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Chem 16 First Long Exam (Tutor’s copy)

Dimensional Analysis

( known units ) x ( desired units

known units )
=desired units

Example:

To wire your stereo equipment, you need 625 centimeters (cm) of speaker wire that sells for ₱
15/ft. What is the price of the wire?

¿ 1 ft
625 cm x 1∈ x ¿
2.54 cm ₱ 15
12∈¿ x =₱ 307.57=₱ 310 ¿
1 ft

The volume of an irregularly shaped solid can be determined from the volume of water it
displaces. A graduated cylinder contains 19.9 mL of water. When a small piece of galena, an ore
of lead, is submerged in the water, the volume increases to 24.5 mL. What is the volume of the
3
piece of galena in cm and in L?

24.5 mL−19.9 mL=4.60 mL

1 cm3 3
4.60 mL x =4.60 cm
1 ml
1L
4.60 mL x 3 =4.60 x 10−3 L
10 mL
Exercises:
Lithium (Li) is a soft, gray solid that has the lowest density of any metal. If a slab of Li weighs
3
1.49 x 10 mg and has sides that measure 20.9 mm by 11.1 mm by 11.9 mm, what is the density
3
of Li in g/cm ?

1g
1.49 x 103 mg x =1.49 g
1000 mg

Convert the sides into cm, then solve for the volume in terms of cm3

2.09 cm x 1.11 cm x 1.19 cm=2.76 cm3

1.49 g g
3
=0.540 3
2.76 cm cm

A patient’s blood cholesterol level measures 165 mg/dL. Express this value in g/L.
 mg 1g 10 dL
165 x x =1.65 g/ L
dL 1000mg 1 L

Significant Figures
If the number has a decimal point:

1. Start at the left of the number and move right until you reach the first nonzero digit.

2. Count that digit and every digit to its right as significant.

If the number has no decimal point

1. Start at the right of the number and move left until you reach the first nonzero digit.

2. Count that digit and every digit to its left as significant.

Example:

5.300 L has 4 significant figures.

5300. mL has 4 significant figures.
5300 mL has 2 significant figures

Exercises:
a. 0.00602 g - 3 sf
b. 22.871 mg – 5 sf
c. 344. ℃ - 3 sf
d. 100.0 mL – 4 sf
e. 0.00567 – 3 sf

For addition and subtraction: The answer has the same number of decimal places as there are in
the measurement with the fewest decimal places.

Example: 3.65+ 4.126=7.776=7.78

Example: 10.536−0.12=10.416=10.42

For multiplication and division: The answer contains the same number of significant figures as
there are in the measurement with the fewest significant figures.

Example: 3.65 ( 4.126 )=5.0599=5.06

Exercises:
16.3521−1.448 14.904
= =2.103
7.086 7.086
 1
4.80 x 10 4 ( )
1000 48.0
= =4.16
11.55 11.55
Law of Conservation of Mass

The total mass of substances does not change during a chemical reaction.

Example:

Calcium Oxide + Carbon Dioxide = Calcium Carbonate

CaO+ CO2=Ca CO3
56.08 g + 44.01 g = 100.09 g

Exercise:

Pitchblende is the most commercially important compound of uranium. Analysis shows that
84.2 g of pitchblende contains 71.4 g of uranium, with oxygen as the only other element. How
many grams of uranium can be obtained from 102 kg of pitchblende?

1000 g pitchblende 71.4 g uranium

102 kg pitchblende x x =8.65 x 104 guranium
1 kg pitchblende 84.2 g pitchblende

The U.S. Mint issued state quarters over the 10-year period 1999–2008. The quarters each weigh
5.670 g and contain 8.33% nickel and the remainder copper. What mass of each element is
contained in each quarter?

8.33 g nickel
5.670 g quarter x =0.472 g nickel
100 g quarter
91.67 g copper
5.670 g x =5.198 g copper
100 g quarter

Many heating devices such as hair dryers contain nichrome wire, an alloy containing 80.%
nickel and 20.% chromium, which gets hot when an electric current passes through it. If a
heating device contains 75 g nichrome wire, how many grams of nickel and how many
grams of chromium does the wire contain?

80 g nickel
75 g nichrome x =60 g nickel
100 g nichrome
20 g chromium
75 g nichrome x =15 g chromium
100 g nichrome

Naming Compounds

Forming Ionic Compounds

The name of the cation is written first, followed by that of the anion.
The name of the cation is the same as the name of the metal. Many metal names end in -ium.
The name of the anion takes the root of the nonmetal name and adds the suffix -ide.
Naming Oxoanions

4 Oxygen Atoms = per-root-ate

3 Oxygen Atoms = root-ate
2 Oxygen Atoms = root-ite
1 Oxygen Atom = hypo-root-ite

Exercises (Note to the tutor, pili ka ng isang example then the rest are exercises)
Write the name of the compound formed by these ions:
a) Magnesium and nitrogen – magnesium nitride
b) Iodine and cadmium – cadmium iodide
c) Strontium and fluorine – strontium fluoride
d) Sulfur and cesium – cesium sulfide

Write the empirical formulas of the following compounds:

a) Magnesium and nitrogen – Mg 3 N 2
b) Iodine and cadmium – Cd I 2
c) Strontium and fluorine – Sr F 2
d) Sulfur and cesium – Cs2 S
Write the name of the following compounds
a) Cr I 3 – Chromium (III) Iodide h) CuCl 2 - Copper (II) Chloride
b) cos – Cobalt (II) Sulfide i) Mg ¿ - Magnesium Hydroxide
c) NaHC O3 - Sodium Bicarbonate j) P2 O5 - Potassium Pentaoxide
d) Mg Br 2- Magnesium Bromide k) Ti ¿ - Titanium (IV) Sulfate
e) KMn O4 – Potassium Permanganate l) ¿ – Ammonium Phosphate
f) FeS - Iron (II) Sulfide m) C Cl 4 – Carbon Tetrachloride
g) K 3 N – Potassium Nitride n) Mg (C2 H 3 O 2 )2 – Magnesium Acetate
o) N H 3 – Ammonia

Naming Acids
Binary acid solutions form when certain gaseous compounds dissolve in water. For example,
when gaseous hydrogen chloride (HCl) dissolves in water, it forms a solution called hydrochloric
acid. Prefix hydro- + anion nonmetal root + suffix -ic + the word acid.

Oxoacid names are similar to those of the oxoanions except for two changes:
1. Anion “-ate” suffix becomes an “-ic” suffix in the acid. Anion “-ite” suffix becomes
an “-ous” suffix in the acid.
2. The oxoanion prefixes “hypo-” and “per-” are retained.

Example:
HCl – Hydrochloric acid
HF – Hydrofluoric acid
HBr O4 - perbromic acide

Exercises:
1. HN O3- nitric acid 3. H 3 P O 4 - phosphoric acid
2. HN O2- nitrous acid 4. H ClO3- chloric acid

Molecular Mass of a Compound

1. Write the formula

2. Multiply the number of atoms by their respective atomic masses.
3. Add the masses for the compound.

Example:
NaF = ( 1 x 22.99 ) + ( 1 x 19.00 )=41.99 amu

Exercises:
KMn O 4=( 1 x 39.1 ) + ( 1 x 54.9 ) + ( 4 x 16.00 )=158 amu
Mg (C2 H 3 O 2 )2
¿

Stoichiometry
1 mole=6.022 x 1023 entities

Example:
Silver (Ag) is used in jewelry and tableware but no longer in U.S. coins. How many grams of
Ag are in 0.0342 mol of Ag?

107.9 g
0.0342 mol of Ag x =3.69 g of Ag
1 mol of Ag
Exercises:
Iron (Fe), the main component of steel, is the most important metal in industrial society. How
many Fe atoms are in 95.8 g of Fe?

1 mol Fe 6.022 x 1023 atoms 24

95.8 g Fe x x =1.03 x 10 Fe atoms
55.85 g Fe 1 mol Fe

Ammonium carbonate is white solid that decomposes with warming. Among its many uses, it is
a component of baking powder, fire extinguishers, and smelling salts. How many formula units
are in 41.6 g of ammonium carbonate?

Step 1: Write chemical formula of ammonium carbonate ¿

Step 2: Solve for the molecular mass per mol of ammonium carbonate (96.09 g/mol)
Step 3:
1 mol 6.022 x 1023 formula units 23
41.6 g x x =2.61 x 10 formulaunits
96.09 g 1 mol

Percent by Mass
atoms per mol x atomic mass
=% by mass
total molecular mass per mol∈compound

In mammals, lactose (milk sugar) is metabolized to glucose (C6H12O6), the key nutrient for
generating chemical potential energy.

a. Calculate the percent by mass of each element in the compound.

12.01 g C
6 mol C x =72.06 g C
1mol C
1.008 g H
12 mol H x =12.10 g H
1mol H
16.00 g O
6 mol O x =96.00 g O
1 mol O
Total molecular mass: 180.16 g/mol

Answers: 40% mass C, 6.714 % mass H, 53.29 % mass O

Empirical and Molecular Formula

Empirical Formula: The simplest formula for a compound that agrees with the elemental analysis
and gives rise to the smallest set of whole numbers of atoms.

Molecular Formula: Multiple of an empirical formula.

Step 1: Get the number of moles per element in the compound.

Step 2: To get the empirical formula, we can divide by the lowest mol amount to find the relative
mol ratios
Step 3: To get the molecular formula, divide the molar mass by empirical mass and get the
multiplier.

Exercises:

Elemental analysis of a sample of an ionic compound showed 2.82 g of Na, 4.35 g of Cl, and
7.83 g of O. What is the empirical formula and name of the compound?

Answer: NaCl O 4 (Sodium Perchlorate)

During physical activity, lactic acid (M = 90.08 g/mol) forms in muscle tissue and is responsible
for muscle soreness. Elemental analysis shows that this compound contains 40.0 mass % C, 6.71
mass % H, and 53.3 mass % O. Determine the empirical and molecular formula of lactic acid.

Answer: C H 2 O empirical formul a

molar mass of lactate 90.08 g
= =3
molar mass of lactic acid 30.03 g

C 3 H 6 O 3 molecular formula
Balancing Chemical Equations

Exercises

Within the cylinders of a car’s engine, the hydrocarbon octane (C8H18), one of many components
of gasoline, mixes with oxygen from the air and burns to form carbon dioxide and water vapor.
Write a balanced equation for this reaction.
A fuel mixture used in the early days of rocketry is composed of two liquids, hydrazine (N2H4)
and dinitrogen tetraoxide (N2O4), which ignite on contact to form nitrogen gas and water vapor.
Write a balanced equation for this reaction.

2 N 2 H 4 (l) + N 2 O 4 (l) 3 N 2(g ) +4 H 2 O(l)

Limiting Reactants, Percent Yield

Limiting Reactants are reactants that will limit the extent of the reaction.
Percent Yield is given by the following formula

recovered mass of compoud

% yield=
expected mass of compound

Exercises:

A fuel mixture used in the early days of rocketry is composed of two liquids, hydrazine (N2H4)
and dinitrogen tetraoxide (N2O4), which ignite on contact to form nitrogen gas and water vapor.
How many grams of nitrogen gas form when 1.00 x 102 g of N2H4 and 2.00 x 102 g of N2O4 are
mixed?

Silicon carbide (SiC) is an important ceramic material that is made by allowing sand (silicon
dioxide, SiO2) to react with powdered carbon at high temperature. Carbon monoxide is also
formed. When 100.0 kg of sand is processed, 51.4 kg of SiC is recovered. What is the percent
yield of SiC from this process?
Molarity

moles of solute
M=
L of solution

Example:

Glycine (H2NCH2COOH) is the simplest amino acid. What is the molarity of an aqueous
solution that contains 0.715 mol of glycine in 495 mL?

0.715 mol glycine 1000 mL

M= x =1.44 M glycine
495mL 1L

Exercises:

A buffered solution maintains acidity as a reaction occurs. In living cells, phosphate ions play a
key buffering role, so biochemists often study reactions in such solutions. How many grams of
solute are in 1.75 L of 0.460 M sodium monohydrogen phosphate?

0.460 mol 141.96 g Na2 ( HP O 4)

1.75 L x x =114 g Na2 ( HP O 4)
1L 1 mol

Mercury and its compounds have many uses, from fillings for teeth (as an alloy with silver,
copper, and tin) to the industrial production of chlorine. Because of their toxicity, however,
soluble mercury compounds, such as mercury(II) nitrate, must be removed from industrial
wastewater. One removal method reacts the wastewater with sodium sulfide solution to produce
solid mercury(II) sulfide and sodium nitrate solution. In a laboratory simulation, 0.050 L of
0.010 M mercury(II) nitrate reacts with 0.020 L of 0.10 M sodium sulfide. How many grams of
mercury(II) sulfide form?
Solubility Rules for Ionic Equations

Exercises:
Predict whether a reaction occurs when each of the following pairs of solutions are mixed. If a
reaction does occur, write balanced molecular, total ionic, and net ionic equations, and identify
the spectator ions.

a) Potassium fluoride(aq) + strontium nitrate(aq)

(b) Ammonium perchlorate(aq) + sodium bromide(aq)
Solubility Rules for Acid-Base Reactions

Strong Bases and Acids will be completely

ionized in water.

Step 1: Check whether the reactants are

strong bases or strong acids.
Step 2: Break down compounds that can be
completely ionized
Step 3: Remove spectator ions
Step 4: Rewrite the equation to form total
ionic equation.

Exercises:

Write balanced molecular, total ionic, and

net ionic equations for each of the following
acid-base reactions and identify the
spectator ions.

a) Strontium hydroxide(aq) + perchloric

acid(aq)

(b) Barium hydroxide(aq) + sulfuric

acid(aq)
Redox Reaction

Examples:

Determine the O.N. (Oxidation Number of each element in following compounds)

1. Zinc Chloride ( ZnCl 2)

Chlorine is part of Group 7A. Hence it should have a O.N. of -1. To balance the O.N. of
the whole compound, Zinc should have a O.N of +2.

2. Sulfur Trioxide ( S O3 ¿
Oxygen should have a O.N. of -2. Since there are 3 Oxygen atoms, Sulfur should have a
O.N. of +6 to balance the O.N. of the whole compound.

3. Nitric Acid ( HN O3 ¿
Hydrogen is combined with nonmetals, hence it has a O.N. of +1. Oxygen has a O.N. of
-2. Hence to balance the compound’s O.N., Nitrogen should have a O.N. of +5.

Exercises:

Identify the oxidizing and reducing agent of the following reactions.

1. 2Al(s) + 3H2SO4(aq) Al2(SO4)3(aq) + 3H2(g)

2. PbO(s) + CO(g) Pb(s) + CO2(g)
3. 2H2(g) + O2(g) 2H2O(g)
4. Magnesium(s) + nitrogen(g) magnesium nitride (aq)
5. Hydrogen peroxide(l) water(l) + oxygen gas
6. Aluminum(s) + lead(II) nitrate(aq) aluminum nitrate(aq) + lead(s)
References:
1. Moore, J., Stanitski, C., Jurs, P. 2010. Principles of Chemistry: The Molecular Science.
Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning.
2. Silberberg, M. 2010. Principles of General Chemistry, 2nd Ed. McGraw-Hill, Higher
Education.
3. Old Chem 16 Lecture Notes