Int. J. Appl. Comput.

Math
DOI 10.1007/s40819-016-0273-5

ORIGINAL PAPER

Effects of Inclined Magnetic Field and Chemical Reaction

on Flow of a Casson Nanofluid with Second Order
Velocity Slip and Thermal Slip Over an Exponentially
Stretching Sheet

Besthapu Prabhakar1,2 · Shanker Bandari2 ·

Ch. Kishore Kumar2

© Springer India Pvt. Ltd. 2016

Abstract The numerical investigation of the flow of a Casson nanofluid over an exponen-
tial stretching sheet with the effects of the inclined magnetic field and chemical reaction is
presented. Moreover we considered second order velocity slip and thermal slip. The basic
governing partial differential equations are converted into nonlinear ordinary differential
equations by employing suitable similarity transformations. The resulting equations are suc-
cessfully solved by using an implicit finite difference scheme known as Keller-Box method.
Comparisons of numerical results have been done with previously published results and found
in good agreement. The effects of various non dimensional parameters (magnetic parameter,
aligned angle, Casson parameter, second order velocity slip, thermal slip, Prandtl number,
Thermophoresis parameter, Brownian motion parameter, Lewis number, chemical reaction
parameter) on velocity, temperature and concentration are discussed in detail and presented
through graphs. It is observed that the increase in aligned angle decreases the velocity profile.
Considerable slip effects are found on velocity and temperature.

Keywords Exponential stretching sheet · Inclined angle · Casson fluid · Second order
velocity slip · Thermal slip · Chemical reaction

B Besthapu Prabhakar
prabhakarbesthapu@gmail.com
Shanker Bandari
bandarishanker@yahoo.co.in
Ch. Kishore Kumar
kishoresai09@gmail.com
1 Department of Mathematics, Govt Degree College, Peddapalli, Karimnagar, Telangana, India
2 Department of Mathematics, Osmania University, Hyderabad, Telangana, India

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Introduction

During the last few years the problems of heat and mass transfer in the boundary layers of
continuous stretching surface have attracted considerable interest due to its numerous appli-
cations in industrial manufacturing processes. Examples of such technological processes are
wire drawing, hot rolling, drawing of plastic films, metal and polymer extrusion and paper
production.
Crane [1] was the first who studied the boundary layer flow induced by a stretching
sheet problem which moves with a velocity varying linearly with the distance from a fixed
point. Then Carragher and Crane [2] discussed the heat transfer on a continuous stretching
sheet. Most of the existing literature deals with the study of boundary layer flow over a linear
stretching surface. Gupta and Gupta [3] mentioned that stretching sheet may not necessarily be
linear. Thereafter the pioneering work of Crane has been extended by several researchers [4–6]
under different physical aspects. Flow and heat transfer characteristics due to an exponential
stretching sheet have a wider application in technology. Magyari and Keller [7] considered
heat and mass transfer characteristics of the boundary layer flow due to an exponentially
stretching continuous surface and solved analytically and numerically. Then Elbashbeshy [8]
studied the suction effects on heat transfer flow over an exponentially stretching continuous
surface. Bidin and Nazar [9] analyzed the effect of thermal radiation on the steady laminar
two-dimensional boundary layer flow and heat transfer over an exponentially Stretching
sheet. The study of boundary layer flow under various physical aspects over an exponential
stretching sheet was conducted by few researchers [10–12].
Conventional heat transfer liquids, including oil, water, and ethylene glycol mixture are
weak heat transfer fluids, since their least values of thermal conductivity, to overcome this
problem Choi et al. [13] proposed an innovative technique of dispersing nano-scale particles
in the base fluid to boost the thermal conductivity. Nanofluid is a new class of heat transfer
fluids that contains nanoparticles and base fluid such as water, ethylene glycol, and propylene
glycol. A nanofluid enhances the thermal conductivity. Buongiorno [14] investigated the
reasons behind the enhancement of thermal conductivity for the nanofluid and he has given
a conclusion that the Brownian diffusion and thermophoresis are the main causes for the
increment in heat transfer. Nadeem and Lee [15] found the analytic solution of boundary
layer flow of nanofluid over an exponentially stretching surface using via Homotopy Analysis
Method (HAM). Later Bhattacharya and Layek [16] extended this problem by considering the
effect of magnetic field on boundary layer flow of a nanofluid over an exponential stretching
permeable stretching sheet. Several researchers [17–19] focused on the boundary layer flow
of a nanofluid over an exponentially stretching sheet under different physical conditions.
In recent years, the study of non-Newtonian fluids have gained much importance due
to their practical applications in engineering and industry like extraction of crude oil from
petroleum products, production of plastic materials and syrup drugs but Navier–Stokes equa-
tions are not adequate to describe the behavior of such non-Newtonian fluids. And all the
features of non-Newtonian fluids cannot be constituted in a single equation, hence vari-
ous non-Newtonian models have been presented by researchers [20–24]. Though different
models are presented to explain the behavior of non-Newtonian fluids, the most important
non-Newtonian fluid possessing a yield value is the Casson fluid. The Casson fluid model is
another type of simple, non-Newtonian fluid model and the behavior of this fluid is like an
elastic solid. Casson [25] introduced this rheological model in his research on a flow equation
for pigment oil-suspensions of printing ink. Casson fluid exhibits yield stress. This model is
more accurate at both zero shear rate and infinite shear rate. The examples of Casson fluids
are jelly, tomato sauce, honey, soup and concentrated fruit juices etc.

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In the beginning Nadeem et al. [26] studied the concept of Casson fluid model with
magnetic field effects over an exponentially shrinking surface. Influence of thermal radiation
on flow of a Casson fluid over an exponentially permeable stretching sheet is analyzed by
Pramanik [27]. Recently Raju et al. [28] analyzed the heat and mass transfer behavior of
Casson fluid past an exponentially permeable stretching surface and concludes that Casson
fluid showed better heat transfer performance than Newtonian fluid. Rizwan Ul Haq et al.
[29] analyzed the MHD flow of a Casson nanofluid over an exponential shrinking surface
with convective boundary condition. Hussain et al. [30] considered MHD flow of a Casson
nanofluid with viscous dissipation and convective conditions over an exponentially stretching
sheet and obtained analytical solution through the homotopy analysis method (HAM).
All these previous studies concentrated their discussions on conventional no slip boundary
conditions. However there are situations in that the fluid does not adheres to the boundary. The
non-adherence of the fluid to a solid boundary is known as velocity slip. This phenomenon
has been observed under certain circumstances [31]. It is known fact that, in general a viscous
fluid sticks to the boundary but there may be a slip between fluids and boundary such type
of fluids are particulate fluids, rarefied gas etc., The fluids that shows boundary slip have
important technological applications such as in the polishing of artificial heart valves and
internal cavities. Mukhopadhyay and Gorla [32] studied the effects of partial slip on boundary
layer flow past a permeable exponential stretching sheet in presence of thermal radiation,
in their study the flow field is affected by the slip parameter in the presence of suction or
injection at the wall. The flow, heat and mass transfer of nanofluids over stretching sheet have
been analyzed in [33–35] by considering slip effects in various-aspects.
The main emphasis of the present study is to analyze the effects of second order velocity
slip and thermal slip for the flow of a Casson nanofluid along with inclined magnetic field and
chemical reaction over an exponential stretching sheet. This article classified in the following
way.

Mathematical Formulation

Consider the steady two dimensional flow of a Casson nanofluid over an exponential stretch-
ing sheet. We considered Cartesian coordinate system and x-axis taken along the stretching
sheet in the direction of the flow, y-axis normal to the surface and we assumed that the sheet
is stretched exponentially in the direction of x with velocity with the velocity U = U0 e x/L
defined at y = 0. Along with these the fluid is permitted by an aligned magnetic field and
also considered chemical reaction to the flow. Further, the slip velocity model at the sheet is
assumed to become [36–38],

∂u ∂ 2u
Uslip = a +b 2
∂y ∂y
We also assume that the rheological equation of extra stress tensor (τ ) for an isotropic and
incompressible flow of a Casson fluid can be written as
⎧  
⎨ 2 μ B + √p y ei j , π > πc
τ=  2π 
⎩ 2 μ B + √p y ei j , π < πc
2π c

where μ is the dynamic viscosity and μ B is the plastic dynamic viscosity of the non-
Newtonian fluid, p y is the yield stress of fluid, π is the product of the component of

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deformation rate of (i, j)th component and π = ei j ei j , πc is the critical value of π based on
non-Newtonian model.
The governing equations for the above flow are given by

∂u ∂v
+ =0 (1)
∂x ∂y
 
∂u ∂u 1 ∂ 2u σ B 2 (x) 2
u +v = υ 1+ − sin (γ )u (2)
∂x ∂y β ∂y 2 ρf
 

∂T ∂T ∂2T ∂C ∂ T DT ∂ T 2
u +v = α 2 + τ DB + (3)
∂x ∂y ∂y ∂y ∂y T∞ ∂ y
  2
∂C ∂C ∂ C
2 DT ∂ T
u +v = DB 2 + − k1 (C − C∞ ) (4)
∂x ∂y ∂y T∞ ∂ y 2

where u and v denotes the velocities in the direction of x-and y-respectively, β is the Casson
fluid parameter, υ is the kinematic viscosity, ρ f is the density of the base fluid, σ is the
electrical conductivity, α is the thermal diffusivity, (ρc) p is the effective heat capacity of
(ρc)
the nanoparticles, (ρc) f is the heat capacity of the base fluid, τ = (ρc) p is the ratio of
f
the nanoparticle heat capacity and base fluid heat capacity, T is the temperature, T∞ is the
constant temperature of the fluid in the inviscid free stream, C is the nanoparticle volume
fraction, D B is the Brownian motion diffusion coefficient and DT is the thermophoretic
diffusion coefficient, k1 = k0 e x/L is the chemical reaction parameter.
We consider that the magnetic field B (x) is of the form B (x) = B0 e x/2L where B0 is the
constant magnetic field.
The boundary conditions corresponding to the problem are as follows.
  
u = U + 1 + β1 a ∂u ∂2u ∂T
∂ y + b ∂ y 2 , v = 0, T = Tw + D ∂ y at y = 0.
u → 0, v → 0 as y → ∞. (5)
T = Tw , C = Cw at y = 0
T → T∞ , C → C∞ as y → ∞.

The wall temperature Tw = T∞ +T0 e x/2L and the nanoparticle fraction Cw = C∞ +C0 e x/2L
are assumed constant at the stretching surface. When y tends to infinity, the ambient values
of temperature and nanoparticle fraction are denoted by T∞ and C∞ , respectively. D =
D1 e−x/2L is the thermal slip factor which changes with x, D1 is the initial value of thermal
slip factor.
The velocity slip along the sheet is given by
   
2 3 − σ l2 3 1 − l2 ∂u 1 4 2   ∂ 2u ∂u ∂ 2u
Uslip = − ψ − l + 2 1 − l2 ψ2 2 = a +b 2
3 σ 2 Kn ∂y 4 Kn ∂y ∂y ∂y
    
3−σ l 2 3 1−l 2
where a = 2
3 σ ψ and b = − 41 l 4 + K22 1 − l 2 ψ 2 .
− 2 Kn
  n

K n is the Knudsen number, l =min K1n , 1 ,σ is the momentum accommodation coeffi-

cient with 0 ≤ σ ≤ 1, and ψ is the molecular mean free path. Based on the definition of l,
it is seen that for any given value of K n , we have 0 ≤ l ≤ 1 . Since the mean free path of
molecular ψ is always positive it results that b is a negative number.

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Introducing the similarity transformations as

x/L  υUo x/2L  
 Uo x/2L
u = U0 e f (η), v = − e f (η) + η f (η) η = y e
2L 2vL
T = T∞ + T0 e x/2L θ, C = C∞ + C0 e x/2L φ (6)

By employing the similarity transformations (6), the governing Eqs. (2)–(4) reduced to the
following ordinary differential equations.
 
1
1+ f  + f f  − 2 f 2 − M 2 sin2 (γ ) f  = 0 (7)
β
1 
θ + f θ  − f  θ + N bθ  φ  + N tθ 2 = 0 (8)
Pr
  N t 
φ  + Le f φ  − f  φ + θ − K r Leφ = 0. (9)
Nb
By using (5) the boundary conditions take the form
 
1   
f (0) = 0, f  (0) = 1 + 1 + ω f + λ f  , θ (0) = 1 + δθ  (0) , φ (0) = 1,
β
(10)
f  (∞) = 0, θ (∞) = 0, φ (∞) = 0. (11)

Here the first order and second order velocity slip parameters are defined as
 
U0 x/2L 2 3 − σ l2 3 1 − l2 U0 x/2L
ω=a e = − ψ e >0 (12)
2υ L 3 σ 2 Kn 2υ L
   
U0 x/L 1 4 2   U0 x/L
λ=b e =− l + 2 1 − l2 ψ2 e <0 (13)
2υ L 4 Kn 2υ L

To have similarity solutions, the quantities a and b must be constants and it is possible if the
mean free path of the nanoparticles ψ is proportional to e−x/2L .
We therefore assume
ψ = ce−x/2L (14)

where c is proportionality constant. By substituting (14) into Eqs. (12) and (13) we have first
and second order velocity slip coefficients are given by
 
2 3 − σ l2 3 1 − l2 U0
ω= − c >0
3 σ 2 Kn 2υ L
  
U0 2  
λ=− l 4 + 2 1 − l 2 c2 < 0
8υ L Kn

2σ B02 L
M2 = U0 ρ is the magnetic parameter, Pr = υ/α is Prandtl number, Le = υ/D B is Lewis
D B(Cw −C∞ )(ρc) p DT (Tw −T∞ )(ρc) p
number, N b = υ(ρc) f is the Brownian motion parameter, N t = T∞ υ(ρc) f is the

2Lk0 U0
thermophoresis parameter, K r = is the chemical reaction parameter, and δ = D1 2υ
U0 L
is the thermal slip parameter. The Skin friction coefficient, Nusselt number and Sherwood
numbers are given by

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Table 1 Comparison values of −θ  (0) for various values of Prandtl number and magnetic parameter in the
absence of nanofluid when γ = π2 , β → ∞, ω = λ = δ = 0, K r = 0

M Pr Magyari and Keller [7] Bidin and Nazar [9] Ishak [12] Present study

0 1 0.954782 0.9548 0.9548 0.9548

0 2 1.4714 1.4715
0 3 1.869075 1.8691 1.8691 1.8691
0 5 2.500135 2.5001 2.5001
0 10 3.660379 3.6604 3.6605
1 1 0.8611 0.8615

0.8

0.7
Pr = 6.8, Nt = 0.5, Nb = 0.5, Le = 1.0, β = 2.0,

γ = π/6, K = 0.1,ω = 0.1, λ = -0.1,δ = 0.1.

r
0.6

0.5
f (η)

0.4
′

0.3

M = 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0

0.2

0.1

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
η
Fig. 1 Velocity profile for various values of magnetic parameter M

  
τw 1 ∂u
Cf = , where τw = μ B 1 + ,
ρU 2 β ∂ y y=0
xqw xqm
N ux = , Sh x = , (15)
k (Tw − T∞ ) D B (Cw − C∞ )

where k is the thermal conductivity of the nanofluid and qw , qm are the heat and mass fluxes
at the surface respectively given by

   
∂T ∂C
qw = −k , qm = −D B . (16)
∂y y=0 ∂y y=0

By substituting Eq. (6) into

 Eqs.(15)–(16), 
we will get 
√   −1/2 −1/2
2Re exp Lx C f = 1 + β1 f  (0), 2L
x N u x Rex = −θ  (0) and 2L
x Sh x Rex
= −φ  (0), where Re = UL
υ Reynolds number and Rex = xU
υ is the local Reynolds number.

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Int. J. Appl. Comput. Math

0.8

Pr = 6.8, Nt = 0.5, Nb = 0.5, Le = 1.0, M = 0.5,

0.7
γ = π/6, Kr = 0.1, ω = 0.1, λ = -0.1,δ = 0.1.
0.6

0.5
f (η)

0.4
′

0.3

0.2 β = 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 5.0

0.1

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
η

Fig. 2 Velocity profile for various values of Casson parameter β

0.9 Pr = 6.8, Nt = 0.5, Nb = 0.5, Le = 1.0, M = 0.5,

0.8
γ = π/6, Kr = 0.1, ω = 0.1, λ = -0.1,δ = 0.1.

0.7

0.6
θ(η)

0.5

0.4

0.3
β = 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 5.0
0.2

0.1

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
η

Fig. 3 Temperature profile for various values of Casson parameter β

Methodology

The non linear ordinary differential Eqs. (7)–(9) together with boundary conditions (10)–(11)
are solved numerically by an implicit finite difference scheme namely the Keller box method
as mentioned by Cebeci and Bradshaw [39]. According to Vajravelu et al. [40], to obtain the
numerical solutions, the following steps are involved in this method.
(1) Reduce the ordinary differential equations to a system of first order equations.
(2) Write the difference equations for ordinary differential equations using central differ-
ences.

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0.8

0.7 Pr = 6.8, Nt = 0.5, Nb = 0.5, Le = 1.0, M = 0.5,

β = 2.0, Kr = 0.1, ω = 0.1, λ = -0.1, δ = 0.1

0.6

0.5
f (η)

0.4
′

0.3

γ = 0, π/4, π/2
0.2

0.1

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
η

Fig. 4 Velocity profile for various values of inclined angle γ

(3) Linearize the algebraic equations by Newton’s method, and write them in matrix–vector
form.
(4) Solve the linear system by the block tri-diagonal elimination technique.

Results and Discussions

The theme of this section is to discuss the effects of various physical parameters on the
velocity profile f  (η), temperature profile θ (η) and concentration profiles φ(η) for various
physical parameters such as magnetic parameter M, Casson fluid parameter β, aligned angle
γ , first order velocity slip parameter ω, second order velocity slip parameter λ, Prandtl
number Pr, thermophoresis parameter N t, Brownian motion parameter N b, thermal slip
parameter δ, Lewis number Le, chemical reaction parameter K r . To validate the present
results, comparisons have been made with previous results in the absence of nanofluid, slip
effects and Casson fluid parameter for −θ  (0) presented in Table 1 and which are found in
good agreement.
Figures 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17 and 18 depicts the graphical
representations of the various controlling parameters on the velocity, temperature and con-
centration profiles. Effect of magnetic parameter M on the velocity profile is displayed in
Fig. 1 by keeping the other parameters fixed. It is observed that an increase in magnetic field
parameter decreases the velocity. Physically by increasing the magnetic field, it develops the
opposite force which is called Lorentz force and it resists the motion of the fluid hence the
velocity of the fluid is reduced.
Figure 2 represents the influence of Casson fluid parameter β on the velocity profile.
From the figure we can observe that raising the values of Casson fluid parameter, the velocity
distribution of the fluid is reduced inside the boundary layer away from the surface but
reverse is true along the surface, the yield stress is decreasing with an increase in Casson
parameter. Due to this the resistance force occurred the fluid velocity reduces. The variation
in temperature profile for variable values of Casson parameter is presented in Fig. 3. It is

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Int. J. Appl. Comput. Math

1
0.2
Pr = 6.8, Nt = 0.5, Nb = 0.5, Le = 1.0, M = 0.5,

0.8 β = 2.0, Kr = 0.1, ω = 0.1, λ = -0.1, δ = 0.1 0.15

0.1
2 2.5 3

0.6
θ (η)

0.4

γ = 0, π/4, π/2
0.2

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
η

Fig. 5 Temperature profile for various values of inclined angle γ

Pr = 6.8, Nt = 0.5, Nb = 0.5, Le = 1.0, M = 0.5, 0.2

0.8 β = 2.0, Kr = 0.1, ω = 0.1, λ = -0.1, δ = 0.1

2.6 2.8 3 3.2 3.4

0.6
φ (η)

0.4

γ = 0, π/4, π/2

0.2

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
η

Fig. 6 Concentration profile for various values of inclined angle γ

evident from the figure the temperature distribution is found to increase along the thermal
boundary layer with the larger values of the Casson fluid parameter.
Figures 4, 5 and 6 are plotted to observe the effects of angle of inclination γ on velocity
profile f  (η), temperature and concentration profiles respectively. It is clear from the figures
temperature and concentration profiles are increased with increase in inclined angle but
velocity profile decreases with the increase of aligned angle. It may happen with the increase
in angle of inclination, causes to strengthen the applied magnetic field. Because of enhanced
magnetic field an opposite force is produced to the flow, called Lorentz force. Consequently
the velocity profile decreases. It is also seen that for the angle γ = 0 the magnetic field is not

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 Int. J. Appl. Comput. Math

0.9

0.8 Pr = 6.8, Nt = 0.5, Nb = 0.5, Le = 1.0, M = 0.5,

β = 2.0, γ = π/6, K = 0.1, λ = -0.1, δ = 0.1

0.7 r

0.6

0.5
f (η)
′

0.4

0.3 ω = 0, 0.1, 0.3, 0.5

0.2

0.1

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
η

Fig. 7 Velocity profile for various values of first order velocity slip parameter ω

0.9 Pr = 6.8, Nt = 0.5, Nb = 0.5, Le = 1.0, M = 0.5,

0.8 β = 2.0, γ = π/6, Kr = 0.1, λ = -0.1, δ = 0.1

0.7

0.6
θ (η)

0.5

0.4

0.3 ω = 0, 0.1, 0.3, 0.5

0.2

0.1

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
η

Fig. 8 Temperature profile for various values of first order velocity slip parameter ω

effected on the velocity profile while maximum resistance is offered for the fluid particles
when γ = π/2.
The effect of first order velocity slip parameter ω on the dimensionless velocity f  and
temperature θ (η) is displayed in Figs. 7 and 8 respectively. From the figures velocity decreases
with increase in the values of slip parameter, velocity distribution is found to decrease along
the boundary layer, but it is reverse in the case of temperature i.e., temperature increases
with the increase of first order slip parameter. Physically, in the presence of slip the slipping
fluid shows a decrease in the surface Skin-friction between the stretching sheet and the fluid
because not all the pulling force of the stretching surface can be transferred to the fluid. So

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Int. J. Appl. Comput. Math

0.6

Pr = 6.8, Nt = 0.5, Nb = 0.5, Le = 1.0, M = 0.5,

0.5 β = 2.0, γ = π/6, K = 0.1, ω = 0.1, δ = 0.1
r

0.4
f (η)

0.3
′

0.2 λ = -2.0, -1.5, -1.0, -0.5

0.1

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
η

Fig. 9 Velocity profile for various values of second order velocity slip parameter λ

0.9 Pr = 6.8, Nt = 0.5, Nb = 0.5, Le = 1.0, M = 0.5,

0.8
β = 2.0, γ = π/6, K = 0.1, ω = 0.1, δ = 0.1
r

0.7

0.6
θ (η)

0.5

0.4
λ = -2.0, -1.5, -1.0, -0.5
0.3

0.2

0.1

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
η

Fig. 10 Temperature profile for various values of second order velocity slip parameter λ

the flow velocity decreases when the value of ω increases. As the slip parameter increases in
magnitude the friction force is occurred which allows more fluid to slip past the sheet, the
flow slows down for distances close to the sheet and the temperature enhances due to the
occurrence of the force.
Figures 9 and 10 are drawn to illustrate the effects of second order velocity slip parameter
λ on dimensionless velocity and temperature profiles respectively. It is clear that velocity is
gradually decreased with increasing the absolute value of second order velocity slip parameter
λ. On the other hand reverse is true for the dimensionless temperature.

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 Int. J. Appl. Comput. Math

0.9 Pr = 6.8, Nt = 0.5, Nb = 0.5, Le = 1.0, M = 0.5,

0.8 β = 2.0, γ = π/6, K = 0.1, ω = 0.1, λ = -0.1

r

0.7

0.6
θ (η)

0.5

0.4

δ = 0.0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6

0.3

0.2

0.1

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
η

Fig. 11 Temperature profile for various values of thermal slip parameter δ

0.9 Nt = 0.5, Nb = 0.5, Le = 1.0, M = 0.5, β = 2.0,

0.8 α = π/6, Kr = 0.1, ω = 0.1, λ = -0.1, δ = 0.1

0.7

0.6
θ (η)

0.5

0.4

0.3
Pr = 2.0, 3.0, 5.0, 6.8

0.2

0.1

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
η

Fig. 12 Temperature profiles for various values of Prandtl number Pr

Figure 11 is prepared to show the effects of thermal slip parameter δ on the temperature
profile. From the figure it can be observed that the increase in thermal slip parameter δ,
decreases the temperature distribution as well as thermal boundary layer thickness and also
the maximum impact is observed at the surface of the stretching sheet. Figure 12 is plotted
to examine the influence of Prandtl number Pr on temperature profile. It is clear that a fluid
with higher values of Prandtl number has low thermal diffusion. Therefore we observed that a
rapid increase in Prandtl number Pr leads to decrease in the temperature and the temperature
of a flow field is a monotonically decreasing function of Pr , i.e., with the larger values of
Prandtl number decreases the thermal boundary layer thickness and temperature.

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Int. J. Appl. Comput. Math

0.9
Pr = 6.8, Nb = 0.5, Le = 1.0, M = 0.5, β = 2.0,
0.8
γ = π/6, Kr = 0.1, ω = 0.1, λ = -0.1, δ = 0.1.
0.7

0.6
θ (η)

0.5

0.4

0.3
Nt = 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7
0.2

0.1

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
η

Fig. 13 Temperature profile for various values of thermophoresis parameter N t

Pr = 6.8, Nb = 0.5, Le = 1.0, M = 0.5, β = 2.0,

0.8
γ = π/6, K = 0.1, ω = 0.1, λ = -0.1, δ = 0.1.
r

0.6
φ (η)

0.4

Nt = 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7

0.2

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
η

Fig. 14 Concentration profile for various values of thermophoresis parameter N t

Figures 13 and 14 shows the impact of thermophoresis parameter N t on tempera-

ture and nanoparticle concentration profile respectively. It is found that an increase in the
thermophoretic parameter N t leads to increase in both temperature and nanoparticle con-
centration. As the thermophoretic effect increases, nanoparticles are migrated from the hot
surface to cold ambient fluid, as a result the temperature enhanced in the boundary layer. This
will helps in the thickening of the thermal boundary layer. Figure 14 reveals the variation of
concentration profiles and it can be seen from the graph concentration profile is monotonic.
As the values of the thermophoresis parameter N t increase the concentration boundary layer
thickness is increases.

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 Int. J. Appl. Comput. Math

0.9 Pr = 6.8, Nt = 0.5, Le = 1.0, M = 0.5, β = 2.0,

0.8 γ = π/6, Kr = 0.1, ω = 0.1, λ = -0.1, δ = 0.1

0.7

0.6
θ (η)

0.5

0.4

0.3 Nb = 0.3 , 0.5, 0.7, 0.9

0.2

0.1

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
η

Fig. 15 Temperature profile for various values of Brownian motion parameter N b

1
Pr = 1.0, Nt = 0.5, Le = 1.0, M = 0.5, β = 2.0,

γ = π/6, Kr = 0.1, ω = 0.1, λ = -0.1, δ = 0.1

0.8

0.6
φ (η)

0.4

Nb = 0.3 , 0.5, 0.7, 0.9

0.2

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
η

Fig. 16 Concentration profile for various values of Brownian motion parameter N b

The effect of Brownian motion parameter N b on temperature and concentration are pre-
sented in Fig. 15 and 16. The temperature increases with increase in the Brownian motion
parameter but it is reverse in the case of nanoparticle volume fraction profile i.e., as the values
of N b increases, the concentration boundary layer thickness decreases. Figure 17 reveals the
variation of concentration with coordinate η for various values of Lewis number Le. It is
clear from the figure concentration decreases with an increase in Lewis number and it can
be seen the concentration profile is affected more even for small value of Lewis number Le.
Figure 18 exhibits the variation of chemical reaction parameter K r on concentration pro-
file. It is noticed that concentration profile decreases with increase in the values of chemical
reaction parameter.

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Int. J. Appl. Comput. Math

Pr = 6.8, Nt = 0.5, Nb = 0.5, M = 0.5, β = 2.0,

0.8 γ = π/6, K = 0.1, ω = 0.1, λ = -0.1, δ = 0.1
r

0.6
φ (η)

0.4
Le = 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 5.0

0.2

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
η

Fig. 17 Concentration profile for various values of Lewis number Le

Nt = 0.5, Nb = 0.5, M = 0.5, β = 2.0, Le = 1.0,

0.8
Pr = 6.8, γ = π/6, ω = 0.1, λ = -0.1, δ = 0.1

0.6
φ (η)

0.4

Kr = 0.1, 0.3, 0, 5, 0.7

0.2

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
η

Fig. 18 Concentration profile for various values of chemical reaction parameter K r

Figure 19 explores the nature of f  (0) related to Skin-friction coefficient with Casson
parameter for different values of inclined angle γ . It is observed that − f  (0) increases with
Casson parameter. Figure 20 shows that Nusselt number increases with variable values of
Casson parameter. It is noticed from the Fig. 21 that Sherwood number φ (0) increases with
the values of Casson parameter.

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0.9

0.8

0.7
-f ′′(0)

0.6

γ=0
γ=π/4
0.5
γ=π/2

0.4

0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5

β

Fig. 19 Variation of skin-friction coefficient with β and γ

0.98

0.96

0.94

0.92
- θ ′ (0)

0.9

γ=0
0.88 γ=π/4
γ=π/4
0.86

0.84

0.82
0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
β

Fig. 20 Variation of Nusselt number with β and γ

Conclusions

The numerical study of the flow of a Casson nanofluid over an exponential stretching sheet
with the effects of inclined magnetic field, chemical reaction along with second order slip
velocity and thermal slip has been reported in this paper. The governing partial differential
equations are converted into nonlinear ordinary differential equations by employing suitable
similarity transformations and solved numerically by an implicit finite difference method
known as Keller-Box method. It has been presented the influence of various governing para-

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-0.32

-0.34

-0.36

-0.38

-0.4
φ ′ (0)

-0.42

-0.44 γ=0
γ=π/4
γ=π/2
-0.46

-0.48

-0.5
0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
β

Fig. 21 Variation of Sherwood number with β and γ

meters on velocity, temperature and concentration profiles and illustrated graphically. The
main results of this numerical study are summarized as follows.

• Increase in magnetic field M, leads to occurrence of Lorentz force, due to this effect it
decelerates the velocity.
• Due to the increase in the inclined angle γ strengthen the magnetic field therefore velocity
profile decreases.
• Increasing the value of Casson parameter leads to decrease in velocity profile but it is
reverse in the case of temperature profile i.e., temperature is enhanced with the increase
of Casson parameter.
• When the first order velocity slip parameter ω increases the velocity profile decrease
whreas velocity is decreases with increasing absolute values of second order velocity
slip parameter λ.
• Temperature profile reduces with an increase in values of thermal slip parameter δ and
Prandtl number Pr .
• Concentration profile is a decreasing function of Lewis number and chemical reaction
parameter.

Acknowledgements The first author is very thankful to University Grants Commission, India for providing
the opportunity to do this research work under UGC-Faculty Development Programme (FDP-XII plan), India.

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