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VOCABULARY
A long time For a great period of time.
Be quiet! Don't make any noise.
Beach The area of sand next to the sea.
Bridge A construction that crosses water or a road from one side to the
other.
Cake A sweet food often eaten at birthday celebrations or with tea.
Case The evidence offered in court to support a claim.
Church A place of worship for specific religions such as Christianity.
Conditions The state of the atmosphere or environment.
The terms of employment or other contract.
Crazy Mad, eccentric.
Department Section or part of an organization or store.
Dry cleaners A specialist service to clean clothes with chemicals, not water.
Ever At any time.
Garden An area of land outside a house.
People often have flowers or vegetables in their garden.
Hill A geographical feature.
Similar to a small mountain.
Isle An island. Usually used for specific islands, for example the
British Isles.
Jail A place where people are kept when they did something wrong,
e.g. murder.
There are bars on the doors and windows.
Laundromat A place to wash your clothes.
There are a lot of washing machines that you pay to use.
Party A celebration with a group of people.
Present A gift or token given on birthdays, etc. from one person to
another.
Prisoner A person who is in a jail or prison for a set time.
This person was bad. E.g.: A murderer.
They cannot go outside.
Quiet Without noise or sound.
Ready The state of being prepared for something.
E.g.: I'm ready for the exam, I studied a lot yesterday.
Stain A mark from a substance that is hard to remove.
E.g.: I have a coffee stain on my white pants.
Suburbs The residential area outside a city.
Tea store Similar to a café.
A small store where you can buy drinks and food.

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That's enough! No more.


Please stop!
The Golden Gate This is a famous suspension bridge in San Francisco, California.
Bridge
Thirsty Feeling a need to drink something.
To be lucky To have something good happen by accident, without planning.
E.g.: He was lucky to win the lottery, it was the first time he had
bought a ticket.
To be quiet Not to make any noise.
To do the shopping To go to the grocery store and buy food.
To get married To have a ceremony where two people are legally joined as a
couple.
To go crazy To get angry.
E.g.: Mom will go crazy when she see the broken TV.
To have a lot of fun.
E.g.: We went crazy at the beach. We ran and played all day.
To have a good To enjoy oneself, to have a positive experience.
time
To improve To make something better.
To make To manufacture or fabricate.

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VOCABULARY SENTENCES

You have a lovely garden.


I need a cup of tea. Can we go to the tea store?
I can see a small Isle in the distance.
Why aren't you quiet when the teacher is speaking?
He needed to do the shopping because there was no food in the fridge.
This is a very clean beach.
There are lots of hills in this area.
John is walking over the bridge.
There is an old church downtown.
We're having a party to celebrate moving to our new house.
The cake isn't finished. Can you help me?
Are they getting married this weekend?
She's using the ingredients to make bread.
This is an easy case to win.
These are the conditions for your contract.
He is in jail.
He is a prisoner.
It's nice to live in the suburbs but not far away from downtown.
I have a stain on my shirt because I spilled some coffee by accident.
My clothes are dirty. I have to go to the laundromat.
Can you take my suit to the dry cleaners, please?
He's going to give her a present to say thanks for her help.
It's his first day at the university and he's got ready earlier than normal.
You look thirsty and hot. Would you like a drink?

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SENTENCES

The Golden Gate Bridge is in the north of California.


You are absolutely crazy!
He is a very quiet baby.
Have you ever been to Massachusetts?
This is the computer department and this is the sales department.
You must improve your English.

USEFUL PHRASES

Are you having a good time?


Yes, I'm having a good time.
Are you waiting?
Yes, I have been here since this morning
I have waited for a long time.
That's enough! No more!
I am going crazy! They have to turn off the music!
Be quiet! And listen to me.
You are very lucky.

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SHOWROOM: DURATION - TENSE REVIEW

She wants a newspaper.


(Present simple)
She is buying a newspaper.
(Present continuous)
She has bought a newspaper.
(Present perfect)
She bought the newspaper this morning.
(Past simple)
He needs to do the shopping.
(Present simple)
He is doing the shopping.
(Present continuous)
He has done the shopping.
(Present perfect)
He did the shopping yesterday.
(Past simple)

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SHOWROOM: DURATION - FOR / SINCE / AGO

How long has she lived in New York?


She has lived in New York for three months.
She has lived in New York since April.
When did she move to New York?
She moved to New York three months ago.
How long have they been married?
They have been married for six days.
They have been married since Tuesday.
When did they get married?
They got married six days ago.
How long has he played the piano?
He has played the piano for fifteen years.
He has played the piano since he was five.
When did he start playing the piano?
He started playing the piano fifteen years ago.
How long have you studied English?
I have studied English for six months.
I have studied English since the first school day.
When did you start studying English?
I started studying English six months ago.

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SHOWROOM: DURATION - TENSE

Mother is going to make a cake.


(Future - be going to)
Mother is making a cake.
(Present continuous)
Mother has made a cake.
(Present perfect)
Mother made a cake for dessert.
(Past simple)
She doesn't like the party.
(Present simple)
She is leaving the party.
(Present continuous)
She has left the party.
(Present perfect)
She left the party early.
(Past simple)
They are going to go to the beach.
(Future - be going to)
They are going to the beach.
(Present continuous)
They have gone to the beach.
(Present perfect)
They went to the beach this morning.
(Past simple)
We are very hungry.
(Present simple)
We are eating.
(Present continuous)
We have eaten.
(Present perfect)
We ate at seven.
(Past simple)

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SHOWROOM: DURATION - HAVE BEEN / HAVE GONE I

He has gone to the bank.


He has been to the bank.
She has gone to the grocery store.
She has been to the grocery store.
They have gone to Providence.
They have been to Providence.

SHOWROOM: DURATION - HAVE BEEN / HAVE GONE II

Charlotte has gone to the library.


Charlotte has been to the library.
They have gone to the museum.
They have been to the museum.

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GRAMMAR

Present perfect
Forma: El presente perfecto se forma con el presente simple del verbo “to have”, utilizado
como auxiliar, seguido del participio pasado del verbo principal.
La estructura para la forma afirmativa del presente perfecto sería:
SUJ + TO HAVE + PARTICIPIO PASADO
El participio pasado en los verbos regulares tiene exactamente la misma forma que el pasado
simple, y en los verbos irregulares varía.
El verbo “to have” significa, en este caso, “haber” y se conjuga como siempre (la tercera
persona del singular “has” y el resto de personas “have”).
El participio del verbo principal no varía en ninguna persona.
I have called yo he llamado
you have called tú has llamado, Ud. ha llamado, Uds. han llamado,
vosotros habéis llamado
he has called él ha llamado
she has called ella ha llamado
it has called ello (cosa / animal) ha llamado
we have called nosotros hemos llamado
they have called ellos / ellas han llamado
En la forma negativa utilizamos la partícula “not”; como siempre, ésta va colocada después
del verbo “to have”, ya que es el verbo que se conjuga. Puede aparecer en la forma larga o
contraída.
La estructura para la forma negativa del presente perfecto sería:
SUJ + TO HAVE +
NOT + PARTICIPIO
I have not called yo no he llamado
you have not called tú no has llamado, Ud. no ha llamado, Uds. no
han llamado, vosotros no habéis llamado
he has not called él no ha llamado
she has not called ella no ha llamado
it has not called ello (cosa / animal) no ha llamado

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we have not called nosotros no hemos llamado


they have not called ellos / ellas no han llamado
En la forma contraída:
I haven’t called yo no he llamado
you haven’t called tú no has llamado, Ud. no ha llamado, Uds. no han
llamado, vosotros no habéis llamado
he hasn’t called él no ha llamado
she hasn’t called ella no ha llamado
it hasn’t called ello (cosa / animal) no ha llamado
we haven’t called nosotros no hemos llamado
they haven’t called ellos / ellas no han llamado
Para la forma interrogativa basta con invertir el orden de “suj. + to have” a “to have + suj”.
La estructura para la forma interrogativa del presente perfecto sería:
TO HAVE + SUJ. + PARTICIPIO?
Have I called? ¿he llamado yo?
Have you called? ¿has llamado tú, ha llamado Ud., han llamado Uds.,
habéis llamado vosotros?
Has he called? ¿ha llamado él?
Has she called? ¿ha llamado ella?
Has it called? ¿ha llamado ello?
(cosa / animal)
Have we called? ¿hemos llamado nosotros?
Have they called? ¿han llamado ellos / ellas?
Para hacer las respuestas cortas sólo utilizamos el sujeto en cuestión seguido del verbo “to
have” en afirmativa o negativa, según convenga.
P. ej.: Have you written the letter?
Yes, I have.
No, I haven’t.
Uso: Este tiempo verbal es una mezcla de presente y pasado. Siempre implica una conexión
con el presente; de hecho, si formamos una frase en presente perfecto podríamos normalmente
hacer una misma frase en presente simple para una misma situación.
P.ej.: Someone has put the cat in.

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The cat is in.


Este tiempo se usa mucho en conversaciones, periódicos, televisión y radio, etc.
El presente perfecto se usa en dos casos:
a) Acciones y situaciones pasadas sin indicación temporal.
P.ej.: I’ve lived in Spain.
He vivido en España.
b) Con el adverbio “just”, indicando que la acción está recién terminada. Con hechos y
acciones no acabadas o con consecuencias aún en el presente.
P.ej.: I’ve just had breakfast.
Acabo de desayunar.

Have you ever ...?


“Ever” se traduce por “alguna vez”. Se usa en frases interrogativas y se coloca entre el sujeto
y el participio.
P.ej.: Have you ever eaten chips?
¿Has comido patatas fritas alguna vez?
Has he ever been there?
¿Ha estado él allí alguna vez?

Adverbs and prepositions of time: ‘for’, ‘since’ and ‘ago’


For: Se usa para denotar un periodo de tiempo y su traducción es: “durante” o “desde hace”.
“For” usado con el presente perfecto denota un periodo de tiempo que se extiende hasta el
presente.
They have studied German for two years.
Ellos han estudiado alemán durante dos años.
Since: Se usa con un punto determinado en el tiempo y significa “desde”. Siempre se utiliza
con el presente perfecto, y normalmente va seguido de un mes, año o fecha concreta, pero
también puede ir seguido de una frase.
I haven’t seen him since January.
No lo he visto desde enero.
I haven’t seen him since we studied together.

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No lo he visto desde que estudiamos juntos.


En el siguiente gráfico vemos más detalladamente el uso de “since” y “for” con referencia al
momento en el que se habla:

I have lived here for five days.


Yo vivo aquí desde hace cinco días.
I have lived here since Saturday.
Yo vivo aquí desde el sábado.

“Ago” es una partícula que se usa con pasado simple. Significa “hace” y se coloca después
de una expresión de tiempo:
Hace tres meses è Three months ago
Hace dos años è Two years ago
Hace cuatro días è Four days ago
Hace mucho tiempo è Long time ago
Se utiliza cuando el punto de referencia es el presente. Cuando usamos “ ago” decimos
simplemente cuando tuvo lugar una acción pasada.
P. ej.: I saw her three days ago.
La ví hace tres días.
I read that book two years ago.
Leí ese libro hace dos años.

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How long does it take...?


“How long does it take ...?” es la forma que se usa en inglés para decir “¿Cuánto se tarda
en...?”.
How long does it take to go to Boston?
¿Cuánto se tarda en ir a Boston?
Para responder a esta pregunta se utiliza el mismo sujeto impersonal (“ it”) y el mismo verbo
(“to take”) seguido de la cantidad de tiempo que se tarda en llevar a cabo la acción.
It takes five hours.
Se tarda cinco horas.
It takes one day.
Se tarda un día.
En la forma negativa:
It doesn't take long to go to Boston.
No se tarda mucho en ir a Boston.
Si queremos personalizar esa acción, podemos usar los pronombres personales objeto.
Recuerde que los pronombres personales objeto siempre se ubican después del verbo.
How long does it take you to go to Boston?
¿Cuánto tardas (tú) en ir a Boston?
It takes me five hours.
A mí me lleva / yo tardo cinco horas.

How long does it take them to go to Boston?


¿Cuánto tardan (ellos) en ir a Boston?
It takes them one day.
A ellos les lleva / Ellos tardan un día.

Nota: En las frases comparativas los pronombres personales objeto se sitúan siempre detrás
de “than” y “as”.
It takes me one hour more than him.
A mí me lleva una hora más que a él / yo tardo una hora más que él.
Además, tanto en la pregunta como en la respuesta, podemos incluir el medio de transporte. Se
utiliza la preposición “by”.
How long does it take to get to Barcelona by bus? It takes three hours to get to Barcelona
by bus.
¿Cuánto se tarda en ir a Barcelona en autobús? Se tarda / lleva tres horas en ir a

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Barcelona en autobús.
How long does it take to get from London to Dublin by train? It takes about four or five
hours to get from London to Dublin by train.
¿Cuanto se tarda en / cuánto lleva ir desde Londres a Dublín en tren? Se tarda / lleva tres
o cuatro horas en llegar a Londres desde Dublin en tren.

Have been / Have gone


Para estudiantes españoles existe gran confusión entre estas dos formas verbales, ya que en
español son prácticamente iguales.
To have been: Significa “haber estado”.
Utilizamos “have been” cuando alguien ha ido a algún sitio y ya ha vuelto.
To have gone: Significa “haber ido”.
Utilizamos “have gone” cuando alguien ha ido a algún sitio y todavía no ha vuelto.
She has gone to the pharmacy.
Ella ha ido a la farmacia.
(Se ha ido y no ha regresado.)
She has been to the pharmacy.
Ella ha ido a la farmacia.
(Ha ido pero ya ha vuelto.)
Con el verbo “to go” se usa la preposición “to”, que significa “a”. Esto es fácil para un
español, pero tenemos que tener en cuenta que en estos casos también se usa la preposición
“to” con el verbo “to be”.
She has been to the shop.
She has gone to the shop.

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Preposiciones de movimiento
En inglés hay muchas preposiciones que, dependiendo de las frases en que se encuentren,
tendrán un significado u otro.
Las siguientes preposiciones van acompañando a verbos que denotan movimiento, por lo
tanto son consideradas preposiciones de movimiento.
En este caso hemos utilizado como verbo de movimiento el más evidente, es decir, el verbo “ to
go”, “ir”.
to go up subir, ir hacia arriba
to go down bajar, ir hacia abajo
to go past pasar (sin detenerse)
to go under ir debajo de
to go around ir alrededor de
to go through ir a través de
to go over ir por encima de
Aunque el verbo que nos encontremos sea otro, el significado conjunto se puede deducir a
partir de las preposiciones; así pues, las ideas básicas que conllevan estas preposiciones son:

Preposición Idea que Ejemplo


transmite
Go up the hill.
UP arriba
(Sube la colina.)
Go down the hill.
DOWN idea de bajar
(Baja la colina.)
Go past the hotel.
por delante
PAST (Pasa por delante del
de
hotel.)
Go under the bridge.
UNDER por debajo de (Pasa por debajo del
puente.)
Go around the
AROUND alrededor de roundabout.
(Rodea la rotonda.)
Go through the tunnel.
THROUGH a través de
(Atraviesa el túnel.)

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Go over the bridge.


OVER por encima de (Pasa por encima del
puente.)

A continuación presentamos otras preposiciones que acompañan a verbos de movimiento:

Preposición Idea que Ejemplo


transmite
Go from Ely to Eagle.
FROM desde (Ve desde Ely hasta
Eagle.)
Walk to the house.
TO hacia (Camina hacia la
casa.)
Walk toward the
house.
TOWARD hacia
(Camina hacia la
casa.)
Go into the store.
INTO hacia dentro
(Entra en la tienda.)
Come out of the store.
OUT hacia fuera
(Sal de la tienda.)
Go across the park.
ACROSS a lo largo de
(Cruza el parque.)
Jump off the horse.
OFF fuera
(Salta del caballo.)

Acuerdos
Son frases cortas para expresar que estás de acuerdo con la otra persona. Estas frases pueden
ser afirmativas o negativas. El equivalente en español a estas frases es: “yo también” o “yo
tampoco”.
Su forma dependerá de si la frase es afirmativa o negativa.
Así pues para una frase afirmativa la estructura sería:
SO + AUXILIAR + SUJETO
La estructura a seguir en frases donde el significado es negativo es:
NEITHER + AUXILIAR + SUJETO
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1. Significado afirmativo
La estructura es fija y sólo se juega con el auxiliar (que dependerá del tiempo verbal) y el
sujeto en cuestión.
Si la frase está en presente simple, al expresar que se está de acuerdo con alguien utilizaremos
el auxiliar “do / does”, que es el que se emplea cuando se habla en presente simple.
I play soccer.
Yo juego al fútbol.
So do I.
Yo también.
Cuando estamos hablando en pasado, utilizaremos el auxiliar que se emplea en el pasado, es
decir, “did”.
I played soccer.
Yo jugué o jugaba al fútbol.
So did I.
Yo también.
Cuando la frase tiene ya un verbo auxiliar (to be, to have) o un modal (can, must, should, etc.),
simplemente se repite el auxiliar o modal con el sujeto que corresponda.
I can swim.
Yo puedo nadar.
So can I.
Yo también.
I am hungry.
Estoy hambriento.
So am I.
Yo también.
She has eaten.
Ella ha comido.
So has he.
Él también.
They are reading.
Ellos están leyendo.
So are we.
Nosotros también.

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2. Significado negativo
Si, como hemos visto, para las afirmativas utilizamos “so”, para las frases con significado
negativo vamos a usar “neither”. El resto de la estructura no varía.
Así, para el presente utilizaremos “ do / does”, para el pasado “did”, y para los verbos
auxiliares y modales “to be”, “to have”, “can”, ...
I don’t like soccer.
No me gusta el fútbol.
Neither do I.
A mí tampoco.
I can’t swim.
Yo no puedo nadar.
Neither can I.
Yo tampoco.
I’m not hungry.
Yo no estoy hambriento.
Neither am I.
Yo tampoco.
She hasn’t eaten.
Ella no ha comido.
Neither has he.
Él tampoco.
They aren’t reading.
Ellos no están leyendo.
Neither are we.
Nosotros tampoco.
Como podemos ver, aunque la frase primera esté en negativa, la segunda, es decir, la que
usamos para expresar acuerdo, siempre está en afirmativa, la partícula que implica negación
es “neither”.

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