CVE30002, Design of Steel Structures

Faculty of Science, Engineering and Technology

Swinburne University of Technology
Hawthorn, VIC, Australia, 3122

Structural Design of Multi-Story Steel Framed Buildings

Submission

- This is an individual assessment with a single online submission (one report) on Canvas.
- The deadline for the online submission is Wednesday 3/June/2020 at 12:30 pm.
- This project accounts for 60% of the total subject assessment.

Description of Case Study Building

A 6-story carpark is to be designed and constructed in Melbourne’s eastern suburbs. A preliminary assessment by the engineer has nominated
that a steel framed structure would be most suitable. The engineer has nominated the geometry of the steel framed structure as per Figures 1
to 3 below. The building will be 18.9m × 18.9m in plan and 25m high. Due to the requirement by the architect on the absence of diagonal
bracing, all the beam to column connections are required to be fixed and the building is to be designed as a moment resisting frame. The
columns at the base of the building are connected into rigid footings sitting on basalt rock. Hence, it can be assumed that the columns are
fixed at the base.

The structural floor plan consists of primary beams spanning in the east-west and north-south directions in between the columns. Secondary
beams span between the primary beams in the north-south directions, only. The secondary beams will be connected to the primary beams at
the ends using shear tabs attached to the webs of the beam, only. Hence, it can be assumed that the secondary beams are simply-supported
and pinned at the ends.

Both the primary beams and secondary beams are supporting a 120mm thick reinforced-concrete slab at each level. Each level is to be
designed as a carpark using respective dead and live loads, extracted from AS1170.1. A wind loading analysis conducted by the engineer has
determined that a constant positive wind pressure of 1.5 kPa is to be applied to the western and southern facades of the building as a result of
westerly and southerly winds, respectively. The wind pressure is to be applied uniformly to the entire area of the western and southern facades
(an area of 18.9m × 25m for each façade, respectively). The façade is connected to the structure at each level at locations A, D, G for the
western façade and A, B, C for the southern façade. This results in a series of point loads applied to the north-south and east-west frames in
the locations depicted in Figures 2 and 3. No wind loads are required to be applied to the northern and eastern facades.
CVE30002, Design of Steel Structures
Faculty of Science, Engineering and Technology
Swinburne University of Technology
Hawthorn, VIC, Australia, 3122

5 x 2100 4 x 2100

8400
10500

Figure 1 – Structural floor plan depicting primary beams, secondary beams and steel columns.
 CVE30002, Design of Steel Structures
Faculty of Science, Engineering and Technology
Swinburne University of Technology
Hawthorn, VIC, Australia, 3122

10500 8400

4000

4000
4000

4000
4000

4000
4000

4000
4000

4000
5000

5000
Figure 2 – Elevations of north-south frames indicating locations of horizontal wind loads to southern face of façade. Gravity loads are depicted as “w” in kN/m
and should include self-weight, dead load and live load as a uniformly distributed load at each level.
 CVE30002, Design of Steel Structures
Faculty of Science, Engineering and Technology
Swinburne University of Technology
Hawthorn, VIC, Australia, 3122

10500 8400

4000
3500
4000
3500
4000
3500
4000
3500
4000
3500
4500
5000

Figure 3 – Elevations of east-west frames indicating locations of horizontal wind loads to western face of façade. Gravity loads are depicted as “P” in kN and
are applied to the primary beams as point loads from the secondary beams. These point loads should include self-weight, dead load and live load, respectively.
CVE30002, Design of Steel Structures
Faculty of Science, Engineering and Technology
Swinburne University of Technology
Hawthorn, VIC, Australia, 3122

Figure 4 – 3D Overview of the framed building and frames D-E-F and B-E-H.
 CVE30002, Design of Steel Structures
Faculty of Science, Engineering and Technology
Swinburne University of Technology
Hawthorn, VIC, Australia, 3122

Required Design Tasks

The structural analysis has been conducted by an engineer using SpaceGass. Refer to the attched zip file that contains the analysis results including
the nominated sections as well as internal force diagrams for the secondary beams and the primary beams and columns in frames D-E-F and B-E-
H. Using the steel structures standard, AS4100, complete the following tasks.

1. Conduct all the required design checks for the 10.5m span and 8.4m span secondary beams to resist gravity loads in load case Ed = [1.2G,
1.5Q]. Note that the 120mm concrete slab does not provide a continous lateral restraint to the critical compression flange of the secondary
beams. The secondary beams are partially restrained at their ends. Also note that both the 10.5m and 8.4m span secondary beams will be coped.
If the nominated sections are inadequate, nominating a suitable section from the OneSteel Tables is sufficient.

2. Conduct all the required design checks for the 10.5m and 8.4m span primary beams at level 1 in both the B-E-H and D-E-F frames to resist the
relevant maximum design actions obtained from load combinations: Ed1 = [1.2G, 1.5Q] and Ed2 = [1.2G, Wu, 0.4Q]. Consider axial, moment,
shear, and combined actions in your design checks for relveant design actions from both design load combinations. Note that the said primary
beams are assumed to be fully-restrained at their end cross-sections only, however the internal nature of cross-sction restraints requires to be
established as per relevant secondary beam connectivity. If the nominated sections are inadequate, nominating a suitable section from the
OneSteel Tables is sufficient.

3. Conduct all the required design checks for the ground level column at location E to resist the maximum design actions obtained from load
combinations: Ed1 = [1.2G, 1.5Q] and Ed2 = [1.2G, Wu, 0.4Q]. Consider axial, moment, shear, and combined actions in your design checks for
relevant design actions from both design combinations. Note that the effective length of the column should be calculated using the refined
method. Also, note that the column end cross-sections maybe considered fully-restrained. If the nominated section is inadequate, nominating
a suitable section from the OneSteel Tables is sufficient.

4. The secondary beams are to be connected to the primary beams using a shear tab connection of typical forms shown in Figure 5, where the
shear tab is welded to the web of the primary beam. Design all elements of the shear tab connection (bolt, shear tab and shear tab welds) based
on the design actions obtained from Ed1 = [1.2G, 1.5Q]. The connection is assumed to provide the transfer of shear forces only, i.e. the bending
moment at the connection is zero. However, note that the eccentricity in the line of bolts will have an effect on the shear tab welds. Also, note
that two M20 bolts are to be used, welds are to be fillet welds and standard spacing requirements maybe consdiered to establish the rectangular
dimensions of the shear tab. Perform a check on the shear tab’s design shear capacity, as well.
 CVE30002, Design of Steel Structures
Faculty of Science, Engineering and Technology
Swinburne University of Technology
Hawthorn, VIC, Australia, 3122

5. Primary beams are connected to columns using extended end-plate bolted connections capable of moment resistance and are of the typical
form shown in Figure 6. You are therefore required to design the bolt and weld group of such connections on the first floor where:

− Primary beam D-E connects into the column at E

− Primary beam E-F connects into the column at F

The bolt and weld group of the connections mentioned above should be designed to resist the combined effects from axial, moment and shear
actions present at those locations.

6. The columns are connected to the footings using a bolted end-plate moment-resisting connection as shown in Figure 7. You are therefore
required to design the bolt and weld group of the connection at column location E. The bolt and weld group of this connection should be
designed to resist the combined effects from axial, moment and shear actions present at the location.

7. Produce a set of shop drawings depicting your solution. Clearly include dimensions, member designations, bolt and weld types, connection
details, plans, elevations and sections. You can use CAD or other available computer software packages for this purpose. Avoid drawing by
hand.

8. Produce a design report with all design tasks completed and neatly presented on computation sheets (non-Swinburne University computation
sheets are acceptable). The first page of your report must consist of the standard assessment cover sheet provided by Swinburne and should be
marked A. The second page is the title page which should be marked B and should contain the project title and the name of the student
responsible for the submission. The third page marked C should be the table of contents for the submitted report. The pages following the table
of contents should be numbered consecutively, in the format, current page number/total pages in the report (eg.: for a report of total 60 pages,
the fourth page after the table of contents should be indicated as 4/60 and so on).

Figure 5 - Typical shear tab (red) connection between secondary beams and primary beams (blue) having a coped feature.
CVE30002, Design of Steel Structures
Faculty of Science, Engineering and Technology
Swinburne University of Technology
Hawthorn, VIC, Australia, 3122

Figure 6 – Typical extended end-plate bolted moment connection between primary beams and columns

Figure 7 – Typical fixed column-base bolted end-plate connection

 CVE30002, Design of Steel Structures
Faculty of Science, Engineering and Technology
Swinburne University of Technology
Hawthorn, VIC, Australia, 3122

Hints: The following is a breakdown of the steps and assumptions required to complete each step of the design project:

Part 1 – Design of secondary beams

1. The length of the secondary beams should be taken as 10.5m and 8.4m, respectively.
2. The secondary beams are partially restrained at the ends. This is used for calculating kt, kl, kr, etc.
3. Since the secondary beams are coped at the ends, the shear capacity should be modified according to AS4100 Clause 5.11.3. The values
supplied in the lecture notes can be used for the ratio of maximum to average shear stress.
4. Shear bending interaction should be checked in accordance with AS4100 Clause 5.12.3
5. When checking the design of the secondary beams, you may find that because the beams are partially-restrained at the ends, and there is
no lateral-rotational restraint, the effective length will become large, which reduces the member moment capacity. A good idea
to optimize the design is to include two fly braces at the ends of the secondary beams, which connect the critical compression flange (top
flange) of the secondary beams with the top flange of the primary beams. This will change the end restraint conditions from partially-
restrained to fully-restrained and also provide lateral-rotational restraint. Hence, including fly braces will decrease the member size by
reducing the effective length. Note that nomination of fly braces is sufficient for the design project and no detailed design of the fly braces
are required.

Part 2 – Design of primary beams for DEF and BEH

1. Primary beam DEF should have a segment length of 2.1m since it is restrained by the secondary beams. Note that each 2.1m segment is
partially restrained at their ends.
2. Primary beam BEH should have segment lengths of 10.5m and 8.4m. Although the ends of the segments are fully restrained this does not
mean that the member is fully restrained. Hence you need to calculate the effective length le, αs, αm and Mb values, accordingly.
3. To calculate αm for DEF and BEH, use methods (ii) or (iii) available in Clause 5.6.1.1 of AS4100.
4. Since the slab cannot move laterally, the load height factor kl can be taken as 1.0.
5. Check the design for combined actions (tension and bending), as well.
6. Check the shear capacity of the member is greater than the maximum applied shear force along the member.
7. Shear bending interaction should be checked in accordance with AS4100 Clause 5.12.3.
 CVE30002, Design of Steel Structures
Faculty of Science, Engineering and Technology
Swinburne University of Technology
Hawthorn, VIC, Australia, 3122

Part 3 – Design of column for axial and biaxial bending

1. Only the first story column should be checked for design using the column height of 5 m.
2. The columns can be assumed to be fixed at the base and the refined method used to calculate the member effective length based on the
stiffness of the beams at level 1.
3. The column section and member capacities should be calculated (Ns and Nc)
4. The column section and member moment capacities (Msx, Msy, Mbx) should be calculated.
5. The column should be checked for combined axial and biaxial bending in accordance with AS4100 Section 8.
6. The shear capacity of the column should be checked as per Section 5 in AS4100.
7. Pay attention to the orientation of column in the plan view. Note that the column is shared between both frames D-E-F and B-E-H and
under combined actions. It receives a bending moment about the major axis (MX) from the frame D-E-F, a bending moment about the
minor axis (MY) from the frame B-E-H, and an axial force (NZ) from both frames (NZ = NZ1 + NZ2). However, when adding up the axial
forces from both frames be careful not to double count the self-weight of the columns at location E as they exist in both frame models.

Part 4 – Design of connections

For the shear tab connection, check the capacity of bolts, welds, ply bearing and tearing. For the end-plate connections, design the bolt and weld
groups. You are not required to design the end/base plate if you select a thick plate. A robust plate would be favoured as it will be less likely to
be damaged during erection and will provide more force resistance. You can verify your design using Design Capacity Tables issued by
Australian Steel Institute.