Our Lady of Fatima University

School Year 2020-2021

Chronic Kidney Disease

And
Bronchial Asthma

A Compilation Presented to Our Lady of Fatima University

RESURRECCION, JOHN CHRISTIAN S. 1,2,3,

SANTOS, AARON JOHN N. 1,2,3,

1.0 Bronchial Asthma Disease

--OBJECTIVES/ STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

The purpose of this case study is to know how and what is the definition of Bronchial Asthma disease works on the body. The
researchers want to know if Bronchial Asthma can be very harmful to people, or can be cured by the modern technologies.
--BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
The earliest medical record of Bronchial Asthma was found in China 2400 BC. The history of the discovery of asthma an acute
respiratory disorder came to light in 400 BC. The first person used the term ‘Asthma’ was Hippocrates in his book ‘Corpus
Hippocraticum’ where he also provided a definition for the medical term. In 130-200 BC, a more elaborated explanation stating that
asthma results due to the occurrence of obstruction in the bronchitis of the patients was put forth by the famous Greek medical
practitioner known as Galen.
Asthma is defined as a common, chronic respiratory condition that causes difficulty in breathing due to inflammation of the
airways. There are common symptoms of asthma. It includes dry cough, chest-tightness, wheezing, and shortness of breath. There’s
also a way that can trigger Asthma. Based on Dr. Meyer, there is a major connection between environmental allergies and Asthma.
Allergic reactions, infections and pollution can all trigger an asthma attack.

2.0 CASE PRESENTATION

2.1 Discussion

Asthma is a chronic disease involving the airways in the lungs. These airways, or bronchial tubes, allow air to come in and out of
the lungs. Asthma is a condition in when the airways narrow and swell and may produce extra mucus. It can make the breathing difficult
and trigger coughing, a whistling sound when the people with asthma breathe out and shortness of breath. Asthma attack can also be
called asthma exacerbation.
For many asthma sufferers, timing of these symptoms is closely related to physical activity. And some healthy people can
develop asthma symptoms only when exercising. This is called exercise-induced bronchoconstriction (EIB), or exercise-induced
asthma (EIA). Being active is very significant way to stay healthy. There are four different levels of asthma severity and it includes;
Mild Intermittent Asthma
 Wheeze or cough 2 or fewer times per week
 Symptoms at night 2 or fewer times per month

Mild Persistent Asthma

 Wheeze or cough 3-6 times per week
 Symptoms at night 3-4 times per month
 Increased symptoms with activity

Moderate Persistent Asthma

 Daily symptoms
 Daily inhaled beta2-agonist (bronchodilator) medication use
 Symptoms at night 5 or more times per month
 Decreased exercise capacity

Severe Persistent
 Continual symptoms limiting activity
  Frequent exacerbation
 Frequent symptoms at night

2.2 Signs and Symptoms

Signs and symptoms of an asthma can vary from person to person. It may be shortness of beath, chest tightness, wheezing
when exhaling which is a common sign of asthma in children, trouble in sleeping caused by shortness of breath and by having a flu or
cold that caused by asthma attacks that worsened by a respiratory virus. Signs that an asthma is worsening include:
 Asthma signs and symptoms that are more frequent and bothersome
 Increasing difficulty breathing, as measured with a device used to check how well your lungs are working
 The need to use a quick-relief inhaler more often

There are many or maybe few more things to consider when people have these signs and symptoms. The first one is to go to a
doctor or to the hospital and let them know what’s happening when your suffering from these symptoms.

2.3 Transmission
Some people in the society believe that asthma is a contagious disease! They usually prevent the little children of the family to
come in contact with elderly family members for having asthma for fear that the former might get infected by the latter as asthma being
a contagious disease, because it was according to their assessment.
Asthma is neither a contagious nor a communicable disease. Asthma is actually a disorder of the respiratory air-passage.
Asthma affects 22 million Americans in the world, 6 million of these are children under 18 years old. People who have a family history of
asthma have an increased risk of developing the disease later on.
People who are exposed to tobacco or people who smoke has a chance to have asthma. Environmental allergies can trigger
asthma and it can result to asthma exacerbation. But according to some researchers or doctors, no one who has asthma has the same
triggers for attacks as anyone else.
3.0 ALTERNATIVE/ POSSIBLE SOLUTION (TREATMENT)
The most common treatment for asthma is Quick-relief inhalers or also known as Bronchodilators. It quickly open swollen
airways that are limiting breathing. Most of some cases, allergy medications are very necessary. Long term asthma control
medications, generally taken daily, are the cornerstone of asthma treatment.

4.0 RECOMMENDATION
It is recommended to do easy or light work out and exercise daily to boost and strengthen the body and immune system. Stop
smoking if you do smoke, don’t use any illegal drugs or anything that would danger the body itself. Eat vegetables daily and have a
proper diet to have a healthy lifestyle. If a person experiencing some signs or symptoms of having an asthma, go to the doctor
immediately to see what kind of disease the body has.
5.0 CONCLUSIONS
It concludes that asthma is not curable because there’s no current medicine or a technology that could cure it, but there’s few
things that could help to remedy asthma. And it shows that asthma can’t be transmit and aren’t that very harmful. People shouldn’t fear
or feed people lies about asthma.
CITED REFERENCES:

https://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-167394#:~:text=In%20fact%2C%20Asthma%20is%20neither,the%20world
%20suffer%20from%20Asthma.\

https://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-167394#:~:text=In%20fact%2C%20Asthma%20is%20neither,the%20world
%20suffer%20from%20Asthma.

https://use-inhalers.com/who-discovered-asthma#:~:text=History%20and%20Treatment%20of%20Asthma&text=The
%20earliest%20of%20medical%20record,to%20light%20in%20400%20BC.

https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/asthma/symptoms-causes/syc-20369653

I. CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE (EXCRETORY SYSTEM)

 A. INTRODUCTION
- The purpose of this case study is to create an in-depth understanding on chronic kidney disease by studying the
pathophysiology of the disease and to know what steps or rather treatment that will help the patient. This study will
help inquire increase knowledge and identify recommendations to strengthen future treatments for the disease.

CKD Is a type of kidney disease in which there is gradual loss of kidney function over a period of months or years.
Early on there are typically no symptoms. Later, leg swelling, feeling tired, vomiting, loss of appetite or confusion may
develop. Complications may include heart disease, high blood pressure, bone disease, or anemia. Causes of chronic
kidney disease include diabetes, high blood pressure, glomerulonephritis, and polycystic kidney disease. Risk factors
include a family history of the condition.

Chronic kidney disease includes conditions that damage your kidneys and decrease their ability to keep you healthy
by doing the jobs listed. If kidney disease gets worse, wastes can build to high levels in your blood and make you feel
sick.

These problems may happen slowly over a long period of time. Chronic kidney disease may be caused by diabetes,
high blood pressure and other disorders. Early detection and treatment can often keep chronic kidney disease from
getting worse. When kidney disease progresses, it may eventually lead to kidney failure, which requires dialysis or a
kidney transplant to maintain life.

CKD Stages
- Stage 1- GFR >90 mL/min
- Stage 2- GFR 60-89 mL/min
- Stage 3- GFR 30-59 mL/min
- Stage 4- GFR 15-29 mL/min
- Stage 5- GFR <15 mL/min
B. OBJECTIVES
- At the end of this case presentation the student nurses will acquire knowledge, skills and attitude in handling patient
with Chronic Kidney disease.
Specific Objectives:
To understand the definition of Chronic Kidney disease and its causes.
To know the signs and symptoms of Chronic Kidney disease
To able to learn the pathophysiology of the disease.
To be educated of the drugs that is needed.
To create recommendation for patients with Chronic Kidney disease.

II. CASE PRESENTATION (REPORT)

A. DISCUSSION
 - Chronic kidney disease (CKD) means that your kidneys are damaged and can't filter blood as they should. This
damage can cause wastes to build up in your body. It can also cause other problems that can harm your health.
Diabetes and high blood pressure are the most common causes of CKD.
B. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
- weight loss and poor appetite
- swollen ankles, feet or hands – as a result of water retention (oedema)
- shortness of breath
- tiredness
- blood in your pee (urine)
- an increased need to pee – particularly at night
- difficulty sleeping (insomnia)
- itchy skin
- muscle cramps
- feeling sick
- headaches
- erectile dysfunction in men
C. MODE OF TRANSMISSION
- It is not contagious. But some loved ones may get CKD, too, because they share a lifestyle that leads to weight gain
and high blood pressure. Family members may also share genes.

III. ALTERNATIVE/POSSIBLE SOLUTION (TREATMENT)

- The treatment for CKD and ESRD includes:

- Diet changes
- You should decrease the fat, salt, protein, and potassium in your diet. Reducing salt and fluid intake can help control
blood pressure and prevent fluid overload. Be sure to still get adequate calories to maintain your weight. If you have
diabetes, restrict your carbohydrate intake.

- Lifestyle changes
- Be sure you get adequate exercise. Quitting smoking if you smoke can also help.

- Supplements and medication, your treatment may involve:

- iron and vitamin supplements to manage anemia
- calcium and vitamin D supplements
- erythropoietin injections to stimulate the production of red blood cells
- phosphate binders
- stool softeners for constipation
- antihistamines for itching

- Medical treatment
- You may need dialysis to purify your blood. In some cases, you may need a kidney transplant. You should also talk to
your doctor about controlling your blood sugar and diabetes, if you have it.
- You may be more susceptible to infection if you have CKD or ESRD. Doctors recommend that you get the following
vaccinations:
pneumococcal vaccine
hepatitis B vaccine
influenza vaccine
 H1N1 (swine flu) vaccine

- Prevention
You can’t always prevent CKD. However, controlling conditions like high blood pressure and diabetes can help. You
should get regular screenings for CKD if you’re at high risk. Getting an early diagnosis of CKD can help slow its
progression.

IV. RECOMMENDATIONS:
Health Teaching
- Educate the patient and the significant other about the patient’s case
- Teach the family on how to properly position the client.
- Encourage the wife or relatives to prepare proper food that is adequate for the patient.
- Educate the significant to control and monitor the patient’s fluid intake
- Promote ROM to avoid getting blood clots and bed sores.
Diet
- Decreased sodium intake to prevent fluid retention
- Increase fiber intake to improve digestion.
- Increase calorie intake to increase energy.
- Limit CHON and fat intake.
- Avoid fresh fruits
- Egg whites to replace albumin

V. CONCLUSIONS:
- In the Philippines thousands of people are living with chronic kidney disease. Unlike some other illnesses, CKD can
be treated, and you can live a good life. As you have learned, knowledge is power. You have options for treatment
that can help you live the life you want.
There are many resources that can help you learn more about CKD. Put a search term into Google. Look for non-
profit and government resources that you can trust. Beware of “cures” and testimonials (they are the easiest things to
fake). Always talk with your care team before you try any remedy.

CITED REFERENCES:

Aymé S, Bockenhauer D, Day S, et al. Common Elements in Rare Kidney Diseases: conclusions from a Kidney Disease:

Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) Controversies Conference. Kidney Int. 2017;92:796–808. (2017). Kidney

International, 92(6), 1558. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.kint.2017.10.004

Decker, E., & Kendrick, J. (2014). Research in the CKD Clinic: Highs and Lows. Advances in Chronic Kidney Disease,

21(4), 344–348. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.ackd.2014.02.012

Madero, M., Gul, A., & Sarnak, M. J. (2007). Review: Cognitive Function in Chronic Kidney Disease. Seminars in Dialysis,

21(1), 29–37. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1525-139x.2007.00384.x

Sakaguchi, Y., Hamano, T., & Isaka, Y. (2018). Magnesium and Progression of Chronic Kidney Disease: Benefits Beyond

Cardiovascular Protection? Advances in Chronic Kidney Disease, 25(3), 274–280.

https://doi.org/10.1053/j.ackd.2017.11.001