1. Describe the functions of the following electrical components and its different types.

a. TRANSFORMERS (static) - An electrical (static) transformer consists of two coils of insulated wire wound onto a
laminated soft iron frame. It works on the electromagnetic induction principle to alter the voltage of an alternating
current. The EMF induced in the secondary coil depends on the number of turns of wire it has relative to the
primary coil. It has three types.
 The even-ratio transformer has both primary and secondary coils have the same number of turns and the
voltage (EMF) in each is the same.
 The step-down transformer has the secondary coil have fewer turns than the primary coil so voltage (EMF)
in the secondary will be less than of the primary.
 The step-up transformer has the secondary coil has more turns than the primary so the voltage (EMF)
developed in the secondary coil will increase compared to the primary.

A variable transformer, one of the other forms of transformer has their primary coil shorter (number of
tappings taken from it) than of the secondary coil causing a step-up voltage in the secondary coil. An
autotransformer, on the other hand, is used as a step-up transformer yet it consists of a single coil with four
contact points (CD is the primary and the AB is the secondary coil).

b. FUSES – A fuse is described as the weak point in a circuit since this short length of wire has a low melting point.
Its function is to protect the electrical circuit from damage. If there is excess current passing through the fuse, the
heat formed melts (blows) the fuse which breaks the circuit preventing further current flow. The fuses are mainly
classified into major two types, they are AC and DC fuses, depending on the input supply voltages.
 DC FUSES, when the current exceeds the limit, the metallic fuse melts and disconnects from the rest of the
circuit.
o Cartridge is the most common type of fuse held in position by metal contact clips and runs through
a tube of glass or other suitable non-inflammable insulating material.
o Automotive fuses come a transparent plastic envelope with contact (resembling in a blade form)
that run up to 32 V and occasionally 42 V.
o Polyfuses contains carbon black particles that are forced apart when large current flows; this results
in the decrease in conductivity and a interrupted circuit. Since it is also called as self-resetting
positive temperature coefficient (PTC) its resistance increases with temperature.
o Semiconductor fuses are used to protect semiconductor switching devices that are sensitive to even
small current spikes.
o Overvoltage suppression fuse are integrated to protect against both voltage and current spikes.
 AC FUSES, is slightly smaller than DC fuses are categorized into high voltage and low voltage fuses.
o High Rupture Current (HRC) fuses are cartridge type and filled with quartz power, a
nonconducting liquid that acts as an arc extinguishing agent. These fuses are used for very high
fault currents.
o Expulsion fuses are filled with boric acid that produces gas on heating which extinguish the arc,
and then expelled from the ends of the fuse. These are used for the protection of feeders and
transformers because of their low cost.
o Cartridge fuses is a low voltage fuse similar to the cartridge DC fuses.
o Dropout fuses are used for the protection of outdoor transformers.
o Rewirable fuse are less reliable than HRC fuses but are mostly used in domestic wiring. The fuse
carrier can be easily inserted or taken out in the base without opening the switch.
 o Striker fuse are provided with a spring-loaded striker acting as a visual indicator that the fuse has
blown an also activate other switchgear.
o Switch fuse has a handle that is manually operated that can connect or disconnect high current
fuses.

c. SWITCHES – In domestic circuits, it is made up of two metal blades fit into metal sockets. It is used to turn the
current off and on. It is on when the blades are gripped in the sockets and the circuit is completed. Two vital
components that comprises a switch are pole (number of circuits) and throw (number of different output
connections). It has 4 types.
 Single pole single through (SPST) are basic on/off switch connecting or breaking the connections between
two terminals. Also called toggle switches, it controls one pole and makes one throw or connection.
 Single pole double throw (SPDT) switches are used in three-way circuit to turn a light ON?OFF from two
locations like in the top or bottom of a stairway/ It is about controlling two circuits via one way or source.
 Double pole, single throw (DPST) have two identical switches adjacent to each other but operated by only
one single toggle/lever.
 Double pole double throw (DPDT) are equivalent to two SPDT switches routing two separate circuit and
connecting each of the two inputs to one or two outputs.
d. PLUGS allow electrical equipment to connect to the electrical grid to receive alternating current. There are at least
14 types.
 Plug Type A, also called as NEMA-1 have two flat live contact pins and especially used for smaller
devices.
 Plug Type B, also called as NEMA 5-15 or 3 pin has two flat live contact pins, with an additional circular
contact serves as a protective conductor. The design makes the plug protected against polarity reversal.
 Plug Type C has two subtypes:
o Contour Plug also called as Plug CEE 7/17 has two contacts. One has a shaft with round tip to the
plug’s center, allowing French earth pin to be taken in. And these two cut-outs both are rectangular
towards the plug’s edge to allow the German earth clips to connect.
o Europlug also called as plug type CEE 7/16 has two contacts and has no protective conductor,
which is why it is not protected against polarity reversal.
 Plug Type D, also called as type 5A or BS 546 has the earthing contact is slightly longer and thicker
compared to the two current-carrying contacts. The plug’s construction protects it against polarity reversal,
but it is not safe to touch due to the conductive contacts.
 French Plug Type E, also called as CEE 7/5 has two round, thicker live pins. These are usually thicker than
the contact pins of the europlug, but you can also come across variants with thin pins (4 mm).
 Plug Type F, also called as Schuko or CEE7/4 plug has two round pins. A third pole, the protective contact,
is supposed to conduct fault currents, which can occur in the event of a short circuit as soon as the two other
poles close the electric circuit.
 Special Plug Type E + F, also called as hybrid plug or CEE 7/7 is a mixture of type F and E.
 Plug Type G, also called Commonwealth plug or even BS 1363 always has three pins and is equipped
always with a fuse. The earthing pin is located centrally and the protective contact has no additional
insulation - but the two live contacts do.
 Plug Type H, also called as SI-32 It has three flat or round pins in Y-shape. The third pin is also an
earthening pin.
 Plug Type I, also called as AS 3112 consists of a total of three contact pins - one protective contact pin and
two live pins. The earth contact is a vertical flat pin, the other two pins are positioned in the form of an
inverted V above.
  Plug Type J, also called as SEV 1011 has three pins. The offset medium-sized, is the protective contact.
The protective contact is leading ahead, even if all pins have the same length. The offset arrangement
guarantees the plug to be protected against polarity reversal.
 Plug Type K, also called as DS 60884-2-D1 consists of two live pins and one protective contact pin.
Through the protective contact, the design is asymmetrical, making the plug protected against polarity
reversal.
 Plug Type L, also called as CEI 23-16-VII have two versions, and both have two round pins whose shafts
are insulated.
o 10 A Plug has the two outer pins are 19 mm apart from each other, the earth pin is located in the
middle. The outer pins have a contact protection.
o 16 A Plug has contact pins of 5.1 mm, but the distance of the outer pins is 26 mm, with the earth
pin again is between the live pins.
 Plug Type M, also called as 15-A version of the type D or also BS 546 consists of three pins: two live and
one protective contact pin. The contacts’ arrangement protects the plug against polarity reversal.

e. PLUG OUTLET is a receptacle is a socket that connects an electrical device to an electricity supply. In buildings,
electrical outlets are usually installed in the wall, although they can also be installed in the floor. The general
arrangement of socket outlets is similar to that of switches. There is a box to house the outlet, the outlet itself and
finally a front plate. There are at least 6 types of outlets.
 A ground fault circuit interrupter (GFCI) is meant to quickly shut off an outlet’s power when it detects a
short circuit or ground fault. The outlet will trip when the current comes through the hot wire and returns
back through the neutral wire.
 An arc fault circuit interrupter (AFCI) it protects from arcs, which happen when electricity jumps from one
wire to another, which can result in a fire.
 20A outlets can used in more power-hungry devices without the breaker tripping.
 Switched outlet is a receptacle that includes one outlet, and a switch that turns it on and off. The thing here
is something is plugged into an outlet, but you don’t want it on the entire time.
 USB outlet usually come with two regular outlet receptacles replacing pins with a serial bus inserted into
the outlet instead.
 Smart outlets regular outlets, but can be controlled from your smartphone.

2. Differentiate live wire, neutral wire and ground wire and explain how to distinguish them.

 The live wire, which is also referred as the hot wire originates from the load side terminals of one of the
circuit breakers in the panel board. Typically, you can distinguish this wire from the other wires since this is
a colored black insulated wire.
 The neutral wire rises from the neutral bar in the panel board. This is a current carrying conductor which
completes the circuit and serves as the return wire from the load and should be mounted on the sheet metal
of the panel board but on insulated standoffs. One can determine that neutral wire is the white colored
piece.
 The ground wire, or the earth wire comes from the ground bar in the panel board and is mounted to the
panel board and is in direct contact with the sheet metal of the panel board. This insulated wire is grounded
and colored green.

3. Explain short circuit.

 A short circuit is an abnormal connection and that the two terminals are externally connected with a zero (0)
resistance so there is zero voltage difference. By nature, electricity seeks to return to the ground and if there are
loose wiring, the current instantly seeks to flow back to ground by a shorter pathway. These connections may offer a
pathway of lesser resistance. With low resistance, in the connection, a higher current exists and flows through that
unexpected, low resistance pathway. And a short circuit occurs, sparks happen, crackling, and smoke and flames are
seen.

4. Differentiate between alternating current and direct current.

Direct current (DC) has an uninterrupted unidirectional flow of electrons toward the positive pole. When using DC,
one of the electrodes will be the anode (positive) and one will be the cathode (negative). This will remain so unless
the direction of current reverses, as in reversed DC. The most common clinical uses of DC are for iontophoresis and
wound care. Alternating current (AC), on the other hand, the continuous flow of electrons is constantly changing
direction. The rate at which AC switches direction is termed frequency and is described with the international unit
hertz (Hz) or in the unit cycles per second. The most common or familiar source of AC is the electricity coming
from the wall outlets in our homes.

5. Describe the electrical wiring connections from the main supply to the rehabilitation facility.

Electricity is generated at a power plant or station. At generating stations, electricity is usually produced at less than
30,000 volts (30 kV). Before flowing into the transmission cables/lines, the electricity is “stepped up” to high
voltages by transformers (these are devices that increase and also decrease the voltage on a circuit). The
transmission lines carry electricity over extended distances and the electricity in transmission lines is conveyed at
voltages of above 200 kV to amplify efficiency. A transmission substation links two or more transmission lines, and
it is made up of high-voltage switches that permit lines to be connected or isolated for maintenance. Sub-
transmission lines carry electricity at voltages less than 200 kV; typically 66 kV or 115 kV. At the substation, the
high voltage electricity from the high-voltage transmission lines is channeled through step-down transformers that
lower the voltage. The electricity is then transmitted to network of local electric distribution lines. Before electricity
enters a rehabilitation, the voltage is again lowered using step-down transformers. In most countries, the voltage is
220 V AC or 110 V DC. Electricity is most often distributed through alternating current. In a rehabilitation facility,
electricity is allotted to different outlets by a network of wires through electrical wiring. Electricity passes through
the service drop and gets recorded at the meters and tracks how much electricity is used. At the switchboard, the
electricity gets divided up into circuits for each area of the facility. Finally, the electricity moves through wires
behind the walls to power outlets and switches, where the people in the facility operate the lights and appliances.

6. Explain how earth shock and electrical shock can happen.

Earth shock occurs to a connection between the live wire of the main and earth. Since the electric power transmitted
by one live and one neutral cable is connected to the earth, the earth takes part of the conducting pathway. Anything
that joins or connects between the live wire of the main and earth completes a circuit. In the case of person, if he
comes in contact with the live wire while connected to the earth, that person receives an earth shock.

Electric shock can be cause by poorly designed or poorly serviced electromedical apparatus. It occurs when a
person is in contact with electricity and the electric current passes through the person’s body. A wet/damp skin has
lower resistance than a dry hand/skin so a higher electric current flows through the person’s body. The severity of
the electric shock depends on the path taken by the current, current passing through the head, neck and heart or
whole body are fatal.
7. Mention ways of preventing electrical and earth shock to happen.

 The entire electrical system of the training room or building should be designed and evaluated by a qualified
electrician. Problems arise in old establishments or in facilities who accommodate therapeutic devices in rooms
that are not safe (such that whirlpools shouldn’t be placed in rooms where the concrete floor is always wet).
 In all healthcare facilities, using whirlpools and tubs must install ground-fault interrupters that automatically
shuts the current the flow when there is any current flow leakage detected. It is not safe to assume that all three-
pronged wall outlets are automatically grounded to the earth. Always check the ground.
 The therapist in-charged should become very familiar with the equipment being used and any potential
problems that may exist. Any defective equipment should be removed from the clinic immediately.
 The plug should not be removed out from the wall by pulling the cable.
 Never use extensions cords or multiple adaptor in any establishments for safety.
 Equipment in the rehabilitation facilities should be reevaluated on a yearly basis and should conform to the
national electrical coded guidelines. The clinic and training room must comply anything stated in this code.
 Common sense should always be exercised when using electrotherapeutic devices because small or large
problems may in fact result in injury or worst, death.

8. Elaborate ways on how to handle electrical and earth shock incidents.

 In the event of a shock, the current should be switched off at once before removing the victim from the source
of supply ensuring.
 If there is there is no circuit switch, then might at least remove the victim from contact with the conductor.
 The rescuer must take care of him/herself not to receive shock from the victim. Contact with the victim should
be done by using a thick layer of insulating material.
 Water may be okay but never offer hot drinks and tight clothing is loosened to allow more entry of air. Undue
warmth may cause vasodilation, sweating and drop in blood pressure. The overall effects increases metabolism
and demand of oxygen.
 For a minor shock, the patient is reassured by the rescuer and allowed to rest.
 If the shock is severe, lie the victim flat so that the respiratory passages are clear.
 When the patient rescued falls unconscious, nothing is given by mouth and medical personnel is called
immediately. And if the respiration has stopped, have the victim’s airway cleared from any obstruction and
artificial respiration (through mouth-to-mouth/nose respiration or by oxygen bag and mask) is done.
 In all cases (especially cases of cardiac arrest and respiratory failure), it is important to call an emergency
personnel.
REFERENCES:

 Types of Fuses (n.d.) Retrieved from https://circuitglobe.com/types-of-fuses.html

 Different Types of Fuses and their Applications. (2020). Retrieved from
https://components101.com/articles/different-types-of-fuses-and-their-applications
 Forster, A., Palastanga, N. (2006). Clayton’s Electrotherapy Theory & Practice (9 th ed.; pp. 29-54). W.B. Saunders:
Philadelphia, P.A.
 Switches – Types & Working. (n.d.) Retrieved from https://www.elprocus.com/switches-types-working/
 DiGiose, N. (2016). 6 kinds of electrical outlets you can install in your home. Retrieved from
https://www.electronicproducts.com/6-kinds-of-electrical-outlets-you-can-install-in-your-home/
 Plug Types (n.d.) Retrieved from https://www.connox.com/help/plug-types.html
 Electrical outlet (n.d.) Retrieved from https://energyeducation.ca/encyclopedia/Electrical_outlet
 Electrical outlet. (n.d.) Retrieved from https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_outlet
 Ciasulli, M. (2019). What are the differences between live, earth and neutral wire? Quora Discussion Board.
Retrieved from https://www.quora.com/What-are-the-differences-between-live-earth-and-neutral-wire
 McGrath, E. (2020) What Causes an Electrical Short Circuit? Retrieved from https://www.thespruce.com/what-
causes-short-circuits-4118973
 Open Circuit and Short Circuit. (n.d.) Retrieved from https://ultimateelectronicsbook.com/open-circuit-and-short-
circuit/
 Angustia, M.R. (2015). Short Circuit. Retrieved from https://www.slideshare.net/MariaRominaAngustia/short-
circuit-51124975
 RPG. (2019). How does electricity get to my home? Retrieved from https://www.renaissancepowerandgas.com/
how-does-electricity-get-to-my home
 Prentice, W. E. (2002). Basic Principles In Electricity. In Therapeutic Modalities for Physical Therapists. (2 nd ed.,
pp. 51 – 71). McGraw-Hill Companies: New York City, N.Y.

Answer the questions above as these are guides for the topics to be discussed next week. I trust you all that no one will
“copy and paste” the answers to each other. Understand all your answers to the questions. You can use any references
even those references that are not mention during the orientation.

Worksheet is expected to be submitted on or before September 7, 2020 at 8:00am

You will be informed later on which google drive you are going to upload your worksheet, still use your family name
in capital letter as filename. (note: only your family name as filename)