Name Ds 5 Ohm’s Law Class Reading: Floyd, Sections 3-1 and 3-2 Objectives: After performing this experiment, you will be able to: 1. Measure the current-voltage curve for a resistor. 2. Construct a graph of the data from objective 1. 3. Given a graph of current-voltage for a resistor, determine the resistance. Summary of Theory: The flow of electrical charge in a circuit is called current. Current is measured in units of amperes, or amps for short. The ampere is defined as one coulomb of charge moving past a point in one second. Current is symbolized by the letter J (for Intensity) and is frequently shown with an arrow to indicate the direction of flow. Conventional current is defined as the direction a positive charge would move under the influence of an electric field. When electrons move, the direction is opposite to the direction defined for conventional current. To clarify the difference, the term electron flow is frequently applied to current in the opposite direction of conventional current flow. The experiments in this lab book work equally well with either definition. The relationship between current and voltage is an important characteristic that defines various electronic devices. The relationship is frequently shown with a graph. Usually, the voltage is controlled (the independent variable), and the current is observed (the dependent variable). This is the basic method for this experiment, for which a series of resistors will be tested. As discussed in the Introduction to the Student, the independent variable is plotted along the x-axis and the dependent variable is plotted along the y-axis. Fixed resistors have a straight-line or linear current-voltage curve. This linear relationship illustrates the basic relationship of Ohm's law—namely, that the current is proportional to the voltage for constant resistance. Ohm’s law is the most important law of electronics. It is written in equation form as: v = R where J represents current, V represents voltage, and R represents resistance. Materials Needed: Resistors: One 1.0 k®, one 1.5 kM, one 2.2 KO One de ammeter, 0-10 mA For Further Investigation: One 5 V zener diode aProcedure: 1. Measure three resistors with listed values of 1.0 k®, 1.5 k®, and 2.2 k®. Record the measured values in Table 5-1. Table $1 Listed | Measured Component | Value | _ Value R 1.0 ka R [1Sko R [22k Power sippy +50VCOM pk 0-10mA “oe (@) Schematic () Protbostd wiring Figure 5-1 2. Connect the circuit shown in Figure 5~1(a). Notice that the ammeter is in series with the resistor and forms a single “loop” as shown in the protoboard wiring diagram in Figure 5~1(b). The voltmeter is then connected directly across the resistor. Caution! Current meters can be easily damaged if they are incorrectly connected. Have your instructor check your connections before applying power. 3. Adjust the power supply for a voltage of 2.0 V. Read the current that is flowing through the resistor and record it in Table 5—2. 4. Adjust the power supply for 4.0 V and measure the current. Record the current in Table 5-2. Continue taking current readings for each of the voltages listed in Table 5-2, Table 5-2 (R,) = o 2.0 V | 4.0V | 60Vv | 8.0V | 10.0V5. Replace R, with R, and repeat steps 3 and 4. Record the data in Table 5-3. Table 5-3 (R,) 20V | 40v[60Vv | 80Vv | 10.0V 6. Replace Ry with Ry and repeat steps 3 and 4. Record the data Table 5-4 (R,) 20V | 40Vv]60Vv | 80Vv | 10.0V 7. On Plot 5-1, graph all three /-V curves using the data from Tables 5-2, 5-3, and 5-4, Plot the dependent variable (current) on the y-axis and the independent variable (voltage) on the x-axis. Choose a scale for the graph that spreads the data over the entire grid. Plot 5-1 45Name 6 Power in DC Circuits Class Reading: Floyd, Sections 3-3 through 3-6 Objectives: fier performing this experiment, you will be able to: 1. Determine the power in a variable resistor at various settings of resistance. 2. Plot data for power as a function of resistance. From the plot, determine when maximum power is delivered to the variable resistor. Summary of Theory: ‘When current flows through a resistor, electrical energy is converted into heat. Heat is then radiated from the resistor. The rate that heat is dissipated is called power. Power is measured in units of joules per second (J/s), which defines the unit called the watt (W). The power dissipated by a resistor is given by the power law equation: P=1V By applying Ohm's law to the power law equation, two more useful equations for power can be found, These are: P=PR and y ak The three power equations given above are also known as Watt’s law. In this experiment, you will determine power using the last equation. Notice that if you measure the voltage in volts (V) and the resistance in kilohms (KO), the power will have units of milliwatts (mW). The physical size of a resistor is related to the amount of heat it can dissipate. Therefore, larger resistors are rated for more power than smaller ones. Carbon composition resistors are available with standard power ratings ranging from 1/8 W to 2 W. For most typical low voltage applications (15 V or less and at least | kO of resistance), a 1/4 W resistor is satisfactory. Materials Needed: One 2.7 k® resistor One 10 kQ potentiometerProcedure: 1 2. Measure the resistance of R,. The color-code value is 2.7 kM. Ry = ——___ Construct the circuit shown in Figure 6-1. R, is a 10 k@ potentiometer. Connect the center (variable) terminal to one of the outside terminals. Use this and the remaining terminal as a variable resistor. Adjust the potentiometer for 0.5 kQ. (Always remove power when measuring resistance and make certain you are measuring only the potentiometer’s resistance.) 27k F wove 10k potenoneter = Figure 6-1 Measure the voltage across Rj and the voltage across R2. Enter the measured voltages in Table 6-1. As a check, make sure that the sum of V; and V2 is equal to 12.0 V. ‘Then compute the power in R, using the equation: Enter the computed power, in milliwatts, in Table 6. Disconnect the power supply and set R2 to the next value shown in Table 6-1. Reconnect the power supply and repeat the measurements made in step 2. Continue in this manner for each of the resistance settings shown in Table 6~1. Table 6~1 Power in Ry Variable vi 3 Resistance yy Vy Setting (R:) | (measured) | (measured) 0.5 kA 1.0 kA 2.0 ka 3.0ko 4.0 KO 5.0 kA TS KO 10.0 k@5. Using the data in Table 6-1, graph the relationship of the power, P,, as a function of resistance R, on Plot 6-1. Since resistance is the independent variable, plot it along the x-axis and plot power along the y-axis. An implied data point can be plotted at the origin because there can be no power dissipated in R, without resistance. A smooth curve can then be drawn to the origin. Plot 6-1 Conclusion: Evaluation and Review Questions: 1. Observe the graph of resistance versus power for your experiment. Compare the resistance of R, and R, when power in R, is a maximum. 2. What was happening to the total current in the circuit as Rp was increasing? st