Dillidur Technical Information 2007 PDF

eng_01-52_0848_dihd_dur.411 04.04.
2007 13:05 Uhr Seite 1
THE CONCEPT TO COMBAT WEAR AND TEAR
DILLIDUR TECHNICAL INFORMATION NO. III / 2007
DILLINGER HÜTTE GTS

eng_01-52_0848_dihd_dur.411 04.04.2007 13:05 Uhr Seite 2
April 2007
CONTENTS
5
A Longer Life for your Machinery
12
The Manufacture of DILLIDUR
Melting the Steel
Shaping into Heavy Plate
Hardening
17
The Material Properties of DILLIDUR
Hardness and Strength
Toughness
Through Thickness Hardening
High-Temperature Strength
20
The Processing of DILLIDUR
Cold Forming
Hot Forming
Thermal Cutting
Welding
Machining
Nitriding
49
Literature
50
Index
Figure 1: Excavator shovel made of DILLIDUR-V steels in the harsh conditions of open-cast mining
(Illustration used with the kind permission of Schlüter Baumaschinen, Erwitte, Westphalia, Germany)
4
A LONGER LIFE FOR YOUR MACHINERY
Quarries and mines, gravel pits, requirements which used to be of application. Therefore,
construction, iron and steel – in difficult to reconcile, such as DILLIDUR steels are available
no other industries are valuable high wear resistance coupled in a wide range of hardness
machines and installations with a minimum use of material levels to cover each set of re-
literally “worn out“ as much as and excellent processing prop- quirements: DILLIDUR 275 C,
they are in these sectors. erties: the DILLIDUR steels 325 L, 400 V, 450 V and 500 V.
from DILLINGER HÜTTE
Slide conveyors, chutes, silos, GTS. Information about the special
deflectors, steel plating, screen quality for pavement moulds
plates, cutting edges, dump Renowned manufacturers of (DILLIDUR 275 SFX) can be
trucks, loading shovels etc. are construction machinery, found in the corresponding
components which are expected conveyor systems and pro- data sheet.
to provide a maximum of resis- cessing plants use them and
tance to wear. Therefore, the place their confidence in the Our delivery program shows
quality and service life of the decades of experience that in which dimensions our
machines and their components DILLINGER HÜTTE GTS DILLIDUR steels are normally
is particularly dependent on the has in the production of wear- deliverable. In addition, special
materials they are made of. resistant steels. dimensions are possible on
request.
We would like to introduce to The DILLIDUR concept was
you a group of steels combining designed for a variety of areas
5
The decision on which DILLI- investigation of all components results from the interaction of
DUR steel is most suitable de- directly involved is necessary. In all parts of a technical structure
pends on a precise knowledge of this investigation, the former that are involved in the wear
the conditions of use and the standard DIN 50320 “Wear“ process, and can only be
processing options. will help. Such a “tribological described by “system-related“
system“ is illustrated in diagram wear characteristics. It is thus
In your analysis of cases of form in Figure 2. Unlike the a general principle that “wear
wear, you should take into properties of hardness, strength is not a characteristic of the
account the many facets of tri- etc., which can be regarded as material, it is always a charac-
bological processes, which characteristics of the material, teristic of the system!“
means that a comprehensive wear from tribological loading
Figure 2: Structure of a general tribological system 1)
Ambient medium
(Environment)
▼
Active body
Accompanying
secondary
Passive body
1) Reproduced by permission of DIN Deutsches Institut für Normung e.V.

The definitive version for the implementation of this standard is the edition bearing the most recent date of issue, obtainable from Beuth Verlag
GmbH, 10772 Berlin, Germany. Translated by DILLINGER HÜTTE GTS. This translation has not been checked by DIN Deutsches Institut
für Normung e.V., Berlin.
6
As can be seen in Figure 2, ■ What kind of material Depending on the cause of

there are generally four elements (stones, silica, gravel, coal, wear, wear is subdivided into
involved in a wear process. sludge, flour, sugar etc.) acts types of wear and wear
These elements form the actual on the wear plate with what mechanisms.
structure of the tribological sys- severity, or what is the nature
tem, and they fundamentally of the active body (the item On the basis of the standard
affect the selection of a suitable which the metal plate comes DIN 50320, which is officially
wearing plate (passive body). into contact with)? no longer valid but nevertheless
instructive, Table 1 shows a
The following questions and ■ What is the type of wear compilation of the major types
explanations are designed to load (sliding, rolling, push- of wear that could result for the
help you to diagnose this ing, flowing) and how high different tribological loads, with
structure, and then to select a are the forces that affect the the effective wear mechanisms
material which is appropriate material (velocity, pressure, marked.
for the wear situation. temperature, duration of
loading, etc.)?
■ Which accompanying secon-

daries are also involved
(water, oil, acid, air, abrasive
products etc.)?
■ In what kind of environment

does the wearing process take
place (moist, saline, dry air,
ambient temperature etc.)?
7
Table 1: Subdivision of the wear area, based on the former standard DIN 50320 1)
System structure Tribological cause of wear Type of wear Acting mechanisms

(Symbols) (singly or combined)
Adhesion Abrasion Surface Tribo-chemi-

destruction cal reactions
– Solids Sliding
– Accompanying secon- Rolling
dary (complete separa- Impact – – –
tion of substances)
– Solids
Sliding Slide abrasion

– Solids
– Solids
Rolling Rolling wear
(solid friction,
boundary friction,
mixed friction) Oscillation Oscillation wear
Impact wear
Impact
Abrasive Impact –
– Solids wear
– Particles Abrasive sliding
Sliding – –
wear
Sliding
– Solids Three-body
– Solids and Rolling
abrasive wear
particles
Impact
– Solids
– Particles Flowing Hydro-abrasive
–
wear
– Liquid
Jet blasting
– Solids Flowing
wear
– Particles (gas)
Flowing Impact wear
Impact Oblique blasting wear
Flowing Cavitation- – –
Oscillating erosion
– Solids Erosion by
Impact – –
– Liquids impingement
Flowing Liquid- – –
erosion
– Solids Flowing – – –
Gas erosion
– Gas
Mainly active
1)
Sometimes active
Reproduced by permission of DIN Deutsches Institut für Normung e.V.
8
Types of wear mainly describe Each of these mechanisms sol- causes of wear, you should take
the kinetics and structure of licitates the material in a differ- into account that design, operat-
tribological systems, and wear ent way and requires a specific ing and process-related mea-
mechanisms result from the optimisation of the individual sures can also help to achieve a
interaction of materials and material characteristics, e.g. significant reduction to wear.
energy between the active and hardness to fight abrasion
passive bodies, influenced by the and/or toughness to fight sur- For example, changing the
accompanying secondary and face erosion. transport velocity of bulk
the ambient medium. The fol- material in a chute system can
lowing distinctions are made 1) : A knowledge of the structure influence the dumping para-
of a tribological system serves meters, and thus the angle of
■ Adhesion: caused by local as an aid to diagnose wear pro- impact into a charging hopper.
bonding of the contact cesses and to reduce them by This in turn changes the pro-
surfaces, e.g. “plucking“ suitable means, if possible as portion of impact and abrasive
soon as the design stage of a wear, and thus possibly the rate
■ Abrasion: score grooving of machine. of wear (operating measure).
the material as a result of Similarly, however, it is also
abrasive loading However, an exact prediction possible to change the angle
of wear processes and wear rates of inclination of the charging
■ Surface destruction: fatigue is usually extremely difficult hopper wall (design measure),
and formation of cracks in since the number of facets of which could also change the
the surface as a result of the process is almost unlimited. rate of wear.
dynamic load, e.g. “pitting“ This means that, in spite of long
experience, it is usually only Passive wear protection measures
■ Tribo-chemical reaction: possible to provide reliable wear which lead to self-protection by
occurrence of reaction data by testing the material in the abrasive material, e.g. by fix-
products due to tribological practical use. ing steps (batons) to the wall of
loading in chemical reaction the charging hopper, can also
with the environment, e.g. In addition to the selection help to reduce component wear.
“oxidation“. of material appropriate to the
1) Reproduced by permission of DIN Deutsches Institut für Normung e.V.

9
In addition to the wear-resistant DILLIDUR steels offer you an ratio between the individual
characteristics of a steel such as ideal compromise between high steel qualities does not change
hardness, ductility, resistance wear resistance and optimum significantly when the thickness
against crack formation and workability. This helps to save is changed.
propagation, the following cri- material and processing costs.
teria for decision also play an A detailed explanation of
important role in selection: To make the selection of the those properties is given in the
right DILLIDUR steel easier, corresponding sections of this
■ Weldability Table 2 compares the properties brochure.
■ Cold forming capacity of the individual DILLIDUR
■ Hot forming capacity steels. The details given apply
■ Machinability for plate thickness of less than
■ Toughness 25 mm and are merely intended
■ Economic effectiveness as a guide. However, the relative
Table 2: Assistance in selecting the DILLIDUR grade most appropriate for your set of requirements
DILLIDUR 275 C 325 L 400 V 450 V 500 V
Wear resistance 1) +++ + ++ ++(+) +++
Weldability 0 + +++ ++ +
Cold forming capacity + ++ ++ ++ +
Hot forming capacity ++ ++ 0 0 0
Machinability ++ ++ ++ + 0
Toughness 0 + ++ +(+)
(+++ = very good, ++ = good, + = satisfactory, 0 = not advisable if this property is especially important.)
1) Mainly applies to abrasive wear (measured wear resistance under laboratory conditions)
10
Because of their special micro- wear resistance in relation to made within a specific steel
structure and hardness, the wear the structural steel S355J2+N quality (C, L or V).
resistance of DILLIDUR steels was compared with the average
is up to 5 times higher than that hardness of the tested materials. This can be explained by the
of conventional steels (see Fig- The conclusion was that an fact that the hardness of a steel
ure 3). increase in hardness only corre- can be achieved in different ways
late with increased wear resis- (see section “The Manufacture
Therefore, modern steels such tance when comparisons are of DILLIDUR“, p. 12ff).
as DILLIDUR offer designers
possibilities formerly difficult
to achieve, enabling them for
instance to slim down their Figure 3: Relative durability of DILLIDUR steels by comparison
designs and increase the wear with S355J2+N
resistance where it is necessary.
Relative durability vs. S355J2+N [%]
Similarly, it can be seen in

600
Figure 3 that the adage: “The 500 V
harder the steel, the better its 500
wear resistance“ has only lim- 275 C 450V
ited validity. This is due to met- 400
allurgical differences in the 400 V
microstructure and applies gen- 300
erally for all wear resisting 325 L
steels. 200
S355J2+N
In examinations with the wear 100
tank method (abrasion with dry 0 100 200 300 400 500 600
gravel under laboratory condi- Average hardness [HB]
tions), the measured relative
11
THE MANUFACTURE OF DILLIDUR
The high degree of hardness dis- produced by melting in a top- Particular attention is paid to the
played by DILLIDUR steels is blowing basic oxygen process, then carbon equivalent (CEV, PCM or
not only achieved by selective treated by ladle metallurgy and, CET), which goes up together
alloying, but also by special manu- for usual plate dimensions, cast by with the alloy content. Low car-
facturing processes. After rolling, continuous casting. For very thick, bon equivalent values indicate a
the heavy plates are hardened by heavy plates, ingot casting is also good weldability. However, a mini-
controlled heat treatment. All available. mum of alloy elements, which
processes involved - steel produc- increases with the plate thickness,
tion, shaping into heavy plate and A low phosphorus and sulphur is necessary to ensure sufficient
hardening - are exactly combined content are both prerequisites hardening as a result of the final
for each steel melt, thus providing for high toughness. As a rule, the heat treatment.
optimum control of the material phosphorus content is below
microstructure and the best possi- 0,020 % and the sulphur content Indicative values of the carbon
ble characteristics. below 0,005 %. The required equivalent of DILLIDUR
alloy content is exactly adjusted 275 C, 325 L, 400 V, 450 V and
Melting the Steel in the ladle as well, with a view 500 V are shown in Table 3.
to an optimum combination of
After careful hot metal desulphur- mechanical values and good
ization, DILLIDUR steels are machinability.
Table 3: Carbon equivalent of DILLIDUR 275 C, 325 L, 400 V, 450 V and 500 V (indicative values)
DILLIDUR 275 C 325 L 400 V 450 V 500 V
Thickness
[mm] 40 40 10 25 40 80 120 10 40 80 10 40 80
CEV 0.80 0.78 0.37 0.46 0.51 0.61 0.64 0.46 0.53 0.65 0.47 0.52 0.67
CET 0.66 0.44 0.28 0.31 0.33 0.35 0.36 0.33 0.36 0.39 0.36 0.37 0.42
PCM 0.62 0.37 0.23 0.25 0.27 0.30 0.31 0.29 0.32 0.35 0.34 0.35 0.39
Carbon equivalent:
CEV = C+Mn/6+(Cr+Mo+V)/5+(Cu+Ni)/15
CET = C+(Mn+Mo)/10+(Cr+Cu)/20+Ni/40
PCM = C+Si/30+(Mn+Cu+Cr)/20+Mo/15+Ni/60+V/10+5•B
12
Shaping into Heavy Plate forces of up to 108,000 kN mechanical properties of

(11,000 metric tons), sufficient DILLIDUR steels. The repro-
DILLINGER HÜTTE GTS deformation is achieved in the ducibility of the rolling process
has two of the most powerful core of the plate, even for large in terms of rolling temperature,
rolling stands in the world. The plate thickness. rolling force and thickness
slabs produced in the steel reduction ratio is ensured
works are rolled there according The microstructure is then by accurate measurement and
to a rolling schedule precisely highly suitable for the subse- fast process control. These
defined and tuned to the respec- quent hardening process and features are used to set the nar-
tive chemical composition of the forms one of the prerequisites row dimension tolerances.
steel. Thanks to the high rolling for the good homogeneity and
Figure 4: The typical microstructure of DILLIDUR V steels magnified 500 times
13
Figure 5: An austenized DILLIDUR V plate enters the quenching device
14
Hardening The microstructure of this nor- bottom surface of the plate

malized steel is largely bainitic. ensures extremely high cooling
DILLIDUR 275 C is normal- rates. This leads to a fine-grained,
ized and receives its hardness The high hardness of hard microstructure. Continu-
mainly from its carbon content. DILLIDUR V steels is achieved ous and steady cooling results
The microstructure of this type not only through systematic in a homogeneous hardness,
of steel is largely ferritic and alloying, it is also the result of basis of a high wear resistance.
pearlitic. a special manufacturing process.
After rolling, the heavy plates The typical hardened microstruc-
DILLIDUR 325 L is also nor- are heated to austenitizing ture of a DILLIDUR V steel is
malized, but it receives its hard- temperature and then cooled shown in Figure 4 on page 13.
ness from additional alloying, down with water in a special
while the carbon content is kept quenching device. A fast-run- Figure 5 shows an insight
low to improve weldability. ning water film over the top and into the quenching device.
15
Figure 6: Charging hopper of a crushing plant, walls made of DILLIDUR 400 V
16
THE MATERIAL PROPERTIES OF DILLIDUR
Hardness and Strength relevant components. For this level decreases gradually with
purpose high strength steels increasing carbon content.
The hardness level of DILLIDUR DILLIMAX are available. Therefore, the impact toughness
steels far surpasses that of con- of DILLIDUR L is lower
ventional steel. Toughness (bainitic microstructure) and
that of DILLIDUR C is low
Table 4 shows indicative values In spite of their high hardness, because of the high carbon
for hardness, yield strength, DILLIDUR steels have suffi- content. Even in wear resisting
tensile strength, elongation at ciently good toughness for their steels, the toughness under
rupture and toughness. usual field of application. The impact load or surface eroding
impact toughness is highest for impact wear may be decisive,
In spite of their high tensile the low-carbon DILLIDUR V e.g. in ventilation systems
properties, DILLIDUR steels steels with a martensitic micro- or in truck dumping bodies
are not intended for security structure, and the toughness (see Figure 21, p. 38).
Table 4: Indicative values for hardness, yield strength, tensile strength, elongation at rupture and
toughness for plate thickness below 25 mm
DILLIDUR 275 C 325 L 400 V 450 V 500 V
Hardness [HB] 1) 275 320 400 450 500
Yield point Y.P. [MPa] 650 650 800 950 1100
Tensile strength U.T.S. [MPa] 950 1000 1200 1400 1600
Elongation A [%] 2) 9 15 12 11 9
Impact toughness [J] 3) 10 20 45 35 25
1) Average surface hardness
2) Round tensile test specimen, transverse
3) Charpy -V specimens, longitudinal at - 20 °C
17
Through-Thickness Hardening High-Temperature Strength The „air hardeners“ DILLIDUR C

and L can be used in permanent
To achieve outstanding mechan- Wear processes which are active operation up to a temperature
ical properties, in this case a at elevated temperatures re- of 400 °C. On the basis of hot
high hardness value in the core quire good high-temperature tensile tests for various plate
of the plate and homogeneous strength properties of the thickness values, Figure 7
microstructure, it is necessary materials used. Even at high shows that DILLIDUR 325 L
in addition to the extremly temperatures, the protection still has a strength of 630 MPa
high cooling rates and very against wear has to be as good at this temperature.
low amount of non-metallic as possible to ensure long
substances and hydrogen, to service life.
provide a precisely tuned
amount of alloying elements.
Figure 7: Effect of temperature on the yield and tensile strength of
Chromium, molybdenum, man- DILLIDUR 325 L (auxiliary data, plate thickness = 20 mm)
ganese, vanadium and boron
1200
are particularly suitable for full
hardening. The chemical com- 1100
position of the DILLIDUR 1000
steels is designed to ensure
Y.S. and T.S. [MPa]
900
that the reduction of hardness
towards the core of the plate is 800
as low as possible, taking into 700

account the necessary limitation
600
of the carbon equivalent for the
sake of weldability. 500
400
A high hardness penetration 300
Y.S.
T.S.
prevents wear from taking place
200
too quickly from the surface to 0 100 200 300 400 500 600
the core of the plate. Temperature [°C]
18
Because of their special heat

treatment, DILLIDUR V steels
DILLIDUR 400 V (auxiliary data, plate thickness = 20 mm)
cannot be used permanently at
temperatures above 200 °C - 1300
250 °C without losing hardness 1200
and strength.
1100
1000
Y.S. and T.S. [MPa]
By means of hot tensile tests

for various plate thickness val- 900
ues, Figures 8 and 9 show the 800

typical effect of temperature on 700
the mechanical properties of 600
DILLIDUR 400 V and
500
DILLIDUR 500 V.
400
300 Y.S.
T.S.
200
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
Temperature [°C]

DILLIDUR 500 V (auxiliary data, plate thickness = 20 mm)
1800
1600
1400
Y.S. and T.S. [MPa]
1200
1000
800
600
400
Y.S.
T.S.
200
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
Temperature [°C]
19
THE PROCESSING OF DILLIDUR
DILLIDUR steels are well Cold Forming That’s why the flame cut area
suited for processing in spite of should be worked off by about
their high degree of hardness. DILLIDUR steels are well 3 mm for the cold forming.
Nevertheless, certain processing suited for cold forming by
guidelines apply to DILLIDUR bending in spite of their high Because of the different heat
steels. The user should ensure hardness and strength. It must treatment conditions, the
that his design, construction and be taken into account that the required minimum bending
processing methods are aligned force needed to form a given radius is not the same for
with the material, correspond to plate thickness increases with DILLIDUR C, L and V steels
the state-of-the-art that the fab- the yield strength of the steel. (see Table 5) In addition, the
ricator has to comply with and The elastic spring-back effect minimum required bending
are suitable for the intended use. also increases. In order to avoid radius and die opening for
the risk of cracking from the bending perpendicular to the
The following pages explain a edges, flame cut or sheared rolling direction are lower than
number of fundamental princi- edges should be grounded in the for bending parallel to it,
ples and provide practical pro- area that is to be cold formed. which is due to the deformation
cessing hints for DILLIDUR. It is also advisable to round the process during rolling. The
plate edge slightly on the out- following minimum values for
side of the bend coming under the bending radius can be used
tension stress during bending. as a guide for DILLIDUR
Because of the relatively high steels, assuming that the form-
carbon content, the flame cut of ing speed does not exceed 10 %
DILLIDUR 275 C is very hard expansion of the outer fibre
(approx. 600 HB) and brittle. per second.
20
Table 5: Minimum bending radius and die opening for cold forming of DILLIDUR steels
DILLIDUR 275 C 325 L 400 V 450 V 500 V

Position of perp. parallel perp. parallel perp. parallel perp. parallel perp. parallel
bending line to
rolling direction
Bending radius 6t 8t 5t 6t 3t 4t 5t 6t 7t 9t
Die opening 14 t 18 t 14 t 16 t 10 t 12 t 14 t 16 t 16 t 20 t
Hot forming possible possible - - -
Bending angle < 90°, t = plate thickness, forming time > 2 sec (< 10 % expansion of outer fibre per second)
21
Figure 10: Continuous ship unloader in the harbour of DILLINGER HÜTTE GTS
22
Hot Forming DILLIDUR 275 C: As the steel normalization is 880 to 950 °C.
reaches its hardness by air cool- Without subsequent normaliz-
By hot forming we generally ing after normalization, hot ing, the steel can be heated to
understand forming at tempera- forming is always possible with- about 600 °C without significant
tures at which a metallurgical out a loss of hardness if the loss of hardness. Figure 11
alteration can be expected. steel is then normalized again or shows the general change in the
For DILLIDUR 275 C and if an equivalent temperature hardness and strength values for
DILLIDUR 325 L this is the control is maintained during hot DILLIDUR 275 C in relation
stress-relieving temperature forming. The temperature for to the tempering temperature.
(approx. 580 °C). For
DILLIDUR V steels, because
of the special hardening process,
this limit is significantly lower
(approx. 250 °C). Figure 11: DILLIDUR 275 C: Effect of the tempering tempera-
ture on tensile strength, yield strength and hardness after the
Since the yield strength of the cooling down to the room temperature (auxiliary data)
steel decreases with increasing 1000
temperature, it may still be bene-
900
ficial for DILLIDUR 275 C
Hardness [HB] or Rm resp. Rp0,2 [MPa]
and DILLIDUR 325 L to carry 800
out the forming process at high 700

temperature in case of narrow 600
bending radius and thick plates.
500
The required forming force
decreases in proportion to the 400
temperature. 300
200 Tensile strength

Yield strength
100 Hardness
Minimum hardness
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
Tempering temperature [°C]
23
DILLIDUR 325 L: As the steel

Figure 12: DILLIDUR 325 L: Effect of the tempering tempera-
reaches its hardness by air
cooling after normalizing, hot
cooling down to the room temperature (auxiliary data)
forming is always possible with-
out a loss of hardness if the
1200
steel is then normalized again
or if an equivalent temperature
1000
control is maintained during
hot forming.
800
The temperature for normaliza-

tion is 900 to 950 °C. 600
Without subsequent heat treat- 400

ment, the steel can be heated up
to about 600 °C without signifi- 200 Tensile strength
Yield strength
cant loss of hardness. The gen-
Hardness
eral change of hardness and Minimum hardness
0
strength with the tempering tem- 0 100 200 300 400 500 600
perature are shown in Figure 12. Tempering temperature [°C]
24
DILLIDUR 400 V/ 500 V: As

Figure 13: DILLIDUR 400 V: Effect of the tempering tempera-
the steel reaches its hardness by
accelerated cooling from the
austenitizing temperature, hot
forming without a loss of hard- 1600
ness is only possible if the work-

1400
piece is then hardened again.
1200
Due to the different heat treat-
1000
ment equipment of the process-
ing factory and the geometry of 800
the component, the cooling
rate achieved is generally slower 600
and the hardness lower than for
400
plate manufacturing.
Tensile strength
200 Yield strength
The original hardness and Hardness
Nominal hardness
through-thickness hardening 0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
produced in the mill can
generally not be reached again.
Additionally there is a risk of
distortion. For components Figures 13 and 14 show the gen-
which must be quenched during eral change of tensile strength,
processing, the chemical com- yield strength and hardness val-
position can be adjusted accord- ues for DILLIDUR 400 V
ingly in consultation with and 500 V in relation to the
DILLINGER HÜTTE GTS. tempering temperature.
25
If hot forming of DILLIDUR V

Figure 14: DILLIDUR 500 V: Effect of the tempering tempera-
steels is necessary, it should as
far as possible be carried out at
a temperature between 880 and
1800
950 °C.
1600
During the subsequent harden-
1400 ing, a quick heat dissipation

must be ensured and the for-
1200
mation of insulating layers of
1000 vapour avoided, in order to
reach sufficient hardening across
800
the thickness of the component.
600
400
Tensile strength
Yield strength
200 Hardness
Nominal hardness
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
26
Thermal Cutting essary to clean the top of the under unfavourable conditions,
workpiece around the cut from to hardness cracking. With
Flame cutting, plasma arc scale, rust, paint and any other increasing thickness and alloy-
cutting or laser cutting of impurities. ing content, flame cutting of
DILLIDUR L and V steels is DILLIDUR steels requires
possible without any difficulty if Oxycutting: In this flame cutting more care than conventional
carried out correctly and as long method, the steel is heated to constructional steels.
as appropriate tools in good inflammation point with a gas
working condition, suitable for and oxygen flame and then Flame cutting must be carried
the respective job are available. burned in a cutting oxygen jet. out at a temperature high enough
As different manufacturers In this process, only an extre- to avoid cracking.
have developed a variety of mely narrow zone (< 1 mm)
tools, you should note the next to the cutting edge is heated The cooling speed is thereby
respective settings and advice to hardening temperature reduced so that the austenized
prescribed by the manufacturer (austenized), and because of the zone is not hardened so strongly
in the cutting tables (nozzle extremely high flow of heat into and the shrinking stress is signif-
selection, gas pressure, working the surrounding cold material, icantly reduced. The minimum
methods, speed etc.). it is transformed into a hardened preheating temperatures given
structure. This heat discharge in the table 6 have proved to be
The surface condition of the can reach the cooling speed of appropriate for oxyacetylene
plates also has a marked influ- quenching in water. The sur- cutting.
ence on the flame cutting rounding areas are tempered.
conditions and the cut face We also speak of the so-called Re-entering angles should be
quality that can be achieved. heat-affected zone (HAZ). The flame cut with a radius, in order
Where high demands are placed extreme differences in tempera- to reduce the notch effect.
on the cut face quality, it is nec- ture can lead to stress and,
Table 6: Minimum preheating temperatures for flame cutting of DILLIDUR steels
Plate thickness [mm] < 10 < 20 < 30 < 50 < 60 < 100
DILLIDUR 275 C 150 °C 150 °C 175 °C 225 °C 225 °C 225 °C
DILLIDUR 325 L 15 °C 75 °C 100 °C 120 °C – –
DILLIDUR 400 V 1) 15 °C 15 °C 15 °C 75 °C 100 °C 100 °C
1) Max. heating temperature < 250 °C, for short periods 300 °C
27
If the cutting edges are cold

Figure 15: Hardening of DILLIDUR 325 L at the flame cutting
formed in further processing, for edge after oxycutting (auxiliary data, plate thickness: 15 mm)
example by bending, the zone
hardened by flame cutting should 600
be removed for all DILLIDUR
steels by grinding in the area to 550
be formed (see section „Cold 500

forming“, p. 20).
Hardness [HV5]
450
Figure 15 shows the typical hard- 400

ness profile in the heat affected
350
zone (HAZ) of the flame cutting
edge of a DILLIDUR 325 L 300
plate. The hardness values are
250
comparable to those obtained Midthickness
after water quenching. But this 200 3 mm subsurface
hardness quickly drops down to 150
the original hardness of the 0 0,5 1,0 1,5 2,0 2,5 3,0 4 5 6 7 8
workpiece. Distance from the flame cutting edge [mm]
28
For DILLIDUR V steels, the

Figure 16: Hardening of DILLIDUR 400 V at the flame cutting
flame cutting edge reaches the edge after oxycutting (auxiliary data, plate thickness: 20-30 mm)
hardness of the original water- and example of the flame cutting HAZ on plate edge (micrograph)
hardened material again. In
between is a small softened
450
zone, which is rather wider Midthickness
3 mm subsurface
near the surface because of 400
the spreading of the heating
flame (see Figures 16 and 17).
Hardness [HV5]
350
DILLIDUR V steels should not 300

be heated above 250 °C for 3 mm
subsurface
long periods, since they would 250
otherwise lose much of their Midthickness
hardness. 200
Therefore, for flame cutting 150

0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
parts which are unable to
Distance from the flame cutting edge [mm]
dissipate heat quickly enough
such as small components,
screen plates, lamellae, cutter
blades etc., additional cooling
should be provided instead of Figure 17: Hardening of DILLIDUR 500 V at the flame cutting
edge after oxycutting (auxiliary data, plate thickness: 20-30 mm)
preheating.
550
This can be achieved, for exam- Midthickness
ple, by flame cutting in a water 3 mm subsurface
500
bath with the plate to be flame
cut 2/3 immersed in the water so
Hardness [HV5]
450
that the heat can be rapidly dis-
sipated via the water. In this 400
case, the resulting shrinkage
force is much smaller, so that 350
there is little risk of cracking
because of the narrow heat- 300
affected zone (HAZ). A further
advantage is the tighter dimen- 250
0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
sionional tolerance that can be
Distance from the flame cutting edge [mm]
achieved with this flame cutting
method.
29
Laser and plasma cutting: The A perfect surface of the plates is great extent on the laser power
major advantages of laser and a fundamental precondition for and the plate thickness to be
plasma cutting lie in the higher laser cutting because the laser cut. With a plate thickness of
cutting performance and the beam must be concentrated 10 mm and a laser energy of
narrower heat-affected zone, without reflection loss and 2-3 kW, cutting speeds of up to
along with minimum heat input. absorbed without disturbance 2000 mm/min are possible.
With both cutting processes it is on the so-called focus on the
possible to cut even the smallest surface of the plate. With suitable surface treatment,
parts, lamellae and screen plates e.g. the use of an emulsion, it
with low distortion and without If required, all DILLIDUR may even be possible to improve
loss of hardness (see Figure 18). steels can be supplied shot- this performance.
With these methods it is also blasted and coated especially for
possible to dispense with pre- this purpose. The achievable cut-
heating. ting performance depends to a
Figure 18: Laser-cut screen plate made of DILLIDUR 400 V, plate thickness 12 mm
30
Unlike laser cutting, plasma

Figure 19: Typical effect of different flame cutting processes on
cutting is also suitable for plate the heat affected zone of a hardened, wear resisting steel
thickness above 30 mm. How-
ever, the heat affected zone is
550
somewhat wider. Figure 19
shows the typical effect of the
500
different cutting methods on the
heat affected zone of a hard-
Hardness [HV10]
ened, wear resisting steel. 450
Water jet cutting: This method 400

is particularly suitable for
cutting of DILLIDUR steels 350
because there are no thermal
effects which may induce 300 Laser
changes in the material and Plasma
Oxycutting
impair the properties of the
250
component. However, the cut- 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
ting speed is rather slower. Distance from the cutting edge [mm]
31
Figure 20: Welded excavator shovel made of DILLIDUR V plates

(Illustration used with the kind permission of Schlüter Baumaschinen, Erwitte, Westphalia, Germany)
32
Welding On the contrary, the welding processing conditions are not

of DILLIDUR 275 C is more known, it is not possible to
Weldability: With increasing difficult because of the relatively guarantee in advance the
alloying contents, the process- high carbon content. Other mechanical properties of the
ing, and especially the heat con- bonding types, e.g. bolting, weld or the lack of defects in the
trol during welding, requires are preferable. welds. But practical experience
special care. shows that good results are
DILLINGER HÜTTE GTS obtained if suitable welding
As long as the general rules of points out that the following conditions are maintained.
welding technology (EN 1011, recommendations on welding
see section “Literature“, p. 49) are purely for information. Preparation of the weld seam:
and the following instructions The weld seam can be prepared
are observed, DILLIDUR 400 V The wide variety of welding by machining or by thermal
and 450 V are very suitable for conditions, the construction and cutting. At the beginning of the
welding with normal welding the consumables used have a welding process, the seam must
techniques: submerged arc, significant effect on the quality be bright, dry and free from
manual arc and gas shielded of the welded joints. As the flame cutting slag, rust, scale,
metal arc welding. respective operating and paint and any other impurities.
33
Weld fillers and consumables: “soft“ welded so that it can fully duction, at approx. 5 ml/100g
Weld fillers must be selected in absorb any tension which arises. weld metal is lower than for any
accordance with the require- other types of coating (approx.
ments for the mechanical For welds subject to extreme 10 to 15 ml/100g weld metal).
properties. wear, we recommend that the The risk of cold cracking is
final pass should be carried out therefore lower. It is essential
In most cases it is sufficient, for with special hard facing elec- that redrying and storage are
fillet welds and butt joints that trodes. For such applications, carried out according to the
are not subject to full stress, to Table 8 shows an overview of instructions of the consumable
use a “soft“ weld filler with a suitable “hard“ weld fillers. You manufacturer because basic
low strength and hardness (yield should take into account that a coatings absorb air humidity.
strength ≤ 355 MPa). However, high degree of hardness in the
this is only practical if the welds weld increases the risk of cold Where austenitic electrodes or
can be designed to be in areas cracking. electrodes on a nickel basis are
that are subject to less wear, so used, it is sometimes possible to
that the wear of the weld does In manual arc welding, basic- dispense with preheating. But
not have a negative effect on the coated rod electrodes are always the use of such electrodes is gen-
service life of the component. used because of the risk of cracks. erally only advisable for small
Basic-coated rod electrodes have seam cross-sections because of
Table 7 shows an overview of two outstanding properties: the the higher costs.
suitable “soft“ weld fillers. The toughness of the weld metal is
root seam should in any case be higher and their hydrogen intro-
34
Table 7: “Soft“ weld fillers and consumables for welding of DILLIDUR steels
Manual arc welding
Designation Standard Manufacturer
Tenacito DIN EN 499 E 42 6 B 42 H5 – AWS A 5.1 E 7018 OERLIKON
Phoenix 120 K DIN EN 499 E 42 5 B 32 H5 – AWS A 5.1 E 7018 THYSSEN
Fox EV 50 DIN EN 499 E 42 4 B 42 H5 – AWS A 5.1 E 7018 BOEHLER
OK 48.00 DIN EN 499 E 38 2 B 42 H5 – AWS A 5.1 E 7018 ESAB
Gas shielded metal are welding

Fluxofil 30 DIN EN 758 T 42 2 B C 3 – AWS A 5.20 E 70 T-5 OERLIKON
Fluxofil 31 DIN EN 758 T 42 4 B C 3 – AWS A 5.20 E 70 T-5 OERLIKON
Union K 52 DIN EN 440 G 42 A C G3 Si1 – AWS A 5.18 ER 70 S-6 THYSSEN
OK Autrod 12.51 DIN EN 440 G 42 5 M G3 Si1 – AWS A 5.18 ER 70 S-6 ESAB
Submerged are welding

OE S2 DIN 756 S2 – AWS A 5.17 EM 12 OERLIKON
Union S2 DIN 756 S2 – AWS A 5.17 EM 12 THYSSEN
OK Autrod 12.20 DIN 756 S2 – AWS A 5.17 EM 12 ESAB
EMS 2 DIN 756 S2 – AWS A 5.17 EM 12 BOEHLER
To combine with fluoride-alkaline powders, TYPE FB according to DIN EN 760, e.g. A FB 1 55 AC
35
Table 8: “Hard“ weld fillers and consumables for welding of DILLIDUR steels
Manual arc welding
Tenacito 80 DIN EN 757 E 69 4 Mn2NiCrMo B H5 – AWS A 5.5 E 11018-G OERLIKON
Tenacito 100 DIN EN 757 E 89 2 Mn2Ni1CrMo B H5 – AWS A 5.5 E 12018-G OERLIKON
SH Ni2 K 90 DIN EN 757 E 55 5 2 NiMo B – AWS A 5.5 E 10018-M THYSSEN
SH Ni2 K 130 DIN EN 757 E 89 2 Mn2Ni1CrMoB – AWS A 5.5 E 12018-M THYSSEN
Gas shielded metal arc welding

Union NiMoCr AWS A 5.28 ER 100 S-1 THYSSEN
Fluxofil 41 DIN EN 758 T 50 6 1NiMo B C(M) 3 – AWS A 5.29 E 90 T5-G OERLIKON
Fluxofil 42 AWS A 5.29 E 110 T5 K4 OERLIKON
Submerged arc welding

Union S3 Mo DIN EN 756 S3Mo – AWSA 5.23 EA 4 THYSSEN
Union S3 NiMoCr AWSA 5.23 ~ EM2 THYSSEN
Fluxocord 41 AWSA 5.23 F9A8-EC-G OERLIKON
Fluxocord 42 AWSA 5.23 F11 A8-EC-F5 OERLIKON
to combine with fluoride-alkaline powders, type FB according to DIN EN 760, e.g. A FB 1 55 AC
36
Prevention of cold cracking: the grain boundaries of the weld whole welding process (interpass
Like all hardened wear resistant metal structure and on the temperature). In gas shielded
steels, DILLIDUR steels can fusion line are the main causes metal arc welding, only compar-
under unfavourable conditions of cracking. The hydrogen atively small amounts of hydro-
also tend to form cold cracks enters the weld through moist gen are introduced to the weld
in the hardened structure at weld fillers, films of moisture metal (< 2 ml/100 g), so that pre-
the weld. on the weld edges or the atmos- heating can often be dispensed
phere surrounding the arc. The for the DILLIDUR 400 V and
Given that the cracks appear hydrogen entry must be reduced 450 V series when using welding
only several hours after welding, by selecting suitable weld fillers, wires of a lower strength.
checking for cracks should be keeping them dry in storage and
made 48 hours after welding at especially by warming up the Because of the generally higher
the earliest. component to be welded or the energy input per unit length that
weld area. is used for submerged arc weld-
But cold cracking can be avoi- ing, the danger of cold cracking
ded if suitable precautions are The higher temperature leads is reduced here by comparison
adopted during welding, and to a delay in the cooling of the with manual metal arc welding
especially if two factors which weld after welding, which means as long as the powder is redried
favour cracking are excluded: that the hydrogen has more time and stored in accordance with
hydrogen in the weld metal and to diffuse out. This process mainly its manufacturer's instructions.
intrinsic constraint. A third takes place in the temperature
factor, hardening in the heat- range between 300 and 100 °C. Experience shows that sub-
affected zone of DILLIDUR merged arc welding should be
steels, can only be controlled to Heat control not only refers used only for DILLIDUR 400 V.
a limited extent because of the to the heating of the seam If the heat input per unit length
higher alloy content of the base at the beginning of the welding is higher than 2.5 kJ/mm, the
material and the weld fillers, process, it also refers to ad- given preheating temperatures
depending on the steel type. herence to a certain minimum can generally be reduced by
Inclusion of hydrogen atoms at temperature throughout the about 30 °C.
37
Figure 21: Welded truck dumping body made of DILLIDUR 400 V, plate thickness 10 mm
38
Preheating temperatures for about 100 mm width (or at least cross-sectional transitions and
welding of DILLIDUR steels are 4 times the plate thickness) on concentrations of welds must be
shown in Figures 22 to 25. They both sides of the weld shall have avoided. Also make sure that the
show the recommended mini- reached the preheating tem- components to be welded form a
mum preheating temperatures in perature as well. For multiple good fit and that the welds are
relation to the plate thickness, layer welding, you must also free from notches as far as pos-
and thus the carbon equivalent adhere to the preheating temper- sible. An advantageous weld
CET and the hydrogen content ature as a minimum interpass sequence can also reduce the
of the fused weld filler. temperature. residual stresses.
The plate thickness does not The danger that cracks may In principle, the weld sequence
refer to the combined plate occur in welded joints as a result should be selected to ensure that
thickness. The criterion is of residual stresses is particu- the individual components can
always the thickest plate in larly high when the seam volume shrink freely for as long as
the construction to be welded. is only partly filled. Therefore, possible.
cooling below the prescribed
At the beginning of the welding interpass temperature must be Root welds and tack welds
process, the whole length of the avoided during the whole wel- should be sufficiently thick tak-
seam shall have reached the pre- ding process. In the interest of ing into account the minimum
heating temperature. A zone of lower residual stresses, harsh preheating temperature.
39
Figure 22: DILLIDUR 325 L: recommended preheating tempera-

tures in relation to the plate thickness and hydrogen content of
the fused weld filler
10
200°C
8
150°C
Hydrogen content [ml /100 g]
Heat input
100°C 2.0 kJ/mm
4
75°C
50°C
0
0 10 20 30 40 50
Plate thickness [mm]
Hydrogen content HDM according to ISO 3690
40
Figure 23: DILLIDUR 400 V: recommended preheating tempera-

10
Heat input
1.5 kJ/mm
50°C
8
6
175°C
125°C
25°C
4
100°C 150°C
2
0
0 25 50 75 100
41

ture in relation to the plate thickness and hydrogen content of
10
Heat input
1.5 kJ/mm
75°C
8
150°C
6
200°C
4
25°C
2
100°C
150°C
0
0 25 50 75 100
42

10
Heat input
200°C 1.5 kJ/mm
8
150°C
6
100°C
50°C
2 200°C
175°C
0
0 25 50 75 100
43
Hard facing: Components which mend that you consult the re- heating of the cutting edge,
are subject to extreme local wear spective manufacturers. which can lead to increased wear
load can be additionally pro- of the cutting edge and, in ex-
tected by hard facing through Machining treme cases, to breakage of the
weld overlay. Application of tool. Please note the relevant
welded wear protection layers is DILLIDUR steels are very well information given by the tool
possible for all DILLIDUR suited for machining in spite of manufacturer. To minimize
steels. their high strength and hard- maintenance costs and increase
ness. However, some basic rules the service life of the tools, they
It must be taken into account must be observed when machin- should regularly be checked for
that weld overlay changes the ing these hardened steels. Vibra- wear (wear band) and ground.
original properties of the plate tions should be avoided. It is
within the heat affected zone, therefore advisable to work on a The recommendations given in
especially for DILLIDUR V machine that is as rigid as possi- the following tables for the selec-
steels. ble and to keep the gap between tion of tools and the machining
the workpiece and the machine of DILLIDUR steels are guide-
When the weld layer has been (support) to a minimum. Simi- lines which may lead to different
worn away, the softened basic larly, it is advisable to fix the results for different machines.
material may then wear faster workpiece firmly to the work- The validity of these recommen-
than was to be expected for the bench. dations should be checked by
material in its original condi- the processing specialist on site.
tion, so that in the long-term Depending on the type of Detailed information about
this wear protection may pro- machining work, sufficient machining and tool selection
duce inferior results if the cap cooling should be ensured. An can be obtained by consulting
pass is not replaced in time. For interruption of the coolant tool manufacturers or DILLIN-
information about suitable weld supply or insufficient coolants GER HÜTTE GTS.
fillers for hard facing, we recom- and lubricants can lead to over-
44
Drilling: DILLIDUR steels are drills with indexable inserts. For rupted briefly. This reduces the
well suited for drilling in spite of stable drills, the feed rate should tension on the machine and the
their high hardness. Suitable be set rather higher when machi- tool and avoids breaking of the
tools are cobalt-alloyed HSS ning begins to ensure that the cutting edges. Details on the
twist drills, twist drills with tool engages firmly. This helps selection of tools, cutting speeds
brazed carbide cuttings, solid to reduce vibrations. Before the and feed rates can be found in
carbide twist drills (with internal drill is completely through the Table 9.
cooling where appropriate) and material, feed should be inter-
Table 9: Recommendations for drilling DILLIDUR 325 L, 400 V, 450 V and 500 V
DILLIDUR Tool type Cutting speed Feed f [mm / rev.]

(Cutting material) Vc [m /min] depending on diameter
5 – 15 mm 20 – 30 mm 30 – 40 mm
325 L Twist drill with brazed carbide cutting 8 – 12 0.02 – 0.12 0.10 – 0.20 0.15 – 0.25
or solid carbide twist drill 1)
Drill with indexable inserts 2) 80 – 90 0.06 – 0.075 0.10 – 0.11 0.11 – 0.12
400 V Solid carbide heavy 35 – 50 without
duty drill (TIN) 1) internal cooling 0.06 – 0.16 0.18 – 0.25 –
40 – 70 with
internal cooling
Cobalt-alloyed HSS-twist drill 2) 8 – 10 0.05 – 0.16 0.20 – 0.25 –
Drill with indexable inserts 2) 60 – 70 – 0.10 – 0.12 0.12
450 V Solid carbide heavy 35 – 50 without
duty drill (TIN) 1) internal cooling 0.06 – 0.16 0.18 – 0.25 –
40 – 70 with
internal cooling
Drill with indexable inserts 2) 50 – 60 – 0.10 – 0.12 0.11
500 V Solid carbide heavy 35 – 50 without 0.06 – 0.16 0.18 – 0.25 –
duty drill (TIN) 1) internal cooling
40 – 70 with
internal cooling
Drill with indexable inserts 2) 40 – 50 – 0.10 0.10
1) Results with tools from Fette GmbH, Schwarzenbek, Germany Coolant / lubricant: emulsion
2) Results with tools from Ferrotec, Bielefeld, Germany
45
Countersinking: Cylindrical and Tapping: Screw threads can gen- Sawing: When using a band saw
conical countersinking can best erally be tapped by machine. to saw DILLIDUR steels, we
be made in hardened plates if Information on the selection of recommend grinding the flame
the tool has a pilot. This pre- tools, cutting speeds and speeds cutting edge 1- 2 mm deep in the
vents vibrations. The use of can be found in Table 11. area to be sawn and sawing the
three-edged countersinkers can smallest cross-section. In prac-
also contribute to a reduction of tice, cobalt-alloyed or carbide-
vibrations. Recommendations tipped saw blades have proved
for cutting speed and forward themselves there. We recom-
feed are given in Table 10. mend a cutting speed of about
18 m/min with good cooling.
Table 10: Recommendations for countersinking DILLIDUR 325 L, 400 V, 450 V and 500 V
DILLIDUR Tool type Cutting speed Feed f [mm / rev.]

15 – 30 mm 30 – 60 mm
325 L 30 – 40
Countersinker made of
400 V 30 – 40 0.10 – 0.15 0.15 – 0.25
solid carbide or with reversible
450 V 20 – 30
carbide tips1)
500 V 10 – 20
1) Results with tools from Fette GmbH, Schwarzenbek, Germany and from Ferrotec, Bielefeld, Germany Coolant/lubricant: emulsion
Table 11: Recommendations for tapping DILLIDUR V steels
DILLIDUR Tool type Cutting speed Speed n [rpm]

M10 M16 M20 M30 M42
400 V
Manual or machine tap
450 V 1.5 – 3.5 50 – 120 40 – 80 30 – 60 20 – 40 15 – 30
HSS-Co 1)
500 V
1) Results with tools from Ferrotec, Bielefeld, Germany Coolant/lubricant: emulsion
46
Milling: DILLIDUR steels can Experience has shown that this to vibrations. Therefore, all
be processed with tools made of geometry is superior to a planar possible measures must be
high-speed steel (HSS, TiN, face milling geometry (i.e. with a adopted to reduce vibrations,
TiCN-coated) and with tools 45° angle of incidence). The e.g. firm clamping of the work-
equipped with indexable inserts. use of indexable inserts with a piece. If large surfaces need to
Please note that flame cut edges broad cutting edge chamfer be processed, it is advisable to
may show significantly higher also minimizes wear. Instead machine the plate alternately on
hardness values than the rest of of cooling with emulsion, dry both sides, as this enables dis-
the material. Therefore, the first machining is recommended in tortion of the workpiece to be
cut should be at least 2 mm this case. But the use of com- avoided. Recommendations for
deep, i.e. should go far enough pressed air or minimal quantity the cutting speed and feed rate
below the heat affected zone. lubrication can lead to further for face and edge milling are
To mill DILLIDUR V steels, it improvements in the service life. given in Tables 12 and 13.
is advisable to use round inserts. Indexable inserts are sensitive
Table 12: Recommendations for face milling DILLIDUR V steels
DILLIDUR Tool type Cutting speed Feed per tooth

(Cutting type) Vc [m /min] fz [mm]
400 V Profile milling cutter / (FC 220N) 1) 130 – 150 0.10 – 0.12
Facing cutter / (HC-P20 + TiN)
1) Results with tools from Fette GmbH, Schwarzenbek, Germany
(TwinCut profile milling cutter: d = 125 mm, number of teeth: z = 8) Coolant/lubricant: none
Table 13: Recommendations for edge milling DILLIDUR V steels
DILLIDUR Tool type Cutting speed Feed per tooth

(Cutting type) Vc [m /min] fz [mm]
400 V Roughing cutter/ (FC 220N) 1) 145 – 155 0.13 – 0.15
(HC-P20 + TiN)
450 V Roughing cutter/ (FC 220N) 1) 100 – 140 0.15 – 0.17
(HC-P20 + TiN)
500 V Roughing cutter / (FC 220N) 1)
(HC-P20 + TiN) 85 – 95 0.17 – 0.19
1) Results with tools from Fette GmbH, Schwarzenbek, Germany
(TwinCut roughing cutter: d = 63 mm, number of teeth: z = 3) Coolant/lubricant: none
47
Nitriding
Figure 26: Typical hardness profile after gas nitriding of
DILLIDUR 325 L, nitriding duration approx. 80 hours,
To increase the wear resistance nitriding temperature 530 °C
near the surface, it can be advis-
able for special applications to 1000
carry out additional nitriding of 900
DILLIDUR steels, for example
800
for moulds or pressure rams.
700
During nitriding, the hardness is

Hardness [HV5]
600
increased by the diffusion of
500
nitrogen into the surface of the
workpiece, which leads to the 400
formation of hard nitrides. 300
200
Depending on the process, nitrid- minimum hardness in delivery condition
100
ing is carried out at tempera-
tures between 500 and 600 °C. 0
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4
Depth of hardening [mm]
DILLIDUR L and V steels are
particularly suitable for nitriding
due to their content of nitride- ness of up to 920 HV and a For the selection of the most
forming elements such as alu- nitride hardening depth of up to appropriate DILLIDUR
minium, silicon, chromium, nio- 0.7 mm at 340 HV (see Figure 26). steel (including the quality
bium, titanium and vanadium. Due to a tempering effect, the DILLIDUR NT that was devel-
For instance, gas nitriding of hardness in the core of the plate oped specifically for nitriding),
DILLIDUR 325 L makes it pos- drops to the level of the minimum please contact DILLINGER
sible to achieve a surface hard- hardness in delivery condition. HÜTTE GTS.
48
LITERATURE
Additional reading for the section Additional reading for the section Uwer D. et al: Schweißen mo-
“A Longer Life for your “The Fabrication Properties of derner hochfester Baustähle.
Machinery“ DILLIDUR“ Stahl u. Eisen 112 (1992) 4,
S. 29-35
Uetz U.: Abrasion und Erosion, Stahl Merkblatt 252: Thermi-
Carl Hanser Verlag, 1986, S. 2-25 sches Schneiden von Stahl. Stahl Merkblatt 381: Schweißen
Stahl-Informations-Zentrum, unlegierter und niedriglegierter
Zum Gahr K. H.: Entwicklung Düsseldorf, 1985 Baustähle. Stahl-Informations-
und Einsatz verschleißfester Zentrum, Düsseldorf, 1989
Werkstoffe. Materialwissen- Hermann F. D.: Thermisches
schaft und Werkstofftechnik 19 Schneiden - Die schweißtechni- ISO 3690 (2000): Welding and
(1988), S. 223-230 sche Praxis. DVS-Berichte Band allied processes – Determination
13. DVS-Verlag, Düsseldorf, of hydrogen content in ferritic
DIN 50 320 (1979): Verschleiß. 1979 steel arc weld metal. IIW
Beuth Verlag GmbH, Berlin,
(withdrawn) EN 1011 (Part 1: 05/2002, Stahl Merkblatt 447: Nitrieren
Part 2: 01/2001): Recommen- und Nitrocarburieren. Stahl-
DIN 50 321 (1979): Verschleiß- dations for welding of metallic Informations-Zentrum, Düssel-
Meßgrößen. Beuth Verlag materials, CEN dorf, 1983
GmbH, Berlin (withdrawn)
GfT Arbeitsblatt 7:
Tribologie – Definitionen,
Begriffe, Prüfung. Gesellschaft
für Tribologie e.V., Moers, 2002
49
INDEX
Bending radius ............................................................................. 20f

Carbon equivalent ................................................................. 12, 39ff
Chemical analysis.......................................................................... 12
Cold forming .......................................................................... 10, 20f
Countersinking ............................................................................. 46
Die opening ................................................................................. 20f
Drilling ......................................................................................... 45
Elongation .................................................................................... 17
Flame cutting, oxyacetylene ........................................................ 27ff
Gas shielded metal arc welding ................................................... 33ff
Hard facing ................................................................................... 44
Hardness..................................................................................... 15ff
Hardening ..................................................................................... 15
Heat affected zone (HAZ) ..................................................... 27ff, 31
Heat input per unit length ..................................................... 37, 40ff
High-temperature strength .......................................................... 18ff
Hot forming .......................................................................... 10, 23ff
Hydrogen content ....................................................................... 37ff
Impact toughness .......................................................................... 17
Laser cutting ................................................................................. 30
Machining............................................................................. 10, 44ff
Manual arc welding .................................................................... 33ff
Microstructure......................................................................... 13, 15
Milling .......................................................................................... 47
Minimum preheating temperature ..........................................27, 39ff
Nitriding ....................................................................................... 48
Plasma arc cutting........................................................................ 30f
Residual stresses............................................................................ 39
Sawing .......................................................................................... 46
Submerged arc welding ............................................................... 33ff
Susceptibilty to cold cracking ..................................................... 37ff
Tapping......................................................................................... 46
Tempering................................................................................... 23ff
Tensile strength ........................................................................... 17ff
Through thickness hardening ........................................................ 18
Toughness................................................................................ 10, 17
Tribological system ....................................................................... 6ff
Water jet cutting............................................................................ 31
Water quenching.................................................................... 15ff, 26
Wear types and mechanisms.......................................................... 7ff
Weldability ............................................................................ 10, 33ff
Weld fillers and consumables....................................................... 33ff
Yield strength ............................................................................. 17ff
50
SALES ORGANISATIONS
Germany France
Vertriebsgesellschaft DILLING-GTS Ventes
Dillinger Hütte GTS 5, rue Luigi Cherubini For your local representative
Postfach 104927 93212 La Plaine Saint Denis please contact our coordination
70043 Stuttgart Cedex office in Dillingen
Tel: +49 7 11 61 46 -300 Tel: +33 1 71 92 16 74 Tel: +49 68 31 47 23 85
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51
AG der Dillinger Hüttenwerke
P. O. Box 1580
D-66748 Dillingen/Saar
Tel: +49 68 31 47-21 46
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Technische Information DILLIDUR E/07 KDV

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eng_01-52_0848_dihd_dur.411 04.04.

2007 13:05 Uhr Seite 1

THE CONCEPT TO COMBAT WEAR AND TEAR

DILLIDUR TECHNICAL INFORMATION NO. III / 2007

DILLINGER HÜTTE GTS

A LONGER LIFE FOR YOUR MACHINERY

Figure 2: Structure of a general tribological system 1)

1) Reproduced by permission of DIN Deutsches Institut für Normung e.V.

As can be seen in Figure 2, ■ What kind of material Depending on the cause of

■ Which accompanying secon-

■ In what kind of environment

System structure Tribological cause of wear Type of wear Acting mechanisms

Adhesion Abrasion Surface Tribo-chemi-

Sliding Slide abrasion

1) Reproduced by permission of DIN Deutsches Institut für Normung e.V.

Similarly, it can be seen in

In examinations with the wear 100

THE MANUFACTURE OF DILLIDUR

DILLIDUR 275 C 325 L 400 V 450 V 500 V

Shaping into Heavy Plate forces of up to 108,000 kN mechanical properties of

Figure 4: The typical microstructure of DILLIDUR V steels magnified 500 times

Figure 5: An austenized DILLIDUR V plate enters the quenching device

Hardening The microstructure of this nor- bottom surface of the plate

Figure 6: Charging hopper of a crushing plant, walls made of DILLIDUR 400 V

THE MATERIAL PROPERTIES OF DILLIDUR

Through-Thickness Hardening High-Temperature Strength The „air hardeners“ DILLIDUR C

as low as possible, taking into 700

Because of their special heat

By means of hot tensile tests

ues, Figures 8 and 9 show the 800

Figure 9: Effect of temperature on the yield and tensile strength of

THE PROCESSING OF DILLIDUR

DILLIDUR 275 C 325 L 400 V 450 V 500 V

and DILLIDUR 325 L to carry 800

out the forming process at high 700

200 Tensile strength

DILLIDUR 325 L: As the steel

The temperature for normaliza-

Without subsequent heat treat- 400

DILLIDUR 400 V/ 500 V: As

ness is only possible if the work-

If hot forming of DILLIDUR V

1400 ing, a quick heat dissipation

Table 6: Minimum preheating temperatures for flame cutting of DILLIDUR steels

If the cutting edges are cold

be formed (see section „Cold 500

Figure 15 shows the typical hard- 400

workpiece. Distance from the flame cutting edge [mm]

For DILLIDUR V steels, the

DILLIDUR V steels should not 300

Therefore, for flame cutting 150

Unlike laser cutting, plasma

ened, wear resisting steel. 450

Water jet cutting: This method 400

Figure 20: Welded excavator shovel made of DILLIDUR V plates

Welding On the contrary, the welding processing conditions are not

Gas shielded metal are welding

Submerged are welding

To combine with fluoride-alkaline powders, TYPE FB according to DIN EN 760, e.g. A FB 1 55 AC

Gas shielded metal arc welding

Submerged arc welding

to combine with fluoride-alkaline powders, type FB according to DIN EN 760, e.g. A FB 1 55 AC

Figure 22: DILLIDUR 325 L: recommended preheating tempera-