Plaster is a building material used for the protective or decorative coating of walls and ceilings and for

moulding and casting decorative elements.In English "plaster" usually means a material used for the
interiors of buildings, while "render" commonly refers to external applications.

Bearing

a part of a machine that bears friction, especially between a rotating part and its housing.

bolt is a long metal object which screws into a nut and is used to fasten things together

LITERATURE REVIEW For the modification of the plastering technique lots of work had been done in the
past by many people, but due to some problems or deficiencies in that some machines has not been
that much in working condition. For getting an idea about the work done in the record on plastering
technique it is necessary to do the literature survey and review. According to that following are some
vital points which have been taken from the recoded literature and are very much important for
designing new Automatic plastering machine.

History of plastering machine Ali Al-Hamad, etal [1] stated that the machines were developed firstly
have a task of mixing automatically and made mixture due to which it was easy for plastering. The
launching of RUMA 1, Putzmeister 1 and Putzmeister Gipsomat developed in sixties century. The AMPA
machine is the development in machines. Israe is the country in which ‘TAMIR’ had been developed.
But these innovations have not been capable to give a step ahead in the plastering industry. Thus even
today, the plastering machines developed in the sixties are still considered to be up to date. Trowel
Technique Mahesha P.K, etal [2] Experimented the trowel operation procedure which is a customary
plastering method. The exact plastering procedure is dependent on how the trowel is being used and
apply coat of mortar on wall. Receiving a good finish is the grouping of compact force combined with
the right angle of trowel, how distant the foremost edge is with the wall. The foremost edge will be
approximately 10-15 mm away apart from the wall.

Arunkumar Biradar, etal [3] Demonstrated the trowel technique. The right layer technique is
essential with exclusively the trowel getting used to use and end the skim coat. Achieving a well-
mannered finish is that the grouping of compact pressure and the correct angle of trowel. So front
position of the trowel is an absolute approach from the wall. With the resultant stroke, the plaster is
simply spread with the help of trowel on the wall surface. Fig.2 describes the trowel operation
technique in early covering technique. The right layering method is vital with exclusively the trowel used
to and finished the skim coat. Achieving a well-mannered end is that the combination of compact
pressure and the correct angle of trowel (how so much the front position is from the wall). Layering
technique for applying plaster is initiated by trowel burdened with plaster, the front position of trowel
need to move step by step addicted to the wall. With resultant hit of trowel used for layering the plaster
as only applied. There'll be no plaster on trowel and it'll be quite flat the forefronts are more or less ten-
fifteen millimeter unit detached from the wall. Pre-plastering requirements Mahesha P.K, etal [2]
Stated that the brick structure should be developed in proper manner, with the manufacturer’s
condition and suggested installation procedure. All pre-requirement must be fulfilled, otherwise failing
to permit the condition to fully cure can result in excess contraction and cracking on the pointing lines
after the walls plastering. 3 mm deviation in surface alignment is allowable over 1200 mm radius.
Components need to be fabricate Arunkumar Biradar, etal [3] Shows that the structures of a machine
are fabricated by using required necessary components like steel frame, sheet metal, metal bars, lead
screw, AC/DC motors, wheels nut and bolts all these can be well assembled as for the requirement. Ali
Al-Hamad, etal [1] explained that, the components need to be fabricated for the machine are ceiling
bean, steel tube, upper adjustable touch, conveyor belt, plastering board, resist board, supporting bar,
lower adjustable touch, hydraulic base, hydraulic handle, hydraulic pedal, oil window, driving shaft,
rollers, driveshaft, gears, pulleys etc. Drive technology or control components Mahesha P.K, etal [2]
Stated that the microcontroller is family to use on-chip spark recall for program storage, as opposed to
one-time programmable ROM, EPROM, or EEPROM used by other microcontrollers at the time. With a
single cycle instruction RISC CPU and a loaded attribute set, the structural design ensures fast code
execution combined with the lowest possible power consumption. G. Pritschow, etal [4] Shows that
due to small working envelop the controller for mobility of robot should be accurate, which can be a
microcontroller. Thus the movable podium should be able to go up and go down the staircase. Compact
dimensions will allow the robot to pass through doorways and to work in small rooms. A low-cost PC
depends run system will be used for motion control, sensor signal processing and human machine
interface. Mechanical Concept Arivazhagan.B [5], explained the mechanical design of the plastering
machine which consists of the motor pump to push the cement mix, Funnel to load the cement mix,
flexible pipe to bear the cement blend to the hopper, horizontal bar guide to move the plastering unit
horizontally, horizontal top to grasp the vertical bar guide and move beside the horizontal direction,
vertical rail guide to move the hopper vertically, vertical head to grasp the hopper and move beside
vertically, cement mix inlet to the hopper, the hopper to hold cement mix provisionally, cylinder slot to
discharges the cement consistently with the pressure from the pump present in hopper, metal sheet to
evenly smudge the cement on the walls. Basic Concept and Enabling Technologies using a Mobile
Robot Internal Plastering [6], According to paper, for the mobility criteria in a building site
environment a mobile platform capable of hiking and downward stairs is necessary. The best solution is
offered by the caterpillar drive which is robust and capable of overcoming inclines of up to 40ᴼ. To
facilitate automated plastering and to compensate positioning errors the degrees of autonomy are
required in a robotic arm. G. Pritschow, etal [4] Stated that the robotic manipulator must have some
degrees of autonomy these are, two degrees of autonomy for plaster application in a plane for a single
robot working position. A further degree of autonomy is required to compensate for tilting of the
movable machine and thus enable parallel motion of the plastering tool with respect to the wall or
ceiling. Working of plastering Machine Arunkumar Biradar, etal [3], explained that the initially the
machine is placed closed to the wall that is to be plasters. The plaster is poured into the hopper, with
the help of lead screw the machine is raised up and will be lock at some instance. The exciting force is
given by the rope and machine mechanism. In that way the plastering is done automatically to the wall
by automatic plastering machine. Mahesha P.K, etal [2], demonstrated that the machine has to be
located near the wall which has going to plaster. The machine should be perfectly leveled. Then the
mortar is poured into the hopper of the tray. The lifting force is transferred to tray through power
screw, which driven by AC motor. Ali Al-Hamad, etal [1], explained that, the machine works with
conventional cement mortar, it can plaster the wall mechanically by stirring up and down in straight
up direction. It has two rails for rising and moving automatically, therefore can be used for different
height and width of the wall. Advantages of automated machine over manual plastering Ali Al-
Hamad[1] Mahesha P.K, etal[2], Arunkumar Biradar, [3] Arivazhagan.B[5], G. Pritschow[6], Teng
Long[7] stated that Automatic plastering machine needs less time to complete plastering, no skilled
labors required, quality of plastering is comparatively good than manual plastering process, less wastage
of raw material than manual plastering, automatic plastering has low cost than manual plastering. Less
risk of accidents during construction work.

. Design and Fabrication of Automatic Wall Plastering Machine

Author Name: Mahesha P.K. and Sree Rajendra

Journal Name: IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Technology

Result: This work includes applying mortar into the wall and additionally pressuring mortar with creating
a surface level. The model was developed and tested successfully. With this development, two major
downsides to the construction industries were reduced, namely, labor shortage and quality within
construction method with less wastage. During the trials, it was noted that the machine was more
productive compared with labour in relation to rendering the work, and additionally, the standard
achieved was admirable.

2. Automatic Plastering Machine

Author Name: Arivazhagan B.

Journal Name: International Journal of Advanced analysis in Physics, Communication & Instrumentation
Engineering and Development.

Result: Machine-driven rendering machine is exclusive and maybe one reasonably machine-driven
rendering machinery is ideally appropriate for the construction/building business. Machine-driven
rendering machine works with typical cement mortar that brings it to a swish, flat end with variable and
adjustable thickness to suit every application. It makes rendering easier, faster, and easy compared with
manual application. This concept also can additional increased by interfacing liquid crystal display &
computer keyboard for creating the method while not external supply. This point and cash saving
machine, keeps up with the ever dynamic world of building automation.

3. Automation and Robotics in Construction: Opportunities and Challenges

Author Name: S.M.S. Elattar

Journal Name: Emirates Journal for Engineering Analysis

Result: Robots square measure progressively concerned in construction operations to take care of
extremely correct actions and to scale back venturous risks achieving improved management and safety.
Machine-driven constructions are often developed to include: design, engineering, and maintenance of
existing and planned structures. Several analysis works counsel extremely autonomous robotic system
for the development performance. The “Sense-and-Act” could become a reality with the development
of a lot of advanced robotic systems for construction applications. Efforts should be made to persuade
professionals in building management to integrate AI and building automation enhance the standard of
services of contemporary intelligent buildings. All new concepts for automation or robotizing on the
vacant lot need to be generated by a mix of recent designs, new forms, and new materials that meet the
requirements for building in a very metropolis. However, many of the problems in construction
engineering cannot be absolutely addressed through improvement and computation. With intelligence
activities reminiscent of generalization, analysis and decision-making for multi-objectives, there are
often a higher understanding of the development engineering downside.

http://article.sapub.org/10.5923.j.jmea.20170705.07.html

Semi automatic cement plastering machine

Mr. Sunil Deepak , Mr. Raghavendra, Ms. Yamuna R., Mr. Vikas P.

The machine is clamped to the wall ensuring that the blade edges touch the wall surface evenly. The
wall-care paste is then poured into the box of the machine which carries the wallcare paste. The inclined
column is adjusted to the required inclination angle depending upon the amount of wall-care to be
applied on the wall. The box containing the wall-care paste is lowered to the required height. The user
then turn on the motor which helps in lifting the box using rope and pulley mechanism? Due to the
upward movement of the box the push rod which slides on the inclined column tends to move inwards
into the box. The push rod which has a plate and rubber pad at the other end inside the box keeps the
box sealed and prevents leakage of the paste. Due to the inward motion of the push rod the pressure is
acted upon the paste which moves out from the slit provided on the opposite side of the box, thus
enabling the paste to fall on the blade surface. As the blades rest upon the wall surface the upward
motion causes the wall-care to be pasted on the wall surface.

The thickness of the mortar onto the wall achieved manually would vary between 0.5 to 1 inch at
different wall conditions, whereas the machine can achieve any thickness constantly and uniformly. It
was observed that the wastage was reduced by 0%, while increased mortar thickness increased wastage
and also depended on the skill of the labour.

[2] Elattar S.M.S., Automation and robotics in construction: opportunities and challenges, Emirates
Journal for Engineering Research, 13 (2) 2008, 21-26.

[3] Quang Ha et al., Robotic Excavation in Construction Automation, IEEE Robotics and Automation
Magazine, 2002, 20-28.

[4] Ruchi H., Shortage of Skilled Workers: A Paradox of the Indian Economy, SKOPE Research Paper, 111
2012, 1-30.

. Auto-mation goes one step further and the process is not only supported by machines but these
machines can work in accordance with a program that regulates the behavior of the machine.
Construction automation has been described as the use of mechanical and electronic means in
construction to achieve automatic operation or control to reduce po-tential exposure, time or effort
while maintaining or improving quality. The Development in the field of construction is being
predominately characterized by increasing shortage of skilled labour. This shortage will have to
compensated Building production is ultimately designed to im-prove performance and satisfy clients. It
is always difficult to keep sight on the overall picture and the final goal. Developments of construction
process result of changing circumstances and conditions that lead to improved performance for the
client. Today’s surveyors, civil engineers, and general contractors face tight timelines and even tighter
budgets, especially in today’s challenging economy. To finish heavy highway and site construction
projects on time, within budget, and to specification, they need to work accurately, efficiently, and, all
too often, around the clock. Fortunately, by combining the strengths of two recent industry
developments—global positioning system (GPS) machine control and building information modeling
(BIM)—engineers, contractors, and sur-veyors can automate much of the construction process,
dramatically improve productivity and accuracy, and complete heavy highway and site construction
projects faster and more profitably.

Mamta b. Rajgo

Dr.Jayeshkumar Pitroda

DC motor
Workings of a brushed electric motor with a two-pole rotor (armature) and permanent magnet stator.
"N" and "S" designate polarities on the inside axis faces of the magnets; the outside faces have opposite
polarities. The + and - signs show where the DC current is applied to the commutator which supplies
current to the armature coils.

A DC motor is any of a class of rotary electrical machines that converts direct current electrical energy
into mechanical energy. The most common types rely on the forces produced by magnetic fields. Nearly
all types of DC motors have some internal mechanism, either electromechanical or electronic, to
periodically change the direction of current flow in part of the motor.

DC motors were the first form of motor widely used, as they could be powered from existing direct-
current lighting power distribution systems. A DC motor's speed can be controlled over a wide range,
using either a variable supply voltage or by changing the strength of current in its field windings. Small
DC motors are used in tools, toys, and appliances. The universal motor can operate on direct current but
is a lightweight brushed motor used for portable power tools and appliances. Larger DC motors are
currently used in propulsion of electric vehicles, elevator and hoists, and in drives for steel rolling mills.
The advent of power electronics has made replacement of DC motors with AC motors possible in many
applications.

A leadscrew (or lead screw), also known as a power screw[1] or translation screw,[2] is a screw used as a
linkage in a machine, to translate turning motion into linear motion. Because of the large area of sliding
contact between their male and female members, screw threads have larger frictional energy losses
compared to other linkages. They are not typically used to carry high power, but more for intermittent
use in low power actuator and positioner mechanisms. Common applications are linear actuators,
machine slides (such as in machine tools), vises, presses, and jacks.[3]

https://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/io/io_7.html

Leadscrews are manufactured in the same way as other thread forms (they may be rolled, cut, or
ground).

The torque required to lift or lower a load can be calculated by "unwrapping" one revolution of a thread.
This is most easily described for a square or buttress thread as the thread angle is 0 and has no bearing
on the calculations. The unwrapped thread forms a right angle triangle where the base is
{\displaystyle \pi d_{m}} \pi d_{m} long and the height is the lead (pictured to the right). The force of the
load is directed downward, the normal force is perpendicular to the hypotenuse of the triangle, the
frictional force is directed in the opposite direction of the direction of motion (perpendicular to the
normal force or along the hypotenuse), and an imaginary "effort" force is acting horizontally in the
direction opposite the direction of the frictional force.

A nut is a type of fastener with a threaded hole. Nuts are almost always used in conjunction with a
mating bolt to fasten multiple parts together. The two partners are kept together by a combination of
their threads' friction (with slight elastic deformation), a slight stretching of the bolt, and compression of
the parts to be held together.

In applications where vibration or rotation may work a nut loose, various locking mechanisms may be
employed: lock washers, jam nuts, specialist adhesive thread-locking fluid such as Loctite, safety pins
(split pins) or lockwire in conjunction with castellated nuts, nylon inserts (nyloc nut), or slightly oval-
shaped threads.

Square nuts, as well as bolt heads, were the first shape made and used to be the most common largely
because they were much easier to manufacture, especially by hand. While rare today[when?] due to the
reasons stated below for the preference of hexagonal nuts, they are occasionally used in some
situations when a maximum amount of torque and grip is needed for a given size: the greater length of
each side allows a spanner to be applied with a larger surface area and more leverage at the nut.

The most common shape today is hexagonal, for similar reasons as the bolt head: six sides give a good
granularity of angles for a tool to approach from (good in tight spots), but more (and smaller) corners
would be vulnerable to being rounded off. It takes only one sixth of a rotation to obtain the next side of
the hexagon and grip is optimal. However, polygons with more than six sides do not give the requisite
grip and polygons with fewer than six sides take more time to be given a complete rotation. Other
specialized shapes exist for certain needs, such as wingnuts for finger adjustment and captive nuts (e.g.
cage nuts) for inaccessible areas.

A wide variety of nuts exists, from household hardware versions to specialized industry-specific designs
that are engineered to meet various technical standards. Fasteners used in automotive, engineering,
and industrial applications usually need to be tightened to a specific torque setting, using a torque
wrench. Nuts are graded with strength ratings compatible with their respective bolts; for example, an
ISO property class 10 nut will be able to support the bolt proof strength load of an ISO property class
10.9 bolt without stripping. Likewise, an SAE class 5 nut can support the proof load of an SAE class 5
bolt, and so on.

Bolts are often used to make a bolted joint. This is a combination of the nut applying an axial clamping
force and also the shank of the bolt acting as a dowel, pinning the joint against sideways shear forces.
For this reason, many bolts have a plain unthreaded shank (called the grip length) as this makes for a
better, stronger dowel. The presence of the unthreaded shank has often been given as characteristic of
bolts vs. screws,[3] but this is incidental to its use, rather than defining.
The unthreaded grip length should be chosen carefully, to be around the same length as the thickness of
the material and washers through which the bolt passes. An overly long unthreaded length prevents the
nut from being tightened down correctly. An insufficient unthreaded length results in the threads
extending into the hole, and places the dowel shear load onto the threads, which may cause fretting
wear on the hole. No more than two turns of the thread should be within the hole.[4]

Where a fastener forms its own thread in the component being fastened, it is called a screw.[2] This is
most obviously so when the thread is tapered (i.e. traditional wood screws), precluding the use of a nut,
[2] or when a sheet metal screw or other thread-forming screw is used.

A screw must always be turned to assemble the joint. Many bolts are held fixed in place during
assembly, either by a tool or by a design of non-rotating bolt, such as a carriage bolt, and only the
corresponding nut is turned.[2]

Sheet metal is metal formed by an industrial process into thin, flat pieces. Sheet metal is one of the
fundamental forms used in metalworking and it can be cut and bent into a variety of shapes. Countless
everyday objects are fabricated from sheet metal. Thicknesses can vary significantly; extremely thin
sheets are considered foil or leaf, and pieces thicker than 6 mm (0.25 in) are considered plate steel or
"structural steel."

Sheet metal is available in flat pieces or coiled strips. The coils are formed by running a continuous sheet
of metal through a roll slitter.

In most of the world, sheet metal thickness is consistently specified in millimeters. In the US, the
thickness of sheet metal is commonly specified by a traditional, non-linear measure known as its gauge.
The larger the gauge number, the thinner the metal. Commonly used steel sheet metal ranges from 30
gauge to about 7 gauge. Gauge differs between ferrous (iron based) metals and nonferrous metals such
as aluminum or copper. Copper thickness, for example, is measured in ounces; representing the weight
of copper contained in an area of one square foot. Parts manufactured from sheet metal must maintain
a uniform thickness for ideal results.[1]

There are many different metals that can be made into sheet metal, such as aluminium, brass, copper,
steel, tin, nickel and titanium. For decorative uses, some important sheet metals include silver, gold, and
platinum (platinum sheet metal is also utilized as a catalyst.)
Sheet metal is used in automobile and truck (lorry) bodies, airplane fuselages and wings, medical tables,
roofs for buildings (architecture) and many other applications. Sheet metal of iron and other materials
with high magnetic permeability, also known as laminated steel cores, has applications in transformers
and electric machines. Historically, an important use of sheet metal was in plate armor worn by cavalry,
and sheet metal continues to have many decorative uses, including in horse tack. Sheet metal workers
are also known as "tin bashers" (or "tin knockers"), a name derived from the hammering of panel seams
when installing tin roofs.[2][3]

https://www.machinemfg.com/what-is-sheet-metal-and-types-of-sheet-metal/