Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Voltage Levels in the North Substation of the Kabul Power Distribution System by
CYMDIST
A thesis presented to
the faculty of
In partial fulfillment
Master of Science
Shah M. Mehryoon
November 2009
Analysis and Comparison of Power Loss and Voltage Drop of 15 kV and 20 kV Medium
Voltage Levels in the North Substation of the Kabul Power Distribution System by
CYMDIST
by
SHAH M. MEHRYOON
Jeffrey J. Giesey
Dennis Irwin
ABSTRACT
Analysis and Comparison of Power Loss and Voltage Drop of 15 kV and 20 kV Medium
Voltage Levels in the North Substation of the Kabul Power Distribution System by
This thesis analyzes and compares the performances of two levels of medium
voltages (15 kV and 20 kV) in the North substation of the Kabul power distribution
system. Although performance of a power distribution system contains numerous
important factors such as harmonics, voltage sags, short circuits, outages, and so forth
this thesis focuses only on two factors that are more important for the Kabul power
distribution system. The two factors are power loss and voltage drop. The analysis of the
two medium voltage (MV) levels is done by a software (CYMDIST) simulation. At the
end, 20 kV is recommended as MV level for the Kabul power distribution system.
Key terms: Power distribution, power loss, voltage drop, under-voltage.
Approved: _____________________________________________________________
Jeffrey J. Giesey
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
PREFACE
Kabul city power system. Voltage drop in the distribution system, especially in low
voltage, is another significant problem affecting the quality of the electric power. In some
cases the voltage drop in low voltage reaches to 30%; while it is six times the worst case
according to standards, for example national electric code (NEC). Therefore, it is crucial
to take care of voltage drops in medium voltage and low voltage in the distribution
system because voltage drop affects the lighting quality and electronic devices
functionality and causes increases in reactive load. This means that, when the people are
using electronic devices, they have to use small single phase transformers in order to
compensate the voltage drop. As a result, inductive load goes up and causes a low power
factor and more voltage drop. Considering the above explanation, power generation
capacity, in the Kabul power system, is not sufficient to satisfy the demand. On the other
hand, the Kabul power system is not an efficient system; hence, it needs to be upgraded
in order to reduce system’s losses and improve its efficiency.
7
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Abstract………………………………………………………………………………….3
Acknowledgments…………………………………………………………………….....4
Preface ………………………………………………….………………………………..5
List of Figures……………………………………………………………………………9
List of Tables ……………………………………………………………………………11
1. Chapter 1: Background .................................................................................................... 12
1.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................... 12
1.2 Parts of a Power System ................................................................................... 13
1.2.1 Power Generation.......................................................................................... 13
1.2.2 Power Transmission ...................................................................................... 13
1.2.3 Power Distribution ........................................................................................ 14
1.3 Background ....................................................................................................... 14
1.3.1 Historical Background .................................................................................. 14
1.3.2 Current Situation of the Kabul Electrical Power System.............................. 18
1.3.3 Over Loaded Transformers ........................................................................... 23
1.3.4 Future Growth and Anticipation ................................................................... 24
1.4 Power Loss Minimization and Power Reliability and Quality Maximization .. 27
1.5 Voltage Drop and Voltage Sag ......................................................................... 28
1.6 Medium Voltage in Power Distribution Systems ............................................. 29
1.7 The Kabul Power System Voltage Configuration ............................................ 29
2 Chapter 2: Methodology .................................................................................................. 32
2.1 Consumer Classification ................................................................................... 32
2.2 Research Project Selection ................................................................................ 33
2.3 Data Used for Network Simulation................................................................... 33
2.3.1 Transmission Lines ....................................................................................... 33
2.3.2 Loads ............................................................................................................. 34
2.4 Simulation Tool and Network Simulation Data................................................ 47
2.4.1 Simulation Tool (CYMDIST Software) ....................................................... 47
8
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1-1 The Compact Information about the Kabul Power System Transmission Lines
[2]. ..................................................................................................................................... 16
Table 2-1 Outgoing Feeders of the North Substation and its Associated Junction Stations.
........................................................................................................................................... 34
Table 2-2 Combination of nominal Loads in the North Substation. ................................ 35
Table 2-3 Conductors Specifications Used for Overhead Lines in the North Substation.
........................................................................................................................................... 48
Table 2-4 Under-ground Cable Conductors Specifications Used in the North Substation.
........................................................................................................................................... 49
Table 3-1 Feeders Having Under-voltage Conditions (15 kV MV). ............................... 55
Table 3-2 Overhead Lines Sections Having Under-voltage Conditions (15 kV MV). .... 56
Table 3-3 Underground Cables Sections Having Under-voltage Conditions (15 kV MV) .
........................................................................................................................................... 57
Table 3-4 Overloaded Feeder Sections in the North Substation. ..................................... 62
Table 3-5 Load and Losses Summary of the North Substation with 15 kV MV. ............ 64
Table 3-6 Summary of Extreme Abnormal Condition in the North Substation with 15 kV
MV. ................................................................................................................................... 64
Table 3-7 Feeder Having Under-voltage Conditions (20 kV MV). ................................. 67
Table 3-8 Overhead Lines Sections Having Under-voltage Conditions (20 kV MV). .... 68
Table 3-9 Underground Cable Sections Having Under-voltage Conditions (20 kV MV).
........................................................................................................................................... 68
Table 3-10 Overloaded Feeder Sections in the North Substation. ................................... 71
Table 3-11 Load and Losses Summary of the North Substation with 20 kV MV. .......... 72
Table 3-12 Summary of Extreme Abnormal Condition in the North Substation with 20
kV MV. ............................................................................................................................. 73
Table 4-1 Slope of the Voltage Profiles in sample feeders (513 and 516). ..................... 86
10
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1-1 The Kabul Power System General Layout [2]. .............................................. 17
Figure 1-2 The Kabul Power Distribution System General Layout [2]. .......................... 19
Figure 1-3 The Breshna Kot Power Substation Layout [2]. ............................................. 21
Figure 1-4 The North-west Substation Layout [2]........................................................... 21
Figure 1-5 The East Substation Layout [2]. ..................................................................... 22
Figure 1-6 The North Substation Layout [2]. .................................................................. 23
Figure 1-7 A Destroyed Transformer House in the Kabul Power Distribution System [2].
........................................................................................................................................... 25
Figure 1-8 A Piece of Secondary Distribution Underground Cable in the Kabul
Distribution System [2]. .................................................................................................... 26
Figure 1-9 The Kabul Power Distribution System Voltage Arrangement. ...................... 30
Figure 2-1 Layout of the Feeder 512 with 20 Loads. ...................................................... 36
Figure 2-2 the Layout of Feeder 528 with 13 Loads. ...................................................... 37
Figure 2-3 Layout of the Feeder 513 with 18 Loads. ...................................................... 38
Figure 2-4 The Layout of the Feeders 519 and 520 with their Associated Loads. .......... 39
Figure 2-5 The Layout of Feeder 529 and the Feeders Connected to the Junction Station
Five. .................................................................................................................................. 40
Figure 2-6 The Layout of the Feeder 518 and its Associated Feeders Connected to the
Junction Station Two. ....................................................................................................... 42
Figure 2-7 The Layout of the Feeder 515 and its Associated Feeders Connected to the
Junction Station Two. ....................................................................................................... 43
Figure 2-8 The Layout of the Feeder 514 with its Associated Loads. ............................. 44
Figure 2-9 The Layout of the Feeder 516 with its Associated Loads. ............................. 45
Figure 2-10 The Layout of the Feeder 517 with its Associated Loads. ........................... 46
Figure 2-11 The Layout of the Feeder 527, Connected to the Junction Station Ten, with
its Associated Loads. ........................................................................................................ 46
Figure 3-1 The North Substation Map with 15 KV Simulation Results. ......................... 63
Figure 3-2 The North Substation Map with 20 kV Simulation Results........................... 72
11
Figure 4-1 Histogram of Overhead Lines Sections under Under-voltage Conditions (15
kV). ................................................................................................................................... 77
Figure 4-2 Histogram of Underground Cable Sections under Under-voltage Conditions
(15 kV). ............................................................................................................................. 78
Figure 4-3 Voltage Profile along the Feeder 513 in case of 15 kV MV. ......................... 79
Figure 4-4 Voltage Profile along the Feeder 516 in case of 15 kV MV. ......................... 80
Figure 4-5 Histogram of Overhead Lines Sections under Under-voltage Conditions (20
kV). ................................................................................................................................... 81
Figure 4-6 Histogram of Underground Cable Sections under Under-voltage Conditions
(20 kV). ............................................................................................................................. 82
Figure 4-7 Voltage Profile along the Feeder 513 in case of 20 kV MV. ......................... 83
Figure 4-8 Voltage Profile along the Feeder 516 in case of 20 kV MV. ......................... 84
Figure 4-9 Graph of the Voltage Profile along the Feeder 513. ...................................... 85
Figure 4-10 Graph of the Voltage Profile along the Feeder 516. .................................... 86
12
1. CHAPTER 1: BACKGROUND
1.1 Introduction
Power loss and voltage drop minimization, in medium voltage (MV) and low voltage
(LV), is the first priority in the Kabul city power distribution system because it seriously
affects the lighting quality and causes an increase of reactive power. In other words,
lighting quality is directly proportional to the voltage quality, and reactive power is
inversely proportional to the voltage quality. However, reliability of power is highly
important [3] in governmental office buildings and commercial loads because of the
usage of the digital electronics devices, the power loss and voltage drop are serious
concerns in the Kabul city power distribution condition. Therefore, this thesis focuses
mainly on how to reduce the losses and voltage drop in medium voltage (MV) in the
Kabul city power distribution system. In this thesis, two levels of voltages (15 kV and 20
kV) will be analyzed mainly in regard to power loss and voltage drop, for the Kabul city
power distribution system at the medium voltage levels.
This thesis contains three main parts: background of electric power and preventing
problems in the Kabul city power distribution system, problem analysis, and results. In
order to have a general view of electric power in Afghanistan, the historical background
of the Kabul city electrical power distribution system is explained in the first part of the
thesis. In historical background we see that when the power network was established and
how it has grown in Kabul. In addition, preventing problems of further growth of the
system are evaluated. Also the current situation of the system, after the civil war, will be
discussed. In the second part, 15 kV vs. 20 kV will be analyzed at the medium voltage
level. The evaluation method is such that we will divide consumers in three parts:
industrial, commercial, and residential loads. Then we will make some assumptions
considering the local culture and the social conditions and simulate the system with
(CYMDIST) software. Finally, the results for 15 kV and 20 kV are compared and the
best result is recommended to implement in the Kabul electrical distribution system
reconstruction.
13
in the future it may become higher. We should notice that transmission voltage in the
Kabul power distribution system, for four power plants located in the Kabul city, is 110
kV; and recently, 220 kV transmission lines have been installed to transmit power from
Uzbekistan to the Kabul city.
1.3 Background
substation to the North-west substation. Table 1-1 contains the compact information
about the Kabul power system transmission lines.
Table 1-1 The Compact Information about the Kabul Power System Transmission Lines [2]
Number Lines Name From- To Distance
1 121 Naghlu to Surobi 12 km
2 111 & 112 Surobi to Breshna Kot 66 km
3 141 & 142 Naghlu to East 54.5 km
4 144 East to Breshna Kot 16 km
5 143 East to North 27 km
6 145 North to North-west 9 km
(Northern border of the country), to Kabul to carry 100 MVA power from Uzbekistan to
Kabul with 220 kV voltage level.
n
o
t i
t
s a
at
Esb
u
S
n
o2
i
t 1 n
c
n # o
u i7
t
J c
n #
u
J t
on
n n Koi
o
i o
i a t
a
h t
a t
c 2 n n
h t
s
t n # o b
ot
r s u i
t 1
s
e u
Nbu J c
n #
r
BS
S u
n
o J
i3
t
c
n #
n
o n u
t0
i o J
c 1 t1
i n
1
o
n c
ti 5
c
n #
#
u
J
u n
u #
J
10 1. 57%
J
101. 90 %
t
s n
eno
i o
i n
o
Wta t
c 8 n i
t 6
-
h t n # o
i c
ts u t4
c n #
ob
r u J n # u
J
NS u
J
Figure 1-2 The Kabul Power Distribution System General Layout [2].
20
1
Reserve (spare) feeders are additional installed feeders that are not in use. In case of necessity, they are
used.
21
J
u
n#
c
t
i
o
n
3
J
u
n#
c
t
i
o
n
1
B
r
eu
sb
hs
nt
aa
Ki
o
t
S
t
o
n
J
u
n#
c
t
i
o
n
6
J
u#
n
c
t
i
o1
n
1
101.90 %
101.57 %
J
u
n#
c
t
i
o
n
8
J
u
n#
c
t
i
o
n
4
Eb
as
s
ta
S
u
t
t
i
o
n
J
u
n#
c
t
i
o
n
7
J
u
n#
c
t
i
o0
n
Nu
o
r
t
ha
1
S
b
s
t
t
i
o
n
J
u
n#
c
t
i
o1
n
1
J
u
n#
c
t
i
o
n
J
u
n#
c
t
i
o
n
2
5
J
u
n#
c
t
i
o2
n
1
J
u
n#
c
i5
t
o
n
Finally, the total capacity of the five substations is 237.6 MVA, which does not
satisfy the Kabul city power demand. Hence, the Kabul city power distribution system
needs upgrading and expanding to meet the increasing demand.
stations. The North-west substation and its associated junction stations feed a total of 24
over loaded transformers. A total of nine over loaded transformers are connected to the
East substation and its associated junction stations. We should remember that the number
of overloaded transformers is increasing because more customers are connected to the
existing transformers.
areas by 2020 by system improvement. The power availability increase needs the power
distribution system to be enhanced and improved to meet the requirements [1].
Figure 1-7 A Destroyed Transformer House in the Kabul Power Distribution System [2].
Especially in the Kabul city because of significant population growth, the power
demand will exceed 500 MVA by 2013, while the total installed capacity, including small
generators, is estimated to be 205 MVA in 2007. This implies that in the next five years
the power demand will increase more than two times. Therefore, improving the capacity
of the distribution system to an adequate level and upgrading the medium voltage from
10 kV and 15 kV to 20 kV in order to reduce losses of the system are considered
necessary.
26
Figure 1-8 A Piece of Secondary Distribution Underground Cable in the Kabul Distribution
System [2].
As mentioned in section 1.2.2, the Kabul distribution system has five substations
that all need upgrading to meet the increasing demand for power. Therefore, there are
plans to upgrade the capacity of the five distribution substations, and also to establish an
additional substation in south part of the Kabul city [2]. Due to upgrading plan of the
Kabul power distribution system, two 25 MVA transformers with their associated
equipment have been added to the Breshna Kot substation. The capacity of this substation
has been increased from 50 MVA to 100 MVA. The capacity of the East substation has
been increased from 25 MVA to 65 MVA by adding a 40 MVA power transformer and
its associated equipment. The North substation has capacity of 80 MVA. A 40 MVA
power transformer will be added in this substation to increase the capacity from 80 MVA
to 120 MVA. The existing capacity of the North-west substation is 70 MVA which is
27
1.4 Power Loss Minimization and Power Reliability and Quality Maximization
Minimization of power loss and maximization of power reliability and quality are
the three fundamental aspects in power distribution systems, which have drawn serious
attention of researchers and designers. Therefore, many ways have been proposed to
minimize power losses and maximize power reliability and quality. One of the common
approaches to the power loss minimization is reconfiguration of a system [8]. One should
know that a power network normally contains different types of loads such as industrial,
commercial, residential, and lighting loads. On the other hand, the peak load occurs in
different times of the days. Hence, by switching loads from one feeder to another, it is
possible to minimize the power losses in the network [8], [9]. Also, this type of
reconfiguration allows making the peak load more smooth [9], which consequently
results more reliability of the power network.
28
2
Voltage sag is a momentary decrease in RMS value of voltage in a range of 10% - 90% of nominal
voltage [12].
3
The duration time of a voltage sag starts from the instant that voltage sag crosses the threshold (90% of
nominal voltage) and ends when voltage sag arrives back to the threshold [12].
4
Magnitude of a sag is defined as minimum RMS value of voltage during the voltage sag occurrence [12]
29
defined by it duration and magnitude; also it cannot be characterized with respect to its
duration because the wave form of it decreases linearly to a minimum value (e.g. 33%)
and then increases linearly to its nominal voltage level [3]. In other words, this type of
voltage sag does not have a “single definitive value”.
Even though, voltage sag is considered a severe disturbance in power distribution
network from power quality point of view, but it is not big concern in this thesis work.
Because this research work does not deal with highly sensitive consumers and big
industries; rather it deals more with residential consumer and some commercial, hospital,
and governmental consumers.
5
Junction station is a place where the several feeders are connected together. Junction stations have one to
three incoming feeders and several outgoing feeders.
30
transformers6. Figure 1-9 illustrates the Kabul power distribution system’s voltage
arrangement.
Although the Kabul power distribution system has three level voltage
configurations the levels of the medium voltages are not the same in all substations. The
Breshna Kot and the East substations have two voltage arrangements, 110 kV/15 kV
/0.4KV and 110 kV/20 kV /0.4kV; but the North-west and the North substations have
only one voltage arrangement, 110 kV/15 kV /0.4KV. The Pule-charkhi substation
(island mode substation) has also a three level voltage configuration, which is 110 kV/10
kV/0.4kV arrangement. However, these voltage arrangements have the least voltage
levels and distribution stages, but still 15 kV and 10 kV medium voltages have some
disadvantages [4] to be considered. The criteria for MV application are discussed in
section 4.1.
In reference [4], three voltage configurations – 220 kV/110 kV/10 kV, 220 kV/110
kV/20, and 220 kV/20 kV – have been experimented with different load densities (1.0
6
In (2007), there have been 4 substations, 12 junction stations, and 717 distribution transformers in Kabul
power distribution transformers [2].
31
MW/km2 – 60.0 MW/km2), for overhead lines and underground cables. The results of the
research in [4] show that the cost of unit load in all three projects decreases if the load
density increases. In other words, the cost of unit load has inverse (may not be linear)
correlation with load density. Likewise, the radius of power supply would also decrease if
load density increases.
In case of overhead lines, for load densities lower than 10 MW/km2,
220kV/110kV/20 kV is the best arrangement if the cost of unit load is concerned [4];
considering reliability, the voltage arrangement 220 kV/110 kV/10 kV is the best in all
three cases that are studied in [4]. For underground cables, 220 kV/110 kV/20 kV
configuration is better than 220 kV/110 kV/10 kV taking the cost of unit load into
account. Even though, as result of the research, 20 kV has been recommended in [4] as
medium voltage for the area assuming the load density more than 10 MW/km2, compared
to 10 kV medium voltage; in the project in hand, two voltage arrangements 110 kV/15
kV and 110 kV/20 kV are studied for load density lower than 10 MW/ km2 in the Kabul
power distribution system.
32
2 CHAPTER 2: METHODOLOGY
7
Governmental consumers are referred to governmental office buildings. This type of consumers has
similar characteristics to the commercial consumers.
33
substation and its associated junction stations outgoing feeders and their conductors’
sizes is shown in Table 2-1. It should be remembered that the size of the feeders are not
the same from the beginning to the end of the feeders. The sizes in the table are the sizes
of the first portion of the feeders going out of the substation and junction stations.
Table 2-1 Outgoing Feeders of the North Substation and its Associated Junction Stations
2.3.2 Loads
The North substation and its associated junction stations serve a total of 229
distribution transformers that are considered as spot loads for the network simulation
(including some of the inactive distribution transformers). As was mentioned in the first
section of this chapter, the loads are composed of four types: residential loads,
governmental loads, hospital loads, and commercial loads. There are no industrial loads
connected to the North substation; however, some of the distribution transformers serve
some small technical workshops having small electrical motors. In order to have an easy
view of the network loads, they are categorized into feeders and types; but before that,
see Table 2-2 for the combination of nominal loads served by the North substation. It
should be noted that the table contains some inactive transformers also.
35
Feeder 512 serves 11 residential loads with a total nominal power of 7.52 MVA,
five governmental loads with a total nominal power of 2.07 MVA, four hospital loads
with a total nominal power of 3.63 MVA. No commercial load is served by this feeder.
Feeder 511 serves the repairing workshop for distribution transformers in the North
substation area. The power of the load for this feeder is unknown. The layout of the
feeders 512, 511, and connected loads to them is shown in Figure 2-1 (for AutoCAD
drawings see attachments of [2]).
i
s
a
n
e
h
S
a
36
w
WaH
This feeder does not serve any commercial load and governmental load. See Figure 2-2
M2- l
i
Feeder 528 serves 13 residential loads with a total nominal power of 8.9 MVA.
m 51 k
a
m 3. 5
- W
q C0
s
0 G-N l i
o
5 U W a
m Q
-
M2 n
a
m 5 1 h
q
s e
l 5-5 me o K
0 mb .
0 N l
b r
h r
7 ma - ma a a e
qC
s
qC
s j
a M b
k
5 G 5 G w i
b A
9 U 8
1 U h i r
K B i
z
Wee i
a e
l W
m m l e 3
m m Ma
w WaQ
m
m
b
a
o
r
h W #
q q 5a M2- q q a M T
- h
t
s 3 o l
︶
s e . m 7
8
0 t
m s m . 7 r
5 e-
q B q 0 8
.
e
b
s
0 x s CW
0 G
- l
f 0
- k
A
02 e
︵
7 0 5 U M T n r
W i
n 4 a i
z
a - 5
5 e
t h W
M s 2
1 . a K
4 a
r 5 0
- h
e r
e 1
1 b - S bWT#
.
0 A N l
a - kM2-
- -
2 t
i C 2 A7
1 gW sp 1
5 r
i8-1
5
5 n o G - z.
- i
s M H U N W0
- N
N r
u 5 n m
N5 a 2
#
t
a . h m T m
i
n -0
2 - K q
s - m
m 1 r 0 2 qC
m m 5 e 5 1
5 s
A q - b - 0 G
e s N k N 5 U
y 0
7 A
a r
i
w z
a
L m W
-
2 m -
1 q 2
1
5 s
0 5
-
N 5 -
N
m
W m
M q
s
5 0 2
3
.
0
7 #
- n
o
2 i
t
1 c
n
5
- u
F J
n
o
i
t
a
t
s
b
u
S
h 1
1
t
r m
m 5
o q -
N s
0
F
2
1
37
not serve any commercial load. See Figure 2-3 for a layout of feeder 513 and connected
Feeder 513 serves 12 residential loads with a total nominal power of 7.09 MVA
and six governmental loads with a total nominal power of 4.26 MVA. This feeder does
i 2
d e &
n eW 1
a a # 2
m wM m &
hW a78 a
1
#
CM H. z
e5 i
d-0 e d
e5 n N a a
t . a b s
a
i 0 m d A o
q - e r
i M
a h y
WW S z a a
T C a l s
- - MM 8
- W a o
8 8 2 5 52 Q M
2 #
loads to it.
N
38
governmental and commercial loads are connected to this feeder. Feeder 519 connects the
connected loads to them is shown in Figure 2-4. Feeder Mastora serves one 400 kVA
n
Feeder 520 serves 12 residential loads with a total power of 8.24 MVA. No
o
junction station 10 to the North substation. The layout of the feeders 519, 520 and
i
t
a
r
g
WRe
M-
513
35
.
0 -
N
-
commercial load. Feeder Elham serves one 250 kVA commercial load.
Wtr
2 o
N
-
5
2
0
-
B
o
r
j
S
e
r
a
M
e
n
a
#
1
&
2
-
0
5.
.
55
MM
WW
N
-
5
2
0
---
N0
o
-
105
3MM
ZWW
a
m
i
n
i
#
1
&
2
-
0
5
.
7.
0
5
N
-
5
2
0
-
8
J
e-
e0
m.
#5
1M
&W
2
-
0
.
7
0
M
W
5
N0
-
57
20
0
-M
NW
o
-
1 -
2 0
Z 5
a 5
m M
i
n
i W
#
1
&
2
-
.
.
N
-
5
2
0
-
N
o
-
1
2
T
a
q
w
i
a
t
e
e
N
-
5
2
0
-
S
a
r
w
a
r
-
e0
-
K5
aM
y
nW
a
t
-
.
5
-
0
.
5
5
M
W
N
-
5
2
0
-
N
o
-
1
1
-
Z
a
m
i
n
i
#
1
& --
2 00
N
o
r
t
h
S
u
b
s
t
a
t
i
o
n
.
7.
05
MM
WW
5
F
-
5
2
0
N
-
5
2
0
-
N
o
-
1
1
--
H0
a.
w5
aM
eW
e
1U
8G
5C
s
q
m
m
5
J
u
n
c
t
i
o
n
#
1
0
F
-
5
1
9
-
0
.
3-
5/
M1
W0
-
0
.
2
2
M
W
N
J
S
B
l
a
n
d
M
a
n
z
e
l
M
a
s
t
o
r
a
#
1
&
2
Figure 2-4 The Layout of the Feeders 519 and 520 with their Associated Loads.
Feeder 529 serves one residential load with a total nominal power of 800 kVA
and one commercial load with a total power of 160 kVA. This feeder does not serve any
governmental load; but it connects junction station five to the North substation. Whereas,
the junction station five feeds the following loads:
Feeder B-5-2 serves six residential loads with a total nominal power of 3.77
MVA, two governmental loads with a total power of 630 kVA, two hospitals with a total
load of 1.03 MVA, and two commercial loads with a total nominal power of 410 kVA.
Feeder F-5-3 serves only three residential loads with a total nominal power of 2.06 MVA.
Feeder Mohammad Omar Khan (MOK) serves two residential loads with a total nominal
power of 1.26 MVA. This feeder does not serve any governmental and commercial loads.
The Feeder Auxiliary serves only one 630 kVA residential load. No governmental loads
and commercial loads are connected to this feeder. Feeder F-5-4 serves five residential
loads with a total nominal power of 3.46 MVA, two governmental loads with a total
nominal power of 800 kVA, and two commercial loads with a total power of 1.6 MVA.
z
a
n 5a
- l k
o
i 2
- t
i
p W-
5 r
a
t t B
40
a s 2M
518. Meanwhile, the feeder 515 connects the junction station 2 to the North substation. In
m a
i - o MB -
load. However, the other loads connected to the junction station two are served by feeder
m t
s e 5
SH 5-
i
a
Figure 2-5 The Layout of Feeder 529 and the Feeders Connected to the Junction Station Five.
n
connects junction station 2 to the North substation. This feeder does not serve any other
qC
s b m J y .3 5w
5 u -
9 a SQ
8 G S A 2 l 0
a - J
- i
1 U a 5 l
a 9 n
i
Feeder 518 serves a water-pump load with a nominal power of 160 kVA and
h 5eh - MW - 2 m
t
r -
2ls
N 5 a
o - M NZ
Figure 2-5 shows the layout of the feeder 529 and the feeders distributed from the
N B A
-
5 a 5 5l
Scw W 0 5
. -
2 a a
n
J - t
i 5ya
9
2
-
9 i
n M - W B
- p
s -
2 r
2 h 7 5 o - A
5
- 5
- c
e 1
. M SH B
- e
F b N T 0 a
- n 5Ja
- t 5 t
r
a h 3
. 9 i W Sa
k 5ar o 0
- 2
5 n M J
- K
a
r -
2 K - m 9 -
b - A tW N A 5 2 2
-
a B b e
k 3
. 5
- o
B -j
5 i 5r
- M 0 N N
i SNa 2 a0 -
n
a J W -
B M.3
m -
9 t
e M - i0
a 2 k 4 5 n
i-
h d
a 5 r
a 1 Sm
C z - M . J
- a
l N 0
- 9 Z a
5 u 2 j W n
j
r G 5
- r
o 5y
- a
o W l
e N B M 2
- r
BM
- z 0 B A
9
2 5
5
n
a A n
a 7
.
0
-
5 e
t
r
5 . M w - Sa
J
-
N 0
- d r
a n
a - K
n P t
s 9
2 -
1
a
l W W5 e i
r 5 -
B M -rt 5 a - o
-
9 M 2a
- W -a
2 h N N
5 2 4
1 0-B K M - B
-
4 5
- . 7
. 5al 5 B
-al
- 5 N 0
- 0 S w 5 5
A B
- # - J
-A
.
0
- Sw
5 9 a J
- A
Sy
J r
W
M
n
o
2
5 s
e
9a
2 k
- a i -H 5 r
9i
2 i
l
x 5
5
t
c N -
N
a
S
5
- u . n 5n
-
N A 0
- u 2io
J -
B t
W - a
t
s M 5 S
u SV
J
B 2
2 - T
i . 9
2 r
5 WMl
i 0
- 5 o
-
2 M- - o
- 5 N N
B y
s 9S
2
-
5 s .-J 2
Sba W 1
- N &
J
- m M 2 W 5#1
9 5 & W
W -
2E
5 3 5#1M M M 2l
- a
- K .
0 -
4 5 B a
N U - - n5
a 555 5
. -
5 B
B
- h .. 0
- Sh
5K00 J g
2 Sr-- -
9 a
&
1
J
- a
m
W 2B
5 j
r
n
e
n
e
# 9
2 M - o e e
l 5 O 5 N B r
o r
o
a
t -M. 5
. m m
junction station five.
5en N 0 a a
- - M
4
- n
i
t 2
& 5M
-
B n 1 4 e
t 5re
t
-
5 o 5# -
B r
a - a
Src WW - c - K 4
- K
J e
t MM 4
- i
n W5 l B 5az
-
9 n B h MJSa -
5 m -
2 I
j 070 -
5 c 09- w W Swo 4
- k
r
5
- r
o 7
. . Sle
tW 7 2 A M J o B a
N B 0 0 J i .
0 5 j
r -
9D -
5 M
- - -
9 oM - - o 5 2 Sy W
2 P5 N B 3 5 j
r J o
5 j
r 3 .
0 - o - l
i M
- o . - N B 9 S
N B-0 2r
5 j87
W - o.
M N B-0
5
3
.
0
-
41
Figure 2-6 the layout of feeders 518 is shown and the layout of feeder 515 is illustrated in
Figure 2-7. The loads, connected to the junction station two, are as the following:
Feeder D-2-7 serves only five governmental loads with a total nominal power of
2.14 MVA. Neither residential nor commercial loads are served by this feeder. Feeder
531 serves one 400 kVA residential load and three governmental loads with a total
nominal power 1.2 MVA. No commercial load is connected to this feeder. Feeder 517
serves two residential loads with a total nominal power of 1.26 MVA and 10
governmental loads with a total nominal power 4.44 MVA. There is no commercial load
connected to this feeder. Feeder E-2-1 serves one 630 kVA residential load, two hospitals
with a total connected power of 1.4 MVA, and 13 governmental loads with a total
nominal power of 7.69 MVA. This feeder serves no commercial load. Feeder B-2-1
serves three residential loads with a total power of 1.77 MVA and seven governmental
loads with a total power of 2.1 MVA. This feeder does not serve any commercial load.
Feeder A-2-1serves six residential loads with a total power of 3.05 MVA, three
governmental loads with a total power of 1000 kVA, and two commercial loads with a
total power of 1.25 MVA. Feeder B-2-5 serves five residential loads with a total power of
2.69 MVA, two governmental loads with a total power of 880 kVA, and two commercial
loads with a total power of 2.5 MVA. One can see the layout of the junction feeders and
connected loads to them in the loads associated with feeder 518 and 515.
i
d
r
42
Figure 2-6 The Layout of the Feeder 518 and its Associated Feeders Connected to the Junction
2 w
& a
1 n
a
# w
A n a
a
t H
s
i -
7
-hn 1 7 -
2 g WW - 5 1
Sf M 2 5
i
n J
- A 5M WS - m 2
a 8 o 35 M-J WS2 l
i -
1 a
s 1i JF -
B a
r d W 5 d 15 8
- a . .
0 21 M - n Eaf
e 2
-
B b a
b
M N R 0
- - 2
.5
- 518 a
h 2
-
2 D 1
- a
y
AA 4 n 0N 3-5fg - WSt Bal t
-r 1 - . 1 Jra - a
8 i .
0 a
t 0
- N A -
7 -
E r M-
o 8 a 2 M 2 a
1 z - s
i W 1 i
n - o 5 1 z S t - W
5a
- n W M 5 a 2 m 5 5 e 2 J
- a
r 1
-
N W h - m a
j S W .
0 - W -an 8 a E n
g M 5 2 e J
- O M-N 1
- 1 z - a
f
A 25 .3 WJSA r
a 8 a5 Ead-5e 2 t
s
e 1r - Si
-
7 &.
1
5 0
0 - M8-e h
K 5 a3
- d . 2 MN W J n
- o
1 5 1s W S
5 #-
- V 7 3
. 5s
- e t t
a N E 0
- M J
-
t
a
r
W 8
1 t
h
2 1 n 0 N L a
r r
a 8 a M W 5 s m
STl 5
-
a
m - a z 5
5 1
5 z
e 5 M
-
N
a
P a
r
Ja
- 2 l d e 5 . - 3
. g
n WS A e 0 W 5 e
n m 8
1io J S W 2 W
- - - N 0
- 5 l
o m 5at M -t
8 a -
2 2 1i
- r M .
0 e
T
i - r - - B o - 2
t
a
q
s C 1
# r
N N 7 1
15 f
a
e
1
- - -o 3
1
2 h . W -
1 e
n
t 5 o 2 . - B B 0 3 -
s 8G h o 0
- N S - -
2 S
J
m - 2 M E o
h
b 1U a p # 2
S WJS - a W 7 -
2 p
8 2l J
Station Two.
u 2er W7 WJ 8 1 Sl e
S 1 -
1 u - n 1 a - M - 1 e M . J
5
-
-
A
h
t WW 1
- e
hW t o
i
M5 i
k M8 08 -5rg 4 t 8 7 6- 0 - e
T
h F
a MM A S M c 2-2ru W 01 71 N 5 A 1 a
r . 8
1 t
t
r -F
8 i -a 5 n
2
. ST M 0 7
.
5
- .
0 - e 0 5os
o 1la 54
5.1
8
1li5 u 0
- J
-t n 2 - N - N
W 2b - 7
- a
-
N P
N 5a . 5q . 8 a a
-
N Q 0
- 0
- - a 0
- J 1 r
a s 2
. M 1
- h
k 2 W 2
︵
N N 5 f
e e
L 0
- W E
- o M -
y -
N S -
5 M 5 2 M W 1
- l
c W - z 3
. S 2 B e
t
A 2
n
e M
2
- a
k 5
5 W W 0
- Ja
-
t W M 2
. -
2 o
H
- g l B r . M 8 r M 7 0
1
- ea 2
t
i -
2 a 0
- M 5 1 a
z 5 1 -Sa
. J r
l A
-
mp
E s
2
.
0 SM 5 5
.
5e
- W
3 0
. -
-
8 z
n
k a o J e 3 N 0 1
n t
i
2
Si aW
-
N H - W -8 b W . 0 0
- - 5pe
a -
a
B
p
s Jz
-
M 1 q M - W - -
2 -d - N S
o rM 5 W 5 5o 5 M 2 - 2 2t
l
a n H
8
1 a 7 - 3 -M 5
. N . 7
-
1 t 1
- t -a -
a 1 s 1 a -
l
q
a
t i y 5 m.
2 - 8 -2 kM W - 0 0 8 -
E a
r E r -
E e
t - a -
l 2
e
t i
l
s
i
n
h
k g 2&
-
1 1 N -
O0 B r
-a 55 M W - .
0 -
2
a
d -
2
a
d -q
2
B
- e
t 1k
-
s i a i
l i
f l
a o
l - # 2 P . 5 M W - S e S e SE 2E Ba n
E M h
g
i
M a
r
g
B o
t A
- b S
J
i
n 0
- 5
. 5 M J
- S
-
J
- S
- Jt St -B
- a
r J a 2
e d
r A k o a a 2 o W - a 0 3 0 8 2 8 1 8 a -
8 r S i
s i m So 8 h - . 7 1 - 1 -
j 1 a Jan
s
e
a
u a n
a
t
r
a
b
a o J q WW M 1 l
- a M 5 k 0
- .
0 5
-
j
r
o 5
- r
o 5 z
e 1
5 z
e -
8 t
L G D
-
B K R t
S 8
1 YM755 .
2 -
2 N
u
G
W
M
- -
a NB NB NW NW -
- 1s
5a
h
-
2 -
2 2 -
2 -
2 -
2 -
2 5ai1
j 0r l
e
- - -
1 - - - - - ..
0 0 -a l W
u 7 h NP
1 1 1 1 1 1 N H w 1
︶
- - - - - - - - - s b . w k
E
- B
-
E
- B
- E E E 2
- n
A
o
N a M w 0
- o a
D l
2 W 2 W 2 W 2 W -
2 W -
2 W -
2 W 1 5r K 9
- o N a
t
- l 0 -N - - - t
︶
- i
︶
︶
S 2. a
︶
S M S M J M S M S M S M S M A e
z -
2 h 5
- &1 5 2
- l 2 e
r 2 a 2 p
J J J J J J - a - r e - - r - s
-
8 5 -
8 7 -
8 0
7
-
8 2 -
8 7 -
8 7 -
8 5 2
Sa
n -
B h 2
- 1-
#
2
- a
h
1
- h 1a 1a 1
k - h - z - o
1 3
. 1 1
. 1 . 1 2
. 1 1
. 1 8
. 1 3
. JM -
2 S B
- B SA a A S A e E H
5 0 5 0 5
- 0 5 0 5 0 5 0 5 0 - Srk 2 r2
e -
2 -
2 D -
2 t -
2 W - t
︵
- - - - N - - - - - - - - - 8 d Ja Snt Sel
eSt S a Sl S2 a
i
N N N N N N 1n - Je JT Ja Jb r Je r
5l
- a 8 P - - - r - a - b J
- o
1nj 8 C 8 8 a 8 h 8a 8h o
︵
︵
︵
N
︵
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 B 5o 1 1nk1 z 1 k 1 q 1
- 5iy
t 5a 5e 5o 5o 5am
N K -
N C - - W N- - -
N TN M N M N J
43
N
o
r
t
h
S
u
b
s
t
a
t
i
o
n
1U
8G
5C
s
q
m
m
A
F
-
5
1
5
J
u
n
c
t
i
o
n
#
2
A
N
-
5
1
5
-
J
S
2
-
D
-
2
-
7
-
E
d
a
r
a
C
o
m
p
u
t
e
r
-
0
.
55
5M
MW
W
-
0
.
3
5
M
W
-
0
.
5
5
M
W
-
0
.
5
-
0
.
3
5
M
W
N.
-
53
151
5
JW-
-
S S
2
- -
D 5
-
2
-
7
- A
E r
h i
s n
a a
y H
e o
M t
a
r
k
a
z
i
#
1
&
2
-
0N
M5
N
-
5
1
5
-
J
S
2
-
5
3
1
-
Q
a
s
r
D
e
l
k
o
s
h
a
#
1
&
2
-
5
J
2
3
1
-
a
e
l
-
0
.
3e
5a
MU
Wd
N
-
5
1
5
-
J
S
2
-
5
3
1
-
M
a
t
b
r
o
Figure 2-7 The Layout of the Feeder 515 and its Associated Feeders Connected to the Junction
Station Two.
Feeder 514 serves only 12 residential loads with a total nominal power of 7.78
MVA. No governmental and commercial loads are served by this feeder. A simple layout
of the feeder 514 and connected loads to it is shown in Figure 2-8.
44
N
o
r
t
h
S
u
b
s
t
a
t
i
o
n
1U
8G
5
sC
q
m
m
F
-
5
1
4
NW -
-
5a
1z
4r M
-
Nb W
o
-
1
-d
P#
r
o& 0
j
a2 M
-
0
.
6-
35
M4
W NA
i
A
a
1
-
0
.
5
0
M
W
NW
1z
-r
o
-
6
-d
P#
r
o
j
a2
0
.
6
3
-
0
.
5
a
i
b
a
1
&
NW-
-
5a
1i
4
-AM
Nb
o
-
2
-d
P#
r
o
j
a2
z3
r
aW
1
&
NW M
-
5a
1z
4
-r
Nb -
o
-
7
-d
P#
r
o
j
a2
-
0
.
2
4
M
W
0
.
7
i
A
a0
1M
&W
.
5
0
-
0
.
5
0
W
-
0
.
35
11
M-
WS
-
0
.
6-
31z
M4
WN
N
-
4
a
l
i
m
K
a
r
w
a
n
-
0
.
6
3
M
W
NW
5a
-r
o
-
3
-d
P#
r
o
j
a2
i
A
b
a
1
&
-
0
.
5
0
M
W
N
-
5
1
4
-
N
o
-
4
-
P
r
o
j
a
W
a
z
i
r
A
b
a
d
Figure 2-8 The Layout of the Feeder 514 with its Associated Loads.
Feeder 516 serves 15 residential loads with a total power of 10.03 MVA and nine
governmental loads with a total nominal power of 5.35 MVA. No commercial load is
connected to this feeder. A simple layout of the feeder 516 and connected loads to it can
be seen in Figure 2-9.
Feeder 517 serves 13 residential loads with a total nominal power of 8.73 MVA
and four governmental loads with a total nominal power of 1.76 MVA. This feeder does
not serve any commercial load. Figure 2-10 shows a simple layout of feeder 517 and the
loads connected to it.
Feeder 527 serves 13 residential loads with a total nominal power of 7.69 MVA
and one 250 kVA commercial load. No governmental load is served by this feeder. One
can see the layout of the feeder 527 in Figure 2-11.
B 2
&
2
45
1
1 #
n
-
4
# a
y
1
- n
n
o r
o
o
Nra
y
i
t r
c W -
6 o
c
n
a
M M
1
5
r
c -
a 4
- 1
u
J
- 0
5 7 N -
M o n
a
1
- .
0 W W-Ny
o - r
o
N M M6 r
1 c
- 5
Figure 2-9 The Layout of the Feeder 516 with its Associated Loads.
6 W 5-
5 5 a 2
1 M 5
. . NM & o
5
- 0
- 0
- 1 d
r
N 5
5 # U 6
.
0 a
e a 1
W - b n #
1 M t a t
a
1 W a h i
-
o n78 M K n
Nya . M -
6 t m
- r 0
- 5 1 a
l a
A 6 o
r W 3 4 5 5 a A
1
5 c M .
0 - WEm t
a
- a - N s
N M 0 2 W M6- a
7
. 51 W y
0 M 3
. 5 M6R
-
- 0 -
1 5 - N 5 1
e 5
. 5 5
y n W 0 .
0 -
a a M - - N k
a
w y
r a
Wm n r
e a 1 o 2n
2 Wo D
y H # r
c Ma .a Mii
z h
a i
a e e a k
5h 0
-y 5rn s
w w m y M 3 r
o 3 a
h
d
a a Q za a - .
0a r . a WS
b H w 9
- -M c
a n 0
- G M6-
A i
a - e
2 a o a o -
6
w - N H N r Mti 1 51
r
i Wo y k - a
t -a
o 5 5
. 5
-
z Q 6 c
a - MN m
-
6
e a
l
B 1 S
- Nn
- i -
N 0
- N
W 1 51 5
- 6 6 u
a -
o W 5 5 de i
z N 1 1 m
r NM .
0 - a a 5
- 5 o
t
e - - N c k N -
N C
6 5 WA r
a
M 1 5 M6-
W40 5 . M
-
N 0
- 71
8 SW
M6- . 5
- /
01 0
- N T
- M
7
. 5
- 6
1 0
0
- N 5 7
.
-
N 0
-
2
A #
6 t
a n
o
1 s
a W i
t
5
- i
R
l
u M c
n
F B b
n n SK
/
a 5
3 u
J
a
y n a
y n T t .
0
a a
y a a
y -
6 a -
n r a r a 1 i
n
o o
r r o
r r 5 m
i
t c
a
o
r c
a
o
r -
N A
a
t M c
a M c
a
s
b -
2
M -
0
M
u 1 -
7 1 -
8
S m -
o W - W -
o W - W
o o
︶
︶
m
︶
h q N
- M N M N
- M N M
t s G 6 7 - 6 0 -
r
o 5
8 N 1 8
.
6
1 5
5
. 1
5 7
.
6
1 5
5
.
U 5 0 5 0 5
N 1 -
N - -
N
0
- -
N - -
N
0
-
3
︵
︵
1 2 4
︵
46
Figure 2-11 The Layout of the Feeder 527, Connected to the Junction Station Ten, with its
s
i
0 r
a
1 P
# e
m
e n a
Figure 2-10 The Layout of the Feeder 517 with its Associated Loads.
e
a
o
i h
2 w t
c
S
l
2 & a n e
& 1 t
1 # H u o
HW
e
e
#
n
i
n 0
1
J -M
s a i - 7 7
a
n y m o 22
e a
r a NW 2 5.
- 2
h o
r Z -
7M -5 N-0
S c 9 25 F
a a a - 53
i
b w M WW o - .
r a a N
MM - N0
a H d n -
T W- e n a 7
05 2
a M17 e
d a n
a h
K 75
. 5 A
55
W 3 a y
a y r 0.-
0
.N- J r a
r a -- N
m 0 l
i o
r o h e
e - k c r
c k 2 c
i
e
l
a
a
W
a a u
B 1 2 & l
o
TW M M - 1 2 P
Associated Loads.
-M a n -
4 -
2 7
1 # n
# & WW
7 l
a a 2 2 5 n a 1 MM A k
19 W y - - - # a
5.0 WQ a o W o N o y 5
05 r
h
-
N 0M M7- r
o
r
N
-M N - W ci
t a
r
o
i
n 7. a
-5 1 c 7 7 i .0 2 h
5
.
55
5- a 15 1
55 5
M n r
c m 0
-- & WW WS
0 . N M - . - 5 u M a a 1 MM M-
- 0
- -
3 N 0 N
- 5
. J - Z # 55 7
02
a 2 W 0 6 0 e 3.
3
k e - M - 1 iW 1 e. 75
.
a
r e o 2 W -
o n
i - a 00 0-
NW 5 N
a
Sw
a -
7 M
&
1 5
. M W-M
N mM o
N w -- -
oa 15 # 0
- 5 5 7 a5 - e a
DH 55
- n n.5 5 1 Z3 7 eW H
n N . a a0 . 5
- 20. 2 aM -
-a
7 0
- y y - - 0N 2- 5 w0 5
1id a
r W a
r - - 2
5a o M o o N a7 -
o
- r
c WW 5 r
c N H.
N M a MM 5 a - --0 N
7 a 5 -
M57 .
-5 0 M
- 2 hW
r 2
-
7
2
1 8 -
.. 0 5 a M o 5
20 2 - j
-
o -0
- -
o W n
a N a 5
5
N
-
-
N
N nW N M y
a
N. 7
-
7 a -
7 5or a-0 2
1 y
a M 1 5r l 5
5 r 5 5 n
.
0 c a -
7 - o 5 - W - a Q N
1 N r . N Ma M -
5 A
c
a 0 y
a - 7
- 5r 7 2
-
F
M
- .o
5r 1
- 5
9 0c o -
1
- -a N N
o M 7 -
n N - 1
8
o -
7 1 - 5
i
t 1 -
o
a
t 5
- N N
-
s
b
N 7
1
m u 5
-
m S N
q
s C h
t
5
8G r
o
1U N
47
8
For more information about CYMDIST, one can see
http://www.cyme.com/software/cymdist/CYMDIST.pdf
48
the network. Also, some devices such as, fuses, re-closers, circuit breakers, switches, and
etc are not included in the network simulation. Since the main point of the research is
system’s power loss and voltage drop in the MV level, the ignorance of the distribution
transformers and protection devices do not have significant effect on the system
simulation results.
For the feeders, as main factor causing power loss and voltage drop in the system,
the zero sequence and negative sequence impedances and admittances and size of the
conductors, used in CYMDIST, are collected for the system simulation. Table 2-3 shows
bare conductors sizes used in the North substation electric network for overhead MV
transmission lines. Similarly, Table 2-4 contains specifications9 of the under-ground
cables used in the North substation. Note that the spacing of the overhead lines is the
default values in CYMDIST with a geometric mean distance (GMD) of 1.3m because the
exact spacing for overhead lines was not available.
Table 2-3 Conductors Specifications Used for Overhead Lines in the North Substation
9
Z1and B1 are positive sequence impedance and susceptance respectively, Z0 and B0 are zero sequence
impedance and susceptance respectively.
49
Table 2-4 Under-ground Cable Conductors Specifications Used in the North Substation
3 CHAPTER 3: RESULTS
3.1.1.1 At Feeder
Simulation results of the North substation in the Kabul power distribution system
with 15 kV MV shows that 172 loads (transformers) out of 229 loads have under-voltage
conditions and 57 loads have normal conditions, considering 230 V base voltage10.
Meaning that, 75% of the loads, based on number of loads, have under-voltage
conditions. This under-voltage occurs in the range of 87.39% to 96.88% of the base
voltage. Under-voltage condition is the condition in which the level of the input voltage
of equipment (transformer for example) drops below 97% of the base voltage.
Eight out of 11 main feeders with their associated sub-feeders have under-voltage
conditions. In some feeders all the connected loads have under-voltage conditions; in
some feeders a number of loads have under-voltage conditions. Clearly, under-voltage
happens on those loads that are located at the far end of the feeders. The loads served in
under-voltage conditions are as the following:
Feeder 512 and its associated sub-feeders serve 11 residential loads, four
governmental loads, and four hospital loads in under-voltage conditions (see Figure 2-1
for feeder 512 and loads attached to it). Only one load (Lewa-e-Amniat)11 closed to the
North substation, has normal conditions. The lowest level of the voltage, at loads served
by this feeder is 92.1% of the base voltage, which occurs at the transformer of the
ministry of public health. The total connected load served in under-voltage condition is
12.86 MVA (more details in the next chapter).
Seven residential loads, at the far end of the feeder 528, have under-voltage
conditions. The lowest voltage level occurs at a residential load in Qala-e-Musa, which is
96.57% of the base voltage (230 V). The total connected load with under-voltage
10
Low voltage in the Kabul distribution system is 400V line to line, and 230 V line to ground. The base
voltage 230 V is line to ground voltage in secondary feeders (low voltage).
11
Name of the load is an indicator for location of the load.
53
conditions, attached to the feeder 528 is 1.43 MVA. The rest of loads attached to this
feeder have normal conditions (see Figure 2-2 for the feeder 528 and loads attached to it).
Ten loads, connected to the feeder 513, have the condition of the under-voltage.
The lowest under-voltage in this feeder occurs at the transformer of ministry of transport
located at the far end of the feeder. The level of the voltage at this load is 95.61% of the
base voltage. The remaining eight residential loads, connected to this feeder, have normal
conditions from voltage drop perspective. The total connected load under under-voltage
conditions attached to the feeder 513 is 6.09 MVA (for the loads attached to the feeder
513, see Figure 2-3).
All of the loads attached to the feeder 529 and its associated sub-feeders have
under-voltage conditions. The combination of the loads, served by feeder 529, is as the
following: 18 residential loads, four governmental loads, two hospital loads, and four
commercial loads. The lowest level of the voltage occurs at a residential load (Siloy
Markaz transformer); which is 94.39% of the base voltage (230 V). While the highest
level of the voltage, at loads attached to the feeder 529 is 96.65% of the base voltage. The
connected load attached to this feeder, that have under-voltage conditions, is 16.55 MVA
(for the load details, see Figure 2-5).
Similar to the feeder 529, all of the loads attached to the feeder 518 and its
associated sub-feeders have under-voltage conditions. Feeder 518 and its associated sub-
feeders feed 17 residential loads, 40 governmental loads, and two hospital loads. Ministry
of communication has the lowest level of the voltage; level of the voltage at this load is
89.35% of the base voltage. The highest level of the voltage at the loads attached to the
feeder 518 and its associated sub-feeders is 94.74% of the base voltage. The total
connected load attached to the feeder 518, in under-voltage condition is 29.67 MVA (for
load details, see Figure 2-6).
All of the loads attached to the feeder 515 have under-voltage conditions. Loads
served by the feeder 515 are composed of three residential loads and four governmental
loads. The lowest level of the voltage occurs at the governmental load (Matbah Urdu);
which is 92.04% of the base voltage (230 V). While the highest level of the voltage, at
loads attached to the feeder 515 is 92.22% of the base voltage. The connected load
54
attached to this feeder that have under-voltage conditions is 3.49 MVA (for the load
details, see Figure 2-7).
From voltage drop perspective, feeder 516 has similar conditions to the feeder
512. Only one load, closed to the North substation, is under normal conditions with
98.61% of the base voltage. The rest of the loads have under-voltage conditions; from
which 15 loads are residential and four loads are governmental. The lowest level of the
voltage (the lowest level of the voltage in the North substation) occurs at a residential
load (Shash Darak) attached to a sub-feeder associated with the feeder 516. This lowest
level of the voltage is 87.39% of the base voltage (230 V). The total connected load
attached to the feeder 516 and its associated sub-feeders, with under-voltage conditions,
is 15.38 MVA (see Figure 2-9, for loads locations and details).
Finally, all of the loads attached to the feeder 517 and its associated sub-feeders
have under-voltage conditions. The feeder 517 and its associated sub-feeders feed 13
residential loads and four governmental loads. Two transformers (16-1&2) in
Macrorayon have the lowest voltage level, which is 91.3% of the base voltage; while the
highest level of the voltage at the loads attached to the feeder 517 and its associated sub-
feeders is 93.18% of the base voltage. The total connected load attached to the feeder 517
and its associated sub-feeders having under-voltage conditions is 10.49 MVA (for loads
locations and details, see Figure 2-10).
For a compact description of feeders having under-voltage conditions in the
North substation, one can see Table 3-1. Notice that this table does not contain feeders
511, 519, 520, 514, 526, and their associated sub-feeders, because the loads attached to
them have normal conditions (The levels of the voltages at the loads attached to the
mentioned feeders are over 97% of the base voltage).
55
3.1.1.2 At Sections
Considering a base voltage of 230 V line to neutral and 15 kV medium voltage for
the North substation, 194 out of 279 sections of the feeders and sub-feeders have under-
voltage conditions. From these sections, 63 out of 122 sections are overhead lines and
remaining 131 out of 157 sections are underground cables sections. As was mentioned in
earlier section, the level of the voltage, in under-voltage sections, differs from 87.39% of
the base voltage to 96.88% of the base voltage. The voltage level over 97% of the base
voltage is considered normal conditions. Compact details of the sections that have under-
voltage conditions are illustrated in Table 3-2 and Table 3-3.
56
Table 3-2 Overhead Lines Sections Having Under-voltage Conditions (15 kV MV)
Table 3-3 Underground Cables Sections Having Under-voltage Conditions (15 kV MV)
causes more voltage drop in that sections. Even high temperature can burn the insulators
of underground cables and can break overhead lines and cause outages.
Assuming a balanced load, feeder 512 carries 217.5 A current; therefore, the first
portion of this feeder (section connected to the North substation) is under normal
conditions, because this section is 185 mm2 aluminum conductor underground cable with
270 A capacity12. The length of this section is 80m. Second section of the feeder 512 is
70 mm2 ACSR conductor overhead lines, which has 4400 m length and 162 A capacity.
This section of the feeder 512 is under overloaded conditions. Four other sections of this
feeder are also under overloaded conditions because they have the same conductor as the
second section of the feeder. The severest overloaded condition in the feeder 512 is
134.26% of the conductor capacity and it occurs at the second section of the feeder. The
least overloaded condition is 119% of the conductor capacity and it occurs at the fifth
section of the feeder 512.
Magnitude of current flowing through feeder 516 is 341.4 A at the beginning end
of it. While the first section of this feeder is 185 mm2 aluminum conductor underground
cable, which has 80m length and 270 A capacity. Second section of the feeder 516 is 150
mm2 ACSR conductor overhead lines, which has 950 m length and 255 A capacity. Third
section of this feeder is 120 mm2 ACSR conductor overhead lines and it has 4700 m
length and 219 A capacity. Fourth section of the feeder 516 has the same characteristics
as the third section, but it has 1000 m length. Magnitude of current flowing through this
section is 275.6 A. The last overloaded section in this feeder is 120 mm2 ACSR
conductor. It has 2050 m length and 219 A capacity. The current flowing through this
section has 240 A magnitude.
Considering the flowing currents through different parts of the feeder 516, the
highest abnormality, from overload perspective, is 148.5% of the conductor capacity and
it occurs at the second section of the feeder. The lowest abnormality is 109.59% of the
conductor capacity and it occurs at the fifth section of the feeder 516.
12
Capacity of the conductors has been calculated by CYMDIST, which is 60% of the capacity noted in
earlier sections for conductors.
60
Feeder 517, connecting the North substation to the junction station 12, has four
sections, which have over load conditions. The first section of this feeder is 185mm2
aluminum conductor underground cable. It has 100m length and 270 A capacity. Second
section of the feeder 517 is 120 mm2 ACSR conductor overhead lines. It has 5650 m
length and 219 A capacity. Third section of this feeder is 150 mm2 ACSR conductor
overhead lines, which has 1800m length and 255A capacity. Magnitude of current
flowing from first and second section of the feeder 517 is 259.3 A.
Considering the description of this feeder, only the second section of it is under
overload conditions. The level of the abnormality in the feeder 517 is 118.4% of the
conductor capacity.
One of the two feeders connecting the North substation to the junction station two
is feeder 515. This feeder is composed of three sections from which the first and second
sections have overload conditions. The first section (connected to the North substation) is
aluminum conductor 185 mm2 underground cable. This cable has 150 m length and 270
A capacity. Second section of the feeder 515 is 70 mm2 ACSR conductor overhead lines,
which has 2700 m length and 162 A capacity. The last section of this feeder is 150 mm2
copper conductor underground cable. This section of the feeder 515 has 2630m length
and 360 A capacity. Magnitude of current passing through this feeder is 353.4 A.
Based upon the description above, the first section of the feeder 515 is under
overload conditions with a level of 130.85% of the conductor capacity. Likewise, the
second section of the feeder is under overload conditions with the level of 218.15% of the
conductor capacity. It is worth mentioning that 218.15% overload is the highest overload
level in the North substation in case of 15 kV MV.
Second feeder connecting the North substation to the junction station two is
feeder 518. This feeder is composed of three sections that have overload conditions.
Besides, one sub-feeder associated with this feeder is under overload conditions. Similar
to the feeder 515, the first section of the feeder 518 is 185mm2 aluminum conductor
underground cable, which has 150m length and 270 A capacity. Second section of this
feeder is 150 mm2 ACSR conductor overhead lines, which has 2700 m length and 255 A
capacity. Third section of the feeder 518 is 150mm2 copper conductor underground cable.
61
This cable has 2630 m length and 368 A capacity. The overloaded sub-feeder is 50mm2
copper conductor underground cable, which has 2500 m length and 199.8 A capacity.
Magnitude of current in the first and second section of the feeder 518 is 448.5 A and
magnitude of current in the overloaded sub-feeder is 215.4 A.
Based upon the feeder 518 and its load description, the highest level of overload
condition is 179.3% of the conductor capacity. This abnormality occurs at the second
section of the feeder. The lowest level of the overload condition is 110.0% of the
conductor capacity and it occurs at the sub-feeder associated with the feeder 518.
Finally, feeder 529 that connects the North substation to the junction station five
is also under overload conditions. This feeder is composed of four different sections. The
first section of the feeder 529 is 185 mm2 aluminum underground cable, which has 80 m
length and 270 A capacity. Second section of this feeder is 150 mm2 ACSR conductor
overhead lines, which has 2450 m length and 255 A capacity. Third section of the feeder
529 is 95 mm2 ACSR conductor overhead lines. This section has 350 m length and 198 A
capacity. The last section of the feeder 529 is 95 mm2 copper conductor underground
cable, which has 50 m length and 290.7 A capacity. Magnitude of current passing
through this feeder is 337.9 A in the first and second sections. Magnitude of current in the
third section and fourth section are 321.4 A and 318 A respectively.
Considering the description of the feeder 529, the highest overload level is
162.32% of the conductor capacity, which occurs at the third section of the feeder. The
lowest level of the overload is 109.39% of the conductor capacity, which occurs at the
last overloaded section of the feeder 529.
Detailed information about overloaded feeders, in the North substation, is
illustrated in Table 3-4. This table does not show the feeder sections that have normal
conditions, from overload conditions perspective. One should note that, 29990 m13 of
feeders is overloaded in 15 kV MV scenario. The highest value of the overload is
218.15% of the conductor’s capacity.
13
This length is just to compare with the length of the overloaded feeders in 20 kV scenario. The total
length of the feeders in the North substation has not been calculated.
62
dark thick lines) show overloaded feeders’ sections, orange lines (in black and white print
light thick lines) show sections having under-voltage conditions, and light green lines (in
black and white print light thin lines) show sections having normal conditions. Table 3-5
shows a brief description of the network power loss.
For cost calculation of the distribution system power loss, exact energy
consumption for a period of time is needed. Therefore, because there is not such a data
available (see section 5.2 for details), cost of power loss has been calculated based on the
possible maximum annual energy consumption in the North substation by the software.
Cost of the loss – based upon an average of $0.12/kWh cost for electricity, for the North
substation with 15 kV MV – is $3,497,150/year14. Although this is not actual value of
the loss and its cost this cost can be an indicator for comparison of the loss in 15 kV and
20 kV MVs scenarios.
14
This annual loss cost is simply a multiplication of total power loss and number of hours in one year
period.
64
Table 3-5 Load and Losses Summary of the North Substation with 15 kV MV
From abnormal conditions perspective, there are 721 feeder sections, spot loads,
and nodes that have under-voltage conditions, from which 194 are feeder sections
including overhead lines and underground cables. In the severest case, the level of the
voltage is 87.39% of the base voltage (230 V). Beside the under-voltage conditions, there
are 21 feeder sections that have overloaded conditions. With 15 kV MV, there is no over-
voltage case in the network. Summary of extreme abnormal conditions, assuming
balanced system, is show in Table 3-6 (for more details, see Table 3-1 and Table 3-4).
Table 3-6 Summary of Extreme Abnormal Condition in the North Substation with 15 kV MV
nominal capacity of the North substation. Power loss in the MV transmission lines is
3.3% of the supplied power by the North substation if 50 MVA is allocated for the load,
which is 64.1% of the power loss in case of loads allocated based on the substation
nominal capacity.
3.2.1.1 At Feeders
Considering 230 V base voltage line to the ground, simulation results of the North
substation in the Kabul distribution system with 20 kV MV shows that 120 loads
(transformers), out of 229, have under-voltage conditions and 141 loads, out of 229, have
normal conditions. When voltage level, at a load or a section drops below 97% of the
base voltage, it is considered under-voltage conditions.
From voltage drop perspective, only two main feeders have under-voltage
conditions in case of 20 kV MV. Beside these two feeders, some other loads attached to
the far ends of three other feeders have under-voltage conditions. One should note that
under-voltage occurs mostly at loads attached to the outgoing feeders of the junction
station two, in case of 20 kV MV.
Eight residential loads, three governmental loads, and four hospital loads,
attached to the feeder 512, have under-voltage conditions (see Figure 2-1 for feeder 512
and loads attached to it). The lowest level of the voltage occurs at the transformer of
Ministry of health, which is 95.91% of the base voltage. The highest level of the voltage,
at loads that have under-voltage conditions, is 96.7% of the base voltage (230 V). The
total connected load served in under-voltage conditions by feeder 512 is 10.76 MVA.
Among loads attached to the feeder 518, only one load, having shorter distance to
the North substation, is under normal conditions. The remaining loads attached to the
feeder 518 and its associated sub-feeders have under-voltage conditions. Feeder 518 and
its associated sub-feeders feed 17 residential loads, 39 governmental loads, and three
hospital loads in under-voltage conditions. Ministry of communication has the lowest
66
level of the voltage; level of the voltage at this load is 94.48% of the base voltage. The
highest level of the voltage at the loads attached to the feeder 518 and its associated sub-
feeders is 96.04% of the base voltage. The total connected load attached to the feeder
518, in under-voltage condition is 29.51 MVA (For load details, see Figure 2-6).
All of the loads attached to the feeder 515 have under-voltage conditions. Loads
served by this feeder are composed of three residential loads and four governmental load.
The lowest level of the voltage occurs at the governmental load (Matbah Urdu); which is
95.96% of the base voltage (230 V). While the highest level of the voltage, at loads
attached to the feeder 515 is 96.00% of the base voltage. The connected loads, having
under-voltage conditions, attached to this feeder is 3.49 MVA (For the load details, see
Figure 2-7).
Among the loads attached to the feeder 516, only one residential load, closed to
the North substation, is under normal conditions with 99.26% of the base voltage. The
rest of the loads have under-voltage conditions; from which 15 loads are residential and
nine loads are governmental. The highest level of the voltage, in under-voltage conditions
in this feeder is 95.57% of the base voltage; while the lowest level of the voltage (the
lowest level of the voltage in the North substation) occurs at a residential load (Shash
Darak) attached to a sub-feeder associated with the feeder 516. This lowest level of the
voltage is 93.48% of the base voltage (230 V). The total connected load attached to the
feeder 516 and its associated sub-feeders, with under-voltage conditions, is 15.38 MVA
(See Figure 2-9, for loads locations and details).
As in 15 kV MV, all of the loads attached to the feeder 517 and its associated sub-
feeders have under-voltage conditions; but the levels of under-voltage are different. The
feeder 517 and its associated sub-feeders feed 13 residential loads and four governmental
loads. Two residential transformers (#16 1 & 2) in Macrorayon have the lowest voltage
level, which is 95.43% of the base voltage; while the highest level of the voltage at the
loads attached to the feeder 517 and its associated sub-feeders is 96.35% of the base
voltage. The total under-voltage connected load attached to the feeder 517 and its
associated sub-feeders is 10.49 MVA (for loads locations and details, see Figure 2-10).
67
3.2.1.2 At Sections
The network simulation results, considering a base voltage of 230 V line to
neutral and 20 kV medium voltage, show that 128 sections of the feeders and sub-feeders
have under-voltage conditions. From these sections, 25 sections are overhead lines and
remaining 103 sections are underground cables sections. With 20 kV MV, the level of the
voltage, in under-voltage sections, differs from 93.47% of the base voltage to 96.7% of
the base voltage. Again, the voltage level over 97% of the base voltage is considered
normal conditions. Table 3-8 and Table 3-9 show compact detail of the sections that have
under-voltage conditions.
68
Table 3-8 Overhead Lines Sections Having Under-voltage Conditions (20 kV MV)
Table 3-9 Underground Cable Sections Having Under-voltage Conditions (20 kV MV)
currents through different parts of it, from overload perspective, only the third section of
this feeder is overloaded. Magnitude of current at the first and second sections is 240 A
and it is 227.9 A in third section. Since third section of the feeder 516 is 120 mm2 ACSR
conductor, which has 4700 m length and 219 A capacity, it is overloaded. The level of
this overload conditions is 104.41% of the rated capacity of conductor. The remaining
parts of the feeder 516 have normal conditions.
Considering characteristics of the feeder 515 (see section 4.1.2 for details), only
second section of this feeder is under overloaded conditions. Magnitude of current
passing through first three sections of this feeder is 248.9 A. While the second section of
the feeder is 70 mm2 ACSR conductor overhead line, which has 162 A capacity and 2700
m length. Therefore, the second section of the feeder 515 is overloaded with a level of
153.62% of the conductor capacity. The rest of the feeder sections have normal
conditions.
The first two sections of the feeder 518 are also overloaded. Magnitude of current
flowing through first and second sections of the feeder 518 is 315.9 A. While capacity of
the first and second sections conductors are 270 A and 255 A respectively (for more
details, see section 4.1.2). Thus, based upon the feeder 518 and its load descriptions, the
level of overload condition is 117.00% and 124% of the conductor capacity. Remaining
sections of this feeder and its associated sub-feeders have normal conditions.
Ultimately, third section of the feeder 529 has also overload conditions. This
section is 95 mm2 ACSR conductor overhead line, which has 350m length and 198 A
capacity (see section 4.1.2, for details of the feeder 529). Magnitude of current passing
through the overloaded section is 230.9 A; therefore, the level of overload is 116.62% of
the conductor capacity. Remaining sections of the feeder 529 and its associated sub-
feeders have normal conditions.
Table 3-10 shows overloaded feeder sections in the North substation. The feeder
sections that have normal conditions are not included in this table. In 20 kV MV scenario,
10600 m feeders are in overloaded conditions; but the highest overload value is 153.62%
of the conductor’s capacity that is 70% of highest overload value in 15 kV scenario.
71
Table 3-11 Load and Losses Summary of the North Substation with 20 kV MV
CYMDIST table for abnormal conditions shows that there are a total number of
five feeders sections that have overload conditions. Meanwhile, the table shows that 491
spot loads, and feeder sections have under-voltage conditions, from which 128 are feeder
and sub-feeders sections (for more details, see section 4.2.1.2). Similar to 15 kV MV,
there are no over-voltages in the network with 20 kV MV. Table 3-12 illustrates a
summary of extreme overload and under-voltage conditions, while the network has been
simulated with 20 kV MV considering balanced system.
73
Table 3-12 Summary of Extreme Abnormal Condition in the North Substation with 20 kV MV
4 CHAPTER 4: DISCUSSIONS
is achievable because capacity building of the staff (including technical and non-
technical) is one of the priority of the Ministry of Water and Power and DABM [1].
15
The costs of transmission lines are calculated based upon a unit length [3] (for example
$20000/km). Assuming same conditions (size and length of conductors, poles, topology of the area, and so
forth), because with higher voltage level more power is transmitted, the cost of the power transmitted
decreases. Therefore, the cost of transmission line is considered justifiable. Even for different conditions,
power transmission is cheaper with higher voltage level, if the voltage is technologically applicable.
However, the cost of transmission linens per unit length increases. For example, the cost of a low cost sub-
transmission line with wooden pole and 46 kV voltage level carrying 50MVA is perhaps $30000/km; in
this case, the cost of unit power is $0.60 per kVA-km [3]. Yet, it can be a double circuit 500 kV
transmission lines carrying 2000 MVA with $600000/km cost; in this case, the cost of unit power decreases
to $0.30 per kVA-km.
16
Even though there are some differences between skilled labors cost according to the standards it is not
considered in the Kabul work market.
76
4.2.1 Analysis of 15 kV MV
18
16
14
Number of Sections
12
10
0
87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97
Voltage Level (%)
Figure 4-1 Histogram of Overhead Lines Sections under Under-voltage Conditions (15 kV).
78
35
30
Number of Sections
25
20
15
10
0
87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97
Voltage Level (%)
Figure 4-2 Histogram of Underground Cable Sections under Under-voltage Conditions (15 kV).
228
226
Voltage Level (V)
224
222
220
218
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000
Distance from the Source (m)
Figure 4-3 Voltage Profile along the Feeder 513 in case of 15 kV MV.
Along the feeder 513, the voltage profile has a voltage drop rate of 2.62 V/km for
the first 1.03 km distance. The rate of voltage drop decreases to 1.67 V/km for the next
0.4 km distance; for next 2.85 km the rate of voltage drop is, approximately 1.6 V/km; for
next 0.8 km the rate of voltage drop is 1.12 V/km; for the next 1.25 km the rate of voltage
drop is, approximately, 0.51 V/km; and for the last 2.1 km distance the rate of voltage
drop is, approximately, 0.09 V/km. Figure 4-3 illustrates the voltage drop at the feeder
513 along a single path starting from the North substation and ending at the Ministry of
Transportation.
Along the feeder 516, the voltage drop has, approximately, 3.25 V/km rate of
decrease for the first 5.7 km distance. For next 3.35 km distance, the rate of voltage drop
is 2.81 V/km for the last 2.1 km distance, the rate of voltage drop is 0.48 V/km. Figure
4-4 shows rates of the voltage drop along the feeder 516, starting from the North
substation and ending at the Shash Darak residential transformer.
80
225
220
Voltage Level (V)
215
210
205
200
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000
Distance from the Source (m)
Figure 4-4 Voltage Profile along the Feeder 516 in case of 15 kV MV.
4.2.2 Analysis of 20 kV MV
The results of CYMDIST simulation in section 4.2.1.2 shows that 25 overhead
line sections and 103 underground cable sections have under-voltage conditions if 20 kV
MV is applied in the North substation. Considering number of loads in the network, 120
loads have under-voltage conditions that make 53.10% of the total loads (229 loads).
From amount perspective, 39.43 MVA (52.95%) of the total load supplied by the North
substation has under-voltage conditions. Beside these, the range of the voltage drop is not
wide (3.52%), considering 97% of the nominal base voltage as normal conditions. Notice
that the lowest level of the voltage level, in case of 20 kV MV is 93.48% of the base
voltage. Figure 4-5 and Figure 4-6 illustrate the histograms of overhead lines and
underground cables sections having under-voltage conditions, with 20 kV MV,
respectively.
6
Number of Sections
0
93 93.5 94 94.5 95 95.5 96 96.5 97
Voltage Level (%)
Figure 4-5 Histogram of Overhead Lines Sections under Under-voltage Conditions (20 kV).
82
25
20
Number of Sections
15
10
0
93 93.5 94 94.5 95 95.5 96 96.5 97
Voltage Level (%)
Figure 4-6 Histogram of Underground Cable Sections under Under-voltage Conditions (20 kV).
229
228
Voltage Level (V)
227
226
225
224
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000
Distance from the Source (m)
Figure 4-7 Voltage Profile along the Feeder 513 in case of 20 kV MV.
Along the feeder 516, starting from the North substations and ending the Shash
Darak residential transformer, the voltage profile has the following characteristics: For
the first 5.7 km distance, the voltage profile has a voltage drop rate of, approximately,
1.75 V/km. the rate of voltage drop for the next 3.35 km is 1.32 V/km. for the last 2.7 km
distance the rate voltage drop is, approximately, 0.25 V/km. Figure 4-8 illustrates the
voltage profile and the rate of voltage drops along the feeder 516, in case of 20 kV MV.
84
226
Voltage Level (V)
224
222
220
218
216
214
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000
Distance from the Source (m)
Figure 4-8 Voltage Profile along the Feeder 516 in case of 20 kV MV.
226
Voltage Level (V)
224
222
220
218
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000
Distance from the Source (m)
Figure 4-9 Graph of the Voltage Profile along the Feeder 513.
86
220
Voltage Level (V)
215
210
205
200
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000
Distance from the Source (m)
Figure 4-10 Graph of the Voltage Profile along the Feeder 516.
Table 4-1 Slope of the Voltage Profiles in sample feeders (513 and 516)
Feeder 15 kV MV 20 kV MV
Section Slope Section Slope
Number (V/km) Number (V/km)
feeders are overloaded; the highest overload value is 218.15% of the conductor’s
capacity. While, in case of 20 kV MV, 10450 m overhead line feeders and 150 m
underground cable feeders are overloaded. The highest overloaded value, in this scenario,
is 153.62% of the conductor’s capacity. Besides the decreasing of the overloaded feeders,
in 20 kV scenario, power loss decreases to 50.1% of the power loss in case of 15 kV MV.
Results of simulation in case of 50 MVA allocated load for the North substation
shows that, in 15 kV MV scenario four feeders’ sections are overloaded. The worst
overloaded condition is 144.2% of the conductor’s capacity. In 20 kV MV only one
feeder section remains overloaded with 106.1% of the conductor’s capacity. Likewise,
with 15 KV MV, 150 overhead and underground feeders’ sections have under-voltage
conditions. The lowest under-voltage is 91.74% of the base voltage (230 V). Whereas,
with 20 kV MV 75 overhead lines and underground cable sections have under-voltage
conditions with the lowest level of 95.65% of the base voltage. Power loss in MV
transmission lines is 3.3% of the supplied power from the source in 15 kV scenario; while
it is 1.8% of the supplied power in case of 20 kV medium voltage.
As the results of the simulation of the North substation by CYMDIST show,
compared to 20 kV medium voltage, 15 kV medium voltage has three main
disadvantages. 1) Capability of power transfer of the feeders with 15 kV MV is
significantly low. 2) Power loss (I2R) in the system with 15 kV MV is high. 3) Voltage
quality, the most important factor in the Kabul distribution system, is low and the voltage
drop is high; the rate of change of voltage profile with respect to distance is large.
88
5 CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSIONS
5.1 Conclusions
Power loss and voltage drop are two major concerns in the Kabul power system
that have been analyzed in the North substation with 15 kV and 20 kV MV levels by
CYMDIST software. The results of the studies conducted in this research show that the
Kabul power system not only has not had sufficient improvement since 1985, it has
suffered from bad maintenance and war conditions. In the Kabul power system,
distribution part of it has been affected more seriously compared to generation and
transmission parts. In addition, the demand for electric power has a rapid increasing rate
because of significant economic and population growth in the Kabul city. Based on this
increasing rate, the demand for electric power will exceed more than 200% in 2013
according to prediction of ministry of Energy and Water [1]. Hence, due to these
constraints and limitations, the Kabul power system, especially, distribution system does
not satisfy the increasing demands for electric power.
Although poor conditions of the distribution system causes low voltage quality and
higher power loss, in the Kabul distribution system, the level of the medium voltage also
has significant effects on the voltage quality and power loss. Therefore, in the North
substation with the existing MV (15 kV) a big part of the network (67.38%) have under-
voltage conditions with the lowest level of 87.39% of the base voltage; also a large
number of feeders’ sections are overloaded. As an effective factor to reduce the power
loss and voltage drop in the Kabul distribution system, 20 kV has been applied in the
North substation as MV and analyzed by CYMDIST software.
From the results of the system simulation with 15 kV MV and 20 kV MV by
CYMDIST, it is concluded that in case of 20 kV MV the North substation has lower
power loss and less voltage drop. In addition, the total loss, in MV transmission lines, is
5.25% of the total used real power with 15 kV; while the power loss is 2.65% of the total
used real power in the network in 20 kV scenario. Furthermore, the source supplies
74523.7 kVA in case of 15 kV; and supplied power in case of 20 kV is 71435.68 kVA,
89
which is 3088.02 kVA lighter17 than supplied power in case of 15 kV MV. It is worth
mentioning that in both cases, 15 kV and 20 kV, second section of the feeder 515
(overhead lines 70 mm2 ACSR conductor) is highly overloaded; therefore, the first
priority is thought to be upgrading of this section.
Applying 20 kV as medium voltage helps to decrease the power loss and voltage
drop in the medium voltage transmission lines. Hence, in order to enhance the efficiency
of the Kabul power distribution system, 20 kV is recommended for medium voltage;
because upgrading the MV level from 15 kV to 20 kV is highly effective and applicable
to achieve the goal of optimization of the power loss and voltage drop in the MV
transmission lines of the Kabul power distribution system.
Even though the research project in hand has been completed successfully there
were numerous limitations and obstacles in regard to measurements and data collecting
procedure. Because the project is located in the Kabul city, it was not physically
accessible to measure the exact location of the transformers. Meanwhile, the data sources
were not easily accessible. Thus, to collect the required data, several institutions and
individuals were contacted by electronic messages, which were a time consuming
process. In the other side, there was not a single source having all the required data.
17
The source supplies 4.1% smaller power in case of 20 kV MV; while the used power in the network is
the same in either scenarios
90
present power distribution system has high power loss and voltage drop because of long
transmission lines at low voltage.
Taking the above considerations into account, for the future – short circuits,
harmonics, voltage sags, and other disturbance factors to the power quality must be
analyzed to achieve an optimum case for the Kabul power distribution system to meet the
demand for high quality power. In order for power loss and voltage drop optimization at
low voltage level, the performance of pole mount smaller size18 distributions transformer
system versus pad mount distribution transformer system should be studied. Besides pole
mount transformers system, placing capacitor banks in the Kabul power distribution
system should be studied for reactive power compensation. Although the analysis could
be conducted by means of different software; CYMDIST could be a better option for this
purpose because it has variety of features for the distribution system simulation.
CYMDIST has been designed for distribution systems simulation purposes.
Economic analysis of the Kabul power distribution system is another important
research project for the future work. For the present project it was not possible to conduct
economic analysis for the network because of the following obstacles and preventing
limitations: economic analysis of the network needs very specific and detailed data, such
as equipment cost, transportation cost, labor cost, operating and maintaining cost, and so
on; whereas, mentioned data are not available. In addition the network has suffered from
civil war and significant parts of the network have been affected, and some of equipments
need to be replaced; therefore, specific survey is needed. At the present time, the project
is not accessible for required survey; hopefully it will be possible in the future.
Ultimately, to satisfy the demand for high quality power, the performance of the
Kabul power distribution system must be enhanced. Yet, to achieve this goal, power
quality disturbances such as harmonics, voltage sags, and outages must be studied and
analyzed and optimum case must be acquired. Also for power loss and voltage drop
minimization, the low voltage system with small size pole-mount transformers must be
evaluated. Besides the disturbance factors optimization and power loss and voltage drop
18
Distribution transformer with 60 kVA – 200 kVA
91
REFERENCES
[1] Mir M. Sediq and R. Naeem, “Power Sector Strategy for the Afghanistan National
Development Strategy,” Ministry of Energy and Water, Kabul, Afghanistan,
Tech. Rep. (Draft), April 15, 2007.
[2] Advanced Engineering Associates, Inc. “Kabul city medium voltage (MV) and low
voltage (LV) distribution system assessment study,” AEAI Inc., Washington, DC
20036, USA, Tech. Rep., October 2007.
[3] H. L. Willis, Power distribution system planning reference book. CRC press,
Taylor & Francis Group, Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742, 2004.
[4] H. Liu, S. Ge, and X. Jiang, “Research on voltage level configuration in medium
voltage network of new area,” IEEE International Conference on Electric Utility
Deregulation, Restructuring, and Power Technology, pp. 1359-1364, April 2008.
[5] W. H. Kersting, Power distribution system modeling and analysis. CRC press,
Taylor & Francis Group, 2007.
[6] A. J. Pansini, Power transmission and distribution. Fairmount Press Inc: 700
Indian Trails, Lilburn, GA 30047, 2005.
[7] L. M. Faulkenberry and W. Coffer, Electrical power distribution and
transmission. United States of America: Prentice-Hall Inc, 1996.
[8] D. P. Bernardon et al., “Electric distribution network reconfiguration based on a
fuzzy multi-criteria decision making algorithm,” Electrical Power Systems
Research, 79 (2009), pp. 1400-1407.
[9] M. W. Siti et al., “ Reconfiguration and load balancing in the LV and MV
distribution networks for optimal performance,” IEEE Transactions on Power
Delivery, vol. 22, No. 4, pp. 2534-2540, Oct. 2007.
[10] F. Bignucolo et al., “Radial MV networks regulation with distribution
management system coordinated controller,” Electric Power System Research, 78
(2008) pp. 634-645.
93