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G.R. No. 144740 August 31, 2005

SECURITY PACIFIC ASSURANCE CORPORATION, Petitioners, 

vs.
THE HON. AMELIA TRIA-INFANTE, In her official capacity as Presiding Judge, Regional Trial
Court, Branch 9, Manila; THE PEOPLE OF THE PHILIPPINES, represented by Spouses
REYNALDO and ZENAIDA ANZURES; and REYNALDO R. BUAZON, In his official capacity as
Sheriff IV, Regional Trial Court, Branch 9, Manila, Respondents.

DECISION

CHICO-NAZARIO, J.:

Before Us is a petition for review on certiorari, assailing the Decision and Resolution of the Court of
1  2 

Appeals in CA-G.R. SP No. 58147, dated 16 June 2000 and 22 August 2000, respectively. The said
Decision and Resolution declared that there was no grave abuse of discretion on the part of
respondent Judge in issuing the assailed order dated 31 March 2000, which was the subject in CA-
G.R. SP No. 58147.

THE FACTS

The factual milieu of the instant case can be traced from this Court’s decision in G.R. No. 106214
promulgated on 05 September 1997.

On 26 August 1988, Reynaldo Anzures instituted a complaint against Teresita Villaluz (Villaluz) for
violation of Batas Pambansa Blg. 22. The criminal information was brought before the Regional Trial
Court, City of Manila, and raffled off to Branch 9, then presided over by Judge Edilberto G.
Sandoval, docketed as Criminal Case No. 89-69257.

An Ex-Parte Motion for Preliminary Attachment dated 06 March 1989 was filed by Reynaldo Anzures
3 

praying that pending the hearing on the merits of the case, a Writ of Preliminary Attachment be
issued ordering the sheriff to attach the properties of Villaluz in accordance with the Rules.

On 03 July 1989, the trial court issued an Order for the issuance of a writ of preliminary attachment
4 

"upon complainant’s posting of a bond which is hereby fixed at ₱2,123,400.00 and the Court’s
approval of the same under the condition prescribed by Sec. 4 of Rule 57 of the Rules of Court…."

An attachment bond was thereafter posted by Reynaldo Anzures and approved by the court.
5 

Thereafter, the sheriff attached certain properties of Villaluz, which were duly annotated on the
corresponding certificates of title.

On 25 May 1990, the trial court rendered a Decision on the case acquitting Villaluz of the crime
6 

charged, but held her civilly liable. The dispositive portion of the said decision is reproduced
hereunder:

WHEREFORE, premises considered, judgment is hereby rendered ACQUITTING the accused

TERESITA E. VILLALUZ with cost de oficio. As to the civil aspect of the case however, accused is
ordered to pay complainant Reynaldo Anzures the sum of TWO MILLION ONE HUNDRED
TWENTY THREE THOUSAND FOUR HUNDRED (P2,123,400.00) PESOS with legal rate of interest
from December 18, 1987 until fully paid, the sum of P50,000.00 as attorney’s fees and the cost of
suit.
7

Villaluz interposed an appeal with the Court of Appeals, and on 30 April 1992, the latter rendered its
Decision, the dispositive portion of which partly reads:
8 

WHEREFORE, in CA-G.R. CV No. 28780, the Decision of the Regional Trial Court of Manila, Branch
9, dated May 25, 1990, as to the civil aspect of Criminal Case No. 89-69257, is hereby AFFIRMED,
in all respects….

The case was elevated to the Supreme Court (G.R. No. 106214), and during its pendency, Villaluz
posted a counter-bond in the amount of ₱2,500,000.00 issued by petitioner Security Pacific
Assurance Corporation. Villaluz, on the same date of the counter-bond, filed an Urgent Motion to
9  10 

Discharge Attachment. 11

On 05 September 1997, we promulgated our decision in G.R. No. 106214, affirming in toto the
decision of the Court of Appeals.

In view of the finality of this Court’s decision in G.R. No. 106214, the private complainant moved for
execution of judgment before the trial court.12

On 07 May 1999, the trial court, now presided over by respondent Judge, issued a Writ of
Execution. 13

Sheriff Reynaldo R. Buazon tried to serve the writ of execution upon Villaluz, but the latter no longer
resided in her given address. This being the case, the sheriff sent a Notice of Garnishment upon
petitioner at its office in Makati City, by virtue of the counter-bond posted by Villaluz with said
insurance corporation in the amount of ₱2,500,000.00. As reported by the sheriff, petitioner refused
to assume its obligation on the counter-bond it posted for the discharge of the attachment made by
Villaluz.
14

Reynaldo Anzures, through the private prosecutor, filed a Motion to Proceed with
Garnishment, which was opposed by petitioner contending that it should not be held liable on the
15  16 

counter-attachment bond.

The trial court, in its Order dated 31 March 2000, granted the Motion to Proceed with Garnishment.
17 

The sheriff issued a Follow-Up of Garnishment addressed to the President/General Manager of

18 

petitioner dated 03 April 2000.

On 07 April 2000, petitioner filed a Petition for Certiorari with Preliminary Injunction and/or

Temporary Restraining Order with the Court of Appeals, seeking the nullification of the trial court’s
19 

order dated 31 March 2000 granting the motion to proceed with garnishment. Villaluz was also
named as petitioner. The petitioners contended that the respondent Judge, in issuing the order
dated 31 March 2000, and the sheriff committed grave abuse of discretion and grave errors of law in
proceeding against the petitioner corporation on its counter-attachment bond, despite the fact that
said bond was not approved by the Supreme Court, and that the condition by which said bond was
issued did not happen. 20

On 16 June 2000, the Court of Appeals rendered a Decision, the dispositive portion of which reads:
21 
WHEREFORE, premises considered, the Court finds no grave abuse of discretion on the part of
respondent judge in issuing the assailed order. Hence, the petition is dismissed.

A Motion for Reconsideration was filed by petitioner, but was denied for lack of merit by the Court of
22 

Appeals in its Resolution dated 22 August 2000.

23 

Undeterred, petitioner filed the instant petition under Rule 45 of the 1997 Rules of Civil Procedure,
with Urgent Application for a Writ of Preliminary Injunction and/or Temporary Restraining Order. 24

On 13 December 2000, this Court issued a Resolution requiring the private respondents to file their
25 

Comment to the Petition, which they did. Petitioner was required to file its Reply thereafter.
26 

Meanwhile, on 17 January 2001, petitioner and the spouses Reynaldo and Zenaida Anzures
executed a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU). In it, it was stipulated that as of said date, the
27 

total amount garnished from petitioner had amounted to ₱1,541,063.85, and so the remaining
amount still sought to be executed was ₱958,936.15. Petitioner tendered and paid the amount of
28 

₱300,000.00 upon signing of the MOU, and the balance of ₱658,936.15 was to be paid in
installment at ₱100,000.00 at the end of each month from February 2001 up to July 2001. At the end
of August 2001, the amount of ₱58,936.00 would have to be paid. This would make the aggregate
amount paid to the private respondents ₱2,500,000.00. There was, however, a proviso in the MOU
29 

which states that "this contract shall not be construed as a waiver or abandonment of the appellate
review pending before the Supreme Court and that it will be subject to all such interim orders and
final outcome of said case."

On 13 August 2001, the instant petition was given due course, and the parties were obliged to
submit their respective Memoranda. 30

ISSUES

The petitioner raises the following issues for the resolution of this Court:

Main Issue - WHETHER OR NOT THE COURT OF Appeals committed reversible error in affirming
the 31 march 2000 order of public respondent judge which allowed execution on the counter-bond
issued by the petitioner.

Corollary Issues – (1) WHETHER OR NOT THE COURT OF APPEALS CORRECTLY RULED
THAT THE ATTACHMENT ON THE PROPERTY OF VILLALUZ WAS DISCHARGED WITHOUT
NEED OF COURT APPROVAL OF THE COUNTER-BOND POSTED; and (2) WHETHER OR NOT
THE COURT OF APPEALS CORRECTLY RULED THAT THE ATTACHMENT ON THE PROPERTY
OF VILLALUZ WAS DISCHARGED BY THE MERE ACT OF POSTING THE COUNTER-BOND.

THE COURT’S RULING

Petitioner seeks to escape liability by contending, in the main, that the writ of attachment which was
earlier issued against the real properties of Villaluz was not discharged. Since the writ was not
discharged, then its liability did not accrue. The alleged failure of this Court in G.R. No. 106214 to
approve the counter-bond and to cause the discharge of the attachment against Villaluz prevented
the happening of a condition upon which the counter-bond’s issuance was premised, such that
petitioner should not be held liable thereon. 31
Petitioner further asserts that the agreement between it and Villaluz is not a suretyship agreement in
the sense that petitioner has become an additional debtor in relation to private respondents. It is
merely waiving its right of excussion that would ordinarily apply to counter-bond guarantors as
32 

originally contemplated in Section 12, Rule 57 of the 1997 Rules.

In their Comment, the private respondents assert that the filing of the counter-bond by Villaluz had
33 

already ipso facto discharged the attachment on the properties and made the petitioner liable on the
bond. Upon acceptance of the premium, there was already an express contract for surety between
Villaluz and petitioner in the amount of ₱2,500,000.00 to answer for any adverse judgment/decision
against Villaluz.

Petitioner filed a Reply dated 09 May 2001 to private respondents’ Comment, admitting the binding
34 

effect of the bond as between the parties thereto. What it did not subscribe to was the theory that the
attachment was ipso factoor automatically discharged by the mere filing of the bond in court. Such
theory, according to petitioner, has no foundation. Without an order of discharge of attachment and
approval of the bond, petitioner submits that its stipulated liability on said bond, premised on their
occurrence, could not possibly arise, for to hold otherwise would be to trample upon the statutorily
guaranteed right of the parties to contractual autonomy.

Based on the circumstances present in this case, we find no compelling reason to reverse the ruling
of the Court of Appeals.

Over the years, in a number of cases, we have made certain pronouncements about counter-bonds.

In Tijam v. Sibonghanoy, as reiterated in Vanguard Assurance Corp. v. Court of Appeals, we held:

35  36 

. . . [A]fter the judgment for the plaintiff has become executory and the execution is ‘returned
unsatisfied,’ as in this case, the liability of the bond automatically attaches and, in failure of the
surety to satisfy the judgment against the defendant despite demand therefore, writ of execution may
issue against the surety to enforce the obligation of the bond.

In Luzon Steel Coporation v. Sia, et al.:  37

. . . [C]ounterbonds posted to obtain the lifting of a writ of attachment is due to these bonds being
security for the payment of any judgment that the attaching party may obtain; they are thus mere
replacements of the property formerly attached, and just as the latter may be levied upon after final
judgment in the case in order to realize the amount adjudged, so is the liability of the countersureties
ascertainable after the judgment has become final. . . .

In Imperial Insurance, Inc. v. De Los Angeles, we ruled:

38 

. . . Section 17, Rule 57 of the Rules of Court cannot be construed that an "execution against the
debtor be first returned unsatisfied even if the bond were a solidary one, for a procedural may not
amend the substantive law expressed in the Civil Code, and further would nullify the express
stipulation of the parties that the surety’s obligation should be solidary with that of the defendant.

In Philippine British Assurance Co., Inc. v. Intermediate Appellate Court, we further held that "the
39 

counterbond is intended to secure the payment of ‘any judgment’ that the attaching creditor may
recover in the action."
Petitioner does not deny that the contract between it and Villaluz is one of surety. However, it points
out that the kind of surety agreement between them is one that merely waives its right of excussion.
This cannot be so. The counter-bond itself states that the parties jointly and severally bind
themselves to secure the payment of any judgment that the plaintiff may recover against the
defendant in the action. A surety is considered in law as being the same party as the debtor in
relation to whatever is adjudged touching the obligation of the latter, and their liabilities are
interwoven as to be inseparable. 40

Suretyship is a contractual relation resulting from an agreement whereby one person, the surety,
engages to be answerable for the debt, default or miscarriage of another, known as the principal.
The surety’s obligation is not an original and direct one for the performance of his own act, but
merely accessory or collateral to the obligation contracted by the principal. Nevertheless, although
the contract of a surety is in essence secondary only to a valid principal obligation, his liability to the
creditor or promise of the principal is said to be direct, primary and absolute; in other words, he is
directly and equally bound with the principal. The surety therefore becomes liable for the debt or duty
of another although he possesses no direct or personal interest over the obligations nor does he
receive any benefit therefrom. 41

In view of the nature and purpose of a surety agreement, petitioner, thus, is barred from disclaiming
liability.

Petitioner’s argument that the mere filing of a counter-bond in this case cannot automatically
discharge the attachment without first an order of discharge and approval of the bond, is lame.

Under the Rules, there are two (2) ways to secure the discharge of an attachment. First, the party
whose property has been attached or a person appearing on his behalf may post a security. Second,
said party may show that the order of attachment was improperly or irregularly issued. The first
42 

applies in the instant case. Section 12, Rule 57, provides:

43 

SEC. 12. Discharge of attachment upon giving counter-bond. – After a writ of attachment has been
enforced, the party whose property has been attached, or the person appearing on his behalf, may
move for the discharge of the attachment wholly or in part on the security given. The court shall,
after due notice and hearing, order the discharge of the attachment if the movant makes a cash
deposit, or files a counter-bond executed to the attaching party with the clerk of the court where the
application is made, in an amount equal to that fixed by the court in the order of attachment,
exclusive of costs. But if the attachment is sought to be discharged with respect to a particular
property, the counter-bond shall be equal to the value of that property as determined by the court. In
either case, the cash deposit or the counter-bond shall secure the payment of any judgment that the
attaching party may recover in the action. A notice of the deposit shall forthwith be served on the
attaching party. Upon the discharge of an attachment in accordance with the provisions of this
section, the property attached, or the proceeds of any sale thereof, shall be delivered to the party
making the deposit or giving the counter-bond, or to the person appearing on his behalf, the deposit
or counter-bond aforesaid standing in place of the property so released. Should such counter-bond
for any reason be found to be or become insufficient, and the party furnishing the same fail to file an
additional counter-bond, the attaching party may apply for a new order of attachment.

It should be noted that in G.R. No. 106214, per our Resolution dated 15 January 1997, we permitted
44 

Villaluz to file a counter-attachment bond. On 17 February 1997, we required the private

45 

respondents to comment on the sufficiency of the counter-bond posted by Villaluz.

It is quite palpable that the necessary steps in the discharge of an attachment upon giving counter-
bond have been taken. To require a specific order for the discharge of the attachment when this
Court, in our decision in G.R. No. 106214, had already declared that the petitioner is solidarily bound
with Villaluz would be mere surplusage. Thus:

During the pendency of this petition, a counter-attachment bond was filed by petitioner Villaluz
before this Court to discharge the attachment earlier issued by the trial court. Said bond amounting
to P2.5 million was furnished by Security Pacific Assurance, Corp. which agreed to bind itself "jointly
and severally" with petitioner for "any judgment" that may be recovered by private respondent
against the former.46

We are not unmindful of our ruling in the case of Belisle Investment and Finance Co., Inc. v. State
Investment House, Inc., where we held:
47 

. . . [T]he Court of Appeals correctly ruled that the mere posting of a counterbond does not
automatically discharge the writ of attachment. It is only after hearing and after the judge has
ordered the discharge of the attachment if a cash deposit is made or a counterbond is executed to
the attaching creditor is filed, that the writ of attachment is properly discharged under Section 12,
Rule 57 of the Rules of Court.

The ruling in Belisle, at first glance, would suggest an error in the assailed ruling of the Court of
Appeals because there was no specific resolution discharging the attachment and approving the
counter-bond. As above-explained, however, consideration of our decision in G.R. No. 106214 in its
entirety will readily show that this Court has virtually discharged the attachment after all the parties
therein have been heard on the matter.

On this score, we hew to the pertinent ratiocination of the Court of Appeals as regards the heretofore
cited provision of Section 12, Rule 57 of the 1997 Rules of Civil Procedure, on the discharge of
attachment upon giving counter-bond:

. . . The filing of the counter-attachment bond by petitioner Villaluz has discharged the attachment on
the properties and made the petitioner corporation liable on the counter-attachment bond. This can
be gleaned from the "DEFENDANT’S BOND FOR THE DISSOLUTION OF ATTACHMENT", which
states that Security Pacific Assurance Corporation, as surety, in consideration of the dissolution of
the said attachment jointly and severally, binds itself with petitioner Villaluz for any judgment that
may be recovered by private respondent Anzures against petitioner Villaluz.

The contract of surety is only between petitioner Villaluz and petitioner corporation. The petitioner
corporation cannot escape liability by stating that a court approval is needed before it can be made
liable. This defense can only be availed by petitioner corporation against petitioner Villaluz but not
against third persons who are not parties to the contract of surety. The petitioners hold themselves
out as jointly and severally liable without any conditions in the counter-attachment bond. The
petitioner corporation cannot impose requisites before it can be made liable when the law
clearly does not require such requisites to be fulfilled. (Emphases supplied.)
48 

Verily, a judgment must be read in its entirety, and it must be construed as a whole so as to bring all
of its parts into harmony as far as this can be done by fair and reasonable interpretation and so as to
give effect to every word and part, if possible, and to effectuate the intention and purpose of the
Court, consistent with the provisions of the organic law.49

Insurance companies are prone to invent excuses to avoid their just obligation. It seems that this
50 

statement very well fits the instant case.

WHEREFORE, in view of all the foregoing, the Decision and Resolution of the Court of Appeals
dated 16 June 2000 and 22 August 2000, respectively, are both AFFIRMED. Costs against
petitioner.

SO ORDERED.
 Digest

G.R. No. 144740 August 31, 2005

SECURITY PACIFIC ASSURANCE CORPORATION, Petitioners, 

vs.
THE HON. AMELIA TRIA-INFANTE, In her official capacity as Presiding Judge, Regional Trial
Court, Branch 9, Manila; THE PEOPLE OF THE PHILIPPINES, represented by Spouses
REYNALDO and ZENAIDA ANZURES; and REYNALDO R. BUAZON, In his official capacity as
Sheriff IV, Regional Trial Court, Branch 9, Manila, Respondents.

THE FACTS

This case stemmed from the criminal case (GR 106214) decided by the SC where on 26 August
1988, Reynaldo Anzures filed a complaint against Teresita Villaluz (Villaluz) for violation of Batas
Pambansa Blg. 22.

Anzures filed an Ex-Parte Motion for Preliminary Attachment to attach the properties of Villaluz.

The trial court granted the writ of preliminary attachment upon complainant’s posting of a bond. The
sheriff attached certain properties of Villaluz, which were duly annotated on the corresponding
certificates of title.

RTC acquitted Villaluz of the crime charged, but held her civilly liable. Villaluz appealed with the CA,
where the latter affirmed RTC’s decision.

The case was elevated to the Supreme Court (G.R. No. 106214), and during its pendency, Villaluz
posted a counter-bond in the amount of ₱2,500,000.00 issued by petitioner Security Pacific
Assurance Corporation. Villaluz then filed an Urgent Motion to Discharge Attachment.
 

The SC, in G.R. No. 106214, affirmed CA’s decision. With this, the private complainant moved for
execution of judgment with the RTC, for which the latter issued the same.

Sheriff Reynaldo R. Buazon served the writ of execution upon Villaluz, but the latter no longer
resided in her given address. Because of this, the sheriff sent a Notice of Garnishment upon
petitioner, by virtue of the counter-bond posted by Villaluz with said insurance corporation in the
amount of ₱2,500,000.00. However, petitioner refused to assume its obligation on the counter-bond
it posted for the discharge of the attachment made by Villaluz.

Anzures filed a Motion to Proceed with Garnishment, which was opposed by petitioner contending
16 

that it should not be held liable on the counter-attachment bond.

The trial court granted the Motion to Proceed with Garnishment. The sheriff issued a Follow-Up of
Garnishment.

On 07 April 2000, petitioner filed a Petition for Certiorari with Preliminary Injunction and/or

Temporary Restraining Order with the CA, seeking the nullification of the trial court’s order granting
the motion to proceed with garnishment. The petitioners contended that the respondent Judge
proceeded against the petitioner on its counter-attachment bond, despite the fact that said bond was
not approved by the Supreme Court, and that the condition by which said bond was issued did not
happen. 20

The CA dismissed the petition and the MR was denied.

Petitioner filed the instant petition with Urgent Application for a Writ of Preliminary Injunction and/or
Temporary Restraining Order.

Petitioner contended that the writ of attachment which was earlier issued against the real properties
of Villaluz was not discharged. And since the writ was not discharged, then its liability did not accrue.
The alleged failure of this Court to approve the counter-bond and to cause the discharge of the
attachment against Villaluz prevented the happening of a condition upon which the counter-bond’s
issuance was premised, such that petitioner should not be held liable thereon.

Meanwhile, on 17 January 2001, petitioner and the spouses Reynaldo and Zenaida Anzures
executed a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU). The MOU stipulated the terms of payment for
27 

the garnishment. There was, however, a proviso in the MOU which states that "this contract shall not
be construed as a waiver or abandonment of the appellate review pending before the Supreme
Court and that it will be subject to all such interim orders and final outcome of said case."

ISSUES

(1) Whether or not the attachment on the property of Villaluz was correctly discharged without need
of court approval of the counter-bond posted; and

(2) Whether or not the attachment on the property of Villaluz was correctly discharged by the mere
act of posting the counter-bond.

THE COURT’S RULING

YES.

Under the Rules, there are two (2) ways to secure the discharge of an attachment:

1. the party whose property has been attached or a person appearing on his behalf may post a
security.

2. said party may show that the order of attachment was improperly or irregularly issued.

The first applies in the instant case. Section 12, Rule 57, provides:
43 

SEC. 12. Discharge of attachment upon giving counter-bond. – After a writ of attachment has been
enforced, the party whose property has been attached, or the person appearing on his behalf, may
move for the discharge of the attachment wholly or in part on the security given. The court shall,
after due notice and hearing, order the discharge of the attachment if the movant makes a cash
deposit, or files a counter-bond executed to the attaching party with the clerk of the court where the
application is made, in an amount equal to that fixed by the court in the order of attachment,
exclusive of costs. But if the attachment is sought to be discharged with respect to a particular
property, the counter-bond shall be equal to the value of that property as determined by the court. In
either case, the cash deposit or the counter-bond shall secure the payment of any judgment that the
attaching party may recover in the action. A notice of the deposit shall forthwith be served on the
attaching party. Upon the discharge of an attachment in accordance with the provisions of this
section, the property attached, or the proceeds of any sale thereof, shall be delivered to the party
making the deposit or giving the counter-bond, or to the person appearing on his behalf, the deposit
or counter-bond aforesaid standing in place of the property so released. Should such counter-bond
for any reason be found to be or become insufficient, and the party furnishing the same fail to file an
additional counter-bond, the attaching party may apply for a new order of attachment.

It should be noted that in G.R. No. 106214 the court permitted Villaluz to file a counter-attachment
bond.

The necessary steps in the discharge of an attachment upon giving counter-bond have been taken.

The filing of the counter-attachment bond by petitioner Villaluz has discharged the attachment on the
properties and made the petitioner corporation liable on the counter-attachment bond. This can be
gleaned from the "DEFENDANT’S BOND FOR THE DISSOLUTION OF ATTACHMENT", which
states that Security Pacific Assurance Corporation, as surety, in consideration of the dissolution of
the said attachment jointly and severally, binds itself with petitioner Villaluz for any judgment that
may be recovered by private respondent Anzures against petitioner Villaluz.

The contract of surety is only between petitioner Villaluz and petitioner corporation. The petitioner
corporation cannot escape liability by stating that a court approval is needed before it can be made
liable. This defense can only be availed by petitioner corporation against petitioner Villaluz but not
against third persons who are not parties to the contract of surety. The petitioners hold themselves
out as jointly and severally liable without any conditions in the counter-attachment bond. The
petitioner corporation cannot impose requisites before it can be made liable when the law
clearly does not require such requisites to be fulfilled.