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Environmental factor
An environmental factor, ecological factor or eco factor is any factor, abiotic or biotic, that
influences living organisms.[1] Abiotic factors include ambient temperature, amount of sunlight, and
pH of the water soil in which an organism lives. Biotic factors would include the availability of food
organisms and the presence of biological specificity, competitors, predators, and parasites.

Contents
Overview
Exposome
Measurement
Research initiatives
Proposed Human Exposome Project (HEP)
Related fields
Socioeconomic drivers
See also
References
External links

Overview
An organism's genotype (e.g., in the zygote) translated into the adult
phenotype through development during an organism's ontogeny, and
subject to influences by many environmental effects. In this context, a
phenotype (or phenotypic trait) can be viewed as any definable and
measurable characteristic of an organism, such as its body mass or skin
color.

Apart from the true monogenic genetic disorders, environmental factors

may determine the development of disease in those genetically
predisposed to a particular condition. Stress, physical and mental abuse,
diet, exposure to toxins, pathogens, radiation and chemicals found in
almost all personal-care products and household cleaners are common
environmental factors that determine a large segment of non-hereditary
disease.
Cancer is mainly the result
If a disease process is concluded to be the result of a combination of of environmental factors[2]
genetic and environmental factor influences, its etiological origin can be
referred to as having a multifactorial pattern.

Cancer is often related to environmental factors.[2] Maintaining a healthy weight, eating a healthy
diet, minimizing alcohol and eliminating smoking reduces the risk of developing the disease,
according to researchers.[2]

Environmental triggers for asthma[3] and autism[4] have been studied too.
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Exposome
The exposome encompasses the set of human environmental (i.e. non-genetic) exposures from
conception onwards, complementing the genome. The exposome was first proposed in 2005 by cancer
epidemiologist Christopher Paul Wild in an article entitled "Complementing the genome with an
"exposome": the outstanding challenge of environmental exposure measurement in molecular
epidemiology".[5] The concept of the exposome and how to assess it has led to lively discussions with
varied views in 2010,[6][7] 2012,[8][9][10][11][12][13] and 2014.[14][15]

In his 2005 article, Wild stated, "At its most complete, the exposome encompasses life-course
environmental exposures (including lifestyle factors), from the prenatal period onwards." The concept
was first proposed to draw attention to the need for better and more complete environmental
exposure data for causal research, in order to balance the investment in genetics. According to Wild,
even incomplete versions of the exposome could be useful to epidemiology. In 2012, Wild outlined
methods, including personal sensors, biomarkers, and 'omics' technologies, to better define the
exposome.[8] He described three overlapping domains within the exposome:

1. a general external environment including the urban environment, education, climate factors, social
capital, stress,
2. a specific external environment with specific contaminants, radiation, infections, lifestyle factors
(e.g. tobacco, alcohol), diet, physical activity, etc.
3. an internal environment to include internal biological factors such as metabolic factors, hormones,
gut microflora, inflammation, oxidative stress.

In late 2013, this definition was explained in greater depth in the first book on the exposome.[16][17] In
2014, the same author revised the definition to include the body's response with its endogenous
metabolic processes which alter the processing of chemicals.[18]

Measurement
For complex disorders, specific genetic causes appear to account for only 10-30% of the disease
incidence, but there has been no standard or systematic way to measure the influence of
environmental exposures. Some studies into the interaction of genetic and environmental factors in
the incidence of diabetes have demonstrated that "environment-wide association studies" (EWAS, or
exposome-wide association studies) may be feasible.[19][20] However, it is not clear what data sets are
most appropriate to represent the value of "E".[21]

Research initiatives
As of 2016, it may not be possible to measure or model the full exposome, but several European
projects have started to make first attempts. In 2012, the European Commission awarded two large
grants to pursue exposome-related research.[22]The HELIX project at the Barcelona-based Centre for
Research in Environmental Epidemiology was launched around 2014, and aimed to develop an early-
life exposome.[23]A second project, Exposomics, based at Imperial College London, launched in 2012,
aimed to use smartphones utilising GPS and environmental sensors to assess exposures.[22][24]

In late 2013, a major initiative called the "Health and Environment-Wide Associations based on Large
Scale population Surveys" or HEALS, began. Touted as the largest environmental health-related study
in Europe, HEALS proposes to adopt a paradigm defined by interactions between DNA sequence,
epigenetic DNA modifications, gene expression, and environmental factors.[25]

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In December 2011, the US National Academy of Sciences hosted a meeting entitled "Emerging
Technologies for Measuring Individual Exposomes."[26] A Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
overview, "Exposome and Exposomics", outlines the three priority areas for researching the
occupational exposome as identified by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health.[11]
The National Institutes of Health (NIH) has invested in technologies supporting exposome-related
research including biosensors, and supports research on gene-environment interactions.[27][28]

Proposed Human Exposome Project (HEP)

The idea of a Human Exposome Project, analogous to the Human Genome Project, has been proposed
and discussed in numerous scientific meetings, but as of 2017, no such project exists. Given the lack of
clarity on how science would go about pursuing such a project, support has been lacking.[29] Reports
on the issue include:

a 2011 review on the exposome and exposure science by Paul Lioy and Stephen Rappaport,
"Exposure science and the exposome: an opportunity for coherence in the environmental health
sciences" in the journal Environmental Health Perspectives.[30]
a 2012 report from the United States National Research Council "Exposure Science in the 21st
Century: A Vision and A Strategy", outlining the challenges in systematic evaluations of the
exposome.[31][32]

Related fields
The concept of the exposome has contributed to the 2010 proposal of a new paradigm in disease
phenotype, "the unique disease principle": Every individual has a unique disease process different
from any other individual, considering uniqueness of the exposome and its unique influence on
molecular pathologic processes including alterations in the interactome.[33] This principle was first
described in neoplastic diseases as "the unique tumor principle".[34] Based on this unique disease
principle, the interdisciplinary field of molecular pathological epidemiology (MPE) integrates
molecular pathology and epidemiology.[35]

Socioeconomic drivers
Global change is driven by many factors; however the five main drivers of global change are:
population growth, economic growth, technological advances, attitudes, and institutions.[36] These
five main drivers of global change can stem from socioeconomic factors which in turn, these can be
seen as drivers in their own regard.  Socioeconomic drivers of climate change can be triggered by a
social or economic demand for resources such as a demand for timber or a demand for agricultural
crops.  In tropical deforestation for instance, the main driver is economic opportunities that come the
extraction of these resources and the conversion of this land to crop or rangelands.[37] These drivers
can be manifested at any level, from the global level demand for timber all the way to the household
level.

An example of how socioeconomic drivers affect climate change can be seen in the soy bean trading
between Brazil and China. The trading of soy beans from to Brazil and China has grown immensely in
the past few decades. This growth in trade between these two countries is stimulated by
socioeconomic drivers. Some of the socioeconomic drivers in play here are the rising demand for
Brazilian soy beans in China, the increase in land use change for soy bean production in Brazil, and
the importance of strengthening foreign trade between the two countries.[38] All of these
socioeconomic drivers have implications in climate change. For instance, an increase in the
development for soy bean croplands in Brazil means there needs to be more and more land made

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available for this resource. This causes the general land cover of forest to be converted into croplands
which in its own regard has an impact on the environment.[39]This example of land use change driven
by a demand of a resource, isn’t only happening in Brazil with soy bean production.

Another example came from The Renewable Energy Directive

2009 Union when they mandated biofuel development for
countries within their membership. With an international
socioeconomic driver of increasing the production biofuels comes
affects in land use in these countries. When agricultural cropland
shift to bioenergy cropland the original crop supply decreases
while the global market for this crop increases. This causes a
cascading socioeconomic driver for the need for more agricultural
croplands to support the growing demand. However, with the
Harvesting crawfish in Acadia
lack of available land from the crop substitution to biofuels,
Parish, Louisiana.
countries must look into areas further away to develop these
original croplands. This causes spillover systems in countries
where this new development takes place. For instance, African
countries are converting savanna's into cropland and this all stems from the socioeconomic driver of
wanting to develop biofuels.[40] Furthermore, socioeconomic driver that cause land use change don’t
all occur at an international level. These drivers can be experienced all the way down to the household
level. Crop substitution doesn't only come from biofuel shifts in agriculture, a big substitution came
from Thailand when they switched the production of opium poppy plants to non-narcotic crops. This
caused Thailand's agricultural sector to grow, but it caused global rippling effects (opium
replacement).

For instance, in Wolong China, locals use forests as fuelwood to cook and heat their homes. So, the
socioeconomic driver in play here is the local demand for timber to support subsistence in this area.
With this driver, locals are depleting their supply for fuelwood so they have to keep moving further
away to extract this resource. This movement and demand for timber is in turn contributing to the
loss of pandas in this area because their ecosystem is getting destroyed.[41]

However, when researching local trends the focus tends to be on outcomes instead of on how changes
in the global drivers affect outcomes.[42] With this being said, community level planning needs to be
implemented when analyzing socioeconomic drivers of change.

In conclusion, one can see how socioeconomic drivers at any level play a role in the consequences of
human actions on the environment. These drivers all have cascading effects on land, humans,
resources, and the environment as a whole. With this being said, humans need to fully understand
how their socioeconomic drivers can change the way we live. For instance, going back to the soy bean
example, when the supply can’t meet the demand for soy beans the global market for this crop
increases which then in turn affects countries that rely on this crop for a food source. These affects
can cause a higher price for soy beans at their stores and markets or it can cause an overall lack of
availability for this crop in importing countries. With both of these outcomes, the household level is
being affected by a national level socioeconomic driver of an increased demand for Brazilian soy
beans in China. From just this one example alone, one can see how socioeconomic drivers influence
changes at a national level that then lead to more global, regional, communal, and household level
changes. The main concept to take away from this is the idea that everything is connected and that
our roles and choices as humans have major driving forces that impact our world in numerous ways.

See also
Accidental injury
Ecophysiology
Envirome

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Environmental disease
Environmental health
Epidemiology
Epidemiology of cancer
Exposure science
Heritability
Hygiene hypothesis
Occupational toxicology
Public health
Quantitative genetics
Toxicology

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Stockholm Environment Institute, 2003, www.jstor.org/stable/resrep00343. Accessed 12 Mar.
2020.

External links
"TAU Expert Reviews Environmental Triggers (hairspray! Lipstick!) Of Common Autoimmune
Diseases" (http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/177153.php), Medical News Today.

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