Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Solid Waste Management and Recycling Technology of Japan PDF
Solid Waste Management and Recycling Technology of Japan PDF
1
CONTENTS
Message 1
2
1 Collection and
Transport Technology for efficient waste transport
Domestic Case
The transfer station method commonly adopted in Japan is the compactor container transfer station shown below.
Waste crane
Combustible Crushing
Administration Building bulk waste equipment
Dust collection and deodorizing equipment
Input
General waste
Overseas Case
Some Japanese enterprises have established joint ventures in China with high achievements in the production
and sale of transfer stations. Some also sell them to other Asian countries.
3
Setting up transport station to streamline collection and transport operations
Transfer to larger trucks at transport stations improves transport efficiency and reduces fuel consumption by
transport vehicles per garbage volume. This not only leads to cost reduction, but it also reduces CO2 emissions,
contributing to the prevention of global warming.
Reduction of CO2
Cost reduction
9 emissions through
14,000 through introduction
introduction of
of transfer station
transfer station 【Conditions】
CO2 emissions (CO2 in ton/waste in ton per year)
8 ● Collection area 500km2
12,000
● Operating days 250days/year
7
● Operating hours 5hr./day
10,000 ● CO2 emission factors for
6 0.002619tCO2/L
collection and transport vehicles
8,000 5
Collected Collection vehicle Transport vehicle
4 volume
6,000
Direct transport 50t/day
3 2t packer vehicle
Transfer station 300t/day
4,000
2 Direct transport 50t/day
Direct transport 50t Direct transport 50t 2t packer vehicle 10t arm roll vehicle
Transfer station 50t Transfer station 50t Transfer station 300t/day
2,000 Direct transport 300t 1 Direct transport 300t
Transfer station 300t Transfer station 300t
※1 Calculated for compactor-container type
0 0 ※2 CO2 calculation is emissions from collection and transport vehicles
10 20 30 40 50 10 20 30 40 50
Distance (km) Distance (km) Source:ShinMaywa Industries, Ltd.
Determination of whether or not to set up transport stations depends on its cost effectiveness. As shown in the
figure below, it is advantageous to introduce a transport station when the total collection and transport fee with the
transport station (TcB) is cheaper than the total collection and transport fee without the transport station (TcA) (TcA>TcB).
Generally speaking, when the transport distance exceeds 18km, a transport station should be considered.
C1+C2+C3+C4+C5:
Without transfer station C1+C2+C3+C4:
(Direct Transport) Collection and transport
Collection and
cost to transfer station +
transport cost to
secondary transport cost
disposal facility
to disposal facility
4
Technology for efficient waste transport
1 Collection and Transport
Mobile Packer
Safety, loading efficiency and operability are required for garbage collection trucks. Smaller trucks have openings
set less than 800mm above the ground to realize outstanding workability and operability.
Column
History of Garbage Collection Trucks in Japan
Kitchen waste being collected Truck first used for garbage Transferring garbage carried by Transferring garbage carried by
during 1950s collection during 1950s rickshaw during 1950s rickshaw during 1950s
Source:100-year History of Cleaning Operations in Tokyo
5
2 Municipal waste
incineration
technology
Safe and sound municipal waste incineration
and high-efficiency power generation
Recirculation of
exhaust gas
Secondary air
Energy recovery
from exhaust gas
Ammonia
Dioxin thermal
decomposition
system
Induced
Incinerator draft fan
Stack
Fly ash
6
Safe and sound municipal waste incineration and high-efficiency power generation
2 Municipal waste incineration technology
Column
7
Solution to poisonous gas and dioxin emissions
It is known that incineration plants for municipal waste generate SOx, HC1, NOx, smoke and dioxin. From the
perspective of environmental preservation and to obtain approval from people residing near the plant, harmful
substances in the exhaust gas must be sufficiently reduced. In response to this need, many studies have been
conducted by public and private institutes, where many countermeasure technologies were developed and
improvements have been made on operation technology.
Studies have shown that dioxin is produced by incomplete combustion of waste, and measures have been taken to prevent
and reduce dioxin generation with complete combustion in the furnace. Other countermeasures taken includes exhaust
cooling to prevent the resynthesis of dioxin, application of bag filters to thoroughly eliminate dioxin contained in smoke, and the
development of activated coal, which adsorbs and eliminates dioxin in exhaust fumes and a catalyst that decomposes dioxin.
Based on the above-mentioned studies, structural and maintenance management standards for the incineration plants were
established, as illustrated below. The standards apply not only to new facilities but also to existing facilities, where improvements
have been achieved. Methods of control for dioxin and other poisonous gas emissions that have been employed by the private
and public sectors are as shown in the figure, and problems related to dioxin from incineration have been nearly resolved.
Sufficient environmental measures are also taken for SOx, HC1, NOx and other substances.
Reduced dioxin emissions by 98% compared to 1997 from incineration plants in Japan
4,500
3,000
2,655
5,000 New regulation values
1,105 2,045 adopted in December 2002
695 1,577 1,347
1,500
558 146 133 101 Note:※The value for 2004 and
535 636 (-98% from 1997) (-8%)※ (-30%)※ reduction target are expressed
1,550 1,350
1,019 812 266 75 71 69 64 50 51 in percent to the 2003 value
370 Source:Ministry of the Environment
0
1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Reduction target (2010)
Atmosphere
Structural and Maintenance Management Standards Measure and record dioxin
concentration at least once per year
Continuously input
waste at a specified
volume Thermometer
Ignition loss
and recording
Burned to less than 10%
device
Analyzed once per month
※Not required for
gasification combustion Incinerated ash
incineration facility Dust storage equipment
storage device
(Ministry of Health &
Welfare, Notice 187)
Complete Burning Gas Cooling Exhaust Gas Treatment
8
Safe and sound municipal waste incineration and high-efficiency power generation
2 Municipal waste incineration technology
Status of transition to high efficiency electricity generation
In the past, the priority factor in setting up waste incineration plants was antipollution control, which resulted
in a significant upgrading of facilities from this perspective; however, priority was not placed on the efficiency
of energy recovery. Rising the temperature and steam pressure for electricity generation results in high
efficiency; however, acid gas contained in the exhaust gas causes high temperature corrosion of the steam
super heater. In recent years, research has moved forward to achieve long-service heat-transfer tubes that
show resistance to high temperature corrosion. Many plants now construct highly efficient electricity
generation facilities with longer operating lives as demanded by greenhouse gas emission measures.
Power generation efficacy achievement of waste incineration facilities and estimated results
30
【Power generation
efficiency achievement】
4MPa x 400°C + water cooling condenser
2000s (400°C)
◇
▲ ▲
25 2000s (300°C)
□
◆
Power generation efficiency (%)
◆ +
1990s (400°C)
◆ 4MPa x 400°C
◆ ◇ 1990s (300°C)
○
◆ ◇ + ◇
◇
20 ◆
◇
◇◇
◇ ◇
◇
■
◇
■ △
1980s
◇
◆ ◇
◇
◇
■
◇ ◇ 3MPa x 300°C ○ 1970s
◇
◇ ■ ◇
◇
○
◇
◆◇
◇
◇◇ ◇ ■ ◇◇ ◇
◇ △
◇
○
◇ 2000s
15 ◇ ◇
□□ ◇ ■
◇
□
◆ ◇
◇ +
◇
○ ◇ ○
○
◇
○
【Estimated Results】
■ □
◇
□ □
○○
○
○
1990s Water cooling condenser
■□□□
□○□ □
□ □□
□
○ ◇
○◇ ○
○
○
◇ ○ ▲
□+ □○◇□□ □◇ ◇
□ □◇ ○ 4MPa x 400°C
◆
○□□ □○
◇□◇
△ ◇ ○△ △
○
○
◇ □◇ △
□□ ○□◇ ○ ○
10 □□
□□ □○ ◇
△□○ ○
○
○ ○ 3MPa x 300°C
■
○○□ ○
□
□○□ □◇ ○ ○ ○ ○
□□ □ ○ ○
□□
□○□□△○ ○
□○○
○ ○ ○
△
□○□ □
○ △
○
○△ △ △
□
○ ○□
△ △ △ △○ △
△ 1980s △
○○ ○ △ ○
△ △
○ △
5 △
○○ △ △
○ ○△□ △ △
○ □ ○
△ □
△ ○○△△
○ ○
△ ○ ○ ○○ ○
○○ ○ ○
△ ○
○ ○
△
△ △ △ △ △ △○ ○△
○
△
○ △ △ ○
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000
Facility scale (t/day)
※The above shows the theoretical power generation efficiency calculation according to the age and facility scale of the waste incineration and power
generation in Japan. Estimation is based on feasible scenario on the premise that the incinerator is operating stably for a long period, and including
factors to raise power generation efficiency.
9
Suitable Incineration Technology in the Asian Region
In Asia, where urbanization is progressing at a rapid speed, the volume of waste is quickly increasing along with
population increase. In many Asian cities, collected garbage is transported directly to repository sites. Due to
the lack of land available for repository sites and concern for environmental pollution in areas near repositories,
there is a heightened interest for incineration plants.
As a solution to the increasing garbage problem, China made the decision to introduce incineration and has
begun to build plants. In Singapore, Thailand and Taiwan, too, Japan's incineration technology is helping in the
improvement of public sanitation and environmental conservation.
Japan is a leader in the construction and management of incinerators, realizing incineration treatment of waste
with its world-class standard of technology to dispose of from low-calorie to high-calorie garbage.
In Thailand, an industrial waste incinerator has been An electric generating facility with the capacity of 30,000
operating from 2006. Its treatment capacity is 100t/day. KW and steam condition of 4MPa and 400°C has been
Source : JFE Engineering Corporation delivered to the incineration plant in Beijing, with capacity
to handle 1,600t/day.
Source:Takuma Co., Ltd.
10
3 Medical waste
disposal
technology
Sanitary disposal technology with
high-environment preservation capability
Medical waste discarded at open garbage dumps Syringe needles coming out of garbage bags
Column
Source : the website of Japan Industrial Waste Information Center Some of the containers used by medical institutes
11
Diverse incinerators that control the generation of dioxins
Other than harmful bacteria and viruses, medical waste contains vinyl chloride and organochlorine chemicals,
and simple incineration may generate hydrogen chloride and dioxin. Japan has strict regulations regarding the
generation of dioxin and measures are taken to reduce dioxin through incinerator structure, operation methods,
and dioxin elimination systems, and incinerators specifically for medical waste are used to reduce dioxin content
in the gas emissions.
Some of the furnaces used as medical waste incinerators to control the emission of dioxin are gasification
furnaces, kiln furnaces and vertical furnaces that safely and completely burn waste.
Radiation Radiation
Waste fluid
【Waste fluid
Air evaporation】
【Drying / gasification】 Radiation
Post combustion of
unburned gas
Rise in ash temperature
Ash with low unburned ash
r
Ai
Column
Treatment of contagious waste in Japan
ontagious waste is designated as a specially-controlled
C waste under the Wastes Disposal and Public Cleansing 1 Burning in incinerator
Act, and its disposal must be executed as shown on the right.
The act stipulates the treatment of contagious waste as 2 Melting in melting facility
follows: In measures 3 to 5, waste must be broken down and 3 Sterilizing with high pressure steam
fully disinfected so that contagious pathogens cannot spread
through the air. In measures 1 or 2, gas temperature in the 4 Sterilizing with dry heat sterilizer
incinerator must be maintained at 800°C or higher, and when
5 Disinfecting
the treatment capacity of the incinerator is less than 2t/hour,
dioxin should be 5ng-TEQ/m3 or lower.
12
Sanitary disposal technology with high-environment preservation capability
3 Medical waste disposal technology
Receiving, Storage and Combustion Facility Power Generation / Thermal Recovery Facility Exhaust Gas Treatment Facility
Clean gas
Continuous Volumetric Supply Unit Vertical Combustor (Patented) Exhaust Gas Cooling Facility Turbo Chemical Baghouse(Patented)
※Water spray cooling chamber is also available. ※OP, Exhaust gas scrubber tower / Catalyst reactor tower
General waste Industrial waste
Steam Power Electricity Utilization
Medical waste Sludge
Turbine Generator Residual Heat Utilization
Condenser Turbo Chemical Baghouse
Air Pre-heater
Receiving and
storage hopper Supply conveyor
Forced
Feeding crane Supply conveyor Draft Fan
Stack
Automatic receiving
warehouse Automatic feeder
Secondary
Forced Fan
Activated Carbon
Slaked Lime
Measuring unit Pre-treatment facility
Explanatory notes
Waste Boiler Cooling Chamber Ash Collector
Exhaust gas Vertical Combustor
Air
Ash and dust
Chemicals Induced draft fan
Ash Treatment Device Fly Ash Treatment Divice
Contagious waste is commonly treated through incineration or autoclaving. Japan was able to solve its dioxin issue by
improving small incinerators and contagious waste are mainly treated through incineration; however, dry heat sterilizers
and autoclaves that sterilize at the source, namely at hospitals, are being developed and put into practical use.
13
4 PET bottle
recycling
technology
Technology to produce high-grade
recycled PET resin and recycle products
PET bottles at collection Sorting PET bottles when delivered to recycling operators
Dehydrator
separation
Label/cap
Receiving yard
Coarse crusher
Fine crusher
Washer
PET flake
Recycled products
(1) Textiles : Suits, shirts, carpets, etc.
Color bottles Label/cap (2) Bottles : Bottles for detergents, cosmetic containers, etc.
and bottles debris
made with (3) Sheets : Paper packs and cases, partitions in boxes, etc.
other material Chemical recycling, etc. (4) Other : Stationery, containers, etc.
14
Technology to produce high-grade recycled PET resin and recycle products
4 PET bottle recycling technology
Packing tape
Column
15
System to efficiently collect PET bottles
Japan passed the Law for the Promotion of Sorted Collection and Recycling Containers and Packaging in
1995, driving municipalities to collect recyclable resources. With it Japan has structured a sophisticated
recycling system. Waste PET bottles contain foreign material and substances which only allowed reproduction
into low quality products; however, today's recycling technology developed sophisticated methods for foreign
matter removal and recycling, bringing out high added value products.
Some municipalities set up a subsidy system for neighborhoods that voluntarily collect recyclable waste,
thereby promoting the PET bottle collection and recycling of waste.
Voluntary recycling activities to collect resources, With the objective of reducing and recycling
such as PET bottles, and handing them over to waste, separate collection boxes are set up for
recycle businesses is called Shudan Kaishu (Group collect PET bottles, food trays, milk car tons and
Collection). newspaper. Source:Hino City's website
Structure of the Law for the Promotion of Sorted Collection and
Recycling Containers and Packaging in Japan (Issued on June 1995, Enforced on April 1997)
Collected through
retailer, etc. Role of
Separate collection by municipalities municipalities
Collection Collection
Recycling Businesses
● Law for the Promotion of Sorted Collection and Recycling Containers and Packaging
This law establishes a system in which waste plastic containers and packaging, glass and paper containers
discarded from homes are collected through sorted collection by municipalities and retailers, which are
then handed over to the Japan Containers and Packaging Recycling Association. The association then
consigns reproduction companies to recycle them into new products.
16
5 Home appliance
recycling technology
Technology for high quality recycling
that is ecologically safe
In Asian regions, electronic parts that contain In developing countries, copper is recovered by open burning, creating
hazardous lead are abandoned, causing anxiety labor hygiene problems, and air and water pollution.
about environmental pollution.
Number of home appliances collected in accordance Status of parts and material recycling based on the
with the Home Appliance Recycling Law Home Appliance Recycling Law (FY2010)
3,000 2,770
(10,000) Total ● Air TV Refrigerator, Washer,
CRT TV conditioner freezer dryer
2,500 Refrigerator and freezer
(in tons) Picture tube Picture tube
Washer and dryer Iron 35,628 43,737 2,709 88,121 48,015
● Air conditioner 1,879
2,000
LCD and plasma TV ● Copper 8,367 15,153 90 2,895 1,785
●
Aluminum 14,395 218 290 1,479 1,257
1,500 1,290
1,211
1,121 1,162 1,161 ● Composite of nonferrous
40,238 2,636 102 25,887 13,216
1,015 1,046 ● ● ● ● and ferrous material
1,000 854 ● ● ● Glass from picture tube − 217,846 − − −
●
Other valuable resources 14,220 94,309 2,358 41,454 29,543
500 ●
● ● ●
● ●
●
●
●
●
● ● ●
● ●
● ● ● ● Total weight 112,848 373,899 5,549 159,836 93,816
● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●
● ●
● Total weight of products and material when released at cost or
0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 free of charge for parts and material recycling
(FY)
Column
Home appliance recycling in Japan
he Recycling Specified kinds of Home Appliance Recycling Law stipulates that four home appliances - air
T conditioners, TVs, refrigerators, and washer-dryers - are to be disposed of with responsibility shared by
several parties. Waste generators deliver the used appliances to retailers, who charge for disposal. The retailers
take the appliances to the manufacturers, importers of the said appliances, etc., who are responsible for recycling.
17
Home appliance recycling technology in Japan
Home appliance recycling technologies in Japan focus on the effective utilization of resources and the safe
treatment of hazardous material, and methods and operations becoming more and more sophisticated. Japan
has many outstanding recycling achievements and many recycling facilities are operating stably.
The prevailing method of handling used home appliances in the past was to first break them apart with a simple
machine and then sort out the recyclable parts using magnets. Today, recycling has become more
sophisticated. To improve the purity of recovered resources, appliances are first taken apart and sorted
manually, then compacted. The operation is efficient in that not only metallic material but also plastic parts are
recovered for recycling.
Refrigerators and air conditioners contain chlorofluorocarbons that damage the earth's ozone layer. These hazardous
liquid chlorofluorocarbon and chlorofluorocarbon in insulating material are recovered for proper disposal.
Furthermore, consideration is given for the safety of workers and protection of the environment of surrounding areas.
Substrate Recovered
material
Cabinet
Plastic crusher Plastics
TV
CRT
Divider Crusher-washer Glasses
device
Panel
Nonferrous material
Motor Iron (copper, aluminum)
Cabinet
Magnetic Eddy- Specific
Washer-Dryer Crusher current gravity Plastics
separator separator separator
Stainless tank
Salt
water
Outer tank,
etc. Dust (Landfill)
Indoor cabinet
Air conditioner
indoor unit
Heat exchanger
Dust (Landfill)
Nonferrous material
Compressor Iron (copper, aluminum)
Refrigerant oil
Cabinet
Refrigerant Eddy- Specific
Refrigerator- recovery Crusher
Wind-force Magnetic current gravity Plastics
Freezer device separator separator separator separator
Door packing and other plastic parts Insulation CFC Dust (Landfill)
18
Technology for high quality recycling that is ecologically safe
5 Home appliance recycling technology
Column
Collaboration with the nonferrous refining industry
Eco System Kosaka: Metallic and North Akita Eco Town Project
Vapor Recovery Furnace To process Valuable metals are recovered through heat and chemical treatment.
Recovering metal and vapor
Steam simultaneously to reduce
Compacting energy environmental load and obtain Diverse recycling materials
Low nonferrous overall economic effect
metal containing
plastic Valuable
Automobile Material resources
Shredder Pit Fluid bed containing
Dust ASR furnace ash
Boiler To lead smelting process
185liter/day Temperature
This gasification melting system
decrease
CPU Disk Connector Used Press Press
burns waste to decompose as
tower
substrate waste waste
gas, and the gas is heated at high Bag
temperature to decompose dioxin. filter
Valuable Valuable
metal resources
containing
Stack
Gold / Silver / Copper
ash
Gold / Silver / Copper
Copper smelting process Gold Silver Copper
In collaboration with the nonferrous refining industry, heat and chemical treatments recover useful metals of high
purity. Research is also conducted to develop technology to recover and use rare metal in the future.
19
6 Biomass
utilization
technology
Technology to efficiently recover
electricity and fuel from biomass waste
Hita City, Oita (High moisture content biomass use) Kyoto City (production of fuel oil (BDF) from oil waste)
An operator commissioned by pig farms collects hog Cooking oil waste recovery system is structured to
manure, kitchen waste from homes and businesses, and manufacture BDF, which is used as fuel for city-operated
sludge from an effluent treatment facility and treats it in buses and garbage collection trucks.
an integrated manner at a methane fermentation facility. (1) Treatment capacity: Vegetable oil waste - approx. 5t/day
(1) Treatment capacity: 80t/day (kitchen waste - 24t/day; (2) Treatment method: Fatty acid methyl ester
swine excrement - 50t/day; farming settlement discharge (3) Biodiesel fuel production: 5,000liter/day
sludge - 6t/day)
(2) Methane fermentation facility: wet-type mesophilic fermentation
(3) Power generator: gas engine 170kWx2units (generates
7,070kWh/day)
(4) Liquid fertilizer facility: Annual production of 2,500tons
(5) Composting facility: Annual production of approx. 290tons
(6) Water treatment facility: Active sludge + sludge solubilization
20
Technology to efficiently recover electricity and fuel from biomass waste
6 Biomass utilization technology
companies ● ● ●
Processing Regional cycle
companies ● ● Food seller
●
45% 45% 53% 54%
Food production 52%
Secondary products 40% ● ●
●
Excess food
40 37% ● 43%
●
● ● 41% ● ●
● ●
● 36% 37% 36%
Pork producing farms Feed mill
● 35% 35%
32% 23% ● 31% Food retailer
● 28%
● ●
20 25% ● ● ●
23% 21% 22% 22%
● ● ●
● ●
● 17% 17% 16%
14% 13% 13%
Restaurant industry
0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 (FY)
※Method of estimation for 2008 and onward better reflect the actual status; therefore comparison
of the values before and after 2008 will not be accurate.
Law for promotion of Recycling and Related Activities for treatment of Cyclial
Food Resources (Food Recycling Law)
The Food Recycling Law that came into effect in 2000 and calls for the reduction of food waste, etc. and their
collection surpassing municipals to create a recycle loop for feed and fertilizers, with which a recycling society
is achieved.
Column
21
Using energy generated from sewage sludge
Sewage sludge collected at sewage treatment plants in Japan totaled 2,230,000 tons in the fiscal year 2006.
Composition of the sewage sludge is approximately 80% organic matter (1,790,000 tons) and the remaining
20% is inorganic matter (450,000 tons). Seventy percent of inorganic matter is recycled as material for cement
and bricks. Organic matter is recycled as fertilizer (10%), sewage gas (12%) and sludge fuel (0.6%), and the
remaining 77% is incinerated or buried.
If 2,230,000 tons of sewage sludge is recovered as energy, heat equivalent to that produced by approximately
975,000 kiloliters of crude oil is generated. Fossil fuel is now being replaced by fuel obtained from sewage
sludge in order to reduce CO2 emissions. There are two methods of recycling sewage sludge as fuel: sewage
gas (methane gas) generation and carbonization (carbon fuel). The figure below shows the recent use of energy
from sewage sludge in Japan. Sewage sludge will always be generated by human activity. Seeing this as energy,
energy from the sludge can be supplied stably in large cities, increasing the value of sludge as a resource.
Recycling sewage sludge as energy is expected to increase to full-scale in the years to come.
40 Unused
132,000tons
(30%)
30
Use of organic sludge
Material for cement (in 10,000 tons)
20 200
and brick Sewage sludge
308,000tons 2,230,000tons
10 (70%) (2006) 150 Unused
1,378,000tons
(77.3%) Sludge fuel
Organic matters in sludge 100 11,000tons
(0.6%)
1,790,000tons (80%)
50
Use of energy from sewage sludge Fertilizer
Digestive gas 179,000tons
215,000tons (10.0%)
Power generation, (12.1%)
Digestion Methane gas city gas, fuel
Sewage sludge
Sewage Sewage Biogas generation Raw material used Mixing with natural Sewage Sewage Biogas generation and refined Supply to
treatment plant sludge (90% methane or higher) at city gas factory gas and refining City gas
treatment plant sludge (97% methane or higher) city gas pipeline
Supply to
City gas
city gas pipeline
22
Technology to efficiently recover electricity and fuel from biomass waste
6 Biomass utilization technology
Column
Transition from simple treatment to an energy source
Electricity 58MJ(16kWn)
Dairy cow excretion Methane
fermentation Power generator
1ton Equivalent to
Heat 54MJ 1.5liters of kerosene
Electricity 133MJ(37kWn)
Pig excretion Methane
fermentation Power generator
1ton Heat 180MJ Equivalent to
4.9liters of kerosene
Electricity 583MJ(162kWh)
Kitchen waste Methane
fermentation Power generator
1ton Heat 896MJ
Equivalent to
24.4liters of kerosene
23
7 Waste landfill
technology
Landfill disposal technology that enables
the stabilization of waste in a short time
Column
n the past, CDM accreditation for waste disposal had been limited to aerobic landfill and methods for the
I recovery and use of methane gas generated at landfill as energy. At the 62nd UN CDM Executive Board
held in Morocco on July 15, 2011, it was officially recognized that improvement of the current landfill to a
semi-aerobic landfill structure is an effective method and added as a new methodology for Clean Development
Mechanism (CDM) stipulated in the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC).
● Accreditation : AM0093 "Avoidance of landfill gas emissions by passive aeration of landfills"
● Announced :URL :http://cdm.unfccc.int/EB/index.html
24
Landfill disposal technology that enables the stabilization of waste in a short time
7 Waste landfill technology
Groundwater observation
Covering
Covered with water- and
corrosion-resistant material
Source :"Comprehensive Construction Byproduct Recycling Measure" 2002 Edition, Advanced Construction Technology Center
25
Semi-aerobic Landfills
The semi-aerobic landfill structure was developed in a joint study by Fukuoka University and Fukuoka City. A leachate
collecting pipe is set up at the floor of the landfill to remove leachate from the landfill, so that leachate will not remain
where waste is deposited. Natural air is brought in from the open pit of the leachate collecting pipe to the landfill layer,
which promotes aerobic decomposition of waste. This enables early stabilization of waste, prevents the generation of
methane and greenhouse gases, which make it effective technology in the prevention of global warming.
Generally, the air present in an aerobic environment transforms carbon in organic matter to carbon dioxide,
nitrogen to nitrification denitrification, and sulfur to sulfur ion, which reduce the generation of foul odor and
flammable gas. Moreover, an aerobic environment increases the activity of microorganisms that decompose
waste, accelerating the stabilization process.
On the other hand, in an anaerobic environment, where oxygen is not present, organic matter is transformed
into volatile organic acids, such as acetic acid, and then become methane gas or carbon dioxide, and nitrogen
and sulfur are transformed to ammonia, amine, hydrogen sulfide, and mercaptan, which emit foul odor and
negatively affect the living environment of the surrounding area.
Retention CO2
Landfill CO2 Waste Inside/Outside
Structure
Decomposition Fermentation Temperature
Fermentation Heart Diffierence
50∼70℃
Inside the Landfill
Gas Bleeder
CH4
O2 O2 O2 Air Inflow
Air
Water Barrier
Cobble
Leachate Stones
Regulation Reservoir
Leachate
Collecting Pipe Air Flow Zone Source:Hydraulic Sanitary
Engineering Laboratory,
Leachate Faculty of Engineering,
Leachate Flow Zone Fukuoka University
Composition of gas generated from landfill Landfill structure and changes of BOD in leachate over time
(combustible waste)
Semi-aerobic Anaerobic
landfill landfill 105
90%
CO2 70% 40% decomposition landfill
102 99.9%
decomposition
The quality of the leachate improved significantly
with a significant drop in BOD one year after the
101 Aerobic Source:Hydraulic Sanitary
semi-aerobic landfill structure was introduced.
landfill Engineering Laboratory,
NH3-N also showed a significant drop within one Faculty of Engineering,
year. Anaerobic landfill, on the other hand, shows Fukuoka University
very little drop. 1
0 0.5 1 1.5 (Year)
26
Landfill disposal technology that enables the stabilization of waste in a short time
7 Waste landfill technology
Before and after the improvement (Malaysia) Source:Hydraulic Sanitary Engineering Laboratory,
Faculty of Engineering, Fukuoka University
Before and after the improvement (The Dominican Republic) Source:Santiago City CASA
Column
Final Disposal Site in Tokyo
Site is managed appropriately today Former disposal site where wild birds swarm
Source:Clean Association of Tokyo 23「Waste Report for Tokyo's 23 wards」
27
Reference
( (
The Basic Act for Establishing a Sound Material-Cycle Society To ensure material-cycle society,
(Basic Framework Act) Enacted 2000 control consumption of natural resources,
●Provides basic principles related to the establishment of material-cycle society and reduce environmental load
○Basic Principle, ○Responsibility of the State, local government, business operators, and citizens, ○Policies of the State
The Fundamental Plan for Establishing a Sound Material-Cycle Society Enacted 2003
28
Ministry of the Environment
Minister's Secretariat, Waste Management and Recycling Department
Policy Planning Division, Office of Sound Material-Cycle Society
● Contact ●