ralrulrr
tar n' nijrots
Vocabulary. tolerance n. ['tolarens] reprrr4Mocrb
trade n. [trerd] roproBrr.a
advantageous a. [eedvo:n'ter$as] errro4urrfi, 6.naronprzarnrrft trapper n. ['trape] oxornr.IR, craearqr,rfi rcarrKarr
ancestor n. ['Enslsto] rpeAorc tribe z. rrJIeMfl
atttact u. [prrBJrexar6, rrprirarvBarr, tributary n. l'tnbjoton] rprrrox
background n. ['bakgraond] r4ctorrr, rrporcxorr(Aerrre unique a. fiu:'ni:k] ynr.rxa-nrrsul, e4rnc, serrrrrrii
backward a. [bakwed] otcra-nuii B CBOeM pOAe
barley n. ['bo:h] nr{Meub vra prep. ['varo] qepes
be anxious ['a4kJes] 6ecnorcoutr,cs winemerchantn. ['warn'ms:tfent] nunoroproneq
cattle n [kaetl] xpynnuri porarr,rrf cror
conquer u: ['ku4ke] saeoiierreat', no6erx4arr I. Hafilrrre B Terccre rrpeAJrorceu[s, sBJrflrotrIlle-
consumption n. [kan's,tmpJn] notpe6nenne ' cs 9rcBuBaJIeETaMtr pyccrc[x.
devastate u. ['devastert] orycrornarb, pasopfirb
disease n. [dt'zi:z] 6o.nesnr 1. Onu floceJr]rJrrrcb B pafioHe peK-I{ floJrora (rrpl4-
distinctive a. [dts'tt4ktl] ornz.rzre.nrnrrfi ToK 3ailaAnoft,{nnnsI) z nosxe 6r,ttra HaBBaHbI
feature n. ['fi:tje] oco6ennocrr, uepra IIOJIOTIIAHE.
fertilizer z. y4o6penue
2. Toprourfi paoBrrBaJracb 6JlaroAapff ToMy, rrro
financier n. [far'nansra] (pnnancncr
flax n. .niin ,{uenp 6rrn qacruo BoAHoro nyrr4 r4B Koncran-
rpoAyxrbr rrtaurfl THHOTTOJTff trepes Kraes n HoBropoA x Eanrufic-
foodstriff n. ['fu:dsttfl
herring-salter z. ['hen4'sclte] corlr{rrrrqrx cerrbArl rroMy Mopro.
hospitality n. [,hospr'teltt] rocrerrpt4rrMcrBo, paAyrrrue 3. IeorpatpflrrecKoe noJro)Kelrlle crpanbr, pacBurrl,Ie
invasion n. [rn:vergn] Brop)KeHEe TOpf oBJrlI fi pzBJreHaJI vt clo Aa A arcKllx pBr6aKoB,
,180 181
- r', M@rtoBclrl,Ix oxoTr{r{rtoB, eBpeft cKr4x $rarraucrrc -
-
III. Sarconqrlre rrpeAJrorrceE[s, ilcnoxbays, npeAJro-
TOB, BerrrepcKLrx Bt4rroToproBrleB, TypeIIKTAX TOp- ?rceEHbre BaprraETbr.
roBqeB crrerlr4 ff Mr4, Tarapcxr{x ay 6rznrr4unoB rtorr(
z rrraricx\rx roproBqes iliirnolr, rioroprre n o6- 1. Man came to these Iands in
MeH Ha cBor,r roBapbr rroxyrraJrv Mexa, cyruiinyro a) the middle Palaeolithic times.
psI6y, coJrb, rroJrorHo, rlapyct4rry, nepiiurz, .nec, 4ti- b) the Middle Ages.
IOTb r{ [poAyIcTbI lrr4Tarrr4.f,. n
c) the middle of the first millennium.
4. Eenapycr 6uryra aperrofi Muorr4x BofiH, Bropfice- 2. They took up
n arpeccrafi.
lrrair a) paper making.
5. Xors 6enopycrr flplrHaAJreficar K Bocror{HocJra- b) honey collecting, hunting and agriculture.
ssucrofi DTur{qecftofi rpynne, B Lrx flpoT4cxoxr- c) heavy-duty trucks and tractors producing.
Aeuuru, fiBbrxe r,r KyJrbrype cMerrraJrLTc"- 6anrmtt- 3. Belarus is a country of the well developed
CI{}-I9 fi CKaHAIIHaBCKIUIe AJIeM€HTbI. a) industry and agriculture.
6. .{o.rrraa rrcropllff Hayquura 6enopycon fipeoAoJre- b) sciencei cultur:e and education.
BaTb TpyAHOCTlr. c) travelling business.
7. Ho onz o6ecnoroeHbr 6y4yrquwr cBor{x gerefi noc- 4. Grain is the main field crop, which
"ne vepno6rrnrcxoft aBapvtt 1986 ro4a. a) gives two harvests a year.
b) is used for animal feed.
fI. Bcrarrre rrponyqerxbre cJroBa. c) is the main foodstuff.
1. Its history is a ... page in the world history. :
IV. Orrerbre Ea Borrpocbr.
2. But it was only in the middle of the first ... that
Slavs... here. 1. What tribes were the Belarusian people's
3. Trading settlements ... and many towns of present- alcestors?
day Belarus ... by the end of the 12ih century. 2. When did Belarusian towns first appear in
4. These international contacts influenced the most historical documents?
... ... of the Belarusian national character ... 3. Who conquered Belarus during its history?
and... . - 4. When was the BSSR proclaimed?
5. It was a ... province where 8O% of. the population 5. When did it join the USSR?
were... . 6. When did Belarus become a sovereign state?
'6..In December 1991 it was one,of the three... 7. What does the Belarusian industry produce
republics of the former USSR to form CIS (the nowadays?
Commonwealth of Independent States) with the 8. What are the main'agricultural products?
. ... in Minsk. 9. Carr you prove that Belarus is a country of well-
7. And today they are,.optimistic because their , developdd science,,culture and education?
historical experience males them sure they wiII
.,, ,,do their best to .:. their.urfque,culture, laaguage {.,,Paage.nrrre: Terccr Ea cMbrcJroBbre Etcrrr; nog6e-
and ... indtlstr,yland,agrigulture. . : prrre HaBB&EIIfi r0 lce]rcEofi.ns fi iix :

182 18S
 VI. Parenonolrcr{Te Aarrrrbre rrynrcTbr rrJrarra eorJrac-
IIO JIOTIIft E IIOBECTBOBAIIIS.
1. Belarus nowadays: political status, economical
development and social life.
2. The Belarrisian people's ancestors: the first
settlers, their occupations, the development of
trade and nation.
3. Belarus as the arena of wars and aggressions.
4. Belarusian racial, Iinguistic and cultural
background.
VII. IlcnoJrbays Qarrrr rra Terccra paccrcarcrrre o
1. The life of the East-Slav tribes on the territory
of Belarus.
2. The advantages and disadvantages of the
geographical position of Belarus.
3. Belarus nowadays.
Minsk
Minsk is the capital of Belarus, an ancient and
beautiful city with a long and exciting history.
It was first mentioned in chronicles in 1067 in
connection with the battle of the Nemiga River
during which it was completely destroyed. It was
destroyed, burned, ruined by the conquerors many
times during its 930 year history: by the Crimean
Tatars in 1505, French troops in 1812, German
occupants in 1919-L92O, fascists duri.ng World
War II. But each time it rose from the ruins and
asn-es as the rnythical bird Phoenix. Many
conquerors have passed through Minsk because it
is situated on the cross.roads of the busiest trade-
routes connecting the Baltic and the Black seas,
L84
the East and the West. Thus, this advantage often
turned into disadvantage.
But nevertheless Minsk steadily increased in
importance first as a provincial centre after 1793
and later as an industrial centre after the building
of the Moscow and Liepaja Romny
-'Warsaw
railways through Minsk in the 1870s.
-
In 1919 it
became the capital of the Byelorussian republic
and remained the capital when Belarus gained
independence in 1991. The same year the city
became the administrative centre of the CIS.
Minsk stands on the Svisloch river in a
picturesque place. The present'day city is almost
entirely of new construction. It is the city with
broad streets and avenues, modern architecture,
shady parks and some churches which have
survived as relics of the past.
Minsk is the major industrial centre of Belarus'
The economy is based on machine-building,
particularly the manufacture of tr''rcks and tractors.
Other products include electric motors, bearings,
machine tools, radio and television equipment,
refrigerators, watches, textiles and foodstuffs.
The city is also a major educational and cultural
centre with the Academy of Sciences of Belarus,
the Belarusian State University founded in 1921
and numerous institutions of higher education
and scientific research. It's the city where you can
find the best pieces of Belarusian cultural heritage:
museums, exhibitions, theatres and so on.
The best way to explore the city is to make a
tour. If I were a guide I would show the tourists
my favourite places in Minsk. They are numerous.
But the shortest way to get acquainted with our
185
city and its people is to walk down Francisk r:ortsider u. , [ken'srde] lo'4AraTb' cqaTaTF: .t I i -.

lonstruction z. Ikan'strirkJn] gacrpoira

Skorina avenue from Independence square to rlcstroy u. paspyrrraT6, yrrurrTo*caT6
Yakub Kolas square. I think, this is the most crnbankment z. [rm'ba4kment] na6eperxnaa
beautiful and the busiest part of the city. crrtirely adu. Irn'tareh] rIoJrHocrbro, Bceqeno,
Tourists can see the most famous places of coBeprleIlHo
r:quipment n. Ir'kwrpmont] o6opy4oaanre
interest here: the House of the Government, the oxciting a. gaxsarrrsaroqufi,
State University, the Catholic church, the RuSsian soruyrcrrlrli
Academic Drama Theatre, the Art Museum of the cxplore u. Irks'plc:] r.tccJreAoBarb
Republic of Belarus, Y.Kupala Belarusian Drama I oodstuffs n. IIPOAYKTLI IIlITAIIIIA
galn u. Isem] fioJrFrarg, Ao6uBarrcg
Theatre, October Square, the Palace of the Republic get acquainted u. Io'kwemtrd] noSHaRoMr(TECff,
and zero kilometre mark, the State Circus, Opera OSIIAKOMIITbcg
and Ballet House, the embankment of the Svisloch, guide n. Isard] rr,rA, 9KcRypcoBoA
Victory Square and the Obelisk of Victory with lreritage n. ['hentr$] HacJreAcTBo, HacJreAr,Ie

the Eternal Fire, the Palace of Arts, Philharmonic lrospitable a. [:hospttebl] rocrenpnzrrrnrrft.
in connection with B CB,fi3I4 C
Society, the monument to Y.Kolas, beautiful parks tncrease u. ycz.rraarr(ca)
Im'kri:s]
and gardens and everything what our city is independence n. HE3ABI{CI{MOCT6
rich in. And then they will understand why our rnanufacture n. Imanjo'fakfa] rrpor{sBoAcTBo
city is considered to be so beautiful, clean, green, mention u. yrroMr{EaTb
rnythical a. ['mrOrkl] ulrtprlvecxnfi , .nerer4apxrrft
calm, optimistic and hospitable. llumerous (l. llgoroqucleggrrfi
['njumeres]
particularly adu. Ipa'tftjuleh] oco6egno
Vocabulary pass u. Ipo:s] IIpoxoAnTb
picturesque a. [,prktJa'resk] lrlrsonNcgtrft
advantage z. Iod'vo:ntr@] IIper4MyqlecTBo prece n. [pi:s] o6paeeq, fiplrMep; qacrb
ancient a. gpernraft relics n. {'rehksl penrrKBrr!r
ash z. laJl fiellet, SoJra remaln u, Irr'mern] OCTABATECS

avenuen.' ['avrnjuJ IIpocrreKT research institute [n'ss:tJl Hafruo-r{ccJregorarearcnzfi

battle n. 6lrria, cpaxcexne kt rrcTlrTyT
be situated u. ['srfuertrd] 6rrrr pacnoaolrceugLlM rise (rose, risen) u. [oAHrrMaTbcfi, BcraBaTb
bearing n. Ibeenp] IIOAItrIIIIHI,IK rurn u. [rurn] paspymarb
broad o. [brc:d] mrpoxr,rft shady a. tenracrrrfi
burn' (burnt, burned) u. Jrceqb, ctKntaT6 steadily adu. ['stedrh] rrocTqfiHrro, EerrcMerrHo, BepHo
capital n. cTonrrqa survLve u, [se'varv] y4eneT6
chronicle n. :JIETOtrIICb, XPOEI4KA the Eternal Fire Ir'to:nl] ge'rnrrft ororn
['kmnftl] :

CIS CHT tour z. Itua] IIyTeIUeCTBLIe' SKCRYpCUff

completely odu. coBeprrreHrro, rloJrHocTbIo trade-route,n. ['trerd'ru:t] roproorrft nyrr
connecting p. cBasrraarorquft troops z. : Itru:ps] soficra
conqueror n, ['kopkare] SABOEBAT€JIb

l€tr 18V.
 I. Omnerrre B Terccre rrpeAnoilcenrrg, gBnsrcrque- 2. In 1919 Minsk became the capital of the Byelonrssian
cg orcBrrBaJIeETaMrr pyccKrrx. republic and remained the capital when
a) Belarus .was occupied by the f ascist
1. Bnepeue Mvncr 6srn ynowrsrryr B Jreronr4csx invaders.
1067 rola B cB.nBLr c 6ureoft. Ha pexe HeMrare, e b) Belarus gained independence in 1991.
p$yJrbrare rconcpofi on 6rr"n rroJrHocrbro paopyrrreH. c) the CIS was formed.
2. Ho xarx4rrft pas oH [oAHlrMaJrcfi.,ns py[r{, Kar{ 3. Minsk is the city where you can find
JrereHAapHafl rrrllrla @enzxc. a) the best pieces of international cultural
3. Coepervrennrrfi ropoA nolrrpr noJrnocrbro Bacrpo- heritage.
eH HOBbIMIUI SAaHVffMIzI. b) the best pieces of Belarusian cultural heritage.
4. F,cn:u 6rr s 6rrn ancxypcoBoAoM, s 6rr norasar c) the best examples of the West-European
Typr craM wroz nro6zMbre Mecra s M[HcKe. trIx cultural heritage.
OIIEHb MHOIO. 4. Walking down Francisk Skorina avenue tourlsts
5. LI rorAa onz noftwryr, norreMy Harrr ropoA crrr{Ta- can see
ercg raKnM BeJreHbIM, rrlulcrbrM, cnoxofiHrtm, on- a) the most famous places of interest in'Minsk.
TTl MI{CTI4IIHbIM \1 TOCTEIIPI4I4 MHbIM. b) the biggest plants and factories.
II. Sano.nrurre rrpolycrcrr rroAxoAsqrrMrr rro cMbrc- c) aII Minsk theatres.
Jfy cJroBaMrr.
1. Minsk is the ... of Belarus, an ... and ... city IV. Orserbre rra Borrpocbr.
with a long and ... history. 1. Is Minsk an ancient city?
2. This ... often turned into ... 2. When was it first mentioned in chronicles?
3. It is the city with broad... and ..., modern ..., 3. Why r','as it destroyed, burned and ruined many
shady ... and some churches which ... ... as ... of times during its 930 year history?
the past. 4. Why do we say that the geographical position of
4. Minsk is the ... ... centre of Belarus . Minsk was an advantage which often turned
5. The best way to ... the city is to make a ... . into disadvantage?
III. Sarcoutrrrre rrpeAJroJrcenrrs, llcrronbays rrpeAna-
5. Why did Minsk steadily increase in importance?
6. When did it become the capital of Belarus?
raeMbre Bapr(a[TBr.
7. Where is Minsk situated?
1. Many conquerors have passed through Minsk 8. Are there many relics of the past in Minsk?
because 9. What is the economy of Minsk based on?
a) it was rich and wealthy. 10. Is Minsk a major educational and cultural centre
b) it is situated in the centre of Europe. of Belarus?
c) it is situated on the crossroads of the busiest 11. What are your favourite places in Minsk?
trade-routes connecting the Baltic and the t2. If you rvere a guide what would you show the
Black Seas, the East and the West. tourists?

188 189
 V. flporrurafire rerccr er46 pae rl paBAeJrHTe ero Ha
cMbrcJroBbre rracrru rrog6eplrre EaBBaHrre K rcailc-
,4oft ua rrux.
VI. PacnoJrorcrrre rryHrcTbr rrJraHa corJracHo Jrorfi-
KE IIOBECTBOBAEIIS.
1. Minsk is the major industrial centre of Belarus.
2. Some places of interest in Minsk worth seeing.
3. Minsk is an ancient city with a long and exciting
history.
4. Minsk is a major educational and cultural centre.
VII. llcnoJrbays Qarcrrr rrs Tercra, paccrca?rcr{Te o
1. The history of Minsk.
2. Your favourite places in Minsk.
Education in Belarus
Scientific and intellectual potential is the main
strategic resource of Belarus. In 1950s Belarus
became the country of universal literacy. In 1989,
accordingto the results of the eensus, 899 people
per each thousand engaged in the national economy
had higher and secondary education; L44 people
among them were the graduates from the higher
educational establishments. Thus, we can say that
Belarus had a developed system of education. It
embraced 11,000 educational establishments;
430,000 teachers worked there; 33 per cent of
population attended different forms of classes.
Nowadays the number of students attending
diff,erent educational establishments has not
changed. The republic guarantees its citizens the
right to universal secondary e-ducation and creates
r.ngans for fu{ther professienal edueation. It tries
190
to preserve the democratic character of education,
paying much attention to common human values,
developing independent critical thinking instead
of simple perception of information.
The republic is reforming its system of education
today with the aim of creating an independent,
qualitatively new national school, corresponding
to international standards and ensuring each citizen
the right to the high-quality education according
to his abilities and inclinations.
The reform envisages a continuity of study at
all stages, such as pre-school, secondary school,
vocational training and specialized secondary
school, and at the higher school level. It gives
teachers and students freedom in the choice of
educational forms and methods, while the results
must correspond to the state educational standards.
Themain principles of theeducational system
in Belarus are the priority of human values, national
culture as the basis of education, humanism, sense
of ecological purpose, scientific basis, democracy,
support of gifted children and so on.
In the period from 1996 till 2010 the reform
envisages:
L. L2 year secondary school. Academic
education in the Ll-1-2rh forms according
to the main trends of the higher education:
humane, natural, aesthetic and technological.
2. Primary vocational training at vocational
schools.
3. Secondary vocational training at secondary
specialized schools and colleges.
4. Higher education at two levels: the first
level for those seeking a bachelor's degree
191
 (4-5
years) arid the second level to obtain lrigher educational BVB (eucuree y:re6noe
a master's degree (5-6 years).
establishment saregerrrae)
irrclination n. [rnktt'nerJn] IIAKJIOHHOCTI>
5. Possibility for masters to obtain doctoral rrraster's degree cTeneEb Marflcrpa
degree. rron-state-owned schools HETOCYAAPCTBEHIIBIC IIIKOJIbI
There have been changes in the organrzation ribtain u. [eb'tern] norryqarb
of education itself. New types of educational yx:rception z. [pe'sepJn] Bocrrpz.Errire
l)feserve u. coxpaHflTb
establishments have appeared: gymnasiya, lyceum, lrriority n. [prar'ontr] nprroprzrer
experimental school, college. There appeared non- rlrralitatively adu. ['kwnlrtatrvld KaqecrBerruo
state-owned schools of various kinds, private reform u. [rr'fc:m] peQopruvpoBarb,
kindergartens, schools at home, commercial }ICrrpaBJrsTb

institutes. So, it stimulates effectiveness of |esource n. [n'sc:s] pecypc

r;ccondary education cpeAHee o6paooaarze
education, creates non-idealistic attitude to society seek u. 4o6naarrca, crpeMr,rrbct
on students' part. ricnse of ecological 9KOJrOtUqeCKag
purpose HanpaBJreHHocrb
l,rrrnd n. TeHAeHqI4fi, yKJTOH
Vocabulary rrrriversal literacy liu:nr'v::sel'lrtensrl nceo6qaa rpaMoruocrb
vocational training upo{recctt ona.nrroe
ability n. cuoco6ttoctr
o6yvstta
attend u. [o'tend] roceqarb
attitude n. ['atrtju:d] orrorrrerrr{e, rro3vqrff
bachelor's degree ['batJalezdt'gri:] crenenr6axaaanpa f. Oruerrre B Terccre rrpeAJroficerrrrg, flBJrffrcrq[e-
be engaged [m'gerfid] 6rrtl aasstrrrvr cfl 9rcBrlBaJreHTaMrr pyccKrrx.
census z. ['senses] [epe[rrcr HaceJreur,I.fi
ctttzen n. ['srtzn] rpar<Aarrrr 1. C;re4yer orMerllTb, rrro B rrgrrzAec,frblx roAax
common human o6rqeveaoeeqecxue Eenapycr craJra crpaHoft Bceo6qefi rpaMoruo-
values qeHHocrrr
CTVI.
continuity z. [,kontt'njottd fipeeMcrBeuxocrb,
HerrpepbrBEocr6
2. PecuydJrlrra raparrrr4pyer cBoLtM rpalrcAaHaM
correspond u.
rrpaBo Ha cpeArree o6qee o6paEoBaHne n AaEr
[kon'spond] coorBercrBoBarr
education n. [e6o'kedn] o6pasonanze, npocBenleulle BOsMorr(HoCTLr AJrff AaJrbHefiuero. Ilpooecclao-
embrace u. [rm'brets] BKJrrcrrarb, 3arJrrorrarb HaJrbHoro o6paeonarrva.
. B ce6e, co4epncarr 3. Iocy4apcrBo [peAocrdsrser yqr,rreJrffM u y.ra-
guarantee u. [garon'ti:] rapaHrl{poBarb rrlr{Mcs cBo6oAy B Bbr6ope tbopvr rr MeroAoB o6y-
envisage u. [tn'vzt$] fipeAycMarpllBarb, tIEHUTfi
IIpeArroJraraTb
, HO PCSYJIbTATbI AOJI}ICHbI COOTBETCTBOBATb
gifted chiidren o4apdnnrre 4etr.r
rocyAapcTBerrHbrM cTaHAapTaM.
graduate u. l'gradjoert] ororrrrrr J re6roe saBeAeHI'Ie 4. flossznzcb HoBbre rvrrbr o6paaonarerbnbrx lru-
ensure u. [rn Jue] rapanrr,IpoBarr' pelr(AeHnft : rr{Mrraolrs, Jtu\eir., ErccrreprrMerrnaJrb-
higher education Blrclree o6paeonaarae IIAff IIIKOJIA, KOJIJICA)IC.

L92 / ]ar. 151 193

 rrpo[ycrcrr noAxoAsqrrMrr no ctubrc-
II. Sanorrnrlre
Jry cJroBaMrr.
1. results of the "',
d ... in the national
ducation; 144 PeoPle
among them were '.. from the ..
2. The re-public tries to ... the democratic chdracter
of education, paying much attention to ." "' "',
developing independent criticai thinking
instead of simple ... of information.
3. The republic is ... its system of education today
with the aim of creating an independent, "'
new national school, ... to international
standards and '.. each citizen the right to the
high-quality education according to his "'
it stimulates '.. of education, creates "' "' to
4. So,
society on students' Part.
III. 3arorrrrrrre rrpeAJroirceurrs' [crroJrbayfl rrpeAJra-
raeMbre BapfiaHTbr.
1. Scientific and intellectual potential.is
a) the national Pride of Belarus.
b) the main historical value of Belarus'
c) the main strategic resource of Belarus'
2. Nowadays the number of students attending
different educational establishments
a) has increased.
b) has not changed.
c) has lowered'
3. The republic gives teachers and students
freedom
a) in the choice of educational forms and
methods.
b) in the choice of textbooks.
c) in attending schools.
194
4. The reform envisages
a) 11 year secondary education.
b) compulsory 10 year education.
899 c) 12 year secondary education.
IV. Orserbre rra Borrpocbr.
1. What is the main strategic resource of Belarus?
2. What is the system of education in Belarus like?
3. Has the number of students changed in Belarus
nowadays?
4. What does the republic guarantee its citizens?
5. What is the aim of the educational reform in
Belarus today?
6. What does the reform envisage?
7. What are the main principles of education in
and
Belarus?
8. What new types of educational establishments
have appeared in Belarus lately?
9. What does the reform stimulate?
V. fipounrafire rerccr, paaAeJrrrre ero rra cMbrc-
JroBbre qacrrr, no46epnre EaaBarr[e x rcauc4ofi
,IT3 IIIIX.
VI. Ilpouuraftre rerccr rr pacrroJrormr{Te rryrrrcTbr
IIJIAIIA COTJIACHO JIOIIIICE IIOBECTBOBAIIIIfl .
1. Belarus is the country of universal literacy.
2. New types of educational establishments.
3. The educational reform.
4. The guarantee of the right to education.
5. Themain principles of theeducational system
in Belarus
VII. Ilcnonbays Qarcrrr r{B Terccra, paccrcalrcrrre o
1. The system of education in Belarus.
2. The educational reform of 1996-2010.
195
 "Efrosinya PolotskaYa In 1173 Efrosinya decided to make a pilgrimage
to Jerusalem. Some months later she got seriously
When d,iscussing outstanding people of ill and died. She was buried in Jerusalem. Twelve
years later the body was transported to Kiev and
Belarus, we can't but mention the name of
Efrosinya Polotskaya, a princess' a philosophical then returned to Polotsk to be reburied in Spass-
and spiritual leader in Polotsk principali in Efrosinya church which she had founded.
the 12t! century. Now Efrosinya Polotskaya is considered'to be
She was born in Polotsk i-nto the family of the protectress of Belarus. Paying tribute to her
Izyaslavovichy in 1100. She was the ' great serwice to the Motherland, the Belarusians
granddaughter of the famous Vseslav Charodey' restored the Cross of Efrosinya Polotskaya and
placed it in the Spass-Efrosinya church in 1998.
Sh" *u" a highly educated person of that period.
She had a good knowledge of g.eography, Greek,
It has become one of the sacred things in Belarus.
Latin, mythology and other sciences. She was well
aware of both Christian and pagan beliefs. At Vocabulary
the age of t2 she refused to marry and entered be aware of u. Ie'wee] cuatt, 6utr ocregbrvurerxrru
the Convent as the rest of the members of the bury u. ['ben] xopoHr,rTB
family were sent to the Byzantine Empire. First charitable o. ['fentebl] 6aarorropnre.nrRufi
she was a nun and later Mother Superior of the
consider u. CTIIITATb, trOJIATATb
Convent n. ['konvent] Morracrbrpb (xencrrfi)
Convent. enter u. BCTlmaTE, rrocTyrraTB
She did a lot of charitable work which included intestine strife Irn'testrn'strarfl rvrexgyyco6n4a
opening jeweller n. ['gu:ole] IOBEJIIIP

people, mention u. ImenJn] yIIOMI'IHaTb

Mother Sup'erior Isju'prano] MaTb-EacTofi TeJrEHIrrIa
founded nun n. MOIIAXI,IIIff
On her request in 1161 a famous jeweller Lasar outstanding c; [atrt'stand4] rrr4arorlrftca
Bogsha created a Cross to symbolize Christianity pagarla. ['pergon] sarr'{ecrnft
in Belarus and the unity of the nation. Efrosinya philosophical a. Qraloco(pcxuft
Pol.otskaSza raised her voice against intestine strife
pilgrimage n. ['pilgnmr$J rrarroMur.r-qecrBo
prrncess n. [pnn'ses] rtrrfi)r(Ha
which could destroy the-state. The Cross was protectress z. [pre'tektns] rronpoBrrreJrLur.rqa,
decorated with gold, silver and precious stones' + SaIIIITIII{{a
There were icons of saints, the founders of the' refuse u. [n'fiuz] orrasrraarr(cs)
Christianity, Efrosinya and her parents on it' It request n. [n'kwest] npocr6a
sacred a. ['se*nd] cestrIenurrfi
became a national sacred thing- Unfortunately, the spiritual a. ['sprntJuel] 4yxorrufi
Cross was taken out of the country during the the rest z. ocTaJrbEbre, Apyr[e
Great Patriotic War and disappeared.

196 t97
 I.Orvrerrre B Terccre rrpeAJroxcenrrsr sBJr'flrculfie- b) were killed.
cff grcBrrBaJrerrTaM[ pyccErrx. c) were not religious.
3. Unfortunately, the Cross was taken out of the
1. E{lpocr,Inza flo.noqxas poArrJracr s fIoroIIKe B country during
1100 roly B ceMbe I'Isscrasoeu\eir.
a) the Napoleon invasion.
2. Cttaqana ona 6rrna npocroft uonaxrnnefi, a SareM
b) the Great Patriotic war.
craJla HacroflTeJrrnuqefi Molracrbrp'fl .
c) the Civil war .
3. Ona ocHoBaJIa Cuaco-E(ppocplHbeBcxyro qdprcosr
s floroqxe.
4. Paying tribute to her great service to the
Motherland, the Belarusians
4. B lL73 ro4y E{rpocvIrulfi. perrr{Jla coBeplrrlaTb
a) have found the Cross of Efrosinya Polotskaya
rraJroMHrultrecrBo n trIepyca.nranrr.
and placed it in the Spass-Efrosinya church.
5. Kpecr EQpocunrau floloqxoilr cran o4Hofi us b) have restored the Cross and placed it in the
cBfiTbrHb Be.naPYcu.
Spass-Efrosinya church.
IL Banonurrre rrponycftr{ rroAxoAstrIrrMr{ rro cMbrc- c) have restored the Cross and placed it in the
Jry cJroBaMIr. museum.
1. When discussing ... people of Belarus, we can't IV. Orserbre Ea Borrpocbr.
but ... the name of Efrosinya Polotskaya' a "'' a 1. What was Efrosinya Polotskaya?
... and ... leader of the 12th century. 2. Was she a highly educated person of her time?
2. She was well ... of both ... and ... beliefs. 3. When did she become a nun?
3. On her ... a famous ... Lasar Bogsha created a ." 4. Did she do a lot of charitable work? What did
to symbolize Christianity in Belarus. she do?
4. She was ... in Jemsalem, trvelve years later the body 5. What kind of cross did Lasar Bogsha create?
was ... to Kiev and then .'. to Polotsk to be .'. in the 6. Why did the Belarusians restore the Cross of
Spass-Efrosinya church which she had founded' Efrosinya Polotskaya?
5. Now she is ... to be the ... of Belarus. 7. Where is she buried?
III. Sarconqure rrpeAJrotceurrs' rlcrroJrbays rrpeAJra- V. fipourrne rerccr, paaAeJrrrre ero Ha cMbrcJroBbre
raeMbre BaprraHTbr. rracrrr u uo46epnre EaBBaErle rc rancgoft rra Errx.
1. She had a good knowledge of VI. PacnoJrorcrrre rryrrrcTbr rrJrarra corJracuo Jrorft-
a) geography, English and medicine. ICE IIOBECTBOBAEIIff.
b) philosophy, Greek andother sciences.
c) geography, Greek, Latin, mythology and 1. Efrosinya's charitable work.
other sciences. 2. Philosophical and spiritual leader of the time.
2. Atthe age of 12 she refused to marry and entered 3. The symbol of Christianity in Belarus.
the Convent as the rest of the family 4. Pilgrimage to Jerusalem.
a) were sent to the Byzantine Empire. 5. The Protectress of Belarus.
198 199
 VII. Paccrcalrcnre o
Efrosinya Polotskaya is a philosophical and
spiritual leader of the 12th century Belarus.
M. Lomonosov
I-omonosov was a scientist, a poet, a gramniarian.
He is often considered the first great Russian
linguistic reformer. Lomonosov made substantial
contribution to the natural sciences, reorganized
the St. Petersburg Imperial Academy of Sciences,
established in Moscow the university that today
bears his name, and created the first coloured
glass mosaics in Russia.
Lomonosov was born on the 19th of November,
1711 near Kholmogory, Russia. He wasthe son of
a poor fisherman. At the age of 10 he took up that
work, too. When the few books he was able to
obtain could no longer satisfy his growing thirst
for knowledge, he left his native village, penniless
and on foot, for Moscow. He was 19. His ambition
was to educate himself to join the leirned men on
whom the tsar Peter I the Great was calling to
transform Russia into a modern nation.
His bitter struggle began as soon as he arrived
in Moscow. It was, not an easy task for a man of
humble origin to get education at that time. But
his'exceptional intelligence enabled him in five
years to assimilate the eight-year eourse of study
and in L736 Lomonosbv became a student at the
St. Petersburg Academy.
Sevdn months later he left for Germany to
study at the University of Marburg and later in
Freiberg. He studied Western philosophy and
200
science, the technologies of mining, metallurgy,
and glassmaking.
In l74L he returned to St. Petersburg. Here he
worked on <276 Notes on Corpuscular Philosophy
and Physics), where he set forth the dominant ideas
of his scientific work. In1745 he was appointed a
professor at the Academy. He translated scientific
works into Russian and wrote in Latin such
important works as <,Cause .of Heat and Cold>,
<Elastic Force of Air,> and <Theory of Electricity>.
He recorded more than 4,000 experiments, the
results of which enabled him to set up a coloured
glass works and to make mosaics with these glasses.
His <,Discourse on the Usefulness of Chemistry>,
<Letter to I.I. Shuvalov Concerning the Usefulness
of Glass>, <,Origin of Light and Colours> and the
<Ode> to Elizabeth celebrated his fruitful union
of abstract and applied science.
To these achievements were added the composition
of Rossiyskaya grammatika and <,Short Russian
Chronicle> and the <.universa-l law of nature>
-
that is, the law of conservation of matter and energ'y.
From t755 he did a lot for the development of
Moscow State University. Appointed a councillor by
the Academy in 1757, he undertook reforms to make
the university an intellectual centre closely linked
with the life of the country. He wrote several works
on vc::ages and navigation in the Northern Seas.
His prestige was considerable in Russia, and his
scientific works and his role in the Academy were
known abroad. He was a member of the Royal Swedish
Academy of Sciences and of that of Bologna.
The persecutions he suffered, particularly after
the empress Elizabeth's death in 1762 exhausted
201
 metallurgy z. [me'tel3:41] MeraJrJryprrs
Origin of Light and Colours Caoroorlnrc><o;qgemaaceera
penniless a. 6ea rpotra B RapMaHc
persecution z. [,ps:s'kjuifen] [pecJreAoBarr[e, roxeurre
reveal u. [rr'viJ] rroxaaarb, orrpbrBarb
scholar n. ['skole] yuExuft
Short Russian Chronicle Kparxlrft Poccurlcxr,rfi
JreTorIHceq
substantialcontribution[sob'stanJel 3natrr.rrerburrft er;rag
kontfl'bju:Jnl
Theory of Electricity
misunderstood by historians of science'
Teopua erexrprrrecrBa
thirst for knowledge [Os:st] ]KarKAa ssaurfi
undertake u. [,irnde'tetk] flpeArpnrriMarb
Vocabulary
276 saMeror no tPnslrre lr I. Oruerrre B Terccre rrpeAJroficeurrs, ffBJrglotr1rle-
276 Notes on
Corpuscular ropnycxyaaPnofi cg orcBrrBaJrerrraMrr pyccKrrx.
PhilosoPhY and PhYsics t!nnocotPr-rn
uecro.nro6ue, crPeMJrerrtae' 1. JloruonocoB BHiic cyqecrBeHHblft BKJTaA B eire-
ambition z. [em'btJn]
qenb crBeHHbre :f.ayrs"ur, peopraHr{3oBar caHHT-flerep-
appoint u. HASEAq'ITb 6yprcxyro ardaAeMrrlo HayK, ocHoBaJI Mocrosc-
assimilate u. [e'srmrlert] ycBalrBaTb lKurit yEilBepcr{Ter v cosAaJr rlepBylo qBerHylo
bitter struggle rrrecroKas 6oPr6a MOSar,rKy B POCC?ILI.
O nprvrnax ren.na qro6br rrpra-
Cause of Heat and CoId 2. Ero qeJrbro 6rrno caMoo6paaoBanLle,
I,I xoJrola
: qBeraas crerJrfiErra'f,
coeAr4HnTbcfi K o6paSoBaHHbIM JTIOASM, KOTOpbIx
coloured glass mosaics [mau'zdrrk] qapb I6rp I npuerrnaJr nepecrporrrb Poccrro B
MOSar{Ka
flo;uroe co6Parnae co'userufi coBpeMeHHoe rocyAapcTBo.
CompleteWorks
councillor z. ['kaunsrle] IIJTeII coBeTa' coBeTEIIK 3. Ho lrcnnroqr{TeJIbHbIfi r,rnrenneKT JIoMoIrocoBa
Discourse on the C.noso o troJrESe xwuutw rrosBoJrrirJr eMy 3a 5 rer ureyu,rrb 8-JlerHvfi Kypc,
Usefulness of Chemistry vr B 1736 rogy oH crarr cryAeuroM Canrcr-fle-
dominant a. ['domrnant] rocno4crsYrorqnfi, rep6yprcKofi axagewrrrl{ HaYK.
npeo6nagarouluft
4. On nponilr 6o.nee 4000 excnepuMiHroB, peByJIb-
Elastic Force of Air 06 ynpyrocrra BoBAYxa
TaTbr Koropbrx rrosBoJll,'Jru eIN,Iy coSAarb qBeTHoe
empress n. ['emPns] lrMIIeparpr{qa
cTeKJro r{ AeJIaTb r{3 Hero MoSauKy.
exceptional intelligence lrcKJrroqlrreJrbnrrfi ylil
trcTorrlaTbr trSrtypgTb b. ?Inrneparpv qa Exarepr{Ha BeJI}IKafl [oxopoHl{-
exhaust u. [rg'zcst]
n. rpaMMaTr.rcr Jra JIoMoHocoBa c BeJr[KrrM]r fioqecrfiMvr, Iro KoH-
grammarian [gre'meerron]
humble origin ['h,rmbl'c:rrftm] HUsKOe [polrcxorrcAeErte $ucxona.na Bce ero Banr4cll, B Koropblx 6bulra
I€tter to I.I. Shuvalov trrrcbMo 11.11. IIIYranoeY o oTparfieHbr ero BeJIIIK}Ie ryMaHl{crl4qecK?re
Concerning trOJIbSE CTEKJIA vr4evr.
the Usefulness of Glass
203
202
II. Sano.nsure uporrycrcrr rroAxoAsrqrlMrr rro cMbrc-
Jry cnoBaMrr.
1. When the few books he was able to "' could no
longer satisfy his growing ... for "', he Ieft his
native village, ... and on foot, for Moscow'
2. His ... struggle began as soon as he ed in
Moscow. It was not an easy ... for a of "'
origin to get education at that time'
3. Int745 hp was ... a professor at the ""
4. Appointed a ... by the Academy in 1757 he "'
,"fot-. to make the university an "' centre
closely linked with the life of the country'
5. The ... he suffered, particularly after the "t
Elizabeth's death in L762... him physically and
he died in 1765.
III. Orserbre Ea Borrpocbr.
1. What was M. Lomonosov?
2. What contribution did he make to the world
science?
3. When and where rvas he born?
4. He was a man of humble origin, wasn't he?
5. Why did he leave for Moscow at the age of 19?
6. Was it easy to get education for him?
7. Where did he studY?
8. What was he interested in?
9. What works.after M. Lomonosov do you know?
10. Was his prestige considerable in Russia and
abroad?
11. When were his <,Complete Works> published?
IV. Paccrcatcrlre o
M. Lomonosov is an outstanding Russian
scientist.
204
A. Pushkin
The year of 1998 was announced by UNESCO
the Year of Pushkin. In this way the mankind
paid tribute to the genius of the Russian literature
in commemoration of his 200th anniversary, which
was celebrated world wide in June 1999.
A. Pushkin was a Russian poet, novelist,
dramatist, and short-story writer. He is considered
his country's greatqst poet and the founder of
modern Russian literature. He is the author of
<Yevgeny Onegin>, <Little Tragedies', <,The Queen
of Spades>, <,Boris Godunov> drid wonderful
verses and fairy tales.
We have gro\Mn up with his learned cat, who
walked round and round the oak-tree, singing
songs as he circled right, and telling tales as he
circled left. We were fond of his exiled Prince,
who was turned into a bumble-bee so that he
could fly to his father's court and sting his
wicked aunt onrthe nose. Later we experienced
Onegin's boredom, Tatiana's unrequited love,
Godunov's uneasy conscience, Herman's tension
at the gaming table, Saliere's jealousy of Mozart,
and heard the dead steps of the Stone Guest and
the thundering hooves of the Bronze Horseman.
His life was no less exciting than his works.
He was born in Moscow on the 6th of June 1799.
His father came of an old boyar family. His mother
was a granddaughter of Abram Hannibal, who,
according to family tradition, was an Abyssinian
princeling bought as a slave at Constantinople
(Istanbul) and adopted by Peter the Great and
became his comrade in arms. Pushkin immortalized
205
him in an unfinished historical novel, Arap Petra
Vriif.ogo (The Negro of Peter the Great)' Like
many irisiocratie families in early 19th century
Rn.tiu, Pushkin's parents adopted French culture'
Alexand,er and his brother and sister learned to
talk and to read. in French. The children wer eft
much to the care of their maternal grandmother'
who told Alexander stories of his ancestors in
Russian. From his old nurse Arina Rodionovna
folktales'
Yakovleva, a freed serf, he heard Russian
during summers at his grandmother's estate near
Moscolw he talked to the peasants and spent hours
alone, Iiving in the dream world of an imaginative
.ftifa. Ue re-ad a lot and' gained stimulus from the
literary guests who came to the house'
fn iglf Pushkin entered the newly founded
Imperial Lyceum at Tsarskoye Selo and there began
hiJ literary career. Here he wrote a number of
verses following the style of the Romantic poets'
While at thJ Lyceum Pushkin also began his
first completed maior work, the romantic poem
Ruslan i iyudmila with an old Russian setting
and making use of Russian fol'klore' It brought
Pushkin fame, and Zhukovsky presented.his
portrait to the poet with the inscri ption <To. the
irictorious pupil from the defeated master>''
In 1817 F.ttttt itt accepted a post in the foreign
office at St. Petersburg. He joined the Green Lamp
association found.ed for discussion of literature
and history but in reality a branch of a secret
society, thl Union of Welfare' Iii his political
versesand epigrams he made himself the spokesman
for the ideas and aspirations of the participants
of the Decembrist rising of 1825' For these
206
political poems, Pushkin was banished from St.
Petersburg to a remote southern province.
He travelled in the Caucasus; the Crimea and
gained the impressions for his <southern cycle>
of rornantic narrative poems: <.Kavkazsky plennik,>
(The Prisoner of the Caucasus), <,Bratya razboyniki,>
(The Robber Brothers), and <Bakhchisaraysky
fontan> (The Fountain of Bakhchisaray).
In 1823 he startedwork on his central masterpiece,
the novel in verse <,Yevgeny Onegin> (1833).
From L82O to L824 he stayed in Kishinyov
and Odessa. He led the life of a society, fought
several duels, and was discharged and exiled to
Mikhaylovskoye, near Pskov.
Although the two years at Mikhaylovskoye were
unhappy for Pushkin, they were one of his most
productive periods. Alone and isolated, he wrote
<Tsyganyo (The Glrysies), <Yevgeny Onegin>, the
poem <Graf Nulin> (Count Nulin), the historical
tragedy <,Boris Godunov>.
Another extrernely productive peri.od is
with Boldino, a family's estate near
connected
Nizhny Novg6rod. There he wrote the so-called
<,Little Tragedies> <Skupoy rytsarr (The
Knight), -
<Motsart i Salyeri> (Mozart
Covetous
and Salieri), aKamenny gost> (The Stone Guest),
and <Pir vo vremya chumy> (Feast in Time of the
Plague) and the famous short story <Pikovaya
Dama> (The Queen of Spades).
Eventually, he was allowed to return to St.
Petersburg. Soon marriage to one of the leading
beauties of the societybrought its problems. Pushkin
was mortally wounded defending his wife's honour
in a duel. And died on February 10, 1837.
ontT
a\t .
 Pushkin's use of the Russian language is commemorate u. Ika'memerert] IIPA3AHOBAHI,IE I'IJII4

astonishing in its simplicity and profundity' His o3rraMerroBanr4 e (raxono-ro

novel in verse <Yevgeny Onegin> was the first

co6rrrz,s IrJrv roAoBIqr4 116r
vero-ro)
Russian work depicting contemporary society and conscience n. ['konJens] COBECTL

pointing the way to the Russian realistic novel of consclousness ft. ['konJesms] coSHar{r{e

the mid-L9th century. Pushkin's importance as a cornerstone n.

discharge u.
RpaeyroJl6Hblrir xamenr

great national poet was recognized even during dread a. Idred]

yBon6rrETb B oTcTaBKy
yxacnrrfi, crpaunrrrft
hi. Lif"ti-e. Pushkin was the creator of the Russian emphasis n. ['emfosrs] aI(qeHT, rro,qqepKItBaIIrre,
literary language and stood as the cornerstone of yAapeIIue
Russian literature, (the beginning of beginnir$S> ' estate n.
'zs:t]
I,IMEHI{E
exert
Pushkin has thus become an inseparable part of the u. Irg BJIII.ET6
exile z. ['eksarl] I{STIIAIII,IE, CCbIJIKA
literary world of the Russian people. He also exerted fame n. cJraBa, I,ISBeCTrrOCT6
a profound influence on other aspects of Russian freed serf xpenocraofi , noayvzrurrafi
culture, most notablY in oPera. cno6o4y
Pushkin's work has struck an echo all over the garn u.
hoof (hooves) z.
rronJnrarr, npro6perarr

world with its nobility of conception, its emphasis Ihu:fl KOtrbITA

imaginative a. o4apiinnrrft 6oratrru
on civic responsibility, its tife-affirming vigour, and aoo6pan<enzerr
its confidence in the triumph of reason over prejudice, inscription z. HaArrt cB, KpaTKoe
of human charity over slavery and oppression' IrocBgrrleHI{e

His works are translated into all the major inseparable a.

jealousy n.
reorge.nraurrfi
peBrlocT6, 3aBLICT6
languages. They are transcending national
['Selosr]
Iife-affirming ,r(r,rsHeyTBeprrtAarorqr,rfi
bariiers expressing most completely Russian maternal o. uarepr,rncxr,rfi
national consciousness. narrative a. B rrpo3e
oppressron n. Ie'preJen] yIHeTeIIlIe, [pI,rTeCHeIrI{e
prejudice z. ['preQudr] rrpeApaccyAoR
Vocabulary princeling z. KIIfiSCK
profundity n. Ipra'fmdrtr] rny6zna
adopt u. ycbrEoBrlTE, rrpnrrffTb rra remote o. Aa.uirz*
BOCTIIITAEI{E simplicity n. rrpocToTa
ancestor z. trpeAoK slave n. pa6
anniversary z. Ienr'vs:sen] roAoBlrlrasa, ro6rureft slavery n. pa6cmo
announce u. Ia'nauns] o6rannarr, [poBoornarrrarb stimulus z. CTI'MYJI
banish u. r,rSroHgTb, BbIcbrJIaTb sting u.
cKyKa tension n. 'KAJIIITb
boredom n. ['bc:dem] ['tenJn] rratrp.E)KeHre
boyar a. 6orpcxnft transcend u. Itren'send] flepecTytraTb [peAeJrbr
charity n. ['Santt] MrrnocepArre tribute n. Ilnbjut] AAIIb
civic a. ['srvrk] rpax4ancrraft uneasy o, 6ecnoxoft nufi , rperoxcnrrfi

208 209
 table, Salieri's ... of Mozart, and heard the ...steps
unrequited love ['mrr'kwartrd] nepas4eldnras.nro6oar
verse n. [vs:s] CTI'IX, CTIIXIi of the Stone Guest and the thundering ... of the
vlgour n. ['vrge] cIIna, aIIeprr{ff Bronze llorseman.
3. His mother was a gr:anddaughter of Abram llarxribal,
I. Orrvrerme B Terccrie rrpeAJrolrcenrrg' sBJrffroryreefl who according to family ..., wEls an Abyssinian ...
aKBrrBaJreETaMrr pyccKrrx. bought as a ... at Constantinople and ... by Peter the
1. Tarc rreJroBeqecrno or4aiir AoJIJrcHoe reHr{Io pyc- Great and became his ... in arms.
cxofi nuteparypbr B oBHaMeHoBaIrr4e ero 200-ner- 4. The children were left much to the care of their
... grandmother who told Alexander stories of
nero ro6raneg.
2. Mrr pocJIlI c ero KoroM lnr6nrrwr, Koropbrft <(Bcii his ... in Russian.
xoAr{T IIO qeurl KpyroM; lrAeT rraJreBo rrecHb 5. He read a lot and .;. ... from the literary guests
saBOArrT, Ha[paBocrcasKy roBop]rr>.
- who came to the house.
-
3. Or csoeft crapeHbrofi nsnr Apvnrr Pograonor- 6. For these political poems Pushkin was ... from
urr,fxosreaofi , KperrocrHoft, nolytrzsrrreft cso- St. Petersburg to a ... southern province.
6oAy, oH cJlblrrraJr pyccxr'Ie HapoAnbre cKaBHrr.
7. They ar-e ... national barriers expressing most
4. Ero rpl,IHecJro flyruHuny cJraBy' z )Kyxoncnzft completely Russian national ... .
rroAaprrJl ervry cnofi floprper c HaArrr'rcbro: <'flo6e-
Ar4 TeJrro - ]rueun Ky or no6excAiinnoro
yqlrrera ) . III. Ornerbre.Ea Borrpocrr.
5. B no.nzuulrrecKux crllxzlx 14 errr.IrpaMMax orr Bbr-
pilKaJr vr!3v v ycTpeMJIeHkTs JFIaCTHI4KOB BOC-
1. What was the year 1998 noted for?
, What is A. Pushkin?
craHlr.s 4era6Pucros s 1825 roAY'
3. Have you read his works?
6. Os sair ceercKyro xtrISHb' ] racrBoBaJr B HecroJrb-
'Kr4x AyeJlffx, 6rrn pasxcanbeaH lI BbrcJran n Mra- 4. When and where was he born?
5. Who was his famous ancestor?
xaftnoncxoe HeAaJIeKo ot flcxoea.
7. Tnopvectno flyutczua BbraBturo orKJrlIK so eciivr
6. Who took care of little Alexander Pushkin?
7. What influenced the talent of the child?
vrrpe 6naropoAcrBoM SaMbrcJIoB' TeM' rrro orr rIoA-
8. Where did Pushkin study?
uiipruran BarrcHocrb rpilrdAalrcKoft otsercrneH-
9. What was his first completed major work?
Hocrrr, csoeft tmlroueyrBeplrcAaloqeft eueprueft ,
10. How did Zhukovsky estimate Puslkin's work?
yBepeHnocrbro B rpzyu(pe pasyMa HaA rrpeApac-
11. Whose ideas did Pushkin express?
cyAKaMu, rreJroBerlecnoro MllJrocepArrff nag pa6-
L2. What works did he write during his exile to the
CTBOM I4 yrHeTeHveM.
remote southern province?
n. Sancosqnre upeAnolrceurrs' ncrronbays flpegno- 13. What did he do in Mikhaylovskoye?
?rceEEbre BaplraETbr. 14. This period was the most productive, wasn't it?
1. The year 1998 was ... by UNESCO the Year of '..'
15. What works did he write there?
2. Later we experienced Onegin's .,., Tatiana's ... 16. What was Pushkin's contribution to Russian
love, Godunov's ... ..., Herman's ... at the gaming literature?

2ro 2rl
 17. Are Pushkin's works famous in the world?
18. His works express Russian national consciousnegs,
' don't they?
IV. Paccrcasrcrrre o
A. Pushkin's life and creative work. /
Leonardo da Vinci
Leonarilo da Vinci is an outstanding artist, the
man of genius of Renaissance and Humanism.
The unique fame that the Florentine artist and
scientist Leonardo da Vinci enjoyed in his lifetirn-e
has rernained undimmed to the piesgnt day. It is
based on the equally unique universality of his
spirit. He was a painter, sculptor, architect and
engineer. An unlimited desirq for knowledge
guided his thinking and behaviour. He found
that his eyes were his main avenue to knowledge.
<,Knowing how to see,> became the
great. theme of his st works and
nature's creations. IIib his unusUal
powers of observation, and his mastery of the art
of drawing led him to the study of nature'itself.
Leonardo was born in 1452 on his father's
family estate in Vinci. His father was a Florentine
notary and'Iandlord. His mother was a young
peasant woman. Leonardo grelw up in his father's
house, where he was treated as a legitirnate son
and received the usual elementary education of
that day: reading, writing, and arithmetic,
Leonardo's artistic inclinations must have
appeared early. When he was about 15, his father
toot nim to a renowned workshop of Andrea del
2L2
Verrocchio. Leonardo received a md.ny-sided
training that .included not only painting and
sculpture but the technical-mechanical arts as well.
In 1472 Leonardo was accepted in the painters'
guild of Florence and worked independently until
1481.
In 1482 he moved to Milan where he spent 17
years serving the Duke until Ludovico's fall from
power in 1499. I{ighly esteemed, Leonardo was
constantly kept busy as a painter anci sculptor and
as a designer of court festivals; telchnical adviser
and engineer. There Leonardo's genius unfolded
to the full. He created <Lady with an Ermine> (the
portrait of Cecilia Gallerani), an altar painting of
<The Virgin of the Rocks>>, B lrorumental wall
painting of the <.Last Supper>. He wrote treatises
on painting, architecture, abook onthe elements of
mechanics., awork on human anatomy, geographical,
botanical, hydrological and aerological researches.
From 1500 tiil 1502 Leonardo travelled from
one city to another until he entered the service of
the notorious son of Pope Alexander VI,:Cesare
Borgia as <senior military architect and gener.al
engineer>. Onty his <appetite to life> can explain
Leortardo's decision. For ten months he travelled
across the territories and sketched some of the
city plans and topographical maps-.that laid the
groundwork for modern cartography. In 1503
he returned to Florence and for three yea-rs worked
on <Battle of Anghiari> but it remained unfinished.
These same years he painted the portrait of <Mona
Lisa> and a painting of a standing <Leda,>, which
*as not completed and has survived only in
copies.
213
 In 1506 the governor of Milan invited Leonardo guild n. lsrldl tlanbAvfi
da Vinci and the latter accepted the invitation. hence adu. flrens] rarzm o6pasonr
In Milan he did very little as a painter but his lay the ground work
legitimate a.
trOJIOJK'ITb IIAqAJIO
[r'Srtrmrt] saxoHrrrrft
scientific activity flourished. notary z. ['natrten] IlOTapUyC
In 1513 Leonardo went to Rome hoping to find notorious a, Inou'tc:nas] npecaonyrr,rfi
employment there. He remained in the Eternal City observation n. [, obzs:'verJn] na6.nro4are:rrnocrr
for three years. While Donato Bramante'was peasant n.
renowned a.
['pezent], KpecTbfiIIr,rH

building St. Peter's, Raphael was painting the sketch u.

In'naund] norectnrrfi , npoc.na-alennrrfi
AeJrar6 na6pocrr.l
last room.s of the Pope's new apartments, treatise n. I'ti:ttz) Tparcrar, rrayrnrrrt rpy4
Michelangelo was struggling to complete the tomb undimmed a. [,rn'drmd] nerycrnerorqNft
of Pope Julius, and many younger artists were active unfold u. pacrprnarr(ca)
there, the ageing master worked in his studio on
mathematical studies and technical experiments. Oruerrre B Terccre rrpeAnoilceurrfl, gBJrflrctrIfie-
In a life of such loneliness, it is easy to cff oIcBIrBaJIeETaMr[ pyccKrrx.
understand why Leonardo, despite his 65 years, 1. HeyxporuMaff crpacrb K BHaHlrffM pyxoBoAlrJra
decided to accept the invitation of the young elo MbIcJrfiMI{ r{ IIOBeAeIIITeM.
king Francis I to enter his service in France. 2. Jleonap4o poc B AoMe orrla, rAe BocrrlrrbrBaJrcff
Leonardo spent the last three years of his life in KEuc BatcoHurrfi ctrn 14 rroJrJrqr{Jr o6sr.rHoe Haquulb-

the small residence near the King's summer palace. noe o6paaoBaulle roro BpeMeHv: ttayrraJlcff rrr4r-
The King treated him in every respect as an TaTb, IIIitCaTb lt CtII(TaTb.
3. Jleonap4o 6sr.n uocrosnuo B€trrfiT Kax xyAolnur{K,
honoured guest. Leonardo spent most of his time
crcyJrbrrrop, oQopuurelr,EoprIoBbD( [paBAHr{KoB,
arranging and editing his scientific studies. TEXHI.IIIECKIIfi COSET'{IIK II IIH)KEIIEP.
He died on May 2, 15t9. During the French 4. C 1500 no 1502 ro4 JleonapAo rrepeea)rdaJr rro oA-
Revolution the church where he had been buried Horo ropoAa s gpyrofi, rrora He rrocryrrlrJr Ha
was devastated. Hence, his grave can no longer cnyx6y K rrpecJroByroMy cbrHy flaurr A-nexcan-
be located. But his ma-sterpieces live and we can ApaVI, I{eaaplo Bop4ncna B Kar{ecrBe <(crapuero
admire their perfect beauty. BOeHHOTO apXr4TeKTOpa 1r rnaBHoro uHlrceHepa>.
5. B Mrn;raHe oE orlenb MaJro BaurirMzucfi x(r{Borrfi-
cblo, SaTO eIO Ha] IHa-'I Ae.ErenbHocTb llpoqBeTuura.
Vocabulary 6 florta,{ouaro Epauanre crpotrJr co6op Cn.aroro
creation n. [kri:'edn] rBoperv e flerpa, Pa@aanr pac[?rcbrBa;r fiocJreAurorc KoM-
devastate u. ['devestert] o[ycrorrrar6, pasopfir6 Hary HoBbrx flaucxr,rx anapraMeHroB, Mnxelan-
esteemed a. [rs'ti:md.] ynaxaewrrrft AJrceJro' rrbrraJrc.E Baronqrrrb na4rpo6ne flanrr
flourish u. ['flar{J rpoqBerarb, rpeycrreBarb IOnus rir Mrrorue MoJroAbre xyAolr(Hr{Kz pa6ora-
guide u. [gard] pyxoBoAr{rb
Jrur rau, fipecrapeJrrrft rvracrep pa6ora-n s csoefi

2t4 215
 Macrepcxoft na4 MareMarwlecKI{MIII rrccJIeAoBa-
]JUr. fi:NtrUI I4 T e X H I4 q eCK I{ M }1
II. Sano.rurrrb rrporrycrcH rroAxoAsrqrrMrr rro cMbrc-
Jry cJroBaMr{.
1. The unique that the Florentine artist and ...
...
Leonardo da Vinci enjoyed in his lifetime has
remained ... to the present daY.
2. Leonardo's artistic ... must have appeared early,
because when he was about 15 his father took
him to a ... workshop of Andrea del Verrocchio.
3. For 10 months he travelled across the territories
and ... some of the city plans and ..' maps that ...
the groundwork for modern ..'.
4. These same years he painted the ... of <'Mona
Lisa,> and a ... of a standing <.Leda>, which was
not completed and has survived only in ... '
5. During the French Revolution the ... where
Leonardo da Vinci had been buried was ... .
IIl. Otserbre rra Borrpocbr.
1. What is Leonardo da Vinci?
2. Is he famous nowadays? WhY?
3. What guided his thinking and behaviour?
4. Wirat was his main avenue to knowledge?
5. When and where was he born?
6. What were his parents?
7. Why did his father take him to a workshop?
8. What did he learn there?
9. When was he accepted in the painter's guild?
10. Where did he spend 17 Years?
11. What did he do there?
12. What did he do at Cesare Borgia's court?
13. When did he paint the portrait of <'Mona Lisa>?
14. What did Leonardo da Vinci do in Rome?
15. Why did he accept the invitation to enter the
service in France?
2t6
16. What did he do there?
0K C rI e p I',I M e H T aM fi ' 17. When did he die?
18. Where was he buried?
19. Why do people remember his name?
20. What is Leonardo da Vinci's contribution to
the development of civilization?
IV. Paccrcarftr{Te o
Leonardo da Vinci's life and creative work.
Nature Protection
Computers project that between now and the
year of 2030 we are going to have an increase of
the average temperature between 1,5-4,5
degrees C. Sea levels would rise by several metres,
flooding coastal areas and ruining vast tracts
of farmland. Huge areas would be infertile and
become uninhabitable. Water contamination
could lead to shortages of safe drinking water.
It locks like the end of civilization on the Earth.
For hundreds of thousands of years the hurrran
race has thriven in Earth's environment. But now,
at the end of the 20th century, we are at a crucial
turning point. We have upset nature's sensitive
equilibrium releasing harmful substances into the
air, polluting rivers and oceals with industrial waste
and tearing up the countryside to accommodate
our rubbish. These are the consequences of the
development of civilization. We are to stop it by
joint efforts of all the people of the world.
The range of environmental problems is wide.
But the matters of people's great concern
nowadays are atmosphere and climate changes,
2L7

depletion of the ozone layer, freshwater resources'
o"Lurr. and coastal areas, deforestation and
d,eserti-fication, biological diversity, biotechnology,
health and'chemical safety, United Nations
Environment Programme (UNEP) concentrates
its activities on these issues. .
Acid Rains
One of the most alarming forms of air pollution
is acid. rain. It results from the release into the
atmosphere of sulphur and nitrogen oxides that
react with water droplets and return to earth in
the form of acid rain,'mist or snow. Acid rain is
killing forests in Canada, the USA, and central
and'northern Europe. (Nearly every species' of
tree is and
streams ants
or insec roln
this type of pollution).
:l;::1:;.i::-i;-.,i':l]::j'j]:i..::.i,i''.;.i-i:i
Depletion of the Ozong Layer
The protective layer of the Earth, the ozole layer,
cleaning chernicals, food packaging. In the ozone
Iayer they attack the ozotre molecules making a
<.hole*. This <hole> allows more UV rays to
penetrate to the'Earth. It increases the risk of
2L8
skin cancer, weakens the immune system of people.
Besides, UV rays influence the oceans, the growth
of plankton,. an essential part of the marine-llle
food chain in the negative way,,reduce economically
important crops (r!ce, cotton, soy beans). The life
cycle is going to be underminedrby.the ozone..
Destruction of the Tropical Forest
It's generally agreed that the destruction of
determine temperature, rainfall and other climatic
conditions and supports the most diverse ecosystem
in the world. Deforestation could cause one forth
of all speeies .on earth to vanish in the next, 25
years. These forests in Amazonia, South-East Asia
and West and Central Africa are being destroyed
at an alarming rate of 42 million acres per year.
Measures to Be:Taken
l
We have'only a few years to attempt to turn
things around. We must review our wasteful,
careless ways, we must consume less, recycle more,
conserve wildlife and nature, act according to the
trapping harmful substances, protect and increase
ztg
 plankton z. trJIAIIKTOII
the greenery and broaden ecological education. pollute u.
['plajkton]
3arpfi3rrtrTb
Ipe'lut]
These are the main practical measures' which must react u, lri:'aktl Bctyrrarb B peaKqnrc
be taken in order to improve the ecological situation. recycle u. In'sarkl] uepepa6arrraarr
Some progress has been already madein this release u. Irr'li:s] arr6pacuaarl, ocso6oxAarr
direction. 159 countries-members of the UNO sensitive equilibrium [,i:kwr'hbnem] xpytrKoe paBEoBecrie
an4 (au4rr)
specres n.
have set up environmental protection agencies' substance z.
['spi.Jrz]
BetrIecTBO
['*rbstensl
They hold conferences discussing ecological sulphur oxide ['sdfe'oksard] otrlcb cepbr
problems, set up environmental research centres thrive (throve, thriven)u. [Oratv] rrpoqBeTaTB
and take practical urgent measures to avoid tract n. rtacroK, trpocrpa.EcrBo
(seru.rn)
ecological catastrophe. There are numerous public yarrpaQno.neroBbre nlrtlrt
ultraviolet GfV) rays [',rltre'vatelrtl
organisations such as Greenpeace that are doing undermine u. IIOAPbIBATE
much to preserve environment. vanish u. I,ICqESATL
The 5th of June is proclaimed the World
Environmental Day by the UNO and is celebrated I. Onuerrre rrpeAno?rceErrg, sBnarorqrrecs gtgBrr-
every year. BaJreETaMrr pycclclrx.
1. Cornu rbrcsq Jrer tleJroBeqecrBo trporlBeraJro B
Vocabulary orcpyrKaroulefi ero cpeAe.
Kr{cJroTa
2. Onna r{s caMbrx rpeBorrcnhrx OopM sarpsarreuus
acid n. ['zestd]
arP : 0'405 IeI(raPa BOSAyXa 9TO Kr{CJrOTItbre AorrcArr.
3. Sarqrrrnm-
acre n. ['erka]
alarming o. rperorxxrrft , nYrarorqrft crrofi 3eMnn, osouoBbni, Batrynqaroupui
average&. ['eevenfr] cpe4nr,rft Seunro or paspymrrreJrl;r{brx yJrbrpaQuoJreroBbrx
chlorofluorocarbons Iklc:ra'fluare'ko:benz] x.lop@rrpyraepopr Jrytreft , pailpymagltca xJropoTopyurelDAaMr{.
(cFC)
,onSequence n. ['konsrkwons] nocJreAcrBr'r,fi II. Bcranrre uporr5rrqenEbre cJroBa.
contamination n. [kin'tamrnetJn] sarpasneEr{e' sap&fierlre
crucial a. t'krufe| rpuruuecxzfi, perrarol4lrfi 1. But now in the last decade of the 20th century
crucial turning point uePenounrrft MoMerrr' . we are at a...
Kpr,rrrrrlecKoe rro Jrox(eIIrre 2. It results from the release into the atmosphere
depletion z. ldr'pli:Jnl I'ICTOIIIEHI4E of ... and ... ... that ... with water droplets and
diversity n. Idar'vs:srtr] pasnoo6paar.re
return to earth in the form of acid rain, ... or
flood u. lfi^dl 3ATOIIJI,'T6
snow.
foam insulation ['feum rnsjri'ler,ln] IIeIIrrafi r,r3oJrgqu,fl
impact z. ['rmpakt] B nvr fllal,re, eoaAeft ctsue
3. The life cycle is going to be ... by the ozone.
mist n. rr3Mopocb, TyMarr 4. The tropical rain forest is a natural and ...
molecule z. ['mohkjuJ] MOJIEKYJIA for our planet.
nitrogen n. ['nartn$en] a30T 5. Sea levels would rise by several metres, ... coastal
ozone layer ['orrzeun'lere] ogonoBrrft c.noft areas and ruining vast ... of farmland.

220 221
 6. We must review our ...' ... ways, we must fV. Orrerbre Ea Boupocbr.
consume Iess, recycle more, ... wildlife and l. What are the matters of people's great concern
nature, act to the ... <think locally, think nowadays?
globally, act locally>.
2. What damage do acid rains bring?
3, Why are he ozone <holes> dangerous for the life
III. Sarcousrrre npeAnorceErls' ficrroJrbays nleAJro- on the Earth?
trceEEbre Bap[arrrbr. 4. Why is tropical rain forest a natural recycler,
provider and protector for our planet?
1. Environmental changes are the consequences of
the
5. What could lead to shortages of safe drinking
water?
a) development of sport.
b) development of civilization 6. What are the main practical measures which
must be taken in order to improve the ecological
c) protection of the environment'
2. Acid rains are killing situation?
a) forests in Canada, the USA, central and V. Paege.nnre rerccr Ea cMbrcJroBbre tracrr{ rl no4-
northern Europe. 6epure K EuM EaBBanrl.fi.
b) towns in Africa.
c) animals all over the world. VI. PacnoJrolcrrre rryunTbr rrJrana corJracno Jrorfi-
3. In the ozone layer CFCs attack KE IIOBECTBOBAEIIg.
a) spaceships and satellites,making holes.
b) birds, killing them. 1. Acid rains.
c) the ozone molecules, making a <hole>. , The ozone <,hole,>.
4. Tropical rain fbrests recycle carbon, nitrogen, 3. People upset nature's equilibrium.: ;

oxygen and help determine 4. The increase of the average temperature.

a) temperature, rainfall and other climatic 5. The main practical measures to improve the
conditions ecological situation.
b) level of the worl& ocean. 6. The tropical forest. ,

c) the development of -"cience. VII. Ilcnonbays Qarcrrr nB Terccra, paccrcatclrre

5. Huge areas would be
a) conserved and recycled. 1. How the human race has ,rps"i the nature's
b) infertile and become uninhabitable. equilibrium.
c) destroyedbyUVrays. 2. The impact of acid rains and ozone <,holosr ott
6. Practical measures must be taken to the life on the Earth.
a) flood coastal areas and vast tracts of 3. What we can do to improve the ecologloal
. farmland. situation.
b) improve the ecological situation.
c) protect animals.
222 223
 Scientific 4ankind a man overcame the gravity and
7ntered the Universe. And now we live in the
and Technological Progress information era when the computer network
pmbraces the globe and connects not only the
It's difficult to overestimate the role of scien
and technology in our life. They accelerate t 4ountries and space stations but a lot of people
development of civilization and help us in our 4.ll over the world. All these things prove the
,ower and the greatest progressive role of science
co-operation with nature. Scientists investigate
the laws of the universe, discover the secrets of
in our life.
But every medal has its reverse. And the rapid
nature, and apply their knowledge in practice gcientific progress has aroused a number of
improving the life of people. oroblems that are a matter of our great concern.
Let's compare our life nowadays with the life hh"." are ecological problems, the safety of nuclear
of people at the beginning of the 20th century. ,ower stations, the nuclear war threat, and the
It has changed beyond recognition. Our iesponsibility of a scientist.
ancestors hadn't the slightest idea of the trivial But still we are grateful to the outstanding
things created by the scientific progress that 4ren of the past and the present who have courage
we use in our every day life. I mean refrigerators,
2nd patience to disclose the secrets of the Universe.
TV sets, computers, microwave ovens, radio
telephones, what not. They would seem miracle Vocabulary
to them that made our life easy, comfortable and,
pleasant. On the other hand, the great inventions 0 Ilratter of great concern Borrpoc, nrrcrrnarorquft
oaa6o.regnocrr
of the beginning of the 20th centurV, I mean Occelerate v, Iek'selarert] ycfiopfirb
radio, aeroplanes, cG\mbustion and jet engines *PPIY u. [a'plar] fipr,rMerrfi Tb, ynorpe6;rnrr
have become usual things and we can't imagine Aroldse v, Ia'rauz] B6ISbIBATb

our life without them. yreyond recognition AO rreysEaBaeMocrrr

A century is a long period for scientific dombustion engine [kem'b,rstJn'enSrn] 4nurare.nr BrryrpeEneto
cropaHlls
and technological progress, as it's rather rapid. donquest n. ['kogkwest] troKopeIItre
Millions of investigations, the endless nurnber 6oura$e n. ['hn6] CMEJIOCTE

of outstanding discoveries have been made. ;lisclose u, Idrs'kleuz]. o6napyxnaarr, pacrpbrBarb

Our century has had several names that were OrIrbrace v, Irm'brers] OXBATbIBATb
6ecxone.rHrrft
connected with a certain era in science and Tndless a,
n. ['gravrtt] ctrta TgrfiecT!r,
technology. At first it was called the atomic 7ravity
fipl.frff]KeHrre, rpasllTallaff
age due to the discovery of the splitting of the illvestigate u. Iin'vestrgort] !rccJreAoBaTE

atom. Then it became the age of the conquest of I

et en8ine pearcrnnnrrft ABrlrareJrb
.IYAO
space when for the first time in the history of ,li.racIe n, ['mrrakll

224 g 3ax.151 225

Our ancestors V naruvx [peAKoB ne 6rr.no 5. Now we live in the .'. ... when the computer
hadn't the slightest lrr,r wra-neft ruero trpeAcral- network ... the globe and ... not only the countries
idea of ... Jrerlrg o... and space stations, but a lot of ... all over the world.
u.
overestimate
patience n.
[ewe'restlmelt]
['petJens]
IIepeoqeHr,rBaTB
TepIIerlr{e
6. Rapid scientific progress has ..' a number of
rapid c. 6srcrprrfi, croprrfi
problems that are a matter of our great -.. .
responsibility n' [ns,pnnse'brlrtr] OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb
reverse n. [rr'va:s] o6opornaa
III. Onupaffcb Ea co4eplrcaErre upolrrrrarruoro rerc-
splitting n "ropo*u'
pacqeIIneIlrire cTa, SaItOEtIIrTe rrpeAnoficellrrsr l[cnoJrbSyg
threal n. [Oret] yrposa rrpeAnaraeMBre Baprrarrrbr.
trivial o. ['tnudl] o6rr4enxrrft
unlverse n. ['ju:nrvs:s] BceneHHas, Mup 1. Scientists investigate the laws of the lJniverse,
discover the secrets of nature and then
I. OrUerrre B TerccTe rrpeAnoxeErr.s, .ffBJrsrorqfie_ a) write thick books improving the life of
people.
cs aICBIIBaJIeETaMII pyccl{,Ilx.
b) invent different machines improving the
1. Tpy4uo repeoqell[Tb poJrB.HayK]r rr TexrrtrKlr B ' Iife of peoPle.
]lirafreir lKr{3HII.
c) apply their knowledge in practice improving
2. Har:su npeAnlr He v MeJrra Hr;1 MaJrefturero [peA- the life of PeoPIe.
cT€lBJrerrr{fl o6 o6sr4eHnLIX BeUIax, cOBAarrHbD( [po_
2. Olx life nowadays, as compared with the life of
IpeCCOM HayKlI, KOTOpbIMI{ MbI rIOJrbByeMCg Ha}r(-
people at the beginning of the 20th century,
AbIfi AeHb. a) has not changed at aII'
3. Bunu [poBeAeHbr MriJrJrrroHbr r{ccJreAoBa:F{vrir
!4 b) has changed beyond recognition.
cAeJIaHO 6eCrOne.rnoe rrI4CJro BbrAaroqr{xcfi oT_
c) has become more pleasant and comfortable'
I{pbrTr4ft.
3. Our century has had several names that were
4. Ho y Jrro6oft MeAaJrr{ ectr o6oporga,fi cropo'a. connected w-ibir
b. V,scd rr(e Mbr 6naro4apnbr BeJrr4Kr{M 5nriinrru upo_ a) a certain era in science and technology'
rxJIOtO lr HaCTO.flIIIerO, y KOTOpbD( eCTb MylI(eCTBO t4 b) a certain era in art and music'
TeprreHr{e pacr(pbrBaTb cercpeTbr Bce.nennofi .
c) the develoPment of the societY.
II. Sauonsrrre rrporrycrcu rroAxoAsqrrMu uo cMbrc-
Jry cnoBaMI[.
IV. Ornerbre Ea Borrpocbr.
1. Sci6nce and technologV ... the development of 1. What is the role of science and technology in
civilization and help us in our ... with nature. our life?
2. Trivial things created by the scientific progress 2. What things, which we use i'n our daily life, would
would seem ... to our ancestors. seem miracles to our ancestors?
B.' smadeourU_feeasy, ... ilnd... . . 3. How have great inventions changed our life?
4. period for ... and ... progress, 4. What is our centurY called? WhY?
5. Why was it called the atomic age?
226 227.
 6. What problems has the rapid scientific progress
aroused? : reactor a huge amount of radioactive substances
7. We are grateful to the great scientists and
inventors, aren't we?
V. Paa4e.nure rerccr rra cMbrcJroBbre qacrrr, {rog6e'
prrre EaBBaErrs rc rcaacgoft rra Errx. r
VI. PacnoJrorrcrrre rryHrcrbr rrJralra corJracuo Jrorr-
ICE IIOBECTBOBAEIIS.
make our life eagy, comfortable and
1. Things that
pleasant.
2. Every medal has its reverse.
3. The role of science and technology in our life.
4. The reason why the 20th century has had several
different names.
VII. llcno.rrayn Qarcrrr rra Terccra paccralrcrrre o Thousands of hectares.of forests are contaminated
1. Trivial things that make our life comfortable,
but would seem miracles tq our ancestors.
2. Why the 20th century was called the atomic age,
the age of the conquest of space and the
information era.
3.. The problems caused by the rapid scientific
progress.
Chernobyl Catastrophe
On the 26th of April 1986 a catastrophe broke
out 12 kilometres off the Belarusian border, trt
was the major break-down of the power unit at the
Chernobyl nuclear power,station, It is the most
severe catastrophe throughout the entire world
history of the atomic energy use by its scale,
complexity 4nd.Iong-term consequences. ",
228
As the result of the explosion of the failed
was relea""d it to the atmosphere. Later on they
left the large fall-out <,spots> on the ground
surface. 23% of the territory of Belarus, 4,8o/o
of the territory of the Ukraine and 0,5% of the
territory of Russia were contaminated.
The radiation situation was determined by
radionuclides with the period of half-decay from
8 days tlll 24390 years.
After the Chernobyl accident Belarus has become
the zone of the ecological disaster. The situation got
worse because radioactive contamination coincided
with the formerly existing zones of high chemical
pollution. 260,000 hectares of agricultural lands
are forbidden to use for farming purposes.
with radioactive elements. The Chernobyl catastrophe
has affected thedestinies of millions of people. The
radioactive contamination of the ecosystems has
created the conditions for making it impossible to
conduct the agricultural production and manage
forestry in the normal way for many decades.
In order to decrease the iafluence of radiation
on the people considerable work was done during
the post-accident period.'Measures. were taken to
evacuate the people from the mos! dangerous
districts, to provide for their medical check-up
and treatment. Various measures were carried
out : radioactive decontamination, agricultural
treatrnent of soil, provision of clean food.
However, these measures are not enough yet.
And international co-operation in this field
serves the interests of the entire mankind.
'229
 Vocabulary : 4. ,{.ra toro, rrro6br yMerrbrrrurb BJrrltffHrre par[a-
\J/JlrHaJrro,4efi rrocJre aI,apr4ikr B pec[y6Jrr,rKe 6bura
break-down n. ['brerkdaun] ardpus
rrpoBeAerra SHaqrrreJrbFan pa6ora.
coincide u. [keorn'sard] conuagarr
complexity n. crroxcaocrb 5. Mexc4ynapoArroe corpyAurrqecrBo B aroft o6lac-
[kam'plekstr]
conduct u. [ken'd*t] Becrr Tr,r cJryttcrrT rrHTepecaM Bcero rleJroBerrecTBa.
considerable o, grra.rrare.ngnrrfi
contaminate u. SapalKarb, 3arpfi3rlqr6
destiny n. cygd6a
II. Bcranrre ilporryqeurrbre cJroBa.
['destm]
determine u. oqpeAensrb, b6ycaoa.rurarr 1. Itwas the major ... of the ... ;.. &t the Chernobyl
disaster n. Idr'zo:ste] 6e4crnre nuclear power station.
entire o. qe;rrrfi
Itn'tare] 2. Later on radioactive substances left large ...
exist u., existing Irg'zrst] cyqecTBoBaTb,
<spots> on the ground.
cyqecrnyrorquft
explosion n. [rks'ploqn] BBprrB 3. The situation got worse because ... ... coincided
failed reactor ['ferldn'akte] aaapnfinrrfi, xeucnpannrrft with the ... existing zones of high
peaRrop 4. The Chernobyl ... has affected the ... of millions
fall-outn. . pa,4r.roar(TnBrrEre ocaARr{ of Belarusian people.
forestry n. ['forrstn] necoBoAcTBo, necHl,rqecTBo b. Measures were taken to ... the people from the
formerly adu, IIpeEcAe
most ... districts, to ... for their medical ... and
half-decay n. ronypacIIaA
long-terrn a. 4orroapenaerrrrft
manage u. ['manr@] yrpaBtnrb
provide u. [pre'rard] o6ecnerrr.rsarr III. Sarcorsnre npegnotrceurrfi , rrcrroJrbays npeAxo-
provision z. [prelvr3n] o6ecue'renue ficeEEbre BaprlaETbr.
scale n. [skeil] pa3Mep
S€V€T€.l; [sr'vre] raxciiarrfi, xcecrorsrft 1. It is the most severe catastrophe throughout
the power unit enepro6.nox a) the history of Belarus.
treatment z. JICTIEHI'E
b) the entire world history of atomic energy
use.
I. Orruerrre B Terccre rrpeAnoffieErrs, sBJrgroqfie-
of industrial
cs oKBrIBaJreETaM[ pyccKrrx.
c) the entire world history
development.
L. 26 arrpeJrff 1986 roga s 12 rl,uroNrerpax or 6ero- ' 2. 260,000 hectares of agricultural lands
pyccKofi rpallnqbr Ha yKpa-rd-re [pousorlxa KaTac- a) aie forbidden to use for farming purposes.
rpo$a. b) are forbidden to use for hunting.
2. B peey;rBTare BBp,brBa aBaprftHoro peanropa B , .: r , c) can be usdd for farming plrrposes. r"
arMocoepy 6rrno srl6poureEo orpoMEoe KoJrrrqe- ' 3, The measure$ taken are
CTBO pa,qfi oaRTr4Brrblx BeuIecTB. a) quite enough. : -' :

3. flocne qepno6burbcxofi aBapfiE Berapycb craJla b) not enoughyet. '

3orrofi oKoJrornqecKoro 6e{.easng'. : :
c)unsucces$ful.:':1
ao, 23i
 IV. Otserbre rra Borrpocbr.
1. When and where did the Chdrnobyl catastrophe
break out?
2. Why is it considered to be the most severe
catastrophe?
3. What are the consequences of the Cherpobvl
catastrophe in Belarus?
4. What was done in Belarus during the post-
accident period to decrease the influence of
radiation?
5. Are the measures taken quite enough?
V. PasAerrrre terccr rra cMbrcJroBbre lracrrr ll rraso-
BITTE IIX.
VI. PacnoJroilc[Te 4aurrbre nyrrrTbr rrJrarra corJrac-
EO JIOTIIrcE IIOBECTBOBAEITS.
'1. Measures were taken to decrease the influence
of radiation.
2. The catastrophe and its consequences.
3. Belarus is the zone of ecological disaster.
VII. llcnoJrbays Qanrrr r[3 Terccra paccrcaircrrre
1. about long-term consequences of the Chernobyl
catastrophe.
2. about the ecological situation in Belarus during
the post-accident Period.
3. about the measures which were taken to decrease
the influence of radiation.
Press is the Mirror of Current Events
E-very day millions of newspapers and magazines
are published all over the world. Now it's difficult
to say how many different- newspapers
232
magapines are issued in our country. The list of
their titles may seem endless. There are different
national and local papers, dailies and weeklies,
some that are issued three times a week and even
monthlies. They satisfy different interests and
tastes.
People subscribe to various papers and magazines,
but they have one comaron aim. People want to
know what is going on in the world, in the country,
city, town or village, what people are anxious about.
That's why newspapers and magazines inform the
readers of the current events and home and
international affairs. They inform the readers of
all important developments, give full attention to
the most important national and internatibnal
affairs, carry commentaries on the most interesting
events. There are also articles on sports, art, music,
new books. There are interviews with well-known
people and celebrities. Everything printed
corresponds to people's interests.
As our press is democratic, following the
principle of freedom of speech,it makes readers
acquainted with different opinions on various
problems.
As for me, I subscribe- to <Computer News>.
It's a weekly for specialists and entrepreneurs.
In Britain such newspapers are called quality
newspapers, because they are serious and cover
news thoughtfully. In <,Computer News> you can
find all the necessary inforrnation on computer
#orld: new discoveries and inventions, network,
software, hardware, interesting and entertaining
facts, advertisements. The papOr has a supplement,
and which contains information about the cornputer
233
 I. Oruerrre B Terccre rrpeAJrotrcenrr.fl, .flBJr.flror{rr€:
market:,prices, sellers, types of computeis and
periphe : '! cg oKBrrBaJreHTaMrr pycc$ux.
This has a circulation of 10500' 1. ICax4ufi 4ens eo sctiNr Mrrpe r,raAarorc,ff Mt4JrJrrir-
Persona useful and interesting' And if oHbr raSeT Lr EcypHaJroB.
you are intere things I advise You 2. Jlrc,qlr xor,fiT Buarb, rrro fipor4cxoAr,rr B Mr4pe, B
losubscribe to r. Youwon't regret' cTpaHe, B ropoAe fiJrr4 AepeBrre, rAe oHr{ EcrrByT.
3. Bcii naue.IarauHoe coorBercrByer vHTepecaM
Vocabulary .nroAeft.
4. B Epuranrul Taxr{e raoerbl HaobrBalor ra3eraMrr
acquaint u. [e'kwernt] sEaxoMtrrb
BbrcoKoro KarrecrBa, rroroMy lrro ourir cepriisno z
advertisement z. [ad'vs:trsment] pirraMa,o6sssresr4e
coAep)I{aTeJIbHo rroAaroT HoBocTrr.
affair n. [e'fee] Aerro
attention z. BITNMAIIIE 5. JIu'rHo,fi cqlrraro gry qaoery uo.neanoft ra rrHTe-
carry u. IIepeAaBaTb peclloft.
circulation z, [,ss:kju'lerJn] rrrpiln(raeetrr, *cyprra-na)
commona. ['komen] o6u1nft II. Sanolnnre flponycrcrr rroAxogffqrlMrr rro cMr,rc-
correspond u, COOTBCTCTBOBAT6 Jry cnoBaMn.
current events ['krrentr'vents] texyrque co6nrlrs
developments z. co6rrrns, o6crogrearcrsa 1. The list of their ... may seem ... .
2. People . . . to various netvspapers and .. ., but they
entrepreneur z, [,nntrepre'ns:] Epe4np[ErrMareJrr
hardware z. COCTABIIbIE qACTI[ have one ... aim.
KOMtrbroTepa 3. Newspapers and magazines inform the ... of the
tssue u, lisjul BbrrrycKaTb, lrSAaBaT6 ... events and home and international.. .
local rvrecrnrrfi
a. ['leukcl] 4. As our press is ..., following theprincipleof ...
maga-zine z. [,mago'ziin] )Kypr{an
ceTb
of ... it makes readers acquainted with different
network n.
newspaper taSeTa ... on various problems.
rl,. ['nju:s,perPe]
peripherals n. [pe'nferelz] uepu(Pepraft nue YctPofi ctna b. As for me, I ... to .., ,
ROMrrbroTepa
prlce lpraml rleI{a IIr. Ornerrre Ha Borrpocbr.
1. Is it easy to say how many newspapers
'l,.
print u. IIEIIAT Tb and
publish u. ['prbltfl r,rsAaBaTb
magazines are issued in our country?
satisfy y4oa.7retroparr,
u. ['setNfar]
COOTBETCTBOBATb
2. What kinds of newspapers and magazines are
trpoAaBeq
issued in our country?
seller n.
softwaren. I softwee] uirorparurvrroe o6ec[etreufie 3. Why do people subscribe to newspapers, and-
subscribe u, [seb'skratb] rroAutrcbrBarEe* na (rasersr'
-l)tcYPEaJIEI
rnagazines? .,

; r l. A') 4. What kind of information can they find there?

supplement z. I srPhmont] rrII)4nolrceErre b. Is our press democratic? '

thoughtfuliy odul gQAeplrcaTenE{9

['Ocrfult] : 6. Wh?t is your favourite 4Swspaper'(magazine)?
title n. ' [tattl] HaSBaHIte, SaFJraB're
: ;,
284

IV. Ilcnolraya Qarcrbr rra rerccra' pacerciaffcrrre
1. The role of Press in our life'
, 2. The newspaper (magazine) you subscribe to'
The Role of TV in our Life
23,6
o are concerned with the country's national events,
the most topical political problems of the day.
Musical Review presents songs, pop groupb, folk
songs. It is very popular with TV viewgrs.
Thus, we can say that TV is a great force whieh
attracts millions of people to the screens.'
' But tastes differ. Some people are against TV.
They say that TV is doing a lot of harm. It occupies
a lot of free time. People used to have hobbies, to
meet with fri6nds, to go to the cinema or theatre, to
read books, to listen to music. Nowadays many people
sit watching TV hour by hour. They don't read
books, they don't do sports, they begin to forget the
art of conversation. Watehing TV for a long time
may lead,to poor health and ruin eye-sight"
But nobody makes you watch TV for hours.
You can simply switch off your TV-set. But
nobody can deny the fact, that TV is a great force
in the world today.
Television, Cornputers, Books
As far as books and computers are concerned, I
can say in my firm confidence that computers vrill
never replace books. First because they fulfil
different functions. It's true that both books and
cgmputers contain information. But one cor.nputer
is worth the whole library. So perhaps, computers
will replace reference books because it's quicker
and easier to find the necessary inforrnation in
.the computer than in reference books,. , . ', .'
But I'm sure computers can't be eompared to
fictioq. Historical novels, adventure books, detective
2iB7
stories, science fiction; romance, poems, which we fiction n. IfrkJn] xyAo}KecTBerrHaE
read for pleasure or if they are recommended by JrrrTepary. pa,
6eanelprcrr,rra
teacheis create a special atmosphere. They take us firm confidence ['konfidens] TBepAaff yBepeHrrocTb
into the imaginary world of high human emotions, fulfil u. [tur'fil] BbItrOJIH''ITI'
exciting relations. A computer can help you in function z. ['firpkJn] (pynxqu.r
harmful a.
reading these'books without turning the pages imaginary a.
npe4xrrft
noo6parraewrrrnr
but working on the coniputer demands cerf,ain impact z. BJIr,r,fi Hrre, nosgefi crarae
effort. You dre to sit straight, not to stoop, you invisible a. Im'vzebl] nerll 4urvrrtft
keep your'finger on the keyboard. Besides keyboard z. ['ki5c:d] KnaBrraTypa
lack
computers have'a harmful impact on the eyesight. u. IrrCtrbITlIBaTb EeAOeTaTOK,

In my opinion, it's impossible to read <,War and masterpiece n.

rrylrcAaTbcfl
meAeBp
PeacL> on the s"t"un. We'Il lack something mind z. Imamd] yM
important: the invisible contact with th'e writer paraphrase u. I'parefrerzl uepe(ppasnponarr
who speaks with,us from the passed centuries. referdnce book ['refrens] cIIpaBo!IEtl K
r6lation n,
As to TV, it's role is. expressed in the proverb, replace u.
OTIIOIIICHI4E
SAMEESTE
<,It's better to see than to hear>. Paraphrasing it we romance z. Ire'mans] polran (prrqapcxnft,
canFay it's good to see after you have read. Screen rrprtnrrorreHqecrrfi)
versions of literary mastelpieces add much to our. scielce fiction Hayq.Ilas (baHracrfiKa
screen n. Iskrin] 9KpaH
understanding the author and arouse unforgettable stoop u. cyTyrr4Tbcs
lstupl
emotions. But books are the greatest wonders in the
6tlaight odu. Istrert] rrpffMo
world, which bring us knowledge and briag us up; unforgettable o. nesa6rreaeN[brft
Through centuries and distances we can keep in
touch with the greatest minds in the universe.
TV and Radio
Vocabulary Radio and TV are mass. media which keep people
arouse u. le'rrczl BLrBbrBarB, nPo6yxtgarr informed on the topical issues of the day. Both
far as smth. IITO KACAETCfi
as
on radio and TV you can listen to a programme
is concerned
be worth [ws:O] CTOI,IT6 on sports, arl, news, music and weather. The
contain u. coAeplKaT6 difference is that on TV you can see everything
create u.
demand u.
[kri:'ert] cogAaBaTb
rpe6oaatr
you've heard about. And it's an important
Idr'mo:nd] advantage.Besides, there are a lot of entertaining
effort n. ['efet] y cvt rrre, Harrp fi }Iterrr4e
exciting a.' Irk'sartrp] sorHyrcqr,rft, programmes on TV, a lot of feature, documentary
saxuatrraarorqzt films which provoke hot discussions. But watching
eyesight n. ['arsart]. Sperrlle rv is often a waste
"t;;;.,
, .

a3a
 Radio is preferable to TV when you a-re at work professional classes ,nr.rqa cgo6oAnofi npo(peccNr.r
,

I'IJTUI LIIJTET JI?ITEIITIIOTO

and need in-foirnation or have to focus your attention
Ip$a e,{e96€l151' BpatM'
on something else. For example, when you drive a -
apxr TeKTopbr,
car, it's better to listen to radio than to watch TV. rrpetroAaBaTeJrrr r{ T. rr.
But both radio and TV play an important role provoke u. [pre'vauk] BEr3brBarb, npoao(uposaru
in our life as well as newspapers. They give the topical issue ['toprkel'rsju] sro6oAueetaaupo6.nerua
unskilled a. nerna.nr.rtDuqlrpon annrrfi
full coverage of the latest events, comment ofi th" view n. BBrnfiA, MrreHlre
most important developments, political and vlewer z. ['vjue] TeJreSprITeJI6
domestic affairs. They acquaint us with different waste z. Iwerst] 6ecuo.neexan rpara
views and opinions. Thus, they contribute to the
development of the information network. I. Orruerrre B Terccrax o reJreBrrAeErru npe4Jrogrce-
Errff , gBJrgroquecg oKBrrBaJreETaMrr pyccKrrx.
That's why in the recent years there has been the
increase in the amount of time spent watching TV. 1. rlro Kacaercs KHrrr lr romrrotepos, a rntip4o yBe-
Though it depends on the season, the age of the peH, IITO KoMrrbroTepbr HlrKorAaHe SaMeH.Fr KrrLrrrr.
viewers and social class. For example, TV viewing 2. ,fl yrepeH, rrro KoMnbrorepbr HeJrra.fi cpaBrnrrb c
is less popular in summer than in winter. It is more xyAorrcecrBennoft rzteparypoft .

popular with old people than with other age groups. 3. Irlcroputlecxze poMarrbr, npr{KJlrolleHrlecnne ^{H?r-
Professional and managerial classes watch less than II{, AeTeKTprBbI, HaJ IHag @arrracruxa, poMaHbI t4
cTuIxuI, ROTOpbIe Mbr rIrITaeM parqll yAoBoJrbcTBll,fi
the unskilled. Besides, women watch more than men.
uJrrr IIo peKoMerrAallun yrr[Tenefi, cos4aloT oco-
6yro aruoc@epy.
Vocabulary 4. If.ttutu aro BeJrr{rraftmee rryAo n Ivrnpe. Onra
-
Aaror Buarrfia r{ BocrlrrrbrBaror nac.
rlepee upe-
acquaint u. SEAKOMI,ITE
paccroflHrrfl
MeHa Lr MbI Motr(eM conprrKocHyTb-
amount n. [e'maunt] KoJrrrqecrBo
cff c BeJrlrqatl]JJ.r,zMtu yMaMrr rleJloBerlecrBa.
contribute u. cnoco6crsosars
5. Pa,qro ?r reJreBr,rAeurre gro cpeAcrB& M&u--; :ft
coverage n.
documentary z.
['krven$] oxBaT, ocBerqeHr{e tro pa,4r,ro
-
zu$opmaqr{rr, Koropbre r,rn$optltlrpyror nro4eft o6
[,dokju'mentenl AoryMenTanBurrft Quaru
entertaining a. [,ente'terru4] pasuerarearxrrfi ocrroBHblx co6rrrn.gx ceroAHffrrrHero 4H.fi , Bocrltr-
feature film ['fi:fe] xyAo)fiecrBeEarrfi (puaru TbrBaroT HaceJreHlre lr rroMoraroT rrpoBecrr{ cBo-
in the recent years ['ri:snt] B IIOCJIEAHIIE TOAbI 6o4noe BpeMfi.
increase n. I rnkris] yBenr{qeEre, BoSpacrarrue
Ieisure time cso6o4noe epeux
6. Paguo r,r reJreBr,rAeurre sHaKoMffT Hac c paortrrr-
['le3e]
managerial o. aAMrrEr{crparnerrbrfi
HbIMII BBIJIff AaMII Irt MIIeHII.fi Ml4.
[,meno'Sranel]
mass media ['mas'mi:dje] q)eAcrBa laaccosoft
un@oprraqnu
II. Sanorurrre uporrycrcrl rroAxoAsrqrrMr[ rro cMbrc-
observer n. o6oepenarear
ny cnoBaMrr.
oprnron n. [e pnjen] MIIEHIIE 1. One computer is ... the whole ... .
,.2;40 z4t
 2. Books take us into the ... world of high ... IV. Orserbre Ea Borrpocrr.
emotions, ... relations. 1.
3. You are to sit ..., not to ..., you keep your finger ,
on the ... ; besides, computers have a harmful ...
3.
... .
on the
4.
4. ... and ... classes watch TV less than the ... .
b.
D. TV and radio ghrc the full ... of the latest ..., oomlne4t
6. Books arp thq greatest wonders in the world;
on the most important ..., political ... help us to
understand international and domestic ... . aren't they?
7. What are radio and TV?
IIr. Sarcorsure [peAnoffierr[s, uclo.rrhsys [peAna- 8. WilI you comparc the role of radio and TV in our li-frc?
raeMDre BaprraETbr. 9. Why do people spend much tirne watching TV?
1. It is quicker and easier to find the necessary 10. When is radio better than TV?
11. What rire your favourite radio and TV proglammes?
information
a) in the.reference book. V. Ilpourrrre rencrbr eq-6 paa u pasAeJrrrre rrx Ea
b) watching TV. - cMbrelroBbre rracrrr. Ilo46epure rraaBanrrfl K rrrrM'
c) in the computer.
2. A computer can help you in reading books without
turning the pages but working on the computer VI. Cparnnre
a) has a harmful impact on the eyesight. The role and the place of TV, radio, computers
b) demands certain effort. and books in our life.
. c) doesn't bring pleasure.
Screen versions of literary masterpieces add
much to our understanding
a) the author and arouse unforgettable emotions.
My Futurg Career' '

b) the art of film production.

c) the problems of film making industry. It's rather difficult sometimes to choose a
4. Inthe recent years there has been career and to speak about the futurO profession'
a) 'the fall in the amount of time spe4t watching I'd. say it's beeause a lot may change in our life in
TV. a moment. There'are lucky people w\9 chose their
b) the increase'in the arnbunt of time spent pfofession in childhood and since that time have
listening to the radio.
c) the increase in the amount of time spent
L""r, doing eyerything possible to acquire
watching TV.
5. Radio and TV contribute to
a) the increase of radio- and TV-set production.
' b) the development of the information network.
' '.' 'c) the'development of ,the€conomy. 1

24g,-, 243
we should analyse job prospects. We must know llvili(l t, Ia'vcrd] r.rs6erarr
Irr Irot ltl cKyrraTb
whether the profession we have chosen will guarantee Ibc:d]
llo rlirtttlrlroltr I lrl Idrsa'pcrntrd] 6rrtrpasouapoBarrnblM
good living conditions and give promotion. We (:I llrt!l t, [kr'na] Kapbepa
must be sure we'll avoid unemployment or at least Iolll Jtllf! /l ['krn6] Myr*ecrBo
will be able to apply our knowledge and skills in rlrrl,r,r trrIrrc r, [dr'ts:mtn] orpeAeJrfirr
gt,tt+,t ltrll y ri [@ene'rnsttt] qeApocrr'
other fields of human activity. In short, we are to glvn ttlr l 6pocnrr, orra3arbcfi
decide what we are going to do in our life and.feel glltl I .l ll l|r' | ' Igreran'til raparrTrlpoBaTE
satisfied, but not bored or disappointed. I t'ntt'l lrrtti, fi rre Br,rHolrry, MHe I{e
When I was a fifth-former I dreamt of becoming rIpaBrrTc,fi
irrllllirllrrrr r [, mkh'nedn] HaKJIoHHocrr, crcJlour{ocrb
a doctoi. I wanted to be a surgeon and treat people
llrl,r'r lrrpl|r ,' Iln'B:pntel repeBoArrrrK
and save their lives. I admired the courage and livirrg , r'ilrlilrililri xcllsHeEHsrii ypoBeEb
generosity of surgeons. But then I noticed I canzt trtnalrrr I lr,' 11r111'11 11'1' Ir3yrraTb g3brr(
bare the sight of blood, I'm not able to deal with 1x,r'l'er I r I'tililrrilrl coBeprrreHlloe B,IIaAerr[e
I I lrl lrrrrF: t rr rt i t' fi36rroM
surgical instruments. And I gave up this idea. r r

ln lf lrlurr, y ,r [pre'fiJenst] orrbrrrrocrl, MacrepcrBo

At that time I realized that I was fond of Il'orirrl tlrr rr [pre'mouJn] flpoABrl]Ker{fle (no c.nyx6e)
English. I was always good at English at school. pl'rulrFr.l ,, ['pmspekt] fiepcrreKrfiBa
And when we got acquainted with the English rpnllz,' r' ['nalarz] oco3lrarb, rlor{firb
Hur grjrl ,, ['sa:San] x[pypr
and American literature, the lessons of British ulprrrlrlr\ rrrr rrl rr [',rnrm'plcrment] 6eapa6otzqa
and American Studies f understood that I want
to have a perfect command of the English language | = I l l rr,r r''r'r,'r'tl B TeKcre rrpeAJrofi(errr{fl , gBJrgrotrIue-
r' il lil( trlr rraJIeETaMII pyCCKIIX.
and become a good specialist in English.
So I do my best to master the language because I = i l'r',rr, (:,rnraro, rroroMy lITo Mlroroe e Halrefi inr,Ig-
I have made up my mind to apply to the Linguistic il il vr r.il il OTcfl B oAtI H MI4I.
University and become either a teacher or an ll l,l ,rr r:rM ue6espaeruqHo Harrre 6y4yrqee, o6Ay-
r\1 r, r ; r r rioro rdapbepy, MbI AOJIIKHbI o6parutr errz-
(:
interpreter. I haven't chosen it yet. Both professions r r )

rll ir I I I I I' lr:I MHOrI4e BeIIII.

are interesting and necessary in our society. M r.r rr,, ' /r)rcHbl 6rrrr yeepenbr, rrro us6elKlttlt 6es-
Perhaps, I'll keep our family tradition and become lrirf ro lrr r\r,r I{Jrr{, no xpafirrefi Mepe, cMo}fieM rIp?I-
a teacher of English. But I'lI think about it rlr.r n'r'r, (:Bor{ gHaHr{fi B .4pyrfix o6.nacr.gx rIeJIo-
tomorrow if I enter the University. trr.' I r'('t( ( ) t{ AeETeJIbHOCTITI.

I ll rrr.,r:rro gcti or MeHfl BaBracflIrlee, vto6sr oBJIa-

Vocabulary !il:I r. il:tr,tr{oM, Tard KaK fi peilrIIJIa rIOCTynaTb B
ability n. cnoco6gocrr ,llrr rrr rrrrr:'rl4qecxrafi yHrrBepcraTer LI crarb HJrlr
Ie'bilrtr]
acqurre D. Ie'kware] nprao6perarr, rroJr] rarb, \.' I rr r c r!r'M, I{JII4 [epeBOArI[KOM.
AOCTr{raTb ri ll rr,,,r1yp1216 o6 erovr BaBTpa, ecJII4 rlocryrrJllo B
apply u. Ia'pla] 'rrpr,rMenfiTb, ynorpe6.narr \=ililitr'lx)t,ITgT.

244 245
II. Sano.nsuTe rrpolycrcrr rroAxoAffqr{Mrr rro cMbrc-
Jry cnoBaMll.
1. It's rather difficult sometimes to choose a ...
and to speak about the future ... .
2. We should ... our abilities and ... .
3. In short, we are to decide what we are going to
do in our Iife and feel . .., but not bored or .r. .
4. I wanted to be a ... and treat people and ... their
lives.
5. I want to have a ... ... of the English language
and become a good ... in English.
III.Sarcos.rure rrpeAJroJrceurrff, rrcrronbays npeAno-
SrceEEbre BaprrarrTbr.
1. There are lucky people who
a) chose their profession in childhood.
b) do everything possible to acquire proficiency.
c) avoid unemployment.
2. We must know whether the profession we have
chosen will
a) be interesting and entertaining.
b) guarantee good living conditions and high
salary.
c) be in fashion.
3. At that time I realized that
a) I was fond of making something with my
own hands.
b) I was fond of English.
c) I enjoyed singing.
4. So I do my best to master the language because
a) I want to work abroad.
b) I made up my mind to apply to the Linguistic
University.
c) my parents want me to be an interpreter.
IV, Ifpounraftte rerccr erqE paa r paBAeJrrrre eqo
na cMbrcJroBbre rracrrr. Ilo46eprre EaaBagr{e $
rcaucAofi r[B Errx.
2!8
V. Olrrorr,Te rra Borrpocbr.
I. ls il, cusy to choose a career?
2, Arc t,lrerc many people who chose their career in
t:lr ilrllrootl?
li. Wlrnt, slrould we pay attention to while choosing
tt tlltl't'r't'?
4, Ilnvc vorr cltosen your future profession yet?
b. Wlrrrl, rl'c you good at?
(1. W I rrr t rl r vott know about your future profession?
VI. Pnct'ltltltHtc o
1. Wlrnl wl t,lrirrk nboutwhile choosing aprofession.
2. Yoiir'plrrrrs l'or the future.
Forolgn l,trnguages in the Life of
n n llducated Person
Torlny lI lri rlttit,c cvident that everyone should
know nl, leturl, otrc f'oreign language.
Kttowlttg r)nr' or rllore foreign languages makes
it pcnellile I,o gt'l ttr:tlturinted with different ways of
tltlttklIrg, Io tttttIlt'sl,rrttcl a new civilization. Learning
a forelgtr lntrp,trrgc sfirnulates mental abilities and
given vi)tl R rltttltcc to ttppreciate a new literature, a
<lifl'elcrrl cttllttt'r' rrttrl to broaden your horizons.
Eleetrlce, k r row i r p,. l'oroign languages has a practical
r
valu€, ll, utirlrlri il, t'ttsior to choose a profession and
pfovlrles lllr lrtotttol,iott. It helps to improve the
quallty o[ vnttt' worlt, lncause it reduces the time lost
on obl,alllttg llrt' tr'('('ssilry information. A'r, present
Itrdd1f ]rrt fes l I tr:, tt u I t rs a pilot, a doctor, an engineer'
r I r r :
& eoglnr)tlHtil nttrl ttttttty others, require a working
klurwlerlge .,lF nt, llttHt, otte foreign language.
247
r
People all over the world speak almost 3,000
languages. Some languages are spoken by millions
of people, others by only hundreds of them. The
most wide-spread language in the world is Chinese.
350 million people speak English as their first
language. About the same number use it as a second
language. Russian is also one of the most preval6nt,
expressive and rich languages in the world. 240
million people speak Russian nowadays.
Among the great number of languages that
exist on our planet today there are some which
stand out. Scientists distinguish 13 great languages.
These are the languages that are spoken by no
less than 50 per cent of people on the Earth. They
are Chinese, English, Russian, Spanish, Hindi and
Urdu, Indonesian, Arabic, Bengali, Portuguese,
Japanese, German, French, Italian.
A person who knows these languages can speak
to and understand almost 2 thousand million people
and doesn't suffer from the language barrier. To
state the significance of this or that language one
must take into consideration not only its prevalence
but the quantity of printed production. For instance,
the largest number of books is published in Russian
including technical literature. The greatest number
of press production is published in English. As
far as books are concerned, the largest number of
them is translated from English, Russian, French
and German accordingly. l ortler 1,rt tkl lrt*tittlttc, lt is already a ligua franca at
Today there are a lot of people in Europe and Asia
who know several languages. A person who knows
several languages is called a polyglot. They are not
few. The name of Henrich Schlimann, a famous
German archaeologist who discovered Troy is known
248
all over the world. It took him two years to learn
the first two foreign languages. Later on it took
him several weeks to master another foreign
langunge. Among polyglots there are champions.
Thtrs, Cnrdinal Mezzophanti who lived in the middle
of ttre last century knew 100 languages. Professor
Hesstertrrflrttr flronr Germany knew 132 languages.
The utorc lrtngtroges rnan knows, the easier is the way
he rnnsturrr fl Irew otre. As polyglots say it is difficult
to begin. Bttt whotr you start learning a third
languagc <ovcrvtltilrg is going on swimmingly>.
It tc wil,lritt evt-'ryotte's power to know, read and
speak u ttrtrrigtt luttgtrage. But one should regard
learnlrrg tr forcigtt lntrguage as a very important
anel cerlotrn Lrrsk. 'l'lro l<nowledge of other languages
Ia vcry ttx+rl'ttl, cslrcr:irrlly if you have to work abroad
or tf yorr ttttt.qt, rutd lirreign literature in the original.
If yotr le ttrtw iltc lttttgttage of a foreign country, you
can tnlk to i[s pco;tle rtnd understand what they are
speaklrrg rrltottt wiilrout anybody's help. The
knowlt'rlgr, ol' I'orcign languages also helps young
people ol' tli l'l'ctrrttt r:ottntries to develop friendship.
Aa fot' rrc, I rnr lelnting English, because in the
reeent vrrlu'H it, lrrrn lrecorne not only an international
lattgttngr,, il, is trow rr number one language in the
wnrltl. Ii,uirk's, l,hrgl lsh is becoming a lingua franca.
It le trentl rr gt'r'nt, rk'nl lrv businessmen from different
countt'lrrll, wlrit:lr rlorr'L have acommon language, in
Itttet'trrrl iorrrrl r:orr I'el'r'rrces. Besides, every person
wlto l,t'nvr,ls itt lrlttt'olte, Asia or Africa, even in
Sorrtlr Arrro'icrr grrts rrround by using English. So
l{ngllelr i* lrct:onring rnore and more the language
for pt-nclicrrl ttso.
249
 dlrtlngulrlr BBrAen4Tb, pasnr{rraTb
English has become the world's most important u, Idrs'trpgwrll
ouear,r4nrrft,. rcnrrft
ovldent rl, I'evrdentl
language in politics, science, trade and cultural faihlon tr, l'fieJonI MOAa
relations, aviation, international sport and pop llngua frarrorr |'hqgwc'frapkel Errpono pac[pocrpaninurrfi
music. It is nowadays second only to Chinese. It a3blrc
provrhnt pactrpocrparr6rrsnfi
is the official language in 44.countries: the United a, I'prcvrlentl
promotlorr rr, lprr'mruJnl rrpoABrrr{cerlre uo oryx6e
Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern lreland, qurntlty n, l'kworrtrtrl KOJINqCCTBO
the United States of America, Australia, N€w rcduot u, In'clju:s] coKpaularE
Zealattd arrd others. It is used as one of the official rcSard u, CIII'ITAT6, PACCMATPITBATL

languages in Canada, the Irish Republic. It is rrqulro u, Irr'kwarcl rpe6orarr

also spoken as a second language by many people
in India, Pakistan and numerous countries in
Africa, to say nothing of people all over the world
who know English as a foreign language. From
the British Isles English spread all over the world.
75 per cent of the world's mail is in English, 60
per cent of the world's radio stations broadcast
in English and more than a half of the world's
periodicals are printed in English.
It is known, different languages can come into
fashion or go out of it. It is generally considered
that the most fashionable language in the world
nowadays is English. Spanish also becomes very
popular. It is learnt nowadays more often than
earlier. Oriental languages are also widespread
today, Learning a foreign language has a practical
valuebutthe choice of aforeign language sometimes
depends on d fashion, if under fashion we mean
the demands of life and society, Thus, the knowledge
of a foreign langrtage today is a'life necessit$;
Vocabulary
barrier n.' 6aprep
consideration n. coo6paricenue
demand n. ipd6oaatne
ldr' mo ndl
250
algnlfloanl, o, lsrql'ntfikantl sarrnrrfi
BbrAeJrgr6cs
rtrnd out u,
rwlmmlngly adu, rra.qKo, 6es nouex, RaR Eo
Macny
I. Ormerrre B Terccr€ npe4rofrcenrr.r' sBJrsrcuu{e-
ctr 0KBUBAJIoETAMU pyccKrrx.
1. CeroAu,n B[oJIHe oqeBuArro' rITo Ka]I(Abrft 're.noser
AoJIlKerI BHarb xors 6rr oAr.Irr I'rHocrparrrrrrft ff3blK.
2, Ha genorclpblx EsbIKa:( roBopsr MrurJrrroHbr JII6-
Aofi, rIa Apyrux - ToJIbKo cornlr-
8. Knlc ronopffT noJIHrJrorbr' 9To cJroi*cgo roJrbKo B
HaqoJIe. Ho rcon4a BbI rraqrduaere fisyrrarb rpe-
tuil Reur, scti r4tir, KaK rro MacJrY.
4. Arruu fi cnu fi scrtrc rlacro racrroJrbgyerc's 6nsHec-
MOITOMLI lI3 pagHbIX CTpaII' IAe IoBopffT Ha pa3-
HbIX fISbIKAX, IUlfi BeAeHI/I,fi AeJr.
6. I,Ioyueu re I,r HocrpaH Horo,fi SbrKa v Meer rrparcrLr -
qecKoe gHaqeHHe, uo nrr6op ssbrna r'rnorAa saBr'r-
cHT OT MOAbI.
II. Sanomruro nponycrc[ ntoAxoA.rquuu rro cMbrc-
ny cJroBaMIr.
1. I(nowing a foreign language makes it easier to
choose a profession and helps to ... the quality of
your work because it ... the time lost on ... the
necessary information.
251

--
 2. To state the ;.. of this or that language one must IV. Otnotr,'r'r' uil Borrpocbr.
take into ... not only its ... but the ... of printed 1. llow (iln \ r)lr get acquainted with new cultures,
production. civilizrrt,ions or rlew ways of thinking?
J. A person who knows several foreign languages 2. t)ocn rr l'ort.igrr language have practical value?
is called a ... . 3. !low rrrrrrrv lrrrrgrrages do people speak?
4. English is becoming a ... ... . 4. Wlrnt rrt'r, lil grcat languages?
5. Under fashion we mean the ... of life and l). Wlrrrl rlo wc t:irll a person who knows several
society. l'ot'rrl g rr lrr rrp;r rrrges?
(i. [)o yorr lt rrow t:lrampions among polyglots?
III. Sarconrrrre rrpeAJroJrceErrff, llcflorbay.s [peAJro-
7. la ll, trnrry l,o lcirrn several languages?
tIceEHBre BaprlaHTbr.
tl. W Iry n I [,] u' li r rowledge of a foreign language useful?
1. Knowing one or more foreign languages makes 9. Wlrv tlo vott lctrrn English?
it possible 10, Firrglirilr irr lrcr:ottring a lingua franca, isn't it?
a) to get acquainted with different ways of Wlrirl rlor,s iL tttean?
thinking, to understand a new civilization. 1 l, Wlroll ix l,lrrHlislr spoken as an official language?
b) to develop friendship. 19. (lrrrr vou llrr)v(! tlrat English has spread all over
c) to reduce time lost on obtaining the tlrtr wnt'lrl'/
necessary inf ormation. 18, (larr vur rlrv l,lrrrt l,)nglish is the most fashionable
2. Among the great number of languages that exist lattgttrtgn ttowtrrlitys? Why?
on our planet today there are
a) Ianguages spoken by millions of people. V, llporrllrrii'r'o 'r'crccr erq6 paa ll paaAeJrrrre ero
b) different fashionable languages. lla a'Mhrl.Jlrilrhro rrBCTrr. Ilo46eprTe rraSBarrr{e K
c) 13 great languages. l(al7h/ll)li ltlt ttlrx.
3. The knowledge of other languages is useful,
especially if you VI. I'arrroJrrrlriH'r'o ryrrrcrbr rrJrarra corJracHo Jroru-
a) want to understand what foreigners say. lr+l I lo ll(!("1'l1r)ll:l lllrfl .

b) have to work abroad. t, lrr rl1'p. l, rl,rr rrpc;rl< several languages.

c) have to sing foreign songs. 2. 'l'lrere nrr. ll(XX) languages on the Earth.
4. English is becoming the language
Ei, I rrirr lrrrrr rrittg t)nglish.
a) which is spoken by millions of people.
4, lrjl'r'1 ylrrr, rilrorrld know at least one foreign
b) for practical use.
litt tH t titgr'.
c) of sport and pop music.
b. It's generally considered that the most fashionable
:t VII, ItlcrrtnTt(tt't'(! o
language in the world is I
a) Spanish. I
!u 1, [ti,,, I lrirl vrrlrrt: of a foreign language.
b) Russian. ! !!, liirrg ll,.lr rrr lrct:orning a lingua franca.
c) Engiish. El 'l'lr', tr,.unnri you study English.

252
 My l,'nvuttt'll,e Hlrrrt=l,rltrlllll ,......... ...-..-.98
Mttakr ttr Ottt l,lfp ,, '............... 101
My FeVottrltr' (!illlllxr*il'l',.... ............. 105
My tlolng to tlt+,'l'ltRnl,t't, ..........'....' 108

Pas4el III,'l'oplre, IltIt'r'tttttcliatc Level ............ 111

Greet Erltnlrr ltt llt lr'l' 111

lllatory nf (ltt,nl llt il,rrilr ..... 118
Londou,,,, t26
Etlttcatlotr llt (lr urrt, llr=il,nirr .'........". 135
The Geogrnltltv of llro I IHA r40
Wcehlngtnli, lf(i - t48
The Hlltt,tV lf llru llHA . 151
The tlE Flvat.utrr lf lrllrrlitl,iotr .......... 156
Thc Rtt:elntt l"utlc't n l lott =
163
Moreow 167
Bclarttr .,,. L72
Elrtory rrf tlr'lnt ttc t77
Mtnek ,,. 184
Eldtttetlltr lti hllir tttr 190
EffutttrVn ['llllr,li rr V 196
M, ltlrltlllllrlsrrV 200
A, Frr:lrlrlit 205
Lenllnt'tlrr tln V ltri.l 2L2
Nnttlt'e lil trlrt:l llll 2t7
Aeltl Hnltre 2t8
papletlrrrr rrf I lrr, I1711111' l,rrycr ....... 2L8
flertt ttlli,rtt rrf Iltr. 'l't olirrttl Forest 2t9
McaEtttpq Irr llrr 'l'nlrtrr ..................... 219
Flolctiltflr,iitttl'l'.r'lttrologir:ll Progress 224
flhet'ttrrlrl'l |'nlirril I olrltr' . 228
Fl=eee le llrc Mlttnt ol'(ltrrrent Events 232
The tlirle rrf 'l'V ltr ottt l,tl'c ......,..... 236
Tclevlelrrti, ('ntttlttt l,nr rr, l!rcll<s 237
TV errrl Hn,ll,, . 239
My Fiitttt t: l'rt ppt 243
{ Fut'ei grr I,n tt gt irtgun ,,; i],,, il;';i ;;;;;;"""""
FFI e,
'!r
247

254

d
 Vve1noe usilanie
InKOJIbHIIICAM, ABI{TYPLIEHTAM, YIIAIqI,IMCfi
. Cymrceruq Al;ra Craszc.nagogsa
Marllrru Mapuna A.rercbegna
AHTNUACKIIftgSEffi
YCIITbTE TEMbI C YIIPA)ITHEHUSME
12-e us\auue
Orsercasessufi ea urrnycrc.( . JI. fl enfoac rcuit

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Ilpocn-HeaaozczuocrR,Zg,22O0lB,lrtnccx. ..:
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