Structure of the Atom.

An Atom is the smallest particle of an element that can take part in a chemical reaction. Each Atom is,
however, made up of small subatomic particles. These are of three types. Protons

Electrons.

Neutrons.

Does the Potomac particles differ from one another in mass and charge as tabulated below? The masses
of subatomic particles are measured by a unit called atomic mass unit. Amal which is approximately
equal to the mass of a hydrogen Atom.

Energy levels. Under the arrangement of Electrons in atoms.

Electrons in an Atom revolve in orbits that are located at definite distances from the nucleus. Each of
these orbits is called an energy level. The energy levels are represented by circles that are numbered.
123 456 and seven. Energy level one is the one closest to the nucleus. Energy level 7 is the one furthest
from the nucleus. Since electrons are negatively charged, they are attracted to the positively charged
nucleus. The electrons do not fall into the nucleus becausw their energy. Of Motion Counterbalances.
The attraction of the nucleus.

The maximum number of electrons that an energy level can hold. Is given by the expression. Two end
squared, where N is the number of the energy level. That’s the maximum number of electrons that the
1st three and a deliver should hold are. The first thing I deliver to Electrons. Second, in a deliver it
electrons. And the third energy level heating electrons. It is important to note that the automa standard
deliver when Atom can hold only a maximum of eight electrons. Any additional electrons moved to their
higher energy level. The diagram below shows the electronic configuration of the atoms of some
elements. Note that the nucleus of a hydrogen Atom contains only one proton and No. Neutron.

The electronic configuration can be represented by numbers only, as shown in the table below. For the
first 20 elements.

Characteristics of the Atom.

All atoms of the same element contain the same number of Protons. This number is called the atomic
number of the element. For example, the atomic number of hydrogen is 1. That of oxygen is 8 and that
of potassium is 19. The number of Electrons in each Atom is the same as the number of Protons. This
ensures that the positive and negative charges in an Atom neutralize each other. Hence each Atom is
electrically. Neutral. As such, the atomic number of an element can be expressed as the number of
Protons or the number of Electrons in its Atom.

Atomic number is equals 2 number of Protons. Or number of Electrons?

Mass number. O
The mass number of an Atom is the sum of its protons and neutrons. Mass numbers equals the number
of Protons plus number of neutrons.

For example, an oxygen Atom has 8 Protons and eight neutrons. ThereftTre its mass number is 16

Sodium is equals 2

Relative atomic masses.

The relative atomic mass of an element is the average mass of its atoms. On a scale where an Atom of
carbon 12 which has 6 Protons and six nutrients, weighs 12.00 atomic mass units. In other words, it is
the average mass of the atoms of an element relative to 1 / 12. Mass of 1 Atom of carbon 12. Select for
some elements all the atoms do not have the same mass numbers. For such atoms, the number of
Protons and Electrons are the same, hence they have the same atomic number. However, the number of
neutrons in their nuclei differ, hence the difference in their mass numbers. Such atoms are called
isotopes. For example, chlorine exists naturally in two isotopes disseminated chlorine that five and
chlorine that 7. The atoms of each isotope has 17 Protons and 17 electrons. Hence the same atomic
number of 17. The number of neutrons however differ with one isotope having 18 and there having 20.
The result is that one isotope as a mass number of that when there has a mass number of that seven.

The relative atomic mass of an element that exists in two or more isotopes is the average of the mass
numbers of its naturally occurring isotopes. To calculate this value, one must also take into
consideration the relative abundance of the isotopes. For an element that exists. Two isotopes, the
following formula is used.

An example. In a sample of chlorine gas, the relative abundance of chlorine that five atoms is 75% and
that of chlorine that seven atoms is 25%. The relative atomic mass of chlorine is calculated as follows.

The relative atomic mass of chlorine is that 5.5 noted that the value is closer to that five, which is the
mass number of the most abundant isotope.

Isotopes of an element have the same chemical properties. This is because they contain the same
number of Electrons and it it is the number of Electrons in an Atom that determine the chemical bonds it
can form. Hence the types of chemical reactions it can undergo. However, certain physical properties
differ. This includes the density and air out of diversion.

The periodic table. If elements are arranged in order of increasing atomic numbers, elements with
similar chemical and physical properties auricap periodically. If the elements arranged I replaced in
horizontal rows and vertical columns in such a way that those with similar properties fall under the same
column. A predictable velamentous results. The figure below shows a simplified version of the modern
periodic table with only the 1st 20 elements as well as the metal ions. Co Pandas Inc. The vertical
columns are called groups. Each contains a family of elements with similar properties. There are eight
groups designated from 1127 and oh. There isn’t a rose. I called. The element shown in groups 1, two or
are called main group elements. All elements in a group have the following features in common. They
have the same number of elec. It runs in the outermost energy level. For example, hydrogen, lithium,
sodium, and potassium, all of which are in Group one have one electron in the Thomas teenage level.
They have similar chemical and physical properties. For example, all the Group One elements are of
metals that react vigorously with water formatting in gas. In addition, the are also soft metals which can
be cut easily with a knife. It is the number of Electrons in that most energy level that determines the
chemical properties of an element.

Group or elements are all gases at ordinary temperature and pressure and are called the Noble gases.
They hardly react with other substances. For this reason. They were originally called inert gases.
Between groups two and three is a class of elements that do not fit into many group elements. These
are called transition elements or transition metals. This group includes such common metals as iron,
copper, and zinc. This metals show marked it similarity with each other. They are hard and have higher
densities, melting points and pulling points than the Group One. And Group 2 metals. Features of
periods within a period. Elements are arranged from left to right in order of increasing atomic number.
All elements in a period have the same number of energy levels. The first element in a Bureau does one
electron in it. Almost energy level, except for helium all add the elements in the extreme right over.
Have 8 electrons in the outer most energy level. These are the Noble gases. I. Start of corrected, the two
ones and the one was done. You lame. The formation of violence. Atoms are electrically neutral because
the number of Electrons is equal to the number of Protons. Hive atoms can lose or gain electrons,
forming ions. Such loss or gain of electrons usually leads to the attainment of a stable electronic
configuration similar to that of the closest Noble gases. In terms of atomic number there salting particle
is no longer an Atom, but. An iron. Yeah

Formation of positive ions and ionization energy.

Loss of one or more electrons from an Atom leads to an excess of preference over electrons, resulting in
a positive ion, also called cation diffusion. Lucas within atoms or metal elements. For example, a sodium
Atom with the electronic configuration of 281 can lose the author. Most electrons to form a sodium ion
whose symbol is end plus. Notice that a sodium ion, as the electronic configuration to act, which is
similar to that of the Noble gas neon. I magnesium Atom with electronic configuration two each. Two
can also lose the two outermost electrons to achieve the stable electronic configuration of neon. The
salt is the magnesium ion, which has two positive charges and it’s simple is MG2 plus. The remove of an
electron from an Atom or an ion is called ionization. In an Atom, Electrons are attracted towards the
nucleus by the positively charged protons. Cause of this remove of 1 electron from an Atom requires a
supply of energy called lionization magic. How many required to remove the first electron from an Atom
is called the first eigen azatian energy that required to remove the second electrons called second
organization image and so forth. Removal of subsequent electrons after the first one requires increasing
amounts of Energy. This is because the remaining electrons are attracted more strongly by the Protons
in the nucleus, whose number does not change.