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04 Learn Urdu PDF
04 Learn Urdu PDF
by
Ratnakar Narale
BOOKS-INDIA.COM
Author :
Dr. Ratnakar Narale
Ph.D. (IIT), Ph.D. (Kalidas Sanskrit Univ.);
Prof. Hindi, University, Toronto
web : www.books-india.com * email : rnarale@yahoo.ca
Technical Assistance :
Dani Friedman, Webmaster
Vijay Vikrant, P. Eng. 60 of 160 Pages
Project Funded by :
Dr. Carl Saiphoo
Nephrologist, Prof. of Int. Med. University of Toronto
Monica Arora
IMBA, Business Analyst
Hindu Institute of Learning, Toronto.
Book Title :
Learn Urdu through English / Hindi
With my novel scientific method.
Publisged for :
Sanskrit Hindi Research Institute, Toronto
Copyright ©2009
“Learn Urdu through English / Hindi” Text Book ISBN 978-1-897416-08-2 Price: $25.00
© All rights reserved. No part of this book may be copied, reproduced or utilised in any manner or by any means, computerised, e-mail, scanning,
photocopying or by recording in any information storage and retrieval system, without the permission in writing from the author.
INDEX
The 2nd letter of the Urdu@ Alphabet : be bae ب (English b ih>dI ba) 3.2 18
The 3rd letter of the Urdu@ Alphabet : pe pae ( پEnglish p ih>dI pa) 3.3 20
The 4th letter of the Urdu@ Alphabet : te tae ( تEnglish t ih>dI ta) 3.4 22
The 5th letter of the Urdu@ Alphabet : t<e @e ( ٹEnglish t> ih>dI @) 3.5 24
The 6th letter of the Urdu@ Alphabet : se sae ( ثEnglish s ih>dI sa) 3.6 25
The 8th letter of the Urdu@ Alphabet : che cae ( چEnglish ch ih>dI ca) 3.8 29
The 9th letter of the Urdu@ Alphabet : bad>& he baD[I he ( حEnglish h ih>dI h) 3.9 30
The 10th letter of the Urdu@ Alphabet : khe S[ae ( خEnglish kh ih>dI S[a) 3.10 32
UDRU LETTERS GROUP 3
The 11th letter of the Urdu@ Alphabet : da@l daLa ( دEnglish d ih>dI d) 3.11 33
The 12th letter of the Urdu@ Alphabet : d<a@l DaLa ( ڈEnglish d< ih>dI D) 3.12 35
The 13th letter of the Urdu@ Alphabet : za@l j[aaLa ( ذEnglish z ih>dI j[a) 3.13 37
The 15th letter of the Urdu@ Alphabet : ad<e AD[e ( ڑEnglish d< ih>dI D[) 3.15 40
The 16th letter of the Urdu@ Alphabet : jhe j[ae ( زEnglish jh, z ih>dI Ja, j[a) 3.16 42
The 17th letter of the Urdu@ Alphabet : zhe j[ae ( ژEnglish z ih>dI j[ya) 3.17 44
The 19th letter of the Urdu@ Alphabet : sh&n oaIna ( شEnglish sh ih>dI oa) 3.19 47
The 20th letter of the Urdu@ Alphabet : sua@d sauAad ( صEnglish s ih>dI sa) 3.20 49
The 21st letter of the Urdu@ Alphabet : jhua@d j[auAad ( ضEnglish jh ih>dI j[a) 3.21 51
The 23rd letter of the Urdu@ Alphabet : zoe j[aae] ( ظEnglish jh ih>dI [j[a) 3.23 55
The 24th letter of the Urdu@ Alphabet : ain ]ena ( عEnglish e, a ih>dI ], A) 3.24 57
The 25th letter of the Urdu@ Alphabet : gain g[aEna ( غEnglish gh ih>dI g[a) 3.25 58
The 26th letter of the Urdu@ Alphabet : fe f[’ ( فEnglish f ih>dI f[ ) 3.26 60
The 27th letter of the Urdu@ Alphabet : qa@f k[af[ ( قEnglish q Hindi k[) 3.27 62
The 29th letter of the Urdu@ Alphabet : ga@f gaaf[ ( گEnglish g Hindi ga) 3.29 65
The 30th letter of the Urdu@ Alphabet : la@m Laama ( لEnglish l Hindi La) 3.30 67
The 31st letter of the Urdu@ Alphabet : m&m maIma ( مEnglish m Hindi ma) 3.31 68
The 32nd letter of the Urdu@ Alphabet : nu@n naUna ( نEnglish n Hindi na) 3.32 70
The 34th letter of the Urdu@ Alphabet : chhot>& he Cae@I he ( ہEng.h Hindi h) 3.34 74
The 35th Urdu letter : do chashm& he dae caomaI he ( ھEnglish h Hindi h) 3.35 76
Urdu Breath Characters huWf[ maurKkba ّ 78
The 36th letter of the Urdu@ Alphabet hamza@ hmaj[aa u (English i Hindi } ) 3.36 79
The 37th Urdu letter : chhot>& ye Cae@I yaee ( یEnglish y Hindi ya, }) 3.37 80
The 38th Urdu@ alphabet : bad<& ye baD[I yaee ( ےEnglish e Hindi ]) 3.38 82
LESSON 1
qdU| vaNa| maaLaa_ qdU| huWf tahjjaI urdu@ huru@f tahajj& ّ اردو وف
The Urdu alphabet has 39 characters. Following chart shows their alphabetical order and their
‘Stand-alone’ shapes. When the Urdu letters are not Stand alone, but joined to other letters, they
may be written differently, as shown in the following lessons.
32. naUna nu@n na n
ن ن
33.
va@o
و
vaaAae va v
و
34. Cae@I he chhot>& he h
ہ
h
ہ
35. do chashm&
ھ
dae h h
caomaI he he ھ
36.
hamza@
ء
hmaj[aa } i
ء
37. Cae@I yae chhot>& ye ya y
ی ی
38. baD[I yae bad<& ye
ے
] e
ے
39. naUnagau²a nu@ngunna@ A{ an ں
ں
LESSON 2
nauk[tae nuqte
ُ
In Urdu@ many letters are recognized simply by looking at the dots (marks) attached to them.
Following are the letters which can be identified with dots and similar looking non-dot letters.
Write each of the above letters and remove or add the dots to see how it changes.
LESSON 3
Ratnakar’s General Rules for the Following Chapters
THIS IS THE MOST CRITICAL BUT INTERESTING AS WELL AS UNIQUE ASPECT in learning
urdu language. It is important for English and Hindi knowing people to understand how the letters are
truncated or symbolized when two, three or more letters are joined. I hope you have learned previous
lessons well and you are able to read individual Urdu letters easily, if not, please go back to lesson 1.
LESSON 3.0
THE 39 URDU CHARACTERS
ء ک گ
ز ژ س ش ص د ڈ ذ ر ڑ ا ب پ ت ٹ ث ج چ ح خ
Table Designed by Ratnakar Narale.
nun gunna ye ye hamza he he va@o nu@n m&m la@m ga@f ka@f qua@f fe ghain ain zoe toe jua@d
PITFALLS :
In order to understand Urdu clearly and easily, consideration of the following Three things (ppp) is
essential. (A) Character Properties; (B) Character Positions and (C) the Connector Points.
In Hindi and to a certain extent in English, what you right is what you read. In Urdu it is different. In
Urdu the Stand Alone characters change their shapes when they are joined. This is the crux of
learning to read/write Urdu. You will notice that, when a character with any dot/mark comes between
two other characters, only its dot/mark is written. This representation of a character only by its dot/mark
is called Shosha oaaeoaa () ﺷﻮﺷہ. This makes Urdu language very fascinating for a learner.
(A) THE CHARACTER PROPERTIES
Unique for a Language born in India, most of the Urdu characters can be recognized simply by
looking at the ‘placement, number and presence or absence’ of the dot/dots or a mark (nauK[taa nuqta@
) in them. Some say there are 37 characters in Urdu language, other people say there are 38
characters, I say there are 39 characters. These 39 characters can be grouped into sets, according to
their above mentioned three properties.
(a) According to their ‘shapes,’ the Urdu lettere may be grouped into the following four sets.
(haneefee hnaIf[I, Religious), (hijjeer ihjjaIr, One’s nature), (ghar zar, House),
ّ
Duck), (Muhammad mauhmmad), (paICe, Behind), (naIcae, Below), (baIca, Between),
(C) THE URDU CHARACTER CONNECTORS
Again, uncommon for the Languages born in india, the connected ends of Urdu letters are truncated
into joining points or suitable handles in order to make smooth connections with the characters that
comes on its Left and/or Right side, respectively.
ء ک گ
· µ ² ¥ ¢ › ˜ ” ‘ Š ‡ „
Table Designed by Ratnakar Narale.
nun gunna ye ye hamza he he va@o nu@n m&m la@m ga@f ka@f qua@f fe ghain ain zoe toe jua@d
è å â ß Û Ø Õ Ò Ï Ì É Æ Ã À ½ º
. NOTE : The ELEVEN Urdu Letters, AiLaf[ alif () ا, daLa da@l ()د, DaLa d<a@l () ڈ, j[aaLa za@l ( ;)ذre re ()ر, AD[e
ad<e, ( ) ڑ, j[ae jhe ( ) ز, jyae zhe ( ) ژand vaaAae va@o ()و, baD[I yae bad{& ye ( ) and naUna gau²a nu@n gunna@ ( )
DO NOT connect with the next letter on their LEFT side, therefore they do not need connector
handles.
ا ب پ ت ٹ ث ج چ ح خ د ڈ ذ ر ڑ ز ژ س ش ص
Table Designed by Ratnakar Narale.
THE URDU LETTERS
(Based on Character Shapes)
GROUP 1
LESSON 3.1
The 1st letter of the Urdu@ Alphabet : alif AiLaf[ (English a Hindi A)
Nasta@]leeq style :
a ƒ ƒ a
Stand Alone End Position Middle Position Starting Positoin
Naskh style :
a ƒ ƒ a
Stand Alone End Position Middle Position Starting Positoin
TIP 7 : (i) No letter is connected on the LEFT SIDE of the Letter AiLaf[ alif (A a ).
(ii) alif can be connected to the letter on its right side only. Therefore, in the Middle
position and in End position, the shape of alif remains same.
(ii) Letter alif in Starting position ( ) ا: Aba ab (now) = Right to Left $ ba b + A a = ب+ = ا
اب (as Initial letter, alif AiLaf[ ا must be written in Stand-alone shape; therefore, be bae ب also
(iii) Letter alif in Middle position (ƒ) : baapa ba@p (father) = Right to Left $ pa p + a A + ba b = پ+
ا+پ =ب+ƒ +„=پ (Naskh ( ) پbe is written in Starting shape, alif in Middle
position is attached to be, but it is detached from pe. Letter pe is written detached from alif, in its
Stand-alone shape). See TIP 5
(iv) Letter alif in End position (ƒ) : Abbaa abba@ = Right to Left $ a A ا+ ba b ب+ ba b ب+ a A
ا = a A ƒ + ba b + ba b „ + a A ƒ =
ّ (Naskh ( ) اalif اis in Starting shape; the first be بis
ّ
in Middle position and the second be بis represented with a tashdid Marker (
ّ ) ; the second
alif ا is written in End shape, which is same as its Middle position shape). See TIP 4
** TIP : Whe a consonant is doubled, the second consonant is represented by a tashdid Marker. For
all Urdu Markers, please see LESSON 5. But, generally these Markers are skipped.
NOTE : When AiLaf[ alif (A a ) comes after the Urdu@ letters dal ( ), d<al (د )ڈ, zal ( ) ذ, re ()ر, ade
ڑ
( ), ze ( ) زand zhe ( ) ژ, the alif is written as a Stand-alone letter. eg\ دا ژا زا ڑا را ذا ڈا
NOTE : PLEASE DO NOT GO TO NEXT LESSONS , WITHOUT UNDERSTANDING CURRENT LESSON PROPERLY.
LESSON 3.2
The 2nd letter of the Urdu@ Alphabet : be bae ( بEnglish b ih>dI ba)
Nasta@]leeq style :
b † … „
Stand Alone End Position Middle Position Starting Positoin
LESSON 3.5
The 5th letter of the Urdu@ Alphabet : t<e @e ( ٹEnglish t> ih>dI @)
Nasta@]leeq style :
T “ ’ ‘
Stand Alone End Position Middle Position Starting Positoin
Naskh style :
T “ ’ ‘
Stand Alone End Position Middle Position Starting Positoin
NOTE : This the second Urdu ta (@) ‘t’ sound ( see tae te Lesson 3.4 and taae] toe Lesson 3.22)
Examples : Letter te ( ) ٹUrdu name@ t>e (Naskh ) (Hindi @ English phonetic t< )
(for letters ‘ka@f’ and ‘la@m’ please see Lessons 3.28 and 3.30, or see the back cover of the book)
(ii) Letter ‘t>e’ in Starting position : e.g. @pa t>ap (Tap! sound) Right to Left $ pa p + @ t>> =
pe is in End-position).
(iii) Letter ‘t>e’ in Middle position : e.g. pa@k[ pat>ak (to Drop) Right to Left $ k k + t> @ + p pa =
written in Starting shape, t>e is written in ‘Middle shape’ and ka@f is written in End shape).
(iv) Letter ‘t>e’ in End position : e.g. paLa@ palat> (To turn. return) Right to Left $ t> @ + + l La + p pa =
URDU LETTERS GROUP 2 (based on Character Shapes)
LESSON 3.7
The 7th letter of the Urdu@ Alphabet : j&m jaIma ( جEnglish j ih>dI ja)
Nasta@]leeq style :
j š ™ ˜
Stand Alone End Position Middle Position Starting Positoin
Naskh style :
j š ™ ˜
Stand Alone End Position Middle Position Starting Positoin
NOTE : This is the first ja ‘j’ sound ( see : j[aaLa ja@l Lesson 3.13, j[ae je Lesson 3.16, j[ae ze
Lesson 3.17, jauAad jua@d Lesson 3.21 and j[aae] joe Lesson 3.23 )
REMEMBER : jaIma j&m () ج, cae che ( )چ, he he ( )حand Sae khe ( ) خis second group of
(ii) Letter ‘j&m’ in Starting position (˜) : e.g. jaba jab (When) Right to Left $ ba b + ja j =
LESSON 3.8
The 8th letter of the Urdu@ Alphabet : che cae ( چEnglish ch ih>dI ca)
Nasta@]leeq style :
c Ÿ œ ›
Stand Alone End Position Middle Position Starting Positoin
Naskh style :
c Ÿ œ ›
Stand Alone End Position Middle Position Starting Positoin
Examples : cae che ( ) چ: Urdu@ name che (Naskh ) (ih>dI ca English ch )
(ii) Letter ‘che’ in Starting position (›) : e.g. cacaa chacha@ (Uncle) Right to Left $ A a + ca ch + ca
چis in Starting position, another che is in Middle shape and alif is in End-position).
(iii) Letter ‘che’ in Middle position (œ) : See the example given above, cacaa chacha@ (Uncle).
Notice the difference between Starting (œ) and Middle (›) shapes of che چ in this example.
LESSON 3.10
The 10th letter of the Urdu@ Alphabet : khe Sae ( خEnglish kh ih>dI S[a)
Nasta@]leeq style :
{ ¨ § ¥
Stand Alone End Position Middle Position Starting Positoin
Naskh style :
{ ¨ § ¥
Stand Alone End Position Middle Position Starting Positoin
Examples : S[ae khe ( ) خ: Urdu@ name khe (Naskh ) (Hindi S[a English kh)
(ii) Letter ‘khe’ in Starting position (¥) : e.g. S[ataa khata@ (Fault) Right to Left $ A a + ta t + S[a kh
(iii) Letter ‘khe’ in Middle position (§) : e.g. taS[ta takhta (Throne) Right to Left $ ta t + S[a` kh + ta
LESSON 3.14
ر ¬ ¬ ر
Stand Alone End Position Middle Position Starting Positoin
Naskh style :
ر ¬ ¬ ر
Stand Alone End Position Middle Position Starting Positoin
(ii) Letter ‘re’ in Starting position ( ) ر: e.g. rba rab (God) Right to Left $ ba b + r r = ب+ ر
LESSON 3.17
The 17th letter of the Urdu@ Alphabet : zhe j[ae ( ژEnglish zh ih>dI j[ya)
Nasta@]leeq style :
ژ ¯ ¯ ژ
Stand Alone End Position Middle Position Starting Positoin
Naskh style :
ژ ¯ ¯ ژ
Stand Alone End Position Middle Position Starting Positoin
NOTE : This is the fiurth ja ‘j’ sound ( see : jaIma j&m Lesson 3.7, j[aaLa ja@l Lesson 3.13, j[ae je Lesson
3.16, jauAad jua@d Lesson 3.21 and j[aae] joe Lesson 3.23 )
NOTE 2 : This j[yae zhe ( ) ژis the least used ‘j’ type of sound in Urdu@ language
Examples : Jyae zhe ( ) ژ: Urdu@ name zhe ( ژےNaskh ( ) ژےHindi j[ya Eng. zh)
(i) Letter ‘zhe’ in Stand-alone position ( )ژ
(ii) Letter ‘zhe’ in Starting position ( )ژ: e.g. j[yaaLa (j[yaaLa:) zhal (Hail) Right to Left $ La l + A a
URDU LETTERS GROUP 4 (based on Character Shapes)
LESSON 3.18
The 18th letter of the Urdu@ Alphabet : s&n saIna ( سEnglish s ih>dI sa)
Nasta@]leeq style :
s ³ ± ²
Stand Alone End Position Middle Position Starting Positoin
Naskh style :
s ³ ² ±
Stand Alone End Position Middle Position Starting Positoin
NOTE : This is the second sa ‘s’ sound ( look : sae se in Lesson 3.16, oaIna sh&n Lesson 3.19 and
sauAad sua@d Lesson 3.20)
REMEMBER : Letters saIna s&n ( )سand oaIna sh&n ( )ش, sauAad sua@d ( )صand j[auAad jua@d () ض
is the fourth group of letters which can be identified simply by looking at the dots (nuqte).
(ii) Letter ‘s&n’ in Starting position ( ± ) : e.g. saba sab (All) Right to Left $ ba b + sa s =
URDU LETTERS GROUP 5 (based on Character Shapes)
LESSON 3.22
The 22nd letter of the Urdu@ Alphabet : toe taae] ( طEnglish t ih>dI ta)
Nasta@]leeq style :
Q ¿ ¾ ½
Stand Alone End Position Middle Position Starting Positoin
Naskh style :
Q ¿ ¾ ½
Stand Alone End Position Middle Position Starting Positoin
NOTE : This is the third ta ‘t’ sound ( see tae te Lesson 3.4 and @e t>e Lesson 3.25)
REMEMBER :
Letters taae] toe ( ) ط, j[aae] zoe ( ] ;) ظena ain () ع, gaEna gain ( ;) غand f[’ fe () ف, k[af[ qa@f () ق
are the fifth group of letters which can be identified simply by looking at their dots (nuqte).
Examples : taae] toe ( ) : Urdu@ name toe ۓ (Naskh ۓ ) (ih>dI ta Eng. t )
(ii) Letter ‘toe’ in Starting position ( ½ ) : e.g. taLaba talab (Desire, addiction) Right to Left $ ba b +
LESSON 3.24
The 24th letter of the Urdu@ Alphabet : ain ]ena ( عEnglish e, a ih>dI ], A)
Nasta@]leeq style :
E Å Ä Ã
Stand Alone End Position Middle Position Starting Positoin
Naskh style :
E Å Ä Ã
Stand Alone End Position Middle Position Starting Positoin
َ َ
Examples : ]ena ain ( ) ع: Urdu@ name ain (Naskh ) (ih>dI ], A Eng. e, a )
(ii) Letter ‘ain’ in Starting position ( Ã ) : e.g. Ajaba ajab (Strange) Right to Left $ ba b + ja j + A
) (ain عis in Starting shape, j&m جis in Middle position and be بis in End position).
(iii) Letter ‘ain’ in Middle position (Ä) : e.g. taAba ta-ab (Struggle, effort, trouble) Right to Left $
LESSON 3.30
The 30th letter of the Urdu@ Alphabet : la@m Laama ل ( English l Hindi La )
Nasta@]leeq style :
l × Ö Õ
Stand Alone End Position Middle Position Starting Positoin
Naskh style :
l × Ö Õ
Stand Alone End Position Middle Position Starting Positoin
REMEMBER : Letters Laama la@m ( ) لand naUna nu@n ( ) نand nun gunnah ( see page 12) form the
seventh group of letters which can be identified simply by looking at the dot (nuqte).
(ii) Letter ‘la@m’ in Starting position ( Õ) : e.g. Laba lab (Lip), Right to Left $ ba b + La l =
(iii) Letter ‘la@m’ in Middle position (Ö) : e.g. baLaa bala@ (Trouble) Right to Left $ A a + La l + ba
URDU LETTERS GROUP 7 (based on Character Shapes)
LESSON 3.33
The 33rd letter of the Urdu@ Alphabet : va@o vaaAae ( وEnglish v, w Hindi va, q, AaE)
Nasta@]leeq style :
و Þ Þ و
Stand Alone End Position Middle Position Starting Positoin
Naskh style :
v Þ Þ v
Stand Alone End Position Middle Position Starting Positoin
REMEMBER :
(1) Letter va@o vaaAae ( )وis similar to letter daLa da@l ( ) دin shape, and thus sometimes confusing.
(2) Letter va@o vaaAae ( )وstands for English letters V and W, (Hindi va). It is many times used as Hind&
vowels q, Aae or AaE (u, o, au ) attached to consonants. eg. dukana (duka@n,Shop) ; دو نdae (do,Two)
;دوsaaE (sau,Hundred)
َ
Examples : va v : Urdu@ name va@o َ (Naskh ( ) واوih>dI va English v, w )
LESSON 3.35
H ä ã â
Stand Alone End Position Middle Position Starting Positoin
Naskh style :
H ä ã â
Stand Alone End Position Middle Position Starting Positoin
NOTE : This is the third h ‘h’ sound (see : Cae@I he chhot>& he 3.34 and baD[I he bad[& he 3.9)
REMEMBER :
This interesting looking character is very important for writing the Hind&
‘Breath Characters’ namely : Sa kha, za gha, C chha, Ja jha, # t>ha, $ d<ha, $[
d<ha, Ya tha, Za dha, f pha, and Ba bha. See chart given below for actual
details.
َ َ
Examples : h h : Urdu@ name do chashm& he (Naskh ( ) دوHindi h,
English h )
3.36 WRITING HINDI BREATH CHARACTERS IN URDU
huWf[ maurKkba
ّ
ّ ( وف )
ih>dI : Sa kha, za gha, C chha, Ja jha, # t>ha, $ d<ha, $[ d<ha,
Ya tha, Za dha, f pha, Ba bha
Hind& Urdu@ e.g.
Sa kha = ka@f + do chashm& he ھ += ک e.g. ر rSa rakh (keep)
$ d<ha = da@l + do chashm& he ھ +ڈ = ڈھ e.g. ڈ $ba d<hab (mode)
$[ d<ha = ad<e + do chashm& he ھ +ڑ = ڑھ e.g. ھ pa$[ pad<h (read)
LESSON 3.39
The 39th letter of the Urdu@ alphabet : nu@negunnah naUnae gau²a ( ںEnglish an Hindi A{)
Nasta@]leeq style :
Naskh style :
ں ں
Stand Alone End Position
Also called naUna gau²a Nu@n gunna@, it acts almost same as the signs for Hindi vowels Aa{ or ]{ (ca>dRiba>dI {
maa%aa) at the end of a word.
This naUna gau²a Nu@ne gunnah< character comes at the end of a word. Its shape is almost same as letter naUna
nu@n, but without the dot.
e.g. maa{ maÜ ں Kyaae> kyoÜ ں kha{ kaha@Ü ں
LESSON 3.40
Study of sentences made up of multiple-letter-words.
dae sae saata tak hrf[ae> vaaLae Laf[j[aae> k’ jaumaLaae> kI maok[
( ں ں ں وا ت )دو
(1) If Alif ( ) or Lam ( ) comes after kaf () ک, the compound letter becomes like this :
(2) If Alif ( ) comes after Lam ( ), the compound letter becomes like this :
1. Bring two letters. do khat la@. dae Sata Laa (ﻻ ) دو
2. Don’t count days. din mat gin idna mata igana ( )د
3. Drink the juice. Ras p& le. rsa paI Lae ( ) رس
LESSON 4
(America) ا
(Fire), write the letter alif and put a ‘tilde’ like sign ( ~ ) above to make it look like آ e.g. Aaga a@g
(ii) The Long ‘a@’ sound within or at the end of the word : like Aa a@ in the word maataa ma@ta@ (Mother)
(Naskh )
(3) } (i) : ِ or é
(i) To write the sound of the Short vowel ‘i’ (}), like } i in word irha riha@, please see Urdu@ letter
chhot>& ye in Section 3.37. e.g. irha riha@ (Free) ر or ر (Naskh ر or ;) ر
(ii) Initial letter, } i is written by adding a diacritical ‘French aigue’ like subscript ‘zer’ sign (see the next
LESSON 5
maa%aa]> (]êraba)
ََ
(1) Zabar j[abar ََ (Naskh ) ز: e.g. َ َ َ ...etc.
َ ‘Zabar’ is always written as SUPERSCRIPT (above). Its shape is like
ا French ‘acute accent.’ Appearing initially, Zabar should be placed over letter alif.
It ipmarts a plain sound (like A a ) to the consonant below it.
ُ ُ ُ
(3) Pesh paeoa (Naskh ) : e.g. پ ب ا...etc.
Nasta@]leeq
A Aa a@ } i q u ] e ]e ai Aae o AaE au
a i u e E ae aE
ُ َ
k (k) ک ک َ
k[ (q) ُ َ َ
Sa (kh) ُ َ َ
S[a (kh) ُ َ َ
ُ َ
ga (g) گ گ ّ
za (gh) ُ َ َ
ca (ch) ُ َ َ
C (chh) ُ َ َ
ja (j) ُ َ َ
j[a (z) ُ َ َ
j[a (jh) ُ َ َ
j[ya (zh) ُ َ َ
j[a (xj) ُ َ َ
j[a (jh) ُ َ َ
Ja (jh) ُ َ َ
@ (t>) ُ َٰ َ
# (t>h) ُ َ َ
D (d<) ُ َ َ
D[ (d<) ُ َ َ
$ (d<h) َ َ َ
$[ (d<h) ُ َ َ
َ َ
ta (t) ُ
Ya (th) ُ َ َ
d (d) َ َ َ
Za (dh) ُ َ َ
َ َ
na (n) ُ
(B) CHART OF HINDI / ENGLISH / URDU CONSONANTS +VOWELS
Naskh
A Aa a@ } i q u ] e ]e ai Aae o AaE au
a i u e E ae aE
ُ َ َ
k (k) ك ك
ُ َ َ
k[ (q) ق ق
ُ َ َ
Sa (kh)
ُ َ َ َ
S[a (kh) خ خ
ُ َ َ
ga (g) گ گ
ُ َ َ
za (gh)
ُ َ َ
ca (ch) چ چ
ُ َ َ
C (chh)
ُ َ َ
ja (j) ج
ُ َ َ
j[a (z) ذا ذی ذ ذے ذی ذو ذو
ُ َ َ
j[a (jh) زا زی ز زے زی زو زو
ُ َ َ
j[ya (zh) ژا ژی ژ ژے ژی ژو ژو
ُ َ َ
j[a (xj) ض
ُ َ َ
j[a (jh) ظ
ُ َ َ
Ja (jh)
ُ َٰ َ
@ (t>) ٹ ٹ ٹ
ُ َ َ
# (t>h)
ُ َ َ
D (d<) ڈ ڈا ڈی ڈ ڈے ڈی ڈو ڈو
ُ َ َ
D[ (d<) ڑ ڑا ڑی ڑ ڑے ڑی ڑو ڑو
َ َ َ
$ (d<h) ڈھ ڈ ڈ ڈھ ڈ ڈ ڈ ڈ
ُ َ َ
$[ (d<h) ڑھ ڑ ڑ ڑھ ڑ ڑ ڑ ڑ
ُ َ َ
ta (t) ت ت
ُ َ َ
Ya (th)
َ َ َ
d (d) د دا دی د دے دی دو دو
ُ َ َ
Za (dh) دھ د د دھ د د د د
ُ َ َ
na (n) ن ن
ُ َ َ
pa (p) پ پ
ُ َ َ
f (ph)
SOME URDU LETTERING STYLES
ُ
اب اردو آو ) ( a@o ab ham urdu@ likhna@ s&khte haiÜ
(AaAaeآو ﮨﻢ اب اُردو ﻟﮑﮫﻨﺎ ﺳﯿﮑﮫﺘﮯ ے ﮨﯿﮟ )>Aba hma qdU| iLaSanaa saISatae hE
ُ
ے آو اب اردو
ُ
ے آو اب اردو
ُ
آوﮨﻢاباردوﻟﮑﮭﻨﺎﺳﯿﮑﮭﺘﮯےﮨﯿﮟ
ُ
ں آو اب اردو
ُ
ں آو اب اردو
ُ
آوﮨﻢاباردوﻟﮑﮭﻨﺎﺳﯿﮑﮭﺘﮯﮨﻮں
ُ
آوﮨﻢاباردوﻟﮑﮭﻨﺎﺳﯿﮑﮭﺘﮯﮨﻮں
ُ
ُآوﮨﻢاباردوﻟﮑﮭﻨﺎﺳﯿﮑﮭﺘﮯ ﮨﻮں
ﮨﻢاباردوﻟﮑﮭﻨﺎﺳﯿﮑﮭﺘﮯﮨﻮں آو ُ
آوﮨﻢاباردوﻟﮑﮭﻨﺎﺳﯿﮑﮭﺘﮯﮨﻮں
ُ
آوﮨﻢاباردوﻟﮑﮭﻨﺎﺳﯿﮑﮭﺘﮯﮨﻮں
ُ
آوﮨﻢاباردوﻟﮑﮭﻨﺎﺳﯿﮑﮭﺘﮯ ﮨﻮں
ُ
آوﮨﻢاباردوﻟﮑﮭﻨﺎﺳﯿﮑﮭﺘﮯ ﮨﻮں
ُ
آوﮨﻢاباردوﻟﮑﮭﻨﺎﺳﯿﮑﮭﺘﮯ ﮨﻮں
ُ
آوﮨﻢاباردوﻟﮑﮭﻨﺎﺳﯿﮑﮭﺘﮯﮨﯿﮟ
ُ
آوﮨﻢاباردوﻟﮑﮭﻨﺎﺳﯿﮑﮭﺘﮯﮨﯿﮟ
ُ
آوﮨﻢاباردوﻟﮑﮭﻨﺎﺳﯿﮑﮭﺘﮯﮨﯿﮟ
آورﺗﻨﺎﮐﺮﺳﮯ ُ ُ
اردو ِﺳﯿﮑﮭﮯں
LESSON 6
THE URDU NUMERALS
qdU| Add ُ ُ
0 sifr ٠ isaf`r
4 cha@r ٤ caar ì ì ì ì
5 pa@n~ch ٥ paaãca ì ì ì ì ì
6 chhah ٦ Ch ì ì ì ì ì ì
7 sa@t ٧ saata ì ì ì ì ì ì ì
8 a@t>h ٨ Aa# ì ì ì ì ì ì ì ì
9 nau ٩ naaE ì ì ì ì ì ì ì ì ì
10 das ١٠ dsa ì ì ì ì ì ì ì ì ì ì
EXERCISE ﺳﻮاﻻتसवालात :
(1) Read the numbers in Urdu@ :
1 7 9 4 0 3 2 8 5 6
(2) Read the following Urdu numerals :
٧ ٤ ١ ٩ ٦ ٠ ٥ ٣ ٨ ٢
(3) Read and Write the following Urdu@ numerals :
، ، ، ، ، ٓ ، ، ، ، ( ، ، ، ، دس، آ، ا، دو،ت ،ر )
COUNTING FROM ELEVEN TO ONE HUNDRED
Each Urdu Numeral is written Left to Right, like English
English Transliteration Hind& Nasta@]leeq Naskh
11 ١١ gya@rah gyaarh رہ
URDU NUMERALS 0 to 100 :
، ٣٠ ،٢٩ ،٢٨ ،٢٧ ،٢٦ ،٢٥ ،٢٤ ،٢٣ ،٢٢ ،٢١ ،٢٠ ،١٩ ،١٨ ،١٧ ،١٦ ،١٥ ،١٤ ،١٣ ،١٢ ،١١ ،١٠ ،٩ ،٨ ،٧ ،٦ ،٥ ،٤ ،٣ ،٢ ،١ ،٠
، ٥٣ ،٥٢ ،٥١ ،٥٠ ،٤٩ ،٤٨ ،٤٧ ،٤٦ ،٤٥ ،٤٤ ،٤٣ ،٤٢ ،٤١ ،٤٠ ،٣٩ ،٣٨ ،٣٧ ،٣٦ ،٣٥ ،٣٤ ،٣٣ ،٣٢ ،٣١
، ٧٧ ،٧٦ ،٧٥ ،٧٤ ،٧٣ ،٧٢ ،٧١ ،٧٠ ،٦٩ ،٦٨ ،٦٧ ،٦٦ ،٦٥ ،٦٤ ،٦٣ ،٦٢ ،٦١ ،٦٠ ،٥٩ ،٥٨ ،٥٧ ،٥٦ ،٥٥ ،٥٤
١٠٠ ،٩٩ ،٩٨ ،٩٧ ،٩٦ ،٩٥ ،٩٤ ،٩٣ ،٩٢ ،٩١ ،٩٠ ،٨٩ ،٨٨ ،٨٧ ،٨٦ ،٨٥ ،٨٤ ،٨٣ ،٨٢ ،٨١ ،٨٠ ،٧٩ ،٧٨
١٠٠٠٠٠٠٠ ،١٠٠٠٠ ،١٠٠٠ ،٩٠٠ ،٨٠٠ ،٧٠٠ ،٦٠٠ ،٥٠٠ ،٤٠٠ ،٣٠٠ ،٢٠٠
LESSON 7
NOTE, The Ü sign is a nasal tone added to the vowel under that Ü sign.
Key words :
English Hindi Urdu English Hindi Urdu
ُ
I maE> (maiÜ) ( ) am hUã (hu@Ü) ُ () ں
You Aapa (a@p) ٓ ()آپ are hE> (haiÜ) ( )
He, she, that vah (vah) ()وہ is hE (hai) ( )
This, it yah (yah) ( ) They vah (vah) ()وہ
My maera (mera@) (ا ) your Aapaka (a@p-ka@) ٓ( ) آ
Our hmaara (hama@ra@) (را ) Hisöher qsaka (us-ka@) ( ا )ا
7.5 USING URDU PLURAL WORDS
7.9 SPEAKING A PAST EVENT - ‘WAS’ (Yaa) ) )
Key words: Here = yaha@Ü yahaã () ں, There = vaha@Ü vahaã ()و ں, Where = kaha@Ü khaã (ں )
Rich =am&r AmaIr ِ ( ِ )ا, Poor= gar&b g[arIba ِ ( ِ ), Don’t =mata ( ), Up to = tak tak ( )
( ), ِ ( ِ ), ِ (
( ), ِ)
(ii) Ending ‘a@’ (Aa) stands for masculine gender, singular subject (I, you, he) See examples below
(iv) Ending ‘&’ (}|) shows a feminine singular subject (I, she) See examples below
(v) Ending ‘e’ (]>) stands for masculine plural subject (we, you, they) See examples below
(vi) Ending letter ‘&Ü’ (}|>) stands for feminine plural subject (we, you, they) See examples below
* In Urdu and Hindi there is no Neuter gender, all English Neuter things are Masculine or Feminine.
Masculine :
7.15 USING THE ACTION WORDS
FOR MAKING YOUR OWN SENTENCES
Let us learn how to make our own sentences in the following five ways
1. I normally ‘do’ (habitual) (you do; he, she, it does; we do, they do) see - Table 3
2. I am ‘doing’ (you are doing; he, she, it is doing; we, they are doing) Table 4
3. I was ‘doing’ (you were doing; he, she, it was doing; they were doing) Table 5
5. I had ‘already’ done (you had done; he, she, it had done; we, they had done) Table 6
6. I ‘used to do’ (you used to do; he, she, it used to do; they used to do) Table 7
( ) TABLE 3 : Making sentences with - I do; you do; he, she, we do; they do.
Doer of the action drink am, is, are, has, have
(ں ) (ں )
You drink tea. a@p cha@y p&te haiÜ. Aapa caaya paItae hE>_ ٓ( )آپ
He drinks tea. vah cha@y p&ta@ hai. vah caaya paItaa hE_ ( )وہ
2. She eats hot Samosa@s vah garam samose khat& hai vah garma samaaesae SaataI hE_
( )وہ م
We walk 10 km. hum das km chalte haiÜ. hma 10 km.caLatae hE>_
7.19 MAKING YOUR OWN SENTENCES FOR FUTURE EVENTS
( ) naxaa TABLE 8 : Future actions : I will do, I will eat, I will go, ...etc.
Doer of the action drink am, is, are, has, have
They will drink vah vah ()وہ paI]{gae p&enge ( ) paI]{gae p&enge ( )*
*NOTE : Masculine plural forms are good enough for Feminine plural tenses also.
EXERCISE ﺳﻮاﻻتसवालात : Future Events
Translate the English sentences into Hind& (Answers are given for help)
1. I will eat a mango. maiÜ ek a@m kha@u@n[ga@ (kha@u@n[g&). maE ]k Aama> SaaQãgaa (SaaQãgaI)_
LESSON 8
MAKING YOUR OWN SENTENCES FOR COMPLETED ACTIONS
A perfected or completed action indicates what you did, have done or had done.
(i) suffix (m\) a@ (Aa) or (f\) & (}|) is attached to the verb that ends in a consonant or a short vowel.
eg\ verb chal caLa (to walk) # walked chal + a@ = chala@; I walked m\ maiÜ chala@, f\ maiÜ chal&.
caLa + Aa = caLaa, (m\) maE> caLaa, (f\) maE> caLaI_ ، ٓ = ؛+ ( ، ؛ = آ+ )
(ii) suffix ya@ (y + a@) yaa or y& (y + &) yaI is attached to the verb that ends in a long vowel such as a@, &
or o (Aa, }|, Aae). eg\ verb (Sleep) : so saae # (slept) : m\ so + y + a@ = soya@, I slept : m\ maiÜ soya@,
saae + yaa = saaeyaa, (m\) maE> saaeyaa ( ﻣﯽں ) , f\ maiÜ soy&. maE> saaeyaI_ ( )
(iii) If a completed action is Transitive, suffix ne (nae) is attached to the subject. verb (Eat) kha@ Saa #
(ate) kha@ + ya@ = kha@ya@, (I ate) maiÜne kha@ya@. Saa + yaa = Saayaa, maE>nae Saayaa_ ( ),
(Drink) p& paI # (drank) p& + ya@ = paIyaa p&ya@ ( ), (I drank maiÜne p&ya@ maE>nae paIyaa ( )
(iv) When suffix ne (nae) is attached to a subject, the verb changes according to the Object (the thing
on which the action is done). Now the Subject has no effect on the verb. eg\ m\ and f\ subject #
1. I ate a banana. maiÜ ne kela@ kha@ya@ maE>nae k’Laa Saayaa ( );
2. I ate bananas. maiÜ ne kele kha@ye maE>nae k’Lae Saayae ( );
3. I ate a rot>& maiÜ ne rot>& kha@y& maE>nae rae@I SaayaI ِ ( ِ رو );
4. I ate rot>&/ maiÜ ne rot>iya@Ü kha@y&Ü maE>nae raei@yaaã SaayaI> ( رو ں ).
LESSON 9
RATNAKAR’S BRAIN SURGERY OF THE URDU GRAMMAR
From the charts of tenses we studied in previous lessons, following facts can be discovered :
tense & #1 #2
subject verb and its mode person verb mode
(1) I drink hot tea = maiÜ garam cha@y p&ta@ hu@Ü = maiÜ garam cha@y p&ta@ hu@Ü ُ
(2) I was drinking tea = maiÜ cha@y p& raha@ tha@ = maiÜ cha@y p& raha@ tha@
#2 #3
mode gender, number #3
gender, number
Note : #6 ‘th’ = was, had, *used to #6
* used to = #2 + #3 and #6 + #3 (t + a@, th + a@) past tense
tense
(8) I saw (have seen, had seen) = maiÜ ne dekha@ (hai, tha@) = maiÜ ne dekha@ (hai, tha@) ,
perfect, present #8 #3
transitive transitive #6
tense perfect tense suffix,
action past tense perfect action past
suffix ya@ for a long vowel tense
Note : #8 When the action is transitive and perfected (Simple, Present, Past or Future), suffix ‘ne’ (nae) is
attached to the verb.
With suffix ne (nae), the Subject has no effect on the verb. Now, the Object affects the verb. eg\
(1) m\ Ra@m cha@y p&ta@ hai, f\ S&ta@ cha@y p&t& hai. ِ ِ ِ ( ِ ِ ِ ) (2). Perfect actions
(Objects f. cha@y m. a@m) Ra@m ne cha@y p&, S&ta@ ne cha@y p&, Ra@m ne a@m kha@ya@, S&ta@ ne a@m kha@ya@.
ٓ ، ٓ ، ، ( آم ، آم رام، ، )رام
LESSON 10
USE OF THE CASE SUFFIXES
I = maiÜ maE> ( ); He, she, that = vah vah (;)وہ It, this = yah yah ( )
They, those = vah vah (;)وہ These = ye yah ( ).
When any suffix is attached to these pronouns :
THE PRONOUNS
DEFINITIONS :
(1)The word used in place of a noun (in order to avoid its repetition) is called a
Pronoun.
(2) If a pronoun qualifies a noun, then the pronoun is called a Pronominal or Possessive
Adjective.
EXPLANATION :
(i) See this sentence :
Al& is going to Al&’s school to see Al&’s teacher and to return Al&'s teacher Al&'s teacher's
books.
Al& Al& ke guruj& ko milne aur Al& ke guruj& k& kita@beÜ Al& ke guruj& ko laut>a@ne Al& ke
skool ja@ raha@ hai.
ALaI ALaI k’ gauwjaI kae imaLanae AaEr ALaI k’ gauwjaI kI iktaabae> ALaI k’ gauwjaI kae LaaE@anae ALaI
k’ sk”La kae jaa rha hE_
( اور
ر ل )
It sounds improper and confusing.
LESSON 11
Definition : The word that describes, qualifies or adds something to a noun is an ADJECTIVE.
1. Good boy (achchha@ lad<ka@) AcCa LaDñka 2. Good boys (achchhe lad<ke) AcCe LaDñk’
ّ ّ
ّ ( )ا ّ ( )ا
3. Good girl (achchh& lad<k&) AcCI LaDñkI 4. Good girls (achchh& lad<kiya@)Ü AcCI LaDñikyaaã
ّ ّ
ّ ( )ا ّ (ں )ا
( ے )
3. We saw yellow rose. (hum ne p&la@ gula@b dekha@)
11.2 THE ADVERBS
RULE :
Adverbs do not have any gender, number, person, tense or case. They do not change with the verb or
adjective they qualify, therefore, they are called INDECLINABLES.
( )را
2. He always helps. (vah hamesha@ madad karta@ hai) vah hmaeoaa madd krtaa hE_
( د ) وہ
3. Please move backward. (bara@he karam p&chhe hat>o) barahe krma paICe h@ae_
( ) رہ م
4. I came before he did. (maiÜ us se pahale a@ya@) maE> qsasae pahLae Aayaa_
ُ
ٓ ُ ( آ اس )
5. He wants money right now. (us ko paise abh& cha@hiye) qsakae paEsae ABaI caaihyae_
( ا )ا
6. Sun&l came here twice. (Sun&l yaha@Ü do ba@r a@ya@) saunaILa yahaã dae baar Aayaa_
ُ
ٓ ُ ( ں دو ر آ )
7. She knows me well. (vah mujhe achchh& tarah se ja@nat& hai) vah mauJae AcCI tarh sae jaanataI hE_
( ا )
9. Kindly give me ten dollars. (bara@he karam mujhe das da@lar do) barahe krma mauJae dsa DaâLar dae_
(دس ڈا دو ) رہ م
LESSON 12
12.29 WARFARE ja>gaI saamaana Jungi Saman (ن )
() ں ِ (
Lice jaU{ juÜ Lizard iCpakLaI chhipkal&
ِ )
Lobster iJa>gaa jhinga@ ( ) Locust i@D`DI t>id>d>& () ی
ّ
Poison j[ahr tzahar ( )ز Scorpion ibacCU bichhu@ ّ ( )
Snake saa{pa sa@np ( ) Termite idmak dimak ( )د
COMMON URDU VERBS
* = Transitive verb, (The actions that need an Object)
ُ
agree () ن ma@n fly* ُ ()اڑا ud<a@ rub* ( ) mal
ُ
arrange* ()رچ rach forget* ُ ( ) لbh>u@l run ( ) گbha@g
become ( ) ho fry* ) ( ﺗﻞ tal say* ( ) kah
bother* ( ) sata@ get ِ ( ِ ) mil scare* ()ڈرا dara@
break ُ ( ) ُ ٹt>u@t> give* ( )دےde sell* ( ) bech
break* () ڑ tod< go ( ) ja@ sew* ( ) s&@
ُ
bring* ()ﻻ la@ hear ُ ( ) sun sieve* (ن ) chha@n
burn ( ) jal hide ( ) chhip sing* ( ) ga@
burn* ( ) ﻻjala@ hide* ( ) chhipa@ sleep ( ) so
ُ
call* ُ ( ) bula@ kill* () ر ma@r sow* ( ) bo
can ( ) sak know* ( ) ja@n speak () لa bol
ُ
carry ( )ڈd>ho leak ُ ( ) bah spread ( ) chha@
celebrate* ( ) mana@ lick* ( ) ٹcha@t> stay, live )رہ( رﮦ rah
come ٓ ()آ a@ like* ( ) ہcha@h steal* () ا chura@
ُ
cook* ( ) paka@ live (be alive) ِ ( ِ ) j& sulk ُ ( )روru@t>h
cry )رو( رو ro loose* ( ) kho take* ( ) le
cut* ( ) ٹka@t> make* ( ) bana@ teach* ( ) padha@
die ( ) mar meet ِ ( ِ) mil tell* ( ) bata@
ُ
dig* (د ) khod mix* ِ ( ِ) mila@ touch* ُ ( ) chhoo
do* ) ( ﮐﺮ kar move ( ) hil walk ( ) chal
drink* ِ ( ِ) p& move* ( ) hila@ want* ( ) ہcha@h
drive ( ) chala@ open ( ) khul wash* ( )دdho
drop* ِ () ِ ا gira@ open* ل( ﮐﮭﻮل ) khol weigh* ( ) لtol
eat* ( ) kha@ peel* ( ) chh&l win* ِ ( ِ ) j&t
gir ( ) ھpad<h ِ (
fall ( ) read* write* ِ ) likh
fear ()ڈر dar rip* ( ) ch&r NOTE : The underlined four are
ُ most important action words
fly ُ ()اڑ ud< rob* ( ) ٹl>u@t>
required for making sentences.
LESSON 13
URDU CONVERSATIONAL ROADMAP
(A) ASKING, ANSWERING and EXPRESSING
Replying the greeting Adj.: achha; 1st Person Pronoun: mai; Verb: hoon
ُ ُ ّ
* I am fine (maiÜ t>h&k@ huÜ) ُ (ں ) (maiÜ achha@ huÜ) ُ ّ (ں ) ا
Telling where you live Listening their reply and remembering it to form your answer.
ُ
* I live in Kanpur. (maiÜ Ka@npur meÜ rahata@ hu@)Ü M\ ُ (ں ر ر )
F\ (ں ر ر )
Request them to say it again Modal adverb.: fir se; Imperative: kahiye
* Please say it again! barahe karam fir se kahiye.barahe krma ifr sae kihyae ( م ) ا
* I am a new Urdu learner! maiÜ naya@ urdu@ s&khne wa@la@ huÜ. (واﻻ ں اردو )
maiÜ nay&@ urdu@ s&khne wa@l& huÜ. (ں وا اردو )
* Please speak slowly. (barahe karam dh@re bolo) ( مد ے ) ا
* What does it (the word) mean? is ka@ matlab? ؟ (؟ اس
Asking, “what time is it” Adv.: ab; Cardinal numerals: 1-12; Phrase: O Clock = baje
* What time is it now? ab kitne baje haiÜ? ( ؟ )اب ك؟
13.19 CHILDRENS’ POEMS
1. A BLIND PERSON
( )ا
، ِ ر( ر را، ِ ا )ا
ُ ُ
ُ ٓ ، ُ ( ر ،دو ں آ اﻻ )
ُ ُ
ُ ُ ، ٓ ٓ ( اس ، وا ں آ )آ
ِ ، ِ ِ ( ِدل ، )
ِ ِ
ٓ ٓ ، ، ، ، ( آ ،آج ، ،د پ ،رو )
ّ ّ ُ ،
ّ ِ ،
ُ ِ ،
ٓ ُ ،
ِ
ّ ِ ّ ٓ َ ،
ّ ُ ُ ّ
م ی ،د ر
ّ
ا ِ ،اس
ُ
ج ا؟س ا ج، ڑ ں ﻻ
ُ
ت ،اس آ
LESSON 14
URDU LITERATURE
The notable Urdu literary activity begins with the Su@f& mystic musician Ab'ul Hasan Yamīn al-Dīn
Khusrau (1253-1325) و ا و( ا ا ا ) ا اbetter known as Amīr Khusrow Dehlawī
ود ی و د ی( ا )ا, Born at Badaun, he flourished during the reign of Sultan Ghias-ud-d&n
Balban (r. 1266-1287). Following Khusrau’s Urdu Diwa@n, Ghazal, Masnavi, Qata, Qqwwa@l&, Rubai,
Do-Beti and Tarkibhand writings, the next Urdu literary milestone is the Doha@ compositions of Sant
Kabir (1440-1518). Then the chronology of the Urdy poetry contunues through our great Muslim as
well as Hindu forefathers manely, Muhammad Quli Qutub Shah (1565-1611), Wali Muhammad Wali,
Deccani (1667-1707), Mirza Mazhar Jan-e-Janaan (1699-1781), Mirza Mohammed Rafi Sauda (1713-
1781), Khwaja Mir Dard, (1721-1785), Mir Taqi Mir (1722-1808), Nazeer Akbarabadi, (1740-1830),
Daya Shankar Kaul Nasim, (1811-1845), Khwaja Haidar Ali Atish, (1778-1846), Hakim Momin Khan
Momin, (1801-1852), Muhammad Ibrahim Khan, Zauq (1789-1854), Bahadur Shah Zafar (1775-
1862), Mufti Sadr-Uddin Azurda (1788-1869), Mirza Ghalib (1797-1869), Mir Babbar Ali Anis (1803-
1874), Mirza Salaamat Ali Dabeer (1803-1875), Wajid Ali Shah Akhtar (1827-1887), Amir Meenai
(1826-1900), Nawab Mirza Khan Dagh Dehlawi, (1831-1905), Durga Sahay Saroor (1873-1910),
Bekhud Badayuni (1857-1912), Altaf Hussain (1837-1914), Khwaja Altaf Hussain Hali (1837-1914),
Shibli Nomani (1857-1914), Maulana Shibli Numani (1857-1914), Akbar Allahabadi (1846-1921), Brij
Narayan Chakbast (1882-1926), Ram Parshad Bismil (1867-1927), Ashfaq Allah Khan (1900-1927),
Muhammed Ali Jauhar (1878-1931), Munshi Premchand (1880-1936), Muhammed Iqbal (1873-1938),
Akhtar Sheerani (1905-1948), Hasrat Mohani (1875-1951), Syed Ghulam Bhik Nairang (1875-1952),
Asrar-Ul-Haq Majaz (1911-1955), Maulana Zafar Ali Khan (1873-1956), Jigar Muradabadi, (1890-
1960), Tilok Chand Mehroom (1885-1966), Shakeb Jalali (1932-1966), Makhdoom Mahiuddin (1908-
1969), Shakeel Badayuni (1916-1970), Mustafa Zaidi (1930-1970), Nasir Kazmi, (1925-1972), Ravish
Siddiqui (1909-1971), Majeed Amjad (1914-1974), Noon Meem Rashid (1910-1975), Jan Nisar Akhtar
(1914-1976), Krishan Chander (1914-1977), Saeeda Urooj Mazhar, (1916-1978), Ibn-e-Insha, (1927-
1978), Sahir Ludhianvi, (1921-1980), Nushoor Wahidi (1911-1981), Firaq Gorakhpuri, Raghupati
Sahay (1896-1982), Shabir Hasan Josh Malihabadi (1898-1982), Hafeez Jullundhry (1900-1982),
Saghir Nizami (1905-1982), Ihsan Danish (1914-1982), Josh Malihabadi, (1898-1982), Faiz Ahmed
Faiz (1911-1984), Ayyub Sabir (1923-1989), Yazdani Jalandhari (1915-1990), Gopal Mittal (1906-
1993), Habib Jalib (1928-1993), Waheed Akhtar (1934-1996), Obaidullah Aleem (1939-1997),
Dilawar Figar (1928-1998), Zamir Jafri, Zamir (1916-1999), Khumar Barabankvi, (1919-1999), Iqbal
MUHAMMAD IQBAL
ّ
ّ ا ل
( )
Tara@na@
( ی ا )
ُ ّ
ُ ِ ّ ( را ں ِ ا ں رے )
ُ ُ ُ ُ ُ ُ
ُ ُ ( راا ں وہ اس )
ُ
ٓ ُ ( ں آ او وہ )
BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR
ُ
ُ ( در ہ )
Ghazal
) َ ل( َ
ُ
ِ ُ ( اا ےد ر ِدل )
ُ ُ
ُُ ( د ں )ا
ِ
( ر ِ )
ُ
ِ ِ ر ِدن
( ﻻ ےدراز ں )
ُ
ِ ٓ ُ ( ر دو ِا )دو آرزو