CHECK YOUR ENGLISH

VOCABULARY FOR

IELTS
3rd edition
Essential words and phrases to help
you maximise your IELTS score

Rawdon Wyatt

ieltsdinhluc.vn
 First publ i shed in Great Britain 2001 by A & C Black Publishers Ltd

Thi s second edi t i on publ i shed 2012 by

Bl oomsbury Publishing Pic

50 Bedf ord Square
London
WC1 B 3DP
www.bl oomsbur y.com

Copyri ght © Rawdon Wyat t , 2012

All right s reserved; no part of this publi cat i on may be reproduced,

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elect ronic, mechani cal , phot ocopyi ng or ot herwi se,
wi t hout t he pri or wri t t en permission of t he Publisher.

A CIP record f or this book is available f rom t he British Library.

ISBN: 9 7 8 -1 -4 08 1-53 9 3-2

Thi s book is produced using paper t hat is made f rom wo o d gr own in

managed, sust ainable f orests. It is nat ural, renewabl e and recyclable.
The l oggi ng and manuf act uri ng processes conf orm t o t he
envi ronment al regulat ions of t he count ry of origin.

Typeset by Saxon Graphi cs Ltd, Derby

Print ed and bound in Great Britain by MPG Books Limit ed

ieltsdinhluc.vn
 about this workbook
About this workbook
Int roduct ion
Thi s w o r k b o o k has been w r i t t e n f o r st udent s w h o are p l a n n i n g t o sit e i t h er t h e Aca d e m i c o r Ge ner al
Tr a i n i n g m o dul es o f t h e IELTS ex a m i n at i o n . It covers some o f t h e m ai n vo ca b u l a r y areas t h a t yo u wi l l
need f or, o r co m e across in, t h e Li st eni ng, Readi ng, Wr i t i n g a n d Sp eak i n g sect i ons o f t h e exam.

W e h o p e t h a t y o u f i n d t h e exerci ses in t hi s b o o k usef ul , a n d t h a t t h e vo ca b u l a r y y o u acqui r e wi l l

he l p yo u t o achi eve t h e gr a d e yo u w a n t in t h e IELTS.

Go o d l uck!

St ruct ure of t he hook

Each vo ca b u l a r y area is pr ese nt ed in t h e f o r m o f a sel f -con t ai ned m o d u l e w i t h t ask -based act i vi t i es
w h i c h pr esent each vo c a b u l a r y i t em in cont ex t .

• Pages 1 - 5 7 f ocus o n ge ner a! vo ca b u l a r y i t ems. So me o f t hese are r el eva nt t o speci f i c t asks o r

quest i ons in t h e IELTS e x a m i n a t i o n (f o r ex ampl e , descr i bi ng h o w s o m e t h i n g wo r k s, t a l k i n g
a b o u t cha nges s h o w n in a gr a p h o r t ab l e , sayi ng w h e r e t h i n gs are a nd f o l l o w i n g di r ect i ons).

• Pages 5 8 -1 0 4 f ocus o n t opi c-speci f i c vo ca b ul ar y areas w h i c h m a y be r eq u i r ed in t h e

ex a m i n a t i o n (f o r ex ampl e, e du ca t i o n, ar chi t ect ur e, f a m i l y mat t er s a n d sci ence a n d t e c h n o l o gy).
Each m o d u l e consi st s o f t h r e e t asks: t h e f i rst t w o pr esent vo c a b u l a r y i t ems in cont ex t , each w i t h
a pract i ce o r r e co gn i t i o n exerci se, a n d t h e t h i r d gi ves yo u t h e o p p o r t u n i t y t o r e vi e w t h e
vo ca b u l a r y i n a gap-f i l l exerci se.

• Pages 1 0 5 -1 2 4 co nt ai n a co mp r e h e ns i ve k ey so y o u can check y o u r answers. Th e a n s w e r k ey

al so gi ves add i t i o n al i n f o r m a t i o n a b o u t speci f i c vo ca b u l a r y i t ems o r ge n er a l vo ca b u l a r y areas, as
wel l as o t h e r usef ul w o r d s o r phrases.

Using t he w orkbook
Yo u shoul d n o t w o r k t h r o u g h t h e b o o k mechani cal l y f r o m b egi n n i n g t o end. It is bet t er t o choose areas
t h a t yo u are unf ami l i ar w i t h , o r areas t h a t yo u f eel are o f speci f i c i nt erest o r i mpor t ance t o yoursel f .

Recording, reviewing and ext ending your vocabulary

Re m e m b e r t h a t y o u sh oul d k eep a r ecor d o f n e w w o r d s, phrases a n d expressi ons t h a t y o u acqui re,
a nd r e vi e w t hese o n a r e gu l a r basis so t h a t t h e y b eco m e par t o f y o u r act i ve vocabul ar y. Al s o
r e m e m b e r t h a t t h e r e are o t h e r ways o f acq ui r i ng n e w voca bul ar y. For ex ampl e , yo u sh oul d r ead as
m u ch as possi bl e f r o m a va r i et y o f a u t h e nt i c r e a di n g mat er i al s (book s, newspape r s, ma gazi nes,
w e b -b a s e d art i cl es, et c.).

Using an English dict ionary

To he l p yo u d e ve l o p y o u r vo ca b u l a r y m o r e ef f ect i vel y, yo u sh oul d use a g o o d m o n o l i n g u a l Engl i sh
di ct i onar y. Thi s sh oul d cl ear l y ex pl ai n w h a t t h e w o r d s m e an , s h o w yo u h o w t h e y are p r o n o u n c e d ,
s h o w yo u t h e i r var i ous f o r m s w h e r e r el eva nt (e.g., w h a t t h e n o u n f o r m o f an adj ect i ve is), t el l yo u
w h i c h w o r d s o r phrases t h e y col l ocat e w i t h , a n d gi ve sampl e sent ences t o s h o w y o u h o w t h e w o r d s
are used. W e par t i cul ar l y r e c o m m e n d t h e M a cm i l l a n Engl i sh Di c t i o n a r y f o r Ad va n c e d Learners (ISBN
978-140 50 26 284 ). A f r e e o n -l i n e versi on o f t hi s can al so be f o u n d at w w w .m a c m i l l a n d i c t i o n a r y .c o m .

The Int ernat ional English Language Test ing Syst em (IELTS)
Th e IELTS is a dmi n i st er ed b y t h e Uni ver si t y o f Ca m b r i d g e Local Ex a mi na t i o ns Syndi cat e (UCLES), t h e
Bri t i sh Coun ci l a n d IDP Educat i o n Aust r al i a. For f u r t h e r i n f o r m a t i o n , vi si t w w w .u d e s .o r g .u k . No t e
t h a t t hi s b o o k is n o t e nd o r se d b y a n y o f t hese or gani sat i ons.

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contents
Contents
Page Tit le Page Tit le

General vocabulary 47 Reason & result

1 Addi t ion, equat ion and conclusion 48 Shape & f eatures

2 Around t he world 49 Size, quant it y & dimension

3 Changes 1 51 Spelling

5 Changes 2 52 St opping somet hing

7 Condit ion 53 Success & f ailure

8 Conf using words & f alse f riends 1 54 Task commands

10 Conf using words & false f riends 2 55 Time

12 Cont ext & meaning 1 56 Useful int erview expressions

14 Cont ext & meaning 2 Topic-specific vocabulary

16 Cont ext & meaning 3 58 Archit ect ure

18 Contrast and comparison 61 The arts

19 Emphasis & misunderstanding 64 Business & industry

20 Focusing at t ent ion 67 Children & t he f amily

21 Generalisations & specifics 69 Crime & t he law

23 Groups 71 Education

24 How somet hing work s 73 The environment

25 Joining or becoming part of something bigger 75 Food & diet

26 Likes & dislikes 78 Geography

27 Location & direction 80 Global problems

30 Modif ied words 82 Healthcare

32 Objects & actions 84 The media

34 Obligat ion & opt ion 86 Men & women

35 Opini on, att it ude & belief 89 Money & f inance

37 Opposites: adjectives 91 On t he road

38 Opposites: verbs 93 Science & t echnology

39 Ownership, giving, lending & borrowing 96 Sport

40 Phrasal verbs 1 98 Town & count ry

41 Phrasal verbs 2 100 Travel

43 Phrasal verbs 3 102 Work

44 Phrasal verbs 4

46 Presenting an argument 105 Answers

iv
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 general vocabulary
Addition, equation & conclusion
1 Put t he f o l l o w i n g w o rd s and phrases i nt o t hei r correct place in t he t able depe nd i ng o n t hei r
f unct i on.

along with also and as well as besides correspondingly

equaHy furthermore in addition in brief in conclusion
in the same way likewise moreover similarly thus therefore
to conclude to summarise to sum up briefly too
we can conclude that what's more

Ad d i t i o n Equat ion Conclusion

an d equally in concl usi on

2 Co m pl et e t hese sent ences w i t h o ne o f t he w o rd s o r phrases f ro m above. In most cases, more t han

o ne answ er is possible.

1. To u r i s m b ri n gs m u c h -n e e d e d m o n e y t o d e ve l o p i n g co u n t r i e s ............................................................... .. it
pro vi des e m p l o ym e n t f o r t h e local p o p u l a t i o n .
2 .................................................................. b r i n g i n g m u ch -n e e d e d m o n e y t o d e ve l o p i n g count ries, t o uri sm
pro vi des e m p l o ym e n t f o r t h e local p o p u l a t i o n .
3. Touri st s sh o ul d respect t h e local e n v i r o n m e n t ............................................................... t h e y sh o ul d respect
t h e local cust oms.
4 .................................................................. i ndust ri al w ast e, p o l l u t i o n f r o m car f um es is p o i s o n i n g t h e
e n vi r o n m e n t .
5. In o r d e r t o t rave l , yo u need a passpo rt ................................................................, yo u m i g h t need a visa,
i m m u n i s a t i o n j abs a n d w r i t t e n perm i ssi on t o visit cert ai n areas.
6. Dr ugs are b a n n e d in Bri t ai n - .............................................................w e a p o n s such as gu n s and k nives.
7. Al l p o w e r co r ru p t s ............................................................... .. abso l ut e p o w e r co rru pt s absol ut el y.
8. Yo u s h o u l d n 't sm ok e, d ri n k , t ak e d ru gs o r eat u n h e a l t h y f o o d ..................................................................
yo u sh o ul d live a m o r e h e a l t h y lif est yle.
9. Th e o zo n e layer is b e co m i n g d e p l e t e d , t h e ai r in t h e cit ies is b e co m i n g t o o d i r t y t o b re a t h e a n d
o u r seas a nd rivers are n o l o n ge r saf e t o sw i m i n ................................................................ p o l l u t i o n is
sl o w l y d e s t ro yi n g t h e p l an et .

10. Yo u r gra des have been ve r y p o o r f o r t h e past t w o years................................................................. yo u need

t o w o r k really hard if yo u w a n t t o pass yo u r exams nex t m o n t h .
1
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general vocabulary
Around the world
1 Ch o o s e t h e co rrect w o r d o r ph rase in b o l d t o c o m p l e t e t hese sent ences.

1. Jap a n, Ko rea a n d Ta i w a n are all in t h e Ne a r East / t h e M i d d l e East / t h e Far East .

2. Th e So u t h Pole is si t uat ed in t h e Arct i c / An t a r c t i c / An t a r ct i ca .

3. Ne w Zea l an d is p a r t o f Au s t r i a / Au s t r a l i a / Aust ra l asi a .

4. Bangl adesh is p a rt o f t h e Ind i a n s u b c o n t i n e n t / Indi a / Indi ana.

5. Gu a t e m a l a is a c o u n t r y in No r t h Am e r i c a / So u t h Am e r i c a / Ce nt ral Am e r i c a .

6. Ar g e n t i n a , Brazi l , Co l o m b i a , Panam a and Ho n d u r a s all f o r m p a r t o f w h a t is o f t e n re f e rr e d t o as

Lat i n Am e r i c a / So u t h Am e r i c a / Sp ani sh Am e r i ca .

7. Bo t sw an a is in So u t h Af ri ca / s o u t h e r n Af r i ca / Ce n t ra l Af ri ca.

8. En gl a n d , Sco t l an d, Wa l es and No r t h e r n Irel and are k n o w n col lect ively as Bri t ai n / Gr e a t Bri t ai n /
t h e Un i t e d Ki n g d o m .

9. Th e Un i t e d K i n g d o m a nd t h e Re publ i c o f Irel and are p a r t o f Co n t i n e n t a l Eu r o p e / M a i n l a n d

Eu r o p e / Eu r o p e .

10. Ku w a i t , Om a n a n d t h e Un i t e d A r a b Em i rat es f o r m p a r t o f w h a t are k n o w n as t h e W e s t Indi es /

t h e Gu l f St at es / t h e Eu r o p e a n Un i o n .

11. De n m a r k , Fi n l a n d , No r w a y a n d Sw e d e n are k n o w n co l l ect i vel y as t h e Balt ic Republi cs / t h e

Ca r i b b e a n / Sca n di n a vi a .

12. Ba n gk o k , Lima and Tu n i s are ex am ples o f capi t al / capi t o l / capi t al i sm cit ies.

2 W h a t are t h e n a t i o n a l i t i e s o f t h e p e o p l e w h o co m e f r o m t hese co un t ri e s?

1. A f g h a n i s t a n . .................. 2. Ar g e n t i n a ........................... 3. A u s t r a l i a ..........................................

4. Ba n g l a d e s h ..................................... 5. Be l g i u m ................................. 6. B r a zi l .................................................

7. Ca n a d a ........................................... 8. D e n m a r k .............................. 9. Eg y p t ..................................................

10. En g l a n d .......................................... 11. Fi n l a n d ................................ 12. Gr e e c e .............................................

13. I n d i a ................................................ 14. I r a n ....................................... 15. I r a q ...................................................

16. Ir e l a n d ............................................ 17. Israel.................................... 18. Ja p a n ...............................................

19. K u w a i t ............................................ 20. Le b a n o n ............................. 21. M a l a ys i a .........................................

22. M e x i co ............................................. 23. M o r o c c o ............................. 24. t h e Ne t h e r l a n d s .........................

25. No r w a y ........................................... 26. Pa k i s t a n ............................. 27. Pe r u .................................................

28. t h e Ph i l i p p i n e s ............................. 29. Po l a n d ................................. 30. Po r t u g a l .........................................

31. Russi a.............................................. 32. Saudi A r a b i a ..................... 33. Sc o t l a n d .........................................

34. Sp a i n ............................................... 35. Sw e d e n .............................. 36. Sw i t ze r l a n d ...................................

37. Th a i l a n d ......................................... 38. Tu r k e y ................................. 39. Wal es .............................................

40. Ye m e n .............................................

Is y o u r c o u n t r y on t hi s list? If not , h o w d o yo u say y o u r nat i o na l i t y in Engl i sh?

2
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 general vocabulary
Changes 1
1 Lo o k a t t h e gr a p h , a nd co m p l e t e t h e sent ences w i t h t h e correct f o r m o f t h e w o r d s a nd phrases in
t h e b o x . In m o st cases, m o r e t h a n o n e o p t i o n is possi ble.

decline decrease drop fall fluctuate go down

go up increase peak at reach a peak of remain constant
remain steady rise

English school st udent numbers: May - August .

□ Br i a r w o o d School o f Engl i sh Speak easy School o f La nguages

[= □ Wi n d s o r La n gu a ge Cent r e Har ef i el d Col l ege

May June July August

Be t w e e n M a y a nd Au g u s t ...

1. ...s t u d e n t n u m b er s at t h e Br i a r w o o d School o f Engl i sh i n c r e a s e d / .................... / .......................

2. ...s t u d e n t num b er s at t h e Wi n d s o r La n gu a ge Ce n t r e ....................... / .................. / .................... /

.................... / ......................

3. ...s t u d e n t n u m b er s at t h e Speak easy School o f La n g u a g e s .................... / ...............................................

4. ...s t u d e n t n u m b er s at Har ef i el d Co l l e g e .......................... Th e y .................. / .................... 120 in June.

2 Lo o k a t t h i s t a b l e , a n d c o m p l e t e t h e sen t ences o n t h e n e x t p a ge w i t h w o r d s a n d phrases f r o m

t h e b o x . In so m e cases, m o r e t h a n o n e a n s w e r is possi ble. Th e r e is o n e w o r d o r ph rase t h a t y o u d o
n o t n ee d .

Pet rol prices

Ja n u ar y £1 .10 / li t re Jun e £ 1 .5 5 / l i t r e
Fe b r u ar y £ 1 .1 2 / l i t r e Jul y £ 1 .5 2 / l i t r e
Ma r ch £ 1 .1 5 / l i t r e Au g u s t £ 1 .5 3 / l i t r e
Apr i l £ 1 .1 8 / l i t r e Se pt e m b er £1.58 / l i t r e
May £ 1 .1 6 / l i t r e Oct o b e r £1.60 / l i t r e

downward trend dramatically gradually sharply slightly steadily

upward trend
3
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general vocabulary
Changes 1
1. Be t w e e n Ja n u a r y a nd Ap r i l , pet r ol pri ces i n c r e a s e d ............. ...... / ......................

2. In May, pet r ol pri ces f ell —

3. In Jun e, pet r ol pri ces rose .. ................. / ........................

4. Over al l , t h e r e has bee n an . ................... in pet r ol pri ces

3 Lo o k at t h e t ask in t h e b o x , t h e n co m p l e t e t h e sa m pl e a n s w e r w i t h w o r d s a nd phrases f r o m
Exercises 1 a n d 2. In so m e cases, m o r e t h a n o n e a n s w e r m a y be possi ble.

The gr a p h b e l o w shows t h e n u m b e r o f visitors t o t hree seaside t o w n s o ve r a f i ve -m o n t h p e r i o d .

Sum m ar i se t h e i n f o r m a t i o n b y se l ect i ng a n d r e p o r t i n g t h e m a i n f eat ures, a n d m a k e

com p a r i sons w h e r e r el eva n t .

MB Se ahaven Br i d ge p o r t We s t h a m p t o n

16
15
14
13
o 12
o
o 11
X
l/l 10
<D 9
_Q
E 8
d
c
L_ 7
o
'i/i 6
> 5
4
3
2
1
April May August

Sampl e a n s w e r

Th e gr a p h shows h o w m a n y peo p l e vi si t ed t h r e e seasi de t o w n s b e t w e e n Ap r i l a nd Au g u s t .

Th e n u m b e r o f vi si t ors t o Seahaven (1) .increased ( 2 ) .................... b e t w e e n Ap r i l and Jun e, t h e n

( 3 ) .................... ( 4 ) .................... in Jul y, a nd c o n t i n u e d t o ( 5 ) .................... in Au g u s t . For t h e f i rst f o u r

m o nt h s, vi si t or n u m b e r s t o Br i d ge p o r t ( 6 ) .................... .. b u t t h e n ( 7 ) .................... ( 8 ) ....................

in t h e f i nal m o n t h . We s t h a m p t o n vi si t or n u m b e r s ( 9 ) .................... f r o m Ap r i l t o June , t h e n

( 1 0 ).................... (1 1 ) .................... in Jul y an d f i nal l y ( 1 2 ) .................... 11,000 in Au g u s t .

Over al l , t h e r e w as an ( 1 3 ).................... in t h e n u m b e r o f vi si t ors t o Seahaven and We s t h a m p t o n ,

b u t a ( 1 4 ) .................... in t h e n u m b e r o f peo p l e vi si t i ng Br i d ge p o r t .

4
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 general vocabulary
Changes 2
1 Co m p l e t e t h e se se nt ences w i t h t h e co rre ct f o r m o f o n e o f t h e ve r b s in t h e b o x . Bo t h sent ences
in each se n t en ce p a i r s h o u l d use t h e sam e ve r b . In so m e cases, t h e m e a n i n g o f t h e v e r b m a y
c h a n ge sl i gh t l y.

adjust aftef deteriorate exchange fade reduce renovate

swell switch vary

1. M o vi n g t o t h e count r ysi de r adi cal l y a l t e r e d Some peo p l e choose t o 3 It e r t he i r

o u r l i f est yl e. a pp ea r a n ce w i t h surgery.

2. B y .................... t o a d i f f e r e nt pr ovi der , it can I chose d r a m a as an ex t r a-cur r i cul ar act i vi t y,

be possi bl e t o pay m uch less f o r y o u r mo b i l e b u t .................... t o p h o t o g r a p h y a f e w wee k s
p h o n e bills. lat er.

3. It can t ak e t i m e t o t o l i vi ng in a Prices seem l ow, b u t w h e n y o u ....................

di f f e r en t count r y. t h e m t o a l l o w f o r t ax, t h e y are con si der abl y
hi gher .

4. Th e noi se bui l t up rapi dl y, and t h e n j ust as As t h e appl ause ., t h e speak er

qui ck l y i t .................... i nt o t h e di st ance. st ar t ed t al k i n g.

5. Th e a m o u n t o f t ax yo u pay o n a car Peopl e's r eact i ons t o t h e medi ci ne

.................... accor d i ng t o t h e a m o u n t of .................... a l ot , w i t h some pe o pl e
car b o n di o x i d e it emi t s. co m p l a i n i n g it has no ef f ect at all.

6. Ever yo ne shoul d t r y t o .................... t he M a n y co mpani e s w e r e f or ced t o .......

a m o u n t of f at in t h e i r di et . t h e i r w o r k f o r c e d u r i n g t h e recessi on.

7. Eco no mi c crises o f t e n i nt o soci al Th e w e a t h e r ......................r api dl y w h e n it

unrest . st art ed r ai ni ng and t h e w i n d s pi ck ed up.

8. Ank l es and o t h e r j oi nt s o f t e n Th e t o w n is h o m e t o 3,000 peopl e, b u t t hi s

w h e n p eo pl e t r avel by air. f i g u r e .................... t o 12,000 in t h e same
summer .

9. Th e t o k e ns can be f o r f o o d in t he Shops wi l l n o r m a l l y .................... d a m a ge d

st u d e n t cant een. go o d s if yo u have a recei pt .

10. Busi nesses in t h e ci t y cent r e w e r e of f er ed In some cases it can be m o r e expensi ve t o

f u n d i n g so t h e y c o u l d .................... t he i r .................... an ol d b u i l d i n g t h a n k nock it
premi ses. d o w n and bui l d a n e w one.

5
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general vocabulary
Changes 2
2 N o w d o t h e same w i t h t hese.

adapt cut decline disappear expand improve promote

relax replace transform

1. Em ai l has l a r g e l y .................... t h e t r a d i t i o n a l Th e pl an is t o .................... all t h e o l d desk t o p

l e t t e r as a m eans o f w r i t t e n business co m p u t e r s in t h e l i b r a ry w i t h n e t b o o k s.
com m unicat io n.

2. So m e co m p a n i e s are s l o w t o to a Courses can b e ..........................t o suit t h e needs

c h a n g i n g m a rk e t . o f i n d i vi d u a l st udent s.

3. Th e sym p t o m s o f illnesses lik e measles a r e n 't As t h e s u n ....................... b e h i n d t h e clouds, t h e

usual l y serious, a n d .................... w i t h i n a f e w t e m p e r a t u r e q u i ck l y d r o p p e d .
days.

4. A co l l e ge course can h e l p yo u t o f i n d a j o b Th e 'Pe t e r Pri nci pl e' is a t h e o r y w h i c h says

o r g e t .................... at w o r k . t h a t in a bi g co m p a n y, e ve r yo n e e ve n t u a l l y
g e t s .................... t o a j o b t h a t is b e yo n d t h e i r
abi lit y.

5. So m e p e o p l e t h i n k t h a t t h e g o v e r n m e n t Fo r t h e f i nal p a r t o f t h e exercise, yo u need

s h o u l d ................... t h e rules r e g a r d i n g t o re p e a t e d l y t i g h t e n , t h e n .................... yo u r
b u i l d i n g o n p ro t e c t e d l and. st o m a ch muscles.

6. Th e g o ve r n m e n t 's a i m in t h e nex t f i ve years Th e best w a y o f .................... y o u r Engli sh is t o

is t o .................... e d u ca t i o n a l st andards. pract ise using it as m u ch as possible.

7. W a t e r f re ezes in t h e pipes, f o rc i n g t h e m t o Bri t ai n's u n i ve r s i t i e s .......... ..........a t an

.................... a n d burst . u n p re ce d e n t e d rat e a t t h e e n d o f t h e
t w e n t i e t h cent ury.

8. Su p e r m a r k e t s .................... prices o n m a n y I bel i eve t h a t g o ve r n m e n t s sh o ul d increase

basic it ems t o a t t r a c t m o r e cust om ers. s p e n d i n g o n t h e art s inst ead o f .................... it.

9. Emai l a nd social n e t w o r k i n g w eb si t es have W h e n it w as closed d o w n , t h e o l d f i re

.................... t h e w a y p e o p l e c o m m u n i c a t e . st a t i o n w a s .................... i n t o an a r t gal l ery.

10. Ho use prices a re so h i gh t h a t t h e n u m b e r o f Because so m a n y p e o p l e are o u t o f w o r k ,

p e o p l e b u yi n g t h e i r o w n h o m e has l i vi n g st an da rds a r e .................... rapi dl y.
.................... in t h e last f i ve years.

6
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 general vocabulary
Condition
1 Com pl et e t h e second sent ence in each pair so t h a t it has t he same o r a similar m eani ng t o t he f irst
sent ence. Use t he w o rd s o r phrases in bold, and any o t h e r w o rd s t h a t are necessary.

1. Yo u can b o r r o w m y d i c t i o n a r y if yo u r e t u r n it bef o re yo u g o h o m e ,
pro vi d i ng t h at
Yo u can b o r r o w m y d i ct i o n a r y PJQv j d j n g t h a t yo u .r et urn \\ b e f o re yo u g o h o m e .

2. I sh o ul d g e t m y assi gnm ent f i ni shed t hi s w e e k e n d if I have e n o u g h t i m e ,

provi ded t h at
I sh o ul d g e t m y a ssi gn m e nt f i ni shed t hi s w e e k e n d .......................................e n o u g h t i m e .

3. Yo u ca n 't g o t o un i versi t y if yo u d o n 't g e t g o o d ex am grades a t school,

unless
Yo u ca n 't g o t o u n i v e r s i t y .......................................go o d ex am grades a t school.

4. St udent s can use t h e c o m m o n ro o m in t h e e ve n i n g if t h e y t i d y u p a n y mess t h e y m ak e,

on condi t ion t hat
St ude nt s can use t h e c o m m o n r o o m in t h e e v e n i n g .......................................... up any mess t h e y m ak e.

5. Po l l ut i on w i l l ge t w o rse if w e c o n t i n u e t o li ve in a t h r o w a w a y society,
as long as
Po l l ut i o n w i l l ge t w o r s e .......................................t o li ve in a t h r o w a w a y society.

6. Ch i l d re n w i l l always p re f e r f ast f o o d t o f resh f r u i t and veget abl es, even if yo u t ell t h e m h o w

u n h e a l t h y it is.
no m at t er h o w
Ch i l d re n w i l l always p re f e r f ast f o o d t o f resh f r u i t a nd v e g e t a b l e s ,.......................................t ell t h e m
it is unheal t h y.

7. Co m p u t e r p r o g r a m m i n g is co m pl i cat ed, even if yo u read a l ot o f book s a b o u t it.

h o w e ve r m any
Co m p u t e r p r o g r a m m i n g is c o m p l i c a t e d ,.................................................................................... read a b o u t it.

8. Cri m e is a p ro b l e m , even if yo u live in a small t o w n o r in t h e count rysi de,

w h e re ve r
Cri m e is a p r o b l e m ,.......................................li ve.

2 Com pl et e t hese sentences using an appropri at e w o r d o r phrase f rom above and yo u r o w n ideas.

1. Brit ish universit ies w i l l accept st udent s f r o m a b r o a d ........................................................................................

2. W o r k i n g f o r a large c o m p a n y can be a f u l f i l l i n g ex peri ence

3. Th e e n vi r o n m e n t a l si t uat i o n w i l l c o n t i n u e t o wo rsen

4. Tra ve l l i n g helps yo u u n d erst a n d m o r e a b o u t t h e w o r l d a r o u n d yo u

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Confusing words & false friends 1
Conf using wor ds are t w o o r m ore w o r d s w h i ch :
(a ) have a similar m eani ng t o each o t h e r b u t w h i ch are used in a dif f erent w a y

(b ) are relat ed t o t h e same t opic, b u t have a di f f erent m eani ng

(c) look similar, b u t have a di f f erent m eani ng.

False f riends are w o r d s in English w h i ch have a sim il ar-look i ng w o r d in a n o t h e r language, b u t
w h i ch have a di f f erent m eani ng.

Co m pl et e t h e f o l l o w i n g sent ence pairs w i t h t h e appro pri at e w o r d .

1. aboard / abroad

M o r e a n d m o r e p e o p l e g o abroad f o r t h e i r ho l i day.

In 2002, she b eca m e t h e f irst w o m a n t o t r ave l a b o a r d t h e space sh u t t l e Discovery.

2. act ion / act i vi t y

W e d e ci d ed t o t a k e i m m e d i a t e .................... w h e n w e realised t h e r e w as a p r o b l e m .

Th e e n vi r o n m e n t a l ch a nges in t h e area are t h e resul t o f h u m a n .......................

3. advi ce / advise

Can y o u ...................m e o n t h e best course o f a ct i o n t o t ak e?

He o f f e re d m e so m e e x c e l l e n t .......................

4. af f ect / ef f ect

Di ve r t i n g t h e course o f t h e ri ver w i l l have a m a j o r ...................o n t h e local ecosyst em.

Fr e q u e n t t r a f f i c j am s in t h e suburbs s e r i o u s l y .................... j o u r n e y t i m e s i n t o t h e cit y.

5. appreciable / appreciat i ve

W i d e n i n g t h e r o a d m a d e a n ...................d i f f e r e n ce t o t h e f l o w o f t raf f i c.

Th e a pp l au se a t t h e e n d o f t h e co n ce rt w a s w a r m a n d .....................

6. avo i d / preven t

Rapi d i n t e rn a t i o n a l a ct i o n m a n a ge d t o .................... a n e n vi r o n m e n t a l disast er f r o m t a k i n g place.

Th e r e a re areas in t h e ci t y t h a t are w i se t o .................... a f t e r dark .

7. beside / besides

Th e co m p a n y's m a i n of f i ce i s .................... t h e r a i l w a y st at i o n.

.................... t h e i r r e g u l a r d a yt i m e j o b , m a n y p e o p l e d o ex t ra w o r k in t h e e ve n i n g .

8. bri ef l y / short ly

.................... b e f o r e t h e e a r t h q u a k e b e ga n , m a n y ani m al s w e r e seen t o be b e h a vi n g in an unusual

m a nn e r.

She s p o k e .................... b u t passi onat ely a b o u t t h e need t o h e l p t ho se in d e ve l o p i n g co unt ri es.

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Confusing words & false friends 1
9. canal / channel

A .................... syst em j o i n e d t h e t w o m a i n rivers, w h i c h m a de t r a n s p o r t i n g go o d s m uch qui ck er.

W h e n t el evi si on f irst beca m e p o p u l a r in t h e earl y 1950s, t h e r e w as o n l y o n e .......................

10. conscient ious / conscious

M o st p e o p l e a r e .................o f t h e need t o p ro t e ct t h e e n vi r o n m e n t .

.................... w o r k e r s sh o ul d be r e w a r d e d f o r t h e i r h a rd w o r k .

11. considerable / considerat e

In m y o p i n i o n , some p e o p l e are n o t v e r y .................... o f t h o se a r o u n d t h e m .

A ............................................a m o u n t o f m o n e y w as spent o n d e ve l o p i n g t h e p ro d u ct .

12. cont i nual / cont i nuous

Th e c o m p u t e r syst em has gi ve n u s .................... p ro b l e m s e ver since w e i nst alled it . Som e days it

w o rk s, o t h e r days it d o e s n't .

Th e ........................noise f r o m t h e n e w m o t o r w a y has f o rce d m a n y p e o p l e t o m o ve.

13. cont rol / inspect

Ne w t eachers o f t e n f i n d it d i f f i cu l t t o .................... t h e i r classes.

En vi r o n m e n t a l h e al t h i nspect ors r e gu l a r l y .................... co m m e rci al k it chens f o r cleanliness,

especi ally t h o se in rest aurant s.

14. crit icism / object ion

I have n o .................... t o p e o p l e using t h e i r m o b i l e pho nes o n buses o r t rai ns.

Plans f o r t h e n e w st a d i um have a t t ra ct e d f i e r c e .................... f r o m local peo p l e.

15. dam age / harm / i nj ury

He suf f ered a s e r i o u s .................... w h i ch n eeded i m m e d i a t e hospi t al t r e a t m e n t .

Th e l o w levels o f d a n ge ro u s chemicals in t h e river w e r e e n o u gh t o c a u s e .................... t o aquat i c lif e.

A l o t o f .................... w a s caused t o b u i l d i n gs a l o n g t h e coast d u r i n g t h e st o rm .

16. d uri ng / f o r / w h i l e

Th e co l l e ge cl o s e s .................... t w o w ee k s a t t he e n d o f Decem ber.

He d i e d .................... t r y i n g t o cross t h e d esert al one.

M a n y creat ures st ay u n d e r g r o u n d .................. d a yl i g h t hours.

17. h o w e ve r / m oreo ver

Th e pl an was g o o d in t h e o r y ..................... . in pract i ce it w as e x t r e m e l y d i f f i cu l t t o i m p l e m e n t .

Th e pl an w as e x ce l l en t ....................... it w as clear f r o m t h e b e g i n n i n g t h a t it was g o i n g t o a t t ra ct a

l o t o f i nt erest .

18. injured / w o u n d e d

I bel i eve t h a t w e sh o ul d d o m o r e t o h e l p a nd s u p p o r t soldi ers w h o have been .................... in

co m b a t .

Several w o r k e r s w e r e .................... w h e n t h e d ri l l i n g p l a t f o r m col l apsed.

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Confusing words & false friends 2
Co m p l e t e t h e f o l l o w i n g sen t en ce pai rs w i t h t h e a p p r o p r i a t e w o r d o r phrase.

1. job / w o rk

Eve r yb o d y has t h e r i g h t t o a d e c e n t .................... w i t h g o o d pay.

Du r i n g t h e e c o n o m i c recession, a l o t o f p e o p l e f o u n d t hem sel ves o u t o f .......................

2. l a y / lie

If y o u 'r e s u f f e r i n g f r o m d e h y d r a t i o n , yo u sh o ul d d r i n k p l e n t y o f w a t e r a n d sit o r .................... d o w n

f o r a while.

Bef o re y o u b e gi n t h e e x p e r i m e n t , yo u s h o u l d .................... a large plast ic sheet o n t h e g r o u n d .

3. look at / w at ch

W e n eed t o .................... t h e si t u a t i o n ca re f u l l y o ve r t h e nex t f e w w ee k s a n d see h o w t h i n gs

d e ve l o p .

W e n eed t o .................... t h e p r o b l e m ca re f u l l y a n d deci d e if t h e r e is a n y t h i n g w e can d o a b o u t it.

4. l oo se / lose

So m e p e o p l e a re ve r y c o m p e t i t i ve a n d h a t e t o .................................a g a m e o r c o m p e t i t i o n .

Th e surf ace is m a i n l y co m p o se d o f .................... soil a n d small st ones.

5. m a k e / cause

Th e noise f r o m t r a f f i c o u t s i d e t h e school c a n .................... it h a rd t o h e ar w h a t t h e t e a ch e r is sayi ng.

Hu r r i c a n e s .................... w i d e s p r e a d d a m a g e in u r b a n areas.

6. n a t u r e / co u n t r ys i d e

Th o u s a n d s o f .................... l overs h e ad f o r t h e n a t i o n a l park s e very w e e k e n d .

I'd r a t h e r live in t h e .................... t h a n in a city.

7. p e r ce n t / p e r c e n t a ge

It is a m yt h t h a t o n l y t e n ....................... o f Am e r i c a n s h o l d a passport .

On l y a s m a l l ............................... o f land is p ri va t e l y o w n e d .

8. p e rm i s si o n / p e r m i t

I'm a f r a i d w e c a n ' t .................... p h o t o g r a p h y in t h e m u s e u m .

W e r e c e i v e d t o a t t e n d t h e m e e t i n g , as l o n g as w e d i d n 't i n t e r r u p t .

9. p erso n al / p e r so n n e l

M y o w n .................... v i e w is t h a t prof essi onal f o o t b a l l pl ayers are pai d f a r t o o m uch .

Th e c o m p a n y w a s in t r o u b l e u n t i l t h e r e w a s a c h a n ge o f .................... o n t h e m a n a g e m e n t t e a m .

10. p o ssi b i l i t y / chance

W e m i g h t g o t o Spai n f o r o u r f i e l d t r i p . A n o t h e r .................... is t h a t w e 'l l g o t o It al y i nst ead.

If w e act n o w , w e ha ve a g o o d .................... o f f i n d i n g a cure f o r t h e disease.

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Confusing words & false friends 2
11. pract ice / pract ise

It's i m p o r t a n t t o .................... y o u r Engl i sh w h e n e ve r possible.

I t h i n k I need m o r e .................... b e f o re I t a k e t h e ex am .

12. priceless / w o r t h l e s s

.................. p a i n t i n gs by art ist s lik e Va n Go g h a nd Re m b r a n d t sh o ul d n o t be in t h e hands o f pri vat e

collect ors.

As i n f l a t i o n spi ral l ed o u t o f c o n t r o l , p a p e r m o n e y su d d e n l y becam e a l m o s t .......................

13. p ri nci p al / p ri n ci p l e

M a n y p e o p l e ref use t o eat m e a t o n .....................

She w as a p p o i n t e d Un i v e r s i t y .................... in 2009.

Th e c o u n t r y 's .................... f o o d p ro d uct s are cof f ee a n d sugar.

I bel i eve in t h e .................... t h a t h e al t h care sh o ul d be f re e f o r e ver yo n e.

14. p r o b l e m / t r o u b l e

A t n i g h t , t h e st reet s are f ul l o f p e o p l e f i g h t i n g a n d ge n e r a l l y causi ng .......................

I w as w o n d e r i n g if yo u co ul d h e l p m e w i t h a l i t t l e .................... I'm h a vi n g.

15. process / processi on

Th e h i g h l i g h t o f t h e carni val is a h u g e .................... a l o n g t h e t o w n 's m ai n st reet .

In som e cases, a p p l yi n g f o r a visa can be a l o n g a n d f r u s t r a t i n g .......................

16. raise / rise

As p r i c e s .................... . d e m a n d usual l y dro ps.

In response t o t h e oil crisis, m o st airlines had t o .................... t h e i r f ares.

17. r e m e m b e r / r e m i n d

I c a n ........m y f i rst d a y at school real l y w e l l .

La n gu a ge t eachers o f t e n ..................... t h e i r st udent s t h a t t h e best w a y t o r e m e m b e r n e w w o r d s is t o

use t h e m as m uch as possible.

18. respect able / respect f ul

W e all li st ened i n .................... silence as she o u t l i n e d h e r plans f o r t h e m useum 's f u t u r e .

Eve r yb o d y w a n t s t o b r i n g t h e i r ch i l d re n u p in a .................... n e i g h b o u r h o o d .

19. t o l e r a b l e / t o l e r a n t

Peopl e n eed t o be m o r e .................... o f t h e i r n e i gh b o u rs , a n d n o t co m p l a i n e very t i m e t h e y m ak e

t o o m uch noise.

Th e local a u t h o r i t i e s say t h a t t h e noise f r o m passing t rai ns i s .................... . b u t m a n y li vi ng n ea r t h e

ra i l w a y lines di sagree.

20. t r e a t / cure

M a n y hospit als are so un derst a f f e d t h a t t h e y are ref usi ng t o ................pat i ent s w i t h m i n o r injuries.

Th e n e w d r u g w as u n a b l e t o .................... t h e disease, a n d h u n d r e d s di ed as a result . 11

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general vocabulary
Context & meaning 1
W h e n w e see a n e w w o r d (i n a re a d i n g passage, f o r e x a m p l e ), w e can o f t e n w o r k o u t w h a t
it means, o r g e t an idea o f w h a t it means, by l o o k i n g at t h e co n t e x t in w h i c h it app ea rs (f o r
ex a m pl e , w h a t is t h e passage a b o u t , w h a t is t h e sent ence a b o u t a n d w h a t i n f o r m a t i o n
comes b e f o r e a n d a f t e r t h e w o r d ?).

Id e n t i f yi n g t h e m e a n i n g o f a w o r d f r o m its co n t e x t is an especially usef ul skill in t h e IELTS

Re a d i n g Test .

1 Look at t hese w o rd s , and a n sw e r t h e quest ions w h i ch f o l l o w .

nocturnal cites coherently feat

1. W i t h o u t seei ng t h e m in a sent ence, d o yo u k n o w (o r can yo u guess) w h a t t h e w o rd s in t h e box mean?

noct urnal: Ye s / N o cit es: Ye s / N o

c o h e r e n t l y: Yes / No f ea t : Yes / No

2. N o w l o o k at t h e w o r d s in t h e passage. Can yo u guess w h a t t h e y m e an n o w ? In y o u r o w n w o r d s,

e x pl ai n w h a t t h e y m i g h t m e an.

Th e r e m a r k a b l e success o f Si m o n W e b e r 's b o o k o n o w l s , bat s, f ox es a n d o t h e r n o ct u rn al

crea t ures, A Call in t he Dark , is p r o b a b l y n o t su rp r i si n g in v i e w o f t h e p o p u l a r i t y o f his
r e ce n t t e l e vi s i o n series, 'N i g h t Pro w l e rs '. It is a ve r y t h o r o u g h b o o k b y an a u t h o r w h o is an
e x p e r t in his f i e l d a n d w h o has cl e arl y d o n e a l o t o f research. In a d d i t i o n t o d e s cri b i n g his
o w n f i n d i n gs , he cit es t h e research ca rri e d o u t b y o t h e rs , i n c l u d i n g W r i g h t a n d La w s o n in
t h e 1990s, a n d discusses w h e r e t h e y m i g h t h a ve g o n e w r o n g w i t h so m e o f t h e i r
a ssu m pt i o n s . He w r i t e s co h ere nt l y o n t h e subj ect , b e g i n n i n g b y l o o k i n g a t basic f act s
b e f o r e discussing p ro gre s s i ve l y c o m p l e x t h e o ri e s , w i t h o u t o n ce c o n f u s i n g his readers. Th i s
is a r e m a r k a b l e f eat , c o n s i d e r i n g t h e c o m p l e x i t y o f t h e su bj e ct a n d t h e sci ence t h a t is
o f t e n i n vo l ve d .

noct urnal:

cit es:

c o h e r e n t l y:

f eat :

2 Look at t h e w o rd s in bo ld in sent ences 1 - 1 5 , and t r y t o decide w h a t t h e y mean.

1. Th e j o u r n e y across t h e hills w a s l o n g a n d arduous, m uch o f it h a vi n g t o be d o n e o n f o o t in

t e m p e ra t u r e s o f o ve r 40° C.
2. Foxes are a c o m m o n si gh t in o u r t o w n s a n d cit ies, w h e r e t h e y f o rage in dust bi ns, in ga rd e n s and
on wast e gro u n d .
3. Th e cu ck o o is a rare a n d elusive b i rd w h i c h is o f t e n h e a rd b u t rarel y seen.

4. Th e research t h e y carri e d o u t w as exhaust ive, so by t h e t i m e t h e p ro j e ct w as co m p l e t e , t h e y k n e w

e ve r yt h i n g t h e y had t o k n o w a b o u t t h e i r subj ect .
5. Th e h o t e l w e st ayed in w a s a mediocre place, w i t h small room s, r a t h e r d u l l f o o d a n d an u n i n s p i ri n g
v i e w o f a car p ark .

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 general vocabulary
Context & meaning 1
6. Research suggest s t h a t ch i l d re n are m o r e resili ent t h a n adul t s w h e n it comes t o g e t t i n g o ve r an
illness.
7. Th e r o o m w as e x t r e m e l y un t i dy, w i t h st ack s o f book s a n d piles o f p a p e r all o ve r t h e f l o o r, and
u n w a s h e d cof f ee cups o n t h e t abl es.
8. He w a s an e x t r e m e l y p ro l i f i c a u t h o r , w r i t i n g t h r e e o r f o u r novels a ye a r as w e l l as m a n y sh o rt
st ories.
9. W a t e r is essenti al f o r h u m a n lif e, so it is i m p e ra t i ve w e m ak e sure t h a t in t h e f u t u r e t h e r e is
e n o u g h f o r e ve r yo n e .
10. At t e m p t s t o i m p l e m e n t c h a n ge m e t w i t h st ro n g resist ance a t f irst , b u t gr a d u a l l y p e o p l e realised
t h a t t hi s ch a n ge w as n e e d e d .
11. M a n y m en say t h a t t h e y are w i l l i n g t o share t h e b u r d e n o f do m est i c d ut i es lik e w a s h i n g a nd
co o k i n g, b u t I d o u b t t h a t t h e y m ean it.
12. Th e b u i l d i n g is d esi gne d t o s w a y sl i gh t l y in st r o n g w i n d s, b u t it's still a r a t h e r f r i g h t e n i n g sensat ion
w h e n yo u are o n t h e u p p e r f l oors.
13. M a n y p e o p l e w o u l d li k e t o o w n a house in t h e ci t y cent re, b u t p ro h i b i t i ve p r o p e r t y prices m ean
t h a t ve r y f e w o f t h e m w o u l d e ve r be abl e t o b u y such a place.
14. Th e cit y ce nt re has som e b e a u t i f u l ol d bui l di n gs, b u t t h e r e are som e e x t re m e l y u g l y i ndust ri al
est at es o n t h e f r i n g e .

15. Em pl o yees are e n c o u ra ge d t o use t h e i r i n i t i a t i ve w h e n t h e y are f aced w i t h a p r o b l e m a n d t h e r e

is n o b o d y m o r e seni o r t h e r e t o h e l p t h e m .

3 No w mat ch t he w o r d s in bold in sent ences 1 - 1 5 abo ve w i t h t h ei r def init ions (a) - (o ) bel ow.

(a) A serious o r d i f f i cu l t respo nsi bi l i t y t h a t yo u have t o deal w i t h , bur den

(b ) Pro d u c i n g a l o t o f t h i n gs , ideas, e t c..............................

(c) Th e a b i l i t y t o d eci de w h a t t o d o in an i n d e p e n d e n t w a y .................

(d ) Ab l e t o q u i ck l y b e co m e heal t hy, h a p p y o r st ro n g a g a i n ...............................

(e ) M o ve o r s w i n g s l i gh t l y f r o m side t o si de..........................................

(f ) Di f f i c u l t o r i m possi bl e t o cat ch o r f i n d ..............................................

(g ) M a k e s o m e t h i n g such as in idea, p l an, syst em, et c., st art t o w o r k ................................

(h ) Ex t rem el y d i f f i cu l t and i n vo l vi n g a l ot o f e f f o r t ..............................

(i ) Th e o u t e r e d ge o f s o m e t h i n g ...............................

(j ) So expensi ve t h a t n o b o d y can a f f o r d i t ............................................

(k ) Th o r o u g h a n d c o m p l e t e ...............................

(I) To search in a w i d e area f o r s o m e t h i n g , especially f o o d ...............................

(m ) Piles o f t h i n gs pl aced o n e o n t o p o f a n o t h e r. ...........................

(n ) Ex t r e m el y i m p o r t a n t a n d u r g e n t ................................

(o ) Ave r a g e o r b e l o w a ve r a g e ...............................

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Context & meaning 2
1 Read t hese sent ences caref ully, and decide if t h e def init ions in i t a li cs o f t h e w o r d s in bo ld are
correct o r incorrect . If t h e y are incorrect , t r y t o gi ve a correct def i ni t i o n. Th e f irst o n e has been done
as an ex ample.

1. I'm w o r r i e d t h a t a lack o f su i t a bl e q u a l i f i ca t i o n s w i l l hi nd er m y search f o r a j o b .

He l p s o m e o n e o r s o m e t h i n g, o r m a k e s o m e t h i n g easier. Co r re ct / Inco rrect
Hin d er kvtefliA-s to st op som-eo^e or so^vtethli/vg f r o m w -at el^g pr ogr ess or developing.

2. Research w as g o i n g w el l , b u t t h e re w as a risk t h a t cuts in f u n d i n g w o u l d jeopardise t h e e nt i re project .

Risk d a m a g i n g o r d e s t r o yi n g s o m e t h i n g i m p o r t a n t . Co r re ct / Incorrect

3. W h e n y o u address a m e e t i n g , it is i m p o r t a n t t o speak clearly, c o n f i d e n t l y a n d a t a g o o d pace.

Wr i t e a l e t t e r t o so m e o n e . Co r re ct / Inco rrect

4. Th e villas w e r e basically f l i m sy w o o d e n hut s t h a t sh o o k e very t i m e t h e r e w a s a b i t o f w i n d .

St r o n g a n d w e l l b u i l t o r m a d e. Co r re ct / Inco rrect

5. A l t h o u g h several species o f t u r t l e can be f o u n d in re l a t i ve l y cool seas, w a r m w a t e r pro vi des t h e

opt i m al co n d i t i o n s f o r b r e e d i n g .
Th e b e st o r m o s t s u i t a b l e w i t h i n a r a n ge o f possi bi li t i es. Co r re ct / Inco rrect

6. It can be ve ry d i f f i cu l t f o r i m m i g r a n t s t o i nt egrat e i n t o local societ y, especi ally if t h e r e are m a rk e d

cu l t u ra l di f f erences.
M e e t p e o p l e o r m a k e use f u l cont act s. Co r re ct / Inco rrect

7. Fro m t h e out set o f t h e e x p e d i t i o n t h e y k n e w t h e y w e r e g o i n g t o have p ro b l e m s , so it w as no

surprise w h e n o n l y t w o days l at er t h i n g s st art ed t o g o ve ry w r o n g .

Th e e n d o f s o m e t h i n g. Co r re ct / Inco rrect

8. He w as a t a l e n t e d y o u n g f i l m d i r e c t o r w h o s e u n i q u e a n d i n n o vat i ve st yle i nspi red ge n e r a t i o n s o f

f i l m st udent s.
Di f f i c u l t t o u n d e r st a n d . Co r re ct / Inco rrect

9. Th e b u i l d i n g is 200 m et res t al l a n d t apers g e n t l y t o a p o i n t , g i vi n g it t h e a p p e a ra n ce o f a t h i n ,

glass p yr a m i d .
Gr a d u a l l y b e co m e s w i d e r t o w a r d s o n e en d . Co r re ct / Incorrect

10. Th e r e are o n e o r t w o si m i l ari t i es b e t w e e n m y c o u n t r y a n d t h e UK, b u t o n t h e w h o l e t h e y are so

disparat e t h a t it is d i f f i cu l t t o f i n d a n y c o m m o n g r o u n d .
Ha vi n g m a n y di f f erences. Co r re ct / Inco rrect

11. M o s t m o d e r n f u r n i t u r e is f u n c t i o n a l b u t n o t especi al l y aest het ic, especi ally w h e n co m p a r e d w i t h

so m e o f t h e b e a u t i f u l a nd e l e g a n t designs o f t h e past .
Ch e a p b u t c o m f o r t a b l e . Co r re ct / Inco rrect

12. Shops k n o w t h a t t h e y can a t t ra ct m o r e cust om ers if t h e y have a l a rge array o f co l o u r f u l p ro d uct s

o n di spl ay b y o r n e a r t h e m a i n e n t ran ce .
A l a r ge g r o u p o f p e o p l e o r t h i ngs. Co r re ct / Inco rrect

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Context & meaning 2
2 N o w d o t h e sam e w i t h t hese.

1. Th e t rack has a coarse surf ace, p r o vi d i n g b e t t e r g r i p f o r bicycle t yres a n d m a k i n g t h e m less l ik ely

t o sk id o n t i g h t corners.
So f t a n d s m o o t h . Co r re ct / Incorrect

2. Th e idea o f a t u n n e l u n d e r t h e sea w as f irst p r o p a g a t e d b y engi n e ers in t h e n i n e t e e n t h cent ury,

b u t it w as al m o st 200 years b e f o re it becam e a realit y.
De s i gn e d a n d b u i l t Co r re ct / Inco rrect

3. Eve ryo n e was in f a vo u r o f m a k i n g t h e ci t y cent re t raf f i c f ree, b u t p u b l i c o p i n i o n sh i f t ed w h e n

locals realised t h a t vehi cles w o u l d need t o be d i ve r t e d t h r o u g h resi dent i al areas.
Ch a n ge d o r m o ve d . Co r re ct / Inco rrect

4. People lik e t h e n e w syst em, b u t because o f t h e costs i n vo l ve d w e d o n o t bel i eve it is vi a b l e , and

w e n eed t o l o o k f o r o t h e r o p t i o n s.
Po p u l a r w i t h p e o p l e . Co r re ct / Incorrect

5. So m e o f Shak espeare's plays are o f t e n a t t r i b u t e d t o o t h e r w ri t e rs, a l t h o u g h m o r e recent research

suggest s t h a t t h e y w e r e all his o w n w o r k .
Gi ve n t o s o m e o n e else as a gi f t , d o n a t i o n , etc. Co r re ct / Incorrect

6. A l t h o u g h t h e i n ve n t o r had a p a t e n t f o r his n e w p r o d u ct , o t h e r co m pani es r a p i d l y b e ga n co p yi n g

an d sel ling it, a n d he w as f o rce d t o t ak e legal act i on agai nst t h e m .
A n a w a r d o r p r i ze . Co r re ct / Inco rrect

7. Spiders usually t r a p t h e i r p r e y in w eb s, b u t ot hers act i vel y h u n t f o r it.

A n a n i m a l t h a t is c a u g h t a n d e a t e n b y a n o t h e r a ni m a l. Co rre ct / Incorrect

8. So m e illnesses are serious e n o u g h t o re q u i re medi cal t r e a t m e n t , b u t f o r m i n o r h e al t h p ro b l em s, a

visit t o t h e d o c t o r is usual l y n o t w a r r a n t e d .
To b e u n a b l e t o d o so m e t h i n g. Co r re ct / Incorrect

9. W e need t o co m e u p w i t h a radical so l u t i o n t o t h e p r o b l e m o f cri m e in o u r t o w n s and cit ies, since

e ve r yt h i n g else seems t o have f ai l ed .
N e w a n d ve r y d i f f e r e n t f r o m t h e usua l way. Co r re ct / Incorrect

10. Du r i n g t h e m e e t i n g, w e m a d e progress o n p e r i p h e ra l issues, b u t u n f o r t u n a t e l y w e f ai l ed t o deal

w i t h t h e issues t h a t had b een causi ng us t h e m ost p ro bl em s.
Th e m a i n o r m o s t i m p o r t a n t p a r t o f so m e t h i n g. Co r re ct / Incorrect

11. 1 h at e f l yi n g, a n d n o t h i n g co u l d i nd u ce m e t o ge t o n an a e ro p l a n e .
St o p o r p r e v e n t s o m e t h i n g. Co r re ct / Incorrect

12. Th e r e w e r e several small p ro b l em s w i t h t h e o ri gi n a l devi ce, a n d it n ee d e d t o be ref i n e d sl i gh t l y

b e f o re it co ul d g o o n sale.
Tu r n e d o f f a n d t h e n o n a ga i n . Co r re ct / Incorrect

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general vocabulary Context & meaning 3
So m et i m e s, in a d d i t i o n t o its co n t e x t , w e can w o r k o u t w h a t a w o r d m eans f r o m 'cl ues' in
t h e w o r d itself . Th e se clues a re usual l y in t h e f o r m o f o n e o r t w o w o r d s (o r part s o f w o r d s )
t h a t w e a l r e a d y k n o w , o f t e n w i t h t h e a d d i t i o n o f pref i x es a nd / o r suf f ixes.

Fo r e x a m p l e :

Healt hcare = h e a l t h + care

Th e t o w n lack s basic h e a l t h ca r e f acilit ies, so p e o p l e h a ve t o t r a ve l m a n y m i les t o see a
d oct or .

Def orest at i on = de + f o re st + a t i o n .
De f o r e s t a t i o n has r e s u l t e d i n t h e d e s t r u c t i o n o f t h o u sa n d s o f acres o f t r o p i c a l f orest .

Facial = f ace + ial (t h e e is r e m o ve d )

Th e c o m p a n y s t a r t e d o f f p r o d u c i n g a r a n ge o f f aci al cleansers a n d m oi st ur i ser s w h i c h h a d
n o t b e e n t e st e d o n ani mals.

1 Can yo u w o r k o u t w h a t t he w o r d s in bo ld in t hese sent ences mean? Check yo u r answers at t he

back o f t h e book .

1. Th e c o u n t r y is ve r y po or, and o n e in seven ch i l d re n dies in inf ancy.

2. Al l t h e e m p l o ye e s a re ask ed t o p r o d u ce a w r i t t e n e va l u a t i o n o f t h e i r p e r f o r m a n ce a n d h a n d it t o
t h e personnel m a na ge r .

3. Th e n e w d r u g does n o t cure t h e illness, b u t can pro l o n g t h e p at i en t 's li f e by u p t o f i ve years.

4. Th e f a r m w a s o n t o p o f a w i n d s w e p t hi ll, mi les f r o m t h e nearest t o w n .

5. Oi l prices i ncreased t hreef o ld o ve r a f i ve -ye a r p e r i o d .

6. Th e hi st ori cal d o c u m e n t has b ee n e x a m i n e d b y several d i st i n gu i sh e d scholars, b u t n o n e o f t h e m

can t ell if it is g e n u i n e o r f ak e.

7. W h e n y o u d e l i ve r t h e pack age, m a k e sure t h a t t h e recipient signs f o r it.

8. Th e cent repiece o f t h e n e w m u s e u m is a He n r y M o o r e scu l pt u re t h a t w a s b o u g h t f r o m a p ri vat e

coll ect or.

9. Th e ci t y of f ers a m u l t i t u de o f i n t e re st i n g a n d e x ci t i ng act i vi t i es f o r p e o p l e o f all ages.

10. Go v e r n m e n t st at ist ics o n t h e num eracy skills o f t e n -ye a r -o l d s suggest s t h a t m o r e em phasi s needs
t o be pl ace d o n t h e t e a c h i n g o f m a t h em a t i cs in school .

11. Th e a ve r a g e lif espan o f an e l e p h a n t is 60 - 70 years.

12. Several i n t e re s t i n g o bj ect s w e r e f o u n d d u r i n g t h e a rch ae o l o gi cal d i g, b u t n o n e o f t h e m w e r e o f

a n y g r e a t m o n e t a ry va l ue.

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 general vocabulary
Context & meaning 3
13. Fro m t h e t o p o f t h e t o w e r , w e l o o k e d o u t o ve r a ci t y o f i ncredi bl e grandeur.

14. Fro m a t ravel l er's st andpoi nt , t h e c o m p e t i t i o n b e t w e e n airlines t o w i n cust omers is a g o o d t h i n g .

2 No w do t he same w i t h t hese.

1. Th e ci t y w as o ve r 60 miles f r o m t h e epicent re o f t h e e a r t h q u a k e , b u t still suf f ered subst ant ial

d a m a ge .

2. In som e cases, hospi t al out pat i ent s h ave t o w a i t o ve r t h r e e ho urs t o see a doct or.

3. To m any, t h e e vi d e nce he p ro vi d e d d i d n o t validat e his claim t h a t t h e Eart h m o ve d a r o u n d t h e

Sun.

4. M a n y m edi cal prof essi onals are co n ce rn ed a b o u t t h e w i despread use o f a nt i bi o t i cs t o t r e a t m i n o r

m edi cal co ndi t i o ns.

5. M o d e r n seaf arers rel y on m o d e r n t e c h n o l o g y t o h e l p t h e m n a vi ga t e t h e oceans.

6. Af t e r t h e accident , he t e m p o r a r i l y lost spatial awareness, a n d co u l d o n l y pick u p obj ect s w h e n he

closed o n e eye.

7. A monorail connect s t h e a i r p o r t w i t h t h e city, t a k i n g vi si t ors i n t o t h e h e a rt o f t h e ci t y in less t h a n

20 m i nut es.

8. A n e w devi ce w h i c h st i m ul at es t h e a u d i t o ry areas o f t h e b ra i n of f ers h o p e t o t ho se w h o have

serious h e a ri n g p ro b l em s .

9. I d o n 't consi der mysel f t o be p a r t i cu l a r l y indust rious, b u t w h e n I'm gi ve n a j o b , I m ak e sure it get s

done.

10. W h e n , o n his 104th b i rt h d ay, he w as ask ed a b o u t t h e secret t o his l o ngevi t y, he repl i ed t h a t he

o n l y ever at e r a w ve ge t a b l es a n d ha d n e ve r sm ok ed.

11. Th e n e w a i r l i n e r is m o r e e n vi r o n m e n t a l l y-f r i e n d l y t h a n o t h e r ai rcraf t , its o n l y d raw ba ck b e i n g its

l i m i t ed f l yi n g ran ge .

12. Th e M u se u m o f Co n t e m p o r a r y A r t showcases all t h a t is best a b o u t m o d e r n art .

13. Th e Al ask an wi l derness is n o t a place yo u w a n t t o be w h e n w i n t e r comes.

14. In t hi s r e m o t e , p o vert y-s t ri ck e n area, o n l y a f e w ch i l d re n g o t o school, a n d co n se q u e n t l y a b o u t a

q u a r t e r o f t h e co u n t r y's p o p u l a t i o n is illit erat e.

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general vocabulary Contrast & comparison
Co m pl et e t hese sent ences w i t h t he m ost appro pri at e w o r d o r phrase f ro m A, B o r C.

I. Th e t w o m achi nes d i f f er consi derabl y. On e has an el ect ri c m o t o r, t h e o t h e r runs o n oil.

A. dif f er B. dif f erent iat e C. dif f erential

2 T h e ..............................................................in w e a t h e r b e t w e e n t h e n o r t h a n d t h e so u t h o f t h e c o u n t r y
is ve r y no t i ce ab l e .
A. comparison B. contrast C. compare

3. M a n y p e o p l e c a n n o t ............................................................. b e t w e e n l e m o n j ui ce a n d l i m e j uice.

A. dif f er B. dif f erent iat e C. contrast

4. Ch i l d r e n m ust be t a u g h t t o ..............................................................b e t w e e n r i g h t a n d w r o n g .
A. dif f er B. contrast C. distinguish

5. Th e r e is a .............................................................. b e t w e e n b e i n g i nt erest ed in polit ics a n d j o i n i n g a

po l i t i cal part y.
A. dist inguish B. distinct ive C. distinct ion

6. Can yo u t el l t h e ..............................................................b e t w e e n a g o o d boss a n d a b ad o n e?

A. dif f erence B. dif f erent iat e C. contrast

7. Th e m a n a g e m e n t m ust n o t ..............................................................b e t w e e n m al e a n d f e m a l e applicant s.

A. dif f er B. contrast C. discriminate

8. Asi a covers a h u g e a r e a ......................................................................................................... Eu r o p e is ve r y small.

A. By w a y o f cont rast B. By ways o f comparing C. By similar means

9. Th e n e w m o d e l o f car is v e r y ............................................................. t o t h e o l d o n e .
A. same B. similar C. common

10. He r po l i t i cal o p i n i o n s a r e ............................................................. t o m i ne.

A. same B. exact ly C. identical

I I . So m e po l i t i cal part i es h ave such si m i l ar m ani f est oes t h a t t h e y are d i f f i c u l t t o

A. t ell apart B. say apart C. speak apart

12. M y f ri en d s a n d I e n j o y d o i n g m a n y o f t h e same t h i n gs. In t h a t respect , w e have a l ot

A. in similar B. in part icular C. in common

13. Th e r e seems t o be a l a r g e ............................................................... b e t w e e n t h e n u m b e r o f p e o p l e e m p l o ye d

in service i ndust ri es, a n d t hose e m p l o ye d in t h e p r i m a r y sect or.
A. discriminate B. discretion C. discrepancy

14. Th e n at i o n's e c o n o m y is l a rg e l y based o n its i ndust ry, .............................................................. a f e w

h u n d r e d years a g o it w a s an a gr a r i a n co un t r y.
A. while B. whereas C. wh er eb y

15. Bri t ish a n d Au s t r a l i a n p e o p l e share t h e same l a n gu a ge , b u t in o t h e r respect s t h e y are as d i f f e r e n t

a s ................................................................
A. cats a nd dogs B. chalk a nd cheese C. salt a nd pepper
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Emphasis & misunderstanding
1 (Emphasis) Mat ch t he sent ences on t h e lef t w i t h an appro pri at e sent ence on t h e ri ght .

1. Th e co m m i t t e e's emphasis o n t h e w o r d A . Som e, h o w e ve r , are emphat ic t h a t m o r e

're cycl i n g' w as no t i ceab l e. research needs t o be carri ed o u t .
2. Ou r gu i d e accentuated t h e i m p o r t a n ce o f B. She emphasised t h e f act t h a t p an i ck i n g
r e m a i n i n g cal m if t h e re w as t r o u b l e . w o u l d o n l y m ak e m at t e rs w o rs e .
3. Ou r t ea ch e r e x p l ai n e d t h a t it w as crucially C. Th e m a i n speak er gave prominence in
i m por t a nt t o pace ourselves w h i l e revi si ng his speech t o t h e need f o r b e t t e r j o b
f o r t h e ex am . opport unit ies.
4. A t t h e co nf eren ce , t h e accent w as o n D. W e consi der progress in t hi s f i el d t o be
u n e m p l o ym e n t . ext remely import ant .
5. Prominent scienti st s have st at ed t h a t E. He p u t great stress o n t h e m ax i m t h a t 'Al l
ge n e t i ca l l y m o d i f i e d food is p r o b a b l y w o r k a nd n o pl ay mak es Jack a d u l l b o y'.
p erf ect l y saf e.
F. Th e y stressed a ga i n a n d a ga i n t h e
6. It is o f crucial import ance t h a t w e m a k e i m p o r t a n c e o f reusi ng t h i n g s as m uch as
m o r e use o f t e c h n o l o g y if w e are t o m ak e possible.
progress.

2 (Emphasis) Com pl et e t hese sent ences w i t h a w o r d o r phrase in bold f ro m exercise 1. You m a y need
t o change t h e f o rm o f t h e w o r d o r phrase. In some cases, more t han o ne answ er is possible.

1. Pai n t i n g t h e b u i l d i n g w h i t e d i d n o t m ak e it l ook a ny bet t er. In f act , it o n l y

............................................................. its ugliness.
2. Th e r u g g e d hills are a .................................................... ........f e a t u r e o f t h e landscape
3. A t t h e m e e t i n g o f t h e St u de nt s' Co un ci l , t he ............................................................. w as o n b et t e r
st andards o f a cco m m o d a t i o n .
4. Th e M i n i st e r o f Tr a n s p o r t ............................................. .............. o n t h e need f o r an i n t e gr a t e d t r a n s p o rt
policy.
5. It i s ............................................................. t h a t w e t r y t o i m p r o ve relat ions b e t w e e n o u r count ries.
6. She b a n g e d t h e t a b l e f o r ............................................. .............. as she spok e.

3 (M i sun de rst a nd i n g) Com pl et e t hese sent ences w i t h an appropri at e w o r d o r expression f rom

t he box. In some cases, m ore t han one an sw er is possible.

assumed confused confusion impression misapprehension

mistaken mix-up obscure

1. I w as c o m p l e t e l y ..............................................................by his e x p l a n a t i o n , a nd had t o ask so m e o n e else

w h a t he m e an t .
2. Th e r e w e r e scenes o f ............................................... at t h e a i r p o r t w h e n t h e sn o w st o rm st o p p e d all t h e
f l i ght s.
3. W e n ea rl y d i d n 't cat ch o u r f l i g h t because o f a ............................................................. o ve r t h e t ick et s.
4. Th e r e are s e v e r a l ......................................................................... poi nt s in y o u r essay. It's n o t ve r y clear.
5. He was un d e r t h e .......................................................... t h a t socialism and com m uni sm w e r e t h e same t h i n g.
6. W e a l l ............................................................. . w r o n g l y as it t u r n e d o u t , t h a t w e w o u l d be i n t e r vi e w e d
i nd i vi d ual l y.
7. M a n y p e o p l e a r e .............................................................. in t h e bel i ef t h a t o r ga n i c f o o d is b e t t e r f o r yo u
t h a n c o n ve n t i o n a l l y -g r o w n f o o d .
8. She ga ve us t h e ..................................................... t h a t w e had d o n e so m e t h i n g t o upset her,
a l t h o u g h w e had d o n e n o t h i n g o f t h e sort .

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general vocabulary Focusing attention
1 Rearrange t h e let t ers in bold t o f o rm w o r d s w h i ch are used t o f ocus at t en t i o n on so m et hi ng. Th e y
all end w i t h t he let t ers -ly. Wri t e t h e w o rd s in t h e gri d underneat h . If yo u d o it correct ly, yo u w i l l f i nd
an o t h e r w o r d used t o f ocus at t ent i o n in t h e bold vert ical box.

1. Th e y r ed u ce d p o l l u t i o n p s i m l y by b a n n i n g cars f r o m t h e ci t y ce nt r e d u r i n g t h e rush hour.

2. I co m e f r o m a ga l e r l y rural c o m m u n i t y w h e r e lif e m oves at a s l o w e r pace.

3. W e 'r e i i m p r a r l y e x a m i n i n g t h e f i n an ci al aspect s o f t h e case.

4. Peopl e i n a m l y g o o n h o l i d a y in t h e sum m er.

5. Th e co l l e ge l i b ra r y is veceslxui ly f o r t h e use o f st udent s a n d st af f .
6. It's a i la pt a r r culy d i f f i c u l t p r o b l e m w h i c h w e h o p e t o resolve as soon as possible.

7. Th e a d ve r t i s e m e n t is elcif ipcsaly a i m e d a t p e o p l e o ve r 50.

8. Som e w e s t e rn co unt ri es, o t b a n l y Ca na d a a n d t h e Un i t e d St at es, have a ve ry h i gh st a n da rd o f li ving.

9. Th e t o uri st s w h o vi si t m y t o w n are s t o m l y Au s t r a l i a n .
10. Ou r t r i p t o Po l and w a s r p e u l y an e d u ca t i o n a l visit .
11. M y h o m e t o w n is f a m o u s h f i e c l yi o r its l a rge n u m b e r o f schools a n d colleges.

Th e w o r d in t h e in t h e b o l d vert i cal b o x f it s i n t o t hi s sent ence:

Th e co m p a n y t r a d e s .......................................................... in t h e Far East.

2 Di vi de t h e w o rd s a b o ve i nt o t w o groups, one gr o u p bei ng t he w o rd s w h i ch m ean o n l y o r solely.

and one g r o u p bei ng t h e w o rd s w h i ch mean in m o st cases, n o r m a l l y o r t he m ain reason f o r so m e t h i n g.

In most cases, n o rm a l l y o r t h e main

reason f o r so m et hi ng

si m pl y chi ef l y

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 general vocabulary
Generalisations & specifics
1 M a t ch t h e sent ences in t h e f i rst list b e l o w w i t h an a p p r o p r i a t e sent ence in t h e second list o n t h e
n e x t p a ge . Th e underlined words and phrases in t h e f i rst list sh o u l d h a ve a si m i l a r m e a n i n g t o t h e
w o r d s a n d phrases in b o l d in t h e seco nd list . W r i t e t h e sent ence l e t t e r (A , B, C, e t c.) f r o m t h e second
list a f t e r t h e r e l e va n t sen t en ce i n t h e f i r st list .

FIRST LIST

1 . Small items o f inf ormat ion are ve ry i m p o r t a n t in a cu rr i cu l u m vi t ae. .Q.

2. I need t o have precise inf ormat ion a b o u t y o u r n e w pro po sal s......

3. Th e plan w as u n a b l e t o g o ah e a d because o f a small import ant det ail which is import ant in order
t o mak e somet hing happen ......

4. He d e m a n d e d t o k n o w t h e small . precise and sometimes unimport ant details ......

5. W h e n yo u read a piece o f t e x t in t h e ex am , yo u sh o ul d read it q u i ck l y f irst t o g e t t h e general

idea ......

6. Bef o re yo u w r i t e an essay, yo u sh o ul d pl an it f irst a n d gi ve a b ro a d description w i t h o u t gi vi ng

much det ail ......

7. Od d f eatures o r details which make somet hing dif f erent m ak e t h e w o r l d a m o r e i nt erest i ng

p l ace......

8. Sayi ng t h a t all y o u n g p e o p l e spend t o o m uch t i m e o n t h e In t e r n e t is a b i t o f a general

st at ement ......

9. M a n y cars have ve r y si m i l ar typical f eatures ......

10. Th e h u g e rise in c o m p u t e r sales is a g o o d example o f t h e d i re ct i o n in w h i c h t e c h n o l o g y is

h e a d i n g ......

11. Normally, m ost st u den t s si t t i ng t h e ex am m a n a ge t o pass w i t h a g o o d g r a d e ......

12. Th e n e w l i b ra ry shows a go o d example o f Brit ish a rch i t e ct ur e at its best ......

13. Bef o re yo u t rave l s o m e w h e r e , it is i m p o r t a n t t o make a det ailed list o f t h i n gs t h a t yo u need t o

t a k e ......

14. French f ries w i t h m a yo n n a i se is a dish w h i c h is an od d f eature o r det ail o f Bel gi an cui si ne......

15. Th e art i cle shows as an example his vi ew s o n t h e w a y t h e c o m p a n y sh o ul d d e ve l o p ......

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general vocabulary Generalisations & specifics
SECOND LIST

A. Please l et m e have the specifics as soon as possible.

B. It's ve r y f r u s t ra t i n g w h e n a m i n o r t echnicality put s a st o p t o y o u r plans.

C. In t h e sam e w a y, k i m chi i is a co n co ct i o n o f ca b b a ge , chilli a nd gar l i c w h i c h is peculiar t o Korea.

D. Yo u sh o u l d i n cl u d e f ul l details o f y o u r past ex peri ence.

E. On ce y o u h a ve an out line, y o u w i l l di scover t h a t y o u r w o r k is easi er t o o rga ni se .

F. W e m ust be caref ul n o t t o m a k e t hi s k i nd o f generalisation.

G. It emise e ve r yt h i n g in o r d e r o f i m p o r t a n c e , b e g i n n i n g w i t h y o u r passport a n d visa.

H. As f a r as he w as co n ce rn e d , t h e minut iae co u l d n o t be o ve r l o o k e d .

I. M o st m a n u f a ct u r e r s a re a w a r e t h a t t hese characteristics are w h a t h e l p sell t h e i r p r o d u c t .

J. It also p ro vi d e s us w i t h an a ccurat e illustrat ion o f t h e advances w e have m a d e in t h e last 20 years.

K. It illustrates his p re f e r e n ce f o r i ncreased a u t o m a t i o n .

L. On c e yo u ha ve t h e gist, it s h o u l d be easi er t o u n d e r s t a n d it.

M . It exemplif ies t he st yle t h a t is b e c o m i n g i ncreasi ngl y p o p u l a r w i t h t o w n pl anners.

N. In general, t h e a ve r a ge result is a B o r C.

O. For e x a m pl e , it is o n e o f t h e peculiarities o f t h e Brit ish syst em t h a t j u d ge s a n d l aw yers w e a r w i gs

in co u r t .

2 Put t h e w o rd s and phrases a b o ve i nt o t h e t able b el o w , based on w h e t h e r t h e y are t al k i ng ab o u t

specif ic t h i n gs o r general t hings. Th e n t r y t o use t h e w o r d s in sent ences o f yo u r o w n .

Specif ic t h i n gs : t he specif ics

Ge n e r a l t h i n gs:

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 general vocabulary
Groups
1 Put t hese w o rd s i nt o t h e t able based o n t h e t hi ngs t h e y usually ref er t o.

batch bunch bundle cast company crew crowd flock

gang group herd huddle pile litter pack platoon set
shoal stack staff swarm team throng

People in ge n er a l A gro u p of people An i m a l s Obj ect s

w o rk ing t oget her

cr o w d

2 Com pl et e t hese sent ences using one o f t he w o rd s f ro m Exercise 1. You m ay need t o mak e yo u r
an sw er plural, and in some cases more t han one answ er is possible.

1. A .................... o f j ust 25 d a i r y cows can p ro d u ce o ve r a t h o u s a n d litres o f m i l k a day.

2. Just because a f i l m has a o f w e l l -k n o w n act ors, it does n o t necessarily m ean it w i l l be

successf ul.

3. Du r i n g t h e ra i n y season, h u g e .................... o f m o squi t o es m a k e lif e ve ry u n c o m f o r t a b l e f o r t h e

local resident s.

4. Shelf space in t h e l i b r a r y is so l i m i t ed t h a t t h e re a r e .................... o f book s all o ve r t h e f l oor.

5. Th e coral reef is h o m e t o ................................ o f co l o u rf u l f ish.

6. Ai r l i n e c a b i n .................... d o m uch m o r e t h a n j ust serve f o o d t o passengers.

7. A s i m p l e .................... o f t o o l s can cost t h e e q u i va l e n t o f a m o n t h 's w a ge s f o r some.

8. Th e co l l e ge e m p l o ys a .................... o f a b o u t 200.

9. A .................... o f f l o w e rs is al ways an accept abl e g i f t if yo u visit so m e o n e.

10. Du r i n g Na t i o n a l Da y cel ebrat i o ns, an e n o r m o u s .................... o f p e o p l e descended o n t h e cit y's m ai n

square.

11. In som e areas o f t h e c i t y ,.................. o f w i l d dogs ro a m t h e st reet s a t n i g h t

12. A s m a l l .................... o f p e o p l e sat u n d e r t h e t ree, t r y i n g t o k eep w a r m a n d dry.

13. Yo u k n o w w i n t e r is a r r i vi n g w h e n h u g e .................. o f geese a n d o t h e r birds can be seen h e a d i n g

so ut h.

14. Th e b re ad o ve n can p ro d u ce a .................... o f 200 loaves e very hour.

15. Hu n d re d s o f m i g r a n t w o rk e r s arri ve in t h e cit y e ver y day, m a n y ca rryi n g n o m o r e t h a n a small

.................... o f clot hes a n d o t h e r personal possessions.

16........................ o f yo u t h s can o f t e n be seen h a n g i n g a r o u n d o n st reet corners l o o k i n g f o r t r o u b l e .

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general vocabulary How something works
1 Co m pl et e t h e descript ions o f h o w t hese object s w o r k w i t h t h e correct f o rm o f t h e w o rd s and
phrases in t h e boxes. In some cases, m ore t h an one a n s w e r m a y be possible.

1. A t h e r m o s t a t

adjust bend connect contain contract cool down

disconnect expand heat up turn off

A t h e r m o s t a t cont ains a st ri p o r coil o f st eel a n d a st rip o r coil o f co pper, o n e o n t o p o f t h e ot her.

As t h e st ri p / c o i l .................... . t h e m e t a l s .................... . b u t o n e does it f ast er t h a n t h e o t h e r. Th e st rip
/ c o i l .................... a n d .....................w i t h a sw i t ch, w h i c h .....................t h e p o w e r supply. W h e n t h e st rip
/ c o i l .................... , t h e m e t a l s .....................a n d t h e swi t ch i s ....................... Th e t h e r m o s t a t i s ......................
usi ng a di al o r o t h e r c o n t ro l .

2. A disc p l aye r

convert decrease hear increase insert replace spin

strike view

A disc p l a ye r (f o r e x a m pl e , in a c o m p u t e r ) has several c o m p o n e n t part s. A disc i s .................... i n t o

t h e p l a ye r a n d b egi n s t o ...................... A t t h e same t i m e , a t h i n b ea m o f l i gh t called a l a s e r .....................
t h e disc a n d .................... d i gi t a l si gnals i n t o so unds o r i mages, w h i c h can b e ...................... t h r o u g h
speak ers o r .................... o n a screen. Vo l u m e o r bri gh t ness can be .................... o r .................... by
m eans o f a b u t t o n , k n o b o r o t h e r co n t r o l . No w a d a ys , discs are l a rge l y b e i n g .................... b y st o rage
devices lik e m e m o r y sticks, w h i c h have n o m o vi n g part s.

3. A n aerosol

compress expand leave mix open push release

In an aerosol , l i q u i d a n d gas are .................... in a m et al a nd / o r h a rd plast ic t u b e . Th i s can be

.................... f r o m t h e t u b e b y ......................a b u t t o n , w h i c h ...................... a val ve. W h e n t h e l i q u i d -ga s
c o m b i n a t i o n .................... t h e t u b e a n d ...................... w i t h o x yge n , it r a p i d l y ..........................

4. A n aircraf t

accelerate create flow form made move pull produce

M o s t ai rcraf t a r e .................... o f a l u m i n i u m , a n d r e q u i r e t w o f orces t o a l l o w t h e m t o f l y: t h r u s t a nd

li f t . As t h e a i r c r a f t .................... f o r w a r d o n t h e g r o u n d u n d e r t h e p o w e r o f its engi nes, a i r ......................
o ve r t h e w i n gs . As i t .................... f a s t e r ,...................... m o r e t h ru s t , a va c u u m i s ...................... o ve r t h e
w i n gs . Th i s .................... lif t . Th e a i rcra f t i s ...................... i n t o t h e air by t h e f o rce o f t his lif t .

5. A d i gi t a l cam era

adjust consist control download enter hit open press

record store

A d i g i t a l c a m e r a .................... o f t w o m a i n part s: a b o d y a nd a lens. W h e n a b u t t o n i s ......................o n

t h e body, a w i n d o w in t h e lens called a s h u t t e r .................... a n d l i g h t ...................... t h e cam era. Th e
a m o u n t o f l i gh t g o i n g i n t o t h e cam era is .................... by b o t h t h e speed o f t hi s shut t er, a n d a
sm al l er w i n d o w cal l ed an a per t ure. Bo t h t h e s h u t t e r speed a n d t h e size o f t h e a p e r t u r e can be
.................... b y t h e person usi ng t h e cam era. Th e l i g h t .................... a sensor in t h e b o d y o f t h e
cam era, w h i c h .................... t h e l i gh t as a d i gi t a l i m age. Th e i m a ge i s ...................... o n a m e m o r y card
in t h e ca m era, a n d t hi s can l at er b e .................... o n t o a co m p ut er .

ieltsdinhluc.vn
 general vocabulary
Joining / becoming part of something bigger
Th e sent ences b e l o w all cont ain a w o r d o r phrase in italics w h i ch is relat ed t o t h e idea o f t w o or
more t h i n gs jo i n i n g t o get her, somet imes w i t h t h e result t h a t t h e y become part of som et hi ng bigger.
Ho w e ver, t he w o rd s and phrases have all been pu t i nt o t h e w r o n g sent ence. Put t h em i nt o t hei r
correct sent ence. In some cases, m ore t han o ne answ er is possible.

1 Wri t e t h e correct ve rb at t h e end of each sent ence.

1. His salary is merged t o t h e cost o f l i vi n g, a nd increases o n an a n n u a l basis, link ed

2. Th e In t e r n a t i o n a l Bo o k Associ at i on blended w i t h Universal Press in 2010 t o f o r m t h e Int e rn a t i o n a l

Press.............................

3. To g e t a b e t t e r f i ni sh, he swa l l owed up t h e t w o pai nt s t o g e t h e r ............................

4. Th e f i r m int egrat ed w i t h its m a i n c o m p e t i t o r in t h e b a t t l e t o w i n m o r e cust o m ers..............................

5. Th e suggest i ons f r o m all t h e co m m i t t e e s w e r e t ook over i n t o t h e m a i n p r o p o s a l ..............................

6. Th e i m m i gr a n t s f aced h o st i l i t y w h e n t hey were f irst incorporat ed i n t o t h e co m m u n i t y.

7. A l o t o f st udent s had p ro b l e m s b e f o re t h e y amalgamat ed i n t o co l l ege l i f e.............................

8. W h e n t h e l arge i n t e r n a t i o n a l co l l e ge go t t oget her t h e sm al l er school, a l o t o f p e o p l e lost t h e i r

j o b s .............................

9. Th e st udent s link ed o n e e ve n i n g a n d d eci ded t o p ro t e st a b o u t t h e i r s i t u a t i o n .............................

10. A l arge i n t e rn a t i o n a l c o m p a n y assimilated o u r f i r m last m o n t h a n d st art ed m a k i n g i m m e d i a t e

ch a n ge s..............................

2 Wri t e t h e correct noun at t h e end o f each sent ence.

1. Th e alloy b e t w e e n En gl a n d a n d France cam e close t o b re a k i n g d o w n m a n y t i m es d u r i n g t h e

n i n e t e e n t h c e n t u r y ............................

2. Th e synthesis b e t w e e n En gl a n d a n d Scot l and is o ve r 300 years o l d .......................................

3. Last year, t h e t h r e e r e gi o n a l o rga ni sat i o ns responsi ble f o r h e l p i n g homeless p e o p l e f o rm ed a

n a t i o n a l blend t o h e l p a n d s u p p o r t o n e a n o t h e r ............................

4. Brass is a w e l l -k n o w n alliance o f co p p e r a n d zi n c .............................

5. W a t e r is a coalition o f h y d r o g e n a n d o x y g e n .............................

6. Th e plan is a unif ication o f several earl i e r proposal s..............................

7. Th e merger o f It al y d i d n o t o ccu r un t i l t h e second h al f o f t h e n i n e t e e n t h c e n t u r y ............................

8. Th e c o m p a n y m a de its f o r t u n e by selling a p o p u l a r union o f co f f e e .....................................

9. Th e p ro p o se d f ederat ion o f t h e Li beral a nd La b o u r Part ies in t h e el ect i on w as cause f o r m uch

r i d i cu l e .............................

10. As a result of t he compound w i t h t he o t he r company, Flax Int ernat ional became t he largest in its f ield.

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general vocabulary Likes & dislikes
Deci de if t h e w o r d s a n d phrases in b o l d in t hese sent ences h a ve a p o si t i ve co n n o t a t i on (f o r e x a m p l e ,
t h e y t el l us t h a t s o m e b o d y likes o r w a n t s s o m e t h i n g ) o r a nega t i ve co n n o t a t i on (f o r e x a m p l e , t h e y
t el l us t h a t s o m e o n e di sl i k es s o m e t h i n g ). Un d e r l i n e t h e co rrect a nsw e r.

1. Th e i dea o f t r ave l l i n g a r o u n d t h e w o r l d real l y app ea l s t o me. Posi t ive / Ne ga t i ve

2. Research suggest s t h a t sh opper s are a t t ra ct e d t o b r i gh t l y-l i t , co l o ur f ul di spl ays. Posi t ive / Ne ga t i ve

3. I l i ke hi m, b u t u n f o r t u n a t e l y he c a n 't s t a n d me. Posi t ive / Ne ga t i ve

4. I can n eve r un d e r st a n d w h y peo p l e are so c a p t i va t e d b y r oyal w e d d i n gs . Posi t ive / Ne ga t i ve

5. A l ot of p e o p l e d et e st seaf ood, an d some are even al l er gi c t o it. Posi t ive / Ne ga t i ve

6. Bi go t ed p eo p l e d i s gu s t me w i t h t h e i r s m a l l -m i n d e d at t i t udes. Posi t ive / Ne ga t i ve

7. He's a ve r y pun ct ua l per son, a nd d reads b e i n g l at e f o r a n yt h i n g. Posi t ive / Ne ga t i ve

8. M y b r o t h e r f anci es sp e n d i n g some t i m e w o r k i n g a b r o a d . Posi t ive / Ne ga t i ve

9. I'm f a sci nat ed b y n e w t ech n o l o gy, a nd spend a l ot of m o n e y o n t h e l at est el ect r oni c gadget s.
Posit ive / Ne ga t i ve

10. She's f o n d o f classical musi c, a nd w o u l d li ke t o be a classical pi ani st . Posi t ive / Ne ga t i ve

11. A l ot o f p eo p l e are k een o n f o o t b a l l , b u t it d o es n' t i nt er est me. Posi t ive / Ne ga t i ve

12. W e w e r e col d and w e t , and l o n ge d f o r a h o t dr i nk . Posi t ive / Ne ga t i ve

13. I d o n ' t l i ke ear l y m o r n i n g st art s, and abs o l u t el y l o a t h e h a vi ng t o ge t o u t o f bed earl y.

Posi t ive / Ne ga t i ve

14. I al ways l o o k f o r w a r d t o m y Engl i sh lessons. Posi t i ve / Ne ga t i ve

15. I'm passi o n a t e a b o u t f l yi ng, b u t r ar el y ge t t h e chance t o go a n yw h e r e by pl ane. Posi t ive / Ne ga t i ve

16. She's a ve ge t a r i a n , a nd t h e t h o u g h t of e at i n g m e a t repels her. Posi t i ve / Ne ga t i ve

17. Su pe r m a r k et s k n o w t h a t cust omer s w h o co me in f o r essent i al i t ems li ke mi l k a nd br e ad are o f t e n

t e m p t e d b y speci al of f ers o n o t h e r pr oduct s. Posi t ive / Ne ga t i ve

18. W e had been w o r k i n g ve r y har d, a nd w e r e ye a r n i n g f o r a hol i day. Posi t ive / Ne ga t i ve

26
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 general vocabulary
Location & direction
1 Look at t h e m a p a nd t o w n gu i d e , and co m p l e t e t h e sent ences w i t h t h e w o r d s a nd phrases in t h e bo x .

D
E
H
I
K

o Ar r o o r t (8 k m ) M

N
<=■ W + E >=>
S
£

To w n gu i d e

A We l l i n g t o n Road F Shops K Mu s e u m P Ar t gal l er y

B Sh o p p i n g cent r e G Ma r k e t L Gr ee n St r eet Q Caf e
C Sw an St reet H Mi l l Road M We st er n Ave n u e R To w n Hal l
D Li br ar y I Pol i ce st at i on N Che st nut Park S El m Squar e
E Heal t h cl ub J Li ncol n St reet O Col l e ge T St at i on

at right angles to to the east of on the north side of

diagonally opposite in the middle of on the south side of
directly opposite on parallel to
halfway along on the corner of surrounded by
halfway between on the left-hand side of to the west of

1. Th e l i br ar y i s ........................ t h e pol i ce st at i on.

2. Th e a i r po r t is 8 k m .............. ...................t h e t o w n .
3. Th e st at i on i s ........................ ........ El m Squar e.
4. Che st nut Park i s ................... .............. t h e t o w n .
5. Th e To w n Hal l i s ................... .............. El m Squar e.
6. Th e caf e i s .............................. ... Che st nut Park.
7. Th e mus eu m i s ..................... ........... Li ncol n St reet .
8. We l l i n g t o n Road i s ............. ....................Mi l l Road.
9. Swan St r eet i s ....................... ..........Li ncol n St reet .
10. Th e sh o p p i n g cent r e is ........................... Swan St reet .
11. West er n Ave n u e i s ............. .................. El m Squar e and Mi l l Road
12. Th e col l ege i s ....................... ........ t h e mus eu m.
13. Th e m a r k e t i s ....................... ........ shops.
14. Th e heal t h cl ub i s ................ ................. Gr ee n St reet .
15. Th e art gal l er y i s ................. .............. West er n Ave n u e and Gr ee n St reet .
27
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general vocabulary Location & direction
2 N o w l o o k a t t h i s m a p a n d g u i d e . Fi nd w h e r e y o u are o n it, t h e n f o l l o w t h e d i r e ct i o n s t o f i n d o u t
w h e r e y o u are g o i n g .

Yo u are here 1>

To w n gu i d e

A Hot el K Co f f e e shop

B In t er ne t caf e L Rest aur ant

C Post of f i ce M Ci ne m a

D Bank N La n gu a ge school

E Su p e r m a r k e t 0 Su r ger y

F Th e a t r e P Bo o k shop

G Hai r dr esser Q M o b i l e p h o n e st ore

H El ect ri cal st ore R Li br ar y

1 Bak er y S Fu r n i t u r e st ore

J Tr avel a ge ncy T De p a r t m e n t st or e

Di r e ct i on s: Go a l o n g t h e Hi gh St reet , a nd t u r n l ef t at t h e crossroads. Car r y on and t u r n r i gh t at t h e

end of t h e r o ad . Go past t h e ci ne ma a nd t ak e t h e second r oad o n y o u r l ef t . Th e pl ace yo u w a n t is
t h e t h i r d b u i l d i n g o n y o u r r i ght .

Yo u are g o i n g t o ....................................

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 general vocabulary
Location & direction
3 Co m p l e t e t hese d i rect i o ns usi n g t h e w o r d s a n d phrases in t h e b o x . In each case, b e gi n f ro m t h e
pl ace l abel l ed 'Yo u are h e re'. Yo u w i l l need t o use so m e w o r d s / phrases m o r e t h a n once.

crossroads on your right

first second
go along take the first
go past take the second
go to the end the end
last turn left
on your left turn right

Di rect i ons t o t h e su pe r m a r k e t

( 1 ) .................................. of t h e Hi gh St r eet a nd (2) .....................................Go a l o n g t hi s r oad and

( 3 ) .................................. r oad ( 4 ) .................................... .Th e su p e r m a r k e t is t h e ( 5 ) ..................................

b u i l di n g ( 6 ) .....................................

Di rect i ons t o t h e l a na ua ae school

( 7 ) .................................. t h e Hi gh St reet , and (8) ... .............................. at t he ( 9 ) ........................................

(1 0 ) .................................. r oad ( 1 1 ) ............................... .., and t h e l a n gu a ge school is t h e

(1 2 ) .................................. b u i l d i n g (1 3 ) .......................

Di r ect i ons t o t h e b o o k shop

( 1 4 ) .................................. t h e Hi gh St r eet a nd (15) .................................at t h e (1 6 )......................................

Go t o ( 1 7 ).................................. of t hi s r oad and ( 1 8 ).................................... agai n, t hen

( 1 9 ) .................................. r oad ( 2 0 ) .............................. ... . (2 1 ) .................................. t h e l i brary.

a nd t h e b o o k shop is t he ( 2 2 ) .................................. b u i l di n g ( 2 3 )..................................

4 Ch o o s e t h r e e o t h e r places o n t h e m a p a n d w r i t e y o u r o w n di rect i ons.

1.

2.

3.

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general vocabulary Modified words
1 M o d i f y (ch a nge) each w o r d in bold in t h e sent ences b y ad d i n g a pref ix f ro m t h e bo x , so t h at t he
w o r d is correct in t h e co nt ex t o f t h e sent ence. Use each pref ix once only.

auto bi circum CO inter micro mono over post pre

semi sub tele trans under uni

1. Th a n k s t o In t e r n e t t e c h n o l o gy, co m p an i e s can h o l d ............. conf erences w i t h t h e i r agent s and

cust om ers a r o u n d t h e w o r l d w i t h o u t l e avi n g t h e of f i ce.

2. Th e co n f e re n ce is a ............. annual e ve n t , a n d usual l y t ak es place in M a r c h a nd Se pt em ber.

3. In h e r n e w ............. bi o gra p h y, t h e t r ave l w r i t e r a n d bro a d cast er Lucy Ap p s t reat s h e r readers t o

som e f asci n at i n g t ales a b o u t h e r lif e o n t h e o p e n ro a d .

4. Emai l a n d social n e t w o r k i n g w ebsi t es h a v e ............. f o rm e d t h e w a y p e o p l e c o m m u n i c a t e .

5. Un f o r t u n a t e l y, t h e p ro j e ct t e a m ex ceeded i t s ............. det erm i ned level o f s p e n d i n g, a n d had t o

b o r r o w m o r e m o n ey.

6. De spi t e b e i n g k n o ck e d o u t o f t h e W o r l d Cu p in t h e .............. -f i n a l , t h e r e w as a gr e a t sense o f

e l a t i o n , a n d t h e c e r t a i n t y t h a t w e w o u l d g o all t h e w a y t h e nex t t i m e .

7. On l y a small p e r ce n t a ge o f st udent s w h o d o a un i versi t y d e gre e g o o n t o d o ............. graduat e

st udi es.

8. Peopl e e n j o y t h e i r j o b s m uch m o r e if t h e y g e t o n w i t h t h e i r ............. -w o rk e rs.

9. If yo u k n e w a b o u t all t h e p o t e n t i a l l y d a n g e r o u s .............. -organi sm s t h a t live o n an a verage

d i shcl o t h , yo u w o u l d p r o b a b l y n e ve r use o n e a ga i n !

10 ...............sex f ra gran ce s are b e l i e ve d t o be a m o d e r n i n ve n t i o n , b u t a c e n t u r y a go all p erf u m es w e r e

f o r m e n a n d w o m e n alik e, a n d p e o p l e j ust chose t h e o n e t h e y l i k ed t h e most .

11. If yo u f eel t h a t y o u have r e c e i v e d ............. st andard service, yo u sh o ul d co m p l a i n t o t h e m a n a ge r

o r m o st seni o r e m p l o ye e i m m e d i a t e l y r a t h e r t h a n w a i t unt i l later.

12. In 1929, t h e Gr a f Ze p p e l i n becam e t h e f irst airshi p t o ............. navi gat e t h e w o r l d .

13. As t r o n a u t s st art ed l i vi ng o n t h e ............. nat ional Space St at i o n in 2000.

14. I have t w o d i ct i o nari es: an En gl i sh -Fre n ch o n e , a n d a ............. lingual Engl i sh o n e.

15. I w as an ............. achi ever a t school, al w a ys g e t t i n g l o w gra de s in t est s a n d p o o r m ark s in m y

hom ew ork .

16. Th e ci t y is s o ............. po pul at ed t h a t it is a l m o st i m possi bl e t o f i n d a n y w h e r e t o live.

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 general vocabulary
Modified words
2 No w d o t h e same w i t h t hese. Use t h e same pref ixes f ro m t h e box in Exercise 1.

1.................. w a ves w o r k by passing e l ect ri ci t y t h r o u g h f o o d r a t h e r t h a n b y h e a t i n g it.

2. Th e lat e t w e n t i e t h ce n t u r y saw e n o r m o u s advances in ............. communi cat i ons, w i t h the

d e ve l o p m e n t o f t h e In t e r n e t b e i n g o f p a r t i cu l a r i m p o r t a n ce .

3. In 1986, agai nst e ve r yb o d y else's wishes, t h e r u l i n g g o v e r n m e n t m a d e t h e ............lat eral decision

t o close h a l f t h e co u n t r y's coal mi nes.

4. Th e suburbs consist o f n o t h i n g b u t m i l e a f t e r mi l e o f ............. -det ached houses a n d a p a r t m e n t

block s.

5. On l o n g-d i st a n ce f l i gh t s, t h e a i rcra f t is f l o w n b y ............. pi l o t m ost o f t h e t i m e , w i t h t h e real pilot s

o n l y assum ing occasi onal co n t ro l .

6. I speak Engli sh a n d Spani sh, b u t m y Spani sh is q u i t e l i m i t ed, so u n f o r t u n a t e l y I w o u l d n 't say I'm

............ lingual.

7. Th e r e are st rict laws agai nst a dve rt i si n g t o b acco pro duct s, b u t w i t h a b i t o f i m a gi n a t i o n , m a n y o f

t hese can be e a s i l y ............. vent ed.

8. A l o t o f t h e ci t y w as d est ro ye d d u r i n g t h e w ar, so d u r i n g t h e i m m e d i a t e ............ -w a r years, t h e

g o v e r n m e n t e m b a rk e d o n a massive r e co nst ruct i o n p r o g r a m m e .

9. I t h i n k I passed m y exams, b u t it w o u l d b e ............. m at ure t o say t h a t I've d o n e w e l l in all o f t h e m .

10. A t h i r d o f t h e ch i l d re n w e r e f o u n d t o b e .............w e i g h t as a result o f a h i g h -f a t , h i g h -s u g a r di et .

11. It is bel i eved t h a t m a n y p e o p l e w h o dislik e w a t e r have a ............. conscious f ea r o f d r o w n i n g .

12. M o s t o f t h e schools in m y c o u n t r y a r e ............. educat ional, a l t h o u g h t h e r e are a f e w b o y -o n l y and

g i r l -o n l y inst it ut i o ns.

13. W e ran o u t o f m o n e y because w e had est imat ed h o w m uch t h e t r i p w o u l d cost .

14. Th e a vi a t o r Charl es Li n d b e r gh m a d e t h e f i rst s o l o ............. at lant ic f l i g h t in 1927.

15. Part o f o u r course w a s t o st u d y t h e ............. relat ionship b e t w e e n stress a n d illness, a n d especi ally
t o w h a t e x t e n t o n e resul t ed in t h e o t her.

16. He k n e w a l o t a b o u t his subj ect , b u t he spok e in such a d u l l ............. t o ne t h a t his st udent s w o u l d

o f t e n f all asleep.

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general vocabulary Objects & actions
1 Th e verbs in t h e b o x describe t h e act ions o f t h e t h i n gs in 1 - 18. Mat ch each ve rb w i t h t h e t h i n g it
describes.

congeal crack erode evaporate expand explode fade

freeze leak rise rotate slide smoulder spill spin stretch
vibrate wobble

1. W a t e r c h a n g i n g f r o m a l i q u i d t o a soli d st at e because o f t h e co l d, f re eze

2. Th e d r u m in a w a s h i n g m a ch i n e m o vi n g ve r y q u i ck l y in its f i nal st age o f a w ash .

3. Th e disc t r a y o p e n i n g a n d cl osi ng o n a co m p u t e r . ....................

4. W a t e r s l o w l y t u r n i n g i n t o va p o u r. ....................

5. Co o k i n g f a t o r oil b e c o m i n g solid o n an u n w a s h e d p l a t e .........................

6. Th e p l a n e t Eart h m o vi n g a r o u n d o n its axis.........................

7. A loose w h e e l o n a car. ....................

8. Gas c o m i n g o u t o f a f a u l t y va l ve .........................

9. A p a n e o f glass in a w i n d o w f ra m e w h e n a l a rge vehi cl e passes nearby. .............

10. A T-s h i r t w h i c h has b ee n w a s h e d so o f t e n it is losi ng its col our. ....................

11. Th e sun c o m i n g u p in t h e m o r n i n g .........................

12. Clif f s b e i n g s l o w l y d es t ro ye d by t h e sea.........................

13. Sl i gh t l y d a m p w o o d o n a f i re g i vi n g o f f sm o k e b u t n o f l am e s.........................

14. Co l d m e t a l as it get s h o t t e r. ....................

15. A piece o f elast ic b e i n g p u l l e d so t h a t it becom es l o nger. ....................

16. A w i n d o w b e i n g h i t b y a st o ne so t h a t a l o n g, t h i n b re ak f o rm s in t h e glass.........

17. Co f f e e f a l l i n g o u t o f a cu p b y m i st ak e .........................

18. A b o m b s u d d e n l y b l o w i n g u p .........................

2 N o w d o t he same w i t h t hese.

bounce burn condense contract crumble erupt float flow

grow meander melt revolve ring set sink spread subside
trickle

1. Th e Eart h m o vi n g a r o u n d t h e Su n .........................

2. A house s l o w l y si n k i n g i n t o so f t g r o u n d .........................

3. Tra f f i c m o vi n g s m o o t h l y a l o n g a m o t o r w a y .........................

4. Glass c h a n g i n g f r o m a soli d t o a l i q u i d in ve ry h i gh h e a t .........

5. A r u b b e r bal l h i t t i n g t h e g r o u n d a n d g o i n g back i n t o t h e air.

6. Th e p o p u l a t i o n o f a t o w n b e co m i n g b i gge r. ....................
32 ______________________________
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 general vocabulary
Objects & actions
7. Th e sun g o i n g d o w n in t h e e v e n i n g .........................

8. Gas o r st eam c h a n g i n g i n t o a l i q u i d .........................

9. A w i d e ri ver g o i n g t h r o u g h t h e co un t r ysi d e in bi g curves.........................

10. Do cu m e n t s b e i n g laid o u t o n a t a b l e ........................

11. W a t e r c o m i n g ve r y s l o w l y o u t o f a t a p .........................

12. A slice o f bread in a t o as t e r t u r n i n g black a n d b e g i n n i n g t o gi ve o f f sm o k e .........................

13. A l u m p o f d r y e ar t h b e i n g r u b b e d b e t w e e n so m ebo dy's f i n ge r s .........................

14. Ho t m et al as it get s cooler. ....................

15. A n o l d -f a s h i o n e d a l arm clock s u d d e n l y g o i n g o f f .........................

16. A b o a t g o i n g t o t h e b o t t o m o f a river. ....................

17. Dead f ish l yi ng o n t h e surf ace o f a p o l l u t e d l ak e.........................

18. A vo l ca n o t h r o w i n g o u t lava a n d ash.........................

3 Some of t h e w o rd s in Exercise 1 and 2 can be used in m ore t han one w a y, of t en w i t h a dif f erent
m eani ng. Co m pl et e t hese sent ences w i t h an appropri at e w o r d (t h e def i ni t i on o f t he w o r d yo u need
in italics af t er each sent ence w i l l help yo u ). Yo u w i l l need t o change t he f o rm o f some o f t h e w o rd s.

1. Th e c o m p a n y f r o ze its e m pl o ye es w a ge s u nt i l t h e e n d o f t h e year, (t o sa y o f f i c i a l l y t h a t t h e r a t e
o r l evel o f s o m e t h i n g m u s t s t a y t h e same a n d n o t i ncrease)

2. So m e p e o p l e .................... t h r o u g h lif e w i t h o u t real l y k n o w i n g w h a t t h e y w a n t t o d o . (t o b e h a ve in

a w a y t h a t s h o w s y o u d o n o t h a ve a clear p l a n f o r w h a t y o u w a n t t o d o )

3. Fo o d prices have b e e n .................... st eadi l y all year, (t o increase i n a m o u n t )

4. As t h e l i g h t .................... in t h e e ve n i n g , p e o p l e st art c o m i n g o u t o n t o t h e st reet , (t o b e co m e less

bright )

5. He m a n a ge d t o .................... a t w o -h o u r p re se nt a t i o n i n t o 30 m i nut es, (t o m a k e s o m e t h i n g sh o r t e r

o r sm a l l er )

6. As t h e st orms s l o w l y d i e d o u t , t h e f l o o d w a t e r s g r a d u a l l y .......................(t o b e co m e l o w e r )

7. Th e discussion w e ha d last n i g h t .................... a r o u n d t h e p ro b l e m o f f i n d i n g a f f o rd a b l e

a cc o m m o d a t i o n , (t o h a ve s o m e t h i n g as t h e m a i n o r m o s t i m p o r t a n t p a r t o f a subj ect )

8. Yo u c a n .................... t h e m a ch i ne t o t u r n it self o n o r o f f a t a p ar t i cu l a r t i m e , (t o m a k e a piece o f

equipm ent ready to operate)

9. As soon t h e co m p an y's w e b si t e w e n t o n -l i n e , orders b e ga n t o .................... in. (t o a r r i ve o r leave in

sm a ll a m o u n t s o r n u m b e r s )

10. Th e q u e u e f o r t ick et s w a s so l o n g i t .....................all t h e w a y d o w n t h e st reet , (t o c o n t i n u e f o r a l o n g

di st ance)

11. On ce a w e e k w e g e t t o g e t h e r a nd ................. ideas o f f each ot her, (t o discuss i deas w i t h o t h e r

p e o p l e in o r d e r t o g e t t h e i r o p i n i o n a n d m a k e a deci si on)

12. Th e y w a n t e d t o k eep t h e st o ry secret , b u t s o m e o n e .................it t o t h e press, (t o gi ve p r i va t e o r

secr et i n f o r m a t i o n t o j o u r n a l i s t s o r t o t h e p u b l i c )

33
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general vocabulary Obligation & option
1 Look at sent ences 1 - 1 0 and decide if t h e ex pl anat i o n w h i ch f o l l o w s each one is t ru e o r f alse.
Un d erl i n e t h e correct answer. Use t h e w o rd s and phrases in bold t o help yo u decide.

1. Du r i n g t h e e x a m , a penci l a n d eraser are required.

The p e o p l e orga ni si ng t he exam w i l l p r ovi d e yo u w i t h a penci l a n d an eraser. True / False

2. Parent s can be m a d e liable f or t h e i r ch i l d re n 's debt s.

Parent s m a y be l ega lly responsible f o r t he m o n e y t hei r children owe. True / False

3. He w as obliged t o p a y back t h e m o n e y t h a t he had w o n .

He h a d t he choice w h e t h e r o r n o t t o p a y back t he m o n e y t h a t he h a d won . True / False

4. St u d e n t s d o i n g h o l i d a y j o b s are exempt f rom p a yi n g i nco m e t ax .

St udent s d o i n g h o l i d a y j o b s p a y a smaller a m o u n t o f income t ax t ha n o t h e r people. True / False

5. Th e Un i t e d Na t i o n s vo t e d t o i m po se m andat ory sanct i ons o n t h e co un t ry.

The Un i t e d Nat ions imposed l e ga l l y-b i n d i n g sanctions whi ch h a d t o be o b e ye d b y everyone,
w i t h o u t except ion. True / False

6. Som e co m p an i e s f orce t h e i r e m pl o ye es t o w o r k l o n g h o u rs f o r l o w pay.

A l o t o f companies ask t hei r employees t o w o r k l o n g hours. True / False

7. It w as an e m e r g e n c y a n d she pressed t h e red b u t t o n ; t h e re was no alt ernative.

There was n o t h i n g else she could d o ; she h a d t o set o f f t he alarm b y pressing t he r e d b u t t on.
True / False

8. Classes o n We d n e s d a y a f t e rn o o n s are opt ional.

It is necessary t o a t t e n d classes on Wednesda y af t ernoons. True / False

9. It is compulsory t o w e a r a crash h e l m e t o n a m o t o rcycl e.

It is yo u r choice w h e t h e r o r n o t t o w e a r a crash h e l m e t wh e n yo u ride amot orcycle. True / False

10. Th e m u s e u m is ask i ng vi si t ors f o r a volunt a ry d o n a t i o n o f £2.

You d o n 't n e e d t o p a y £2 t o visit t he museum. True / False

2 Co m pl et e t hese sent ences w i t h an appro pri at e w o r d o r phrase f ro m t h e exercise abo ve. In some
cases, m ore t h an o ne an sw e r m ay be possible.

1. Vi sit ors t o t h e c o u n t r y a r e ............................................. ................t o decl are a n y excess t o b a cco o r al cohol

i m p o rt s t o t h e cust om s of f i cer.

2. I'm a f r ai d I h a v e ............................................................. b u t t o resign f r o m t h e c o m m i t t e e .

3. If yo u a re c a u g h t sp ee d i n g, y o u w i l l b e ................. ........................................... t h e p a ym e n t o f t h e f i ne.

4. At t e n d a n ce at all classes i s ............................................. ............... o t herw i se yo u m ay n o t g e t a cert if icat e at

t h e end o f t h e course.

5. M a n y re t i re d p e o p l e d o ................................................ ............. w o r k in t h e i r local c o m m u n i t y.

6. In so m e co un t ri es, t h e r e is a ......................................... ................... d e a t h sent ence f o r all d r u g t raf f i ck ers.

7. Fo r vi si t ors t o Bri t ai n f r o m o ut si d e t h e Eu r o p e a n Un i o n , a visa m a y be

8. I hat e it w h e n p e o p l e t r y t o ........................................ .................... me t o d o s o m e t h i n g I d o n 't like.

9. M o s t n e w cars co m e w i t h ........................................... .................a i r -c o n d i t i o n i n g .

10. Ch i l d re n 's cl ot hes a r e ............................................................. f r o m VAT.

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 general vocabulary
Opinion, attitude & belief
1 Th e w o rd s in italics in t h e f o l l o w i n g sent ences are all gram m at i cal l y incorrect (f o r ex ample, a noun
has been used inst ead o f an adject ive, o r a ve rb has been used inst ead o f a n o un, et c.). Decide w h a t
t h e correct f o rm of t h e w o r d should be in each sent ence, and w r i t e yo u r answers in t he crossword
on t h e nex t page.

1. I t h i n k t h a t p e o p l e n eed t o s h o w g r e a t e r tolerate o f each o t her.

2. Som e m a j o r co m p ani e s are obsession w i t h secrecy.

3. I reck oning t h a t gl o b a l w a r m i n g is h a vi n g m o re o f an ef f ect t h a n w e t h i n k .

4. W e s t r o n gl y suspicious t h a t t h e propo sal t o d e ve l o p t h e c o m p u t e r f aci lit i es w i l l be rej ect ed.

5. Som e p e o p l e are e x t r e m e l y bigot ry, especi ally r e g a r d i n g t h i n g s lik e race o r rel i gi o n.

6. I ve r y m u ch doubt f ul t h a t t h e si t ua t i o n w i l l i m p r o ve in t h e n ea r f u t u r e .

7. A l o t o f p e o p l e are f anatic a b o u t sp o r t in ge n era l a n d f o o t b a l l in part icular.

8. He w as ve r y h a r d -w o r k i n g a n d dedication t o his research.

9. In m y opinionat ed, p e o p l e d o n 't t a k e e n o u g h exercise.

10. I consi der m ysel f t o be a pragmat ist person, a nd bel i eve t h a t result s are m o r e i m p o r t a n t t h a n
t h e o ri es o r ideas.

11. Te a m m e m be rs need t o be c o m p l e t e l y commit ment , a n d p re p a r e d t o w o r k f o r l o n g hours.

12. Th e g o v e r n m e n t is regardless f o r e i g n d e b t , especially in d e ve l o p i n g co unt ri es, as a m a j o r bar ri e r

t o gl o b a l e co n o m i c d e ve l o p m e n t .

13. People o f t e n i ndi cat e t h e i r disapprove o f s o m e t h i n g t h r o u g h t h e i r b o d y l a n gu a ge r a t h e r t h a n

words.

14. I maintenance t h a t m a n y y o u n g p e o p l e w o u l d r a t h e r w o r k t h a n co n t i n u e w i t h t h e i r st udies.

15. As f a r as I am concerning, happi ness is m o r e i m p o r t a n t t h a n m oney.

16. Un h a p p y p e o p l e o f t e n have a cynic vi e w o f lif e.

17. I t ak e st ro n g exceptional t o p e o p l e c o m i n g lat e o r cancel l i ng a p p o i n t m e n t s at sh o rt not ice.

18. M a n y scientists are convincingly t h a t h u m a n act i vi t y is t h r e a t e n i n g t h e f u t u r e o f m a n y a ni m al and

p l a n t species.

19. M y parent s are tradit ion p e o p l e w h o bel i eve t h a t ch i l d re n sh o ul d n o t have t o o m uch f r e e d o m .

20. He had ve r y conservatism vi ew s a nd di d n o t like ch a n ge o f a n y sort .

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general vocabulary Opinion, attitude & belief

2 Co m pl et e t hese sent ences w i t h t h e w o rd s f ro m Exercise 1. You w i l l ei t her need a w o r d f ro m t he

sent ences o r f ro m t h e com plet ed crossword. In some cases, m ore t han one an sw e r m a y be possible.

1. Peopl e are o f t e n .............................o f st rangers, a n d ref use t o t r u s t a n yo n e unless t h e y k n o w t h e m

ve r y w e l l .

2. She's ve r y w e l l o r ga n i se d , a n d a l w a ys t ak es a .......................... a p p ro a ch t o p r o b l e m so l vi n g.

3. I'm a b s o l u t e l y ..........................a b o u t k e e p i n g f i t , a n d g o t o t h e gym at least once a day.

4. I s t r o n g l y .......................... o f s m o k i n g, a n d ref use t o let p e o p l e sm o k e in m y h o m e .

5. M y ..........................is t h a t p e o p l e w h o read a l o t are m o r e i nt e re st i ng t h a n peo p l e w h o d o n 't .

6. To succeed in li f e, yo u need a m b i t i o n a n d ..............................

7. M y f a t h e r w o n ' t .......................... a n yo n e w h o quest i ons his decisions.

8. Small f ar m co m m u n i t i e s are p r e d o m i n a n t l y .......................... in t h e i r o u t l o o k and b eh avi o ur.

9. Som e p e o p l e .......................... m y a b i l i t y t o succeed, b u t I am d e t e r m i n e d t o pro ve t h e y are w r o n g .

10. A l o t o f p e o p l e in m y c o u n t r y .......................... t h a t t h e cu r r e n t e co no m i c crisis w i l l ge t w o rs e b ef o re

36 it get s bet t er.
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 general vocabulary
Opposites: adjectives
Replace t h e adject ives in bold in t hese sent ences w i t h a w o r d f ro m t h e bo x w h i ch has an opposi t e
m eani ng in t h e cont ex t o f t h e sent ence.

approximate deaf chronic costly crude delicate detrimental

dim easy even flexible graceful innocent marked
obligatory reluctant scarce widespread

1. Th e t erm s a n d co n d i t i o n s o n t h e co n t ra ct are am biguous, c/ ear

2. Ac c o r d i n g t o t h e p e o p l e w h o k n e w h i m , he w as a ve ry a w k w a r d person t o w o r k w i t h ......................

3. I had n e ve r seen a d a n ce r w h o w as so cl um sy .....................

4. Th e changes he m a de w e r e benef icial t o t h e o rga ni sa t i o n as a w h o l e .....................

5. W e need exact f i gures bef o re w e deci de if w e can g o ahead w i t h t h e p ro j e ct .....................

6. Fo l l o w i n g a l e n gt h y i nvest i gat i o n, t h e y deci ded t h a t t h e c o m p a n y was gu i l t y....................

7. W h a t d o yo u ge t if yo u add up all t h e odd num bers b e t w e e n 1 and 100?.....................

8. Despit e t h e w e a t h e r, supplies o f f o o d af t e r t h e harvest w e r e pl ent i f ul .....................

9. Th e r e are ve r y rigid laws r e ga r d i n g b u i l d i n g o n gr e e n belt s a r o u n d a c i t y .....................

10. I've no t i ced a slight di f f erence in his a t t i t u d e o ve r t h e last f e w w e e k s ..................

11. Th e vi l l agers have desi gned a sophist icat ed devi ce f o r t u r n i n g d i r t y w a t e r i n t o clean drink ing
w a t e r ...................

12. Th e spices used in t h e p r o d u c t i o n o f som e i n t e r n a t i o n a l dishes have a ve ry st rong f l avo ur.

13. Th e black ness o f t h e n i g h t w a s b ro k e n b y a st rong o r a n g e l i gh t w h i c h w as vi sible o n t h e h o r i zo n .

14. St u d e n t a t t e n d a n ce at e x t ra -cu r ri cu l a r act ivit ies is vo l u n t a r y .....................

15. M o s t st udent s say t h e y are w i l l i n g t o a t t e n d classes o n Sa t urd ay m o r n i n g ......................

16. Th e t o r n a d o caused localised d a m a g e .......................

17. He m a de his f o r t u n e b y i m p o r t i n g cheap p e r f u m e a n d c l o t h i n g m a t e r i a l .......................

18. People w i t h mild al l ergi es t o d ust w e r e advised t o rem a i n i nd o o rs a n d close theirw indows.

37
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general vocabulary Opposites: verbs
Replace t h e verbs o r ve rb phrases in bo ld in t hese sent ences w i t h a w o r d f ro m t h e b o x w h i ch has
an o ppo si t e m eani ng in t h e co nt ex t o f t h e sent ence. Yo u w i l l need t o change t h e f o r m o f most o f
t h e verbs.

abandon accelerate accept agree defend demolish deny

deteriorate fall forbid ignore loosen lower retain retreat
reward simplify withdraw

1. W h e n o u r t r i p w as cancel l ed, w e rej ect ed t h e t r a ve l co m p an y's o f f e r o f a p art i al r e f u n d , accepted

2. She a d m i t t e d t h a t she h ad l ef t t h e d o o r u n l o ck e d w h e n she l ef t t h e h o u s e .....................

3. Ae r i a l f o o t a g e sh o ws h o w q u i ck l y t h e f l o o d w a t e r s are a d va n c i n g .....................

4. Th e c o m p a n y r ef used t o let m e m b e rs o f t h e p u b l i c e n t e r t h e b u i l d i n g .....................

5. M a n y sh o pk e e pe rs a t t a ck e d t h e deci si on t o m a k e t h e st reet t r a f f i c -f r e e .....................

6. Th e f a ct o r y w a s b u i l t in 2 0 0 4 .....................

7. He co m p l i ca t e d m a t t ers by r e w r i t i n g t h e o r i g i n a l p r o p o s a l .....................

8. W h e n t h e m o n e y ran o u t , t h e y had t o d eci de w h e t h e r o r n o t t o c o n t i n u e w i t h t h e i r research.

9. Relat i ons b e t w e e n t h e t w o co u n t r i e s have i m p r o ve d co n si de rab l y in t h e last f e w ye a rs.....................

10. Pu n i s h i n g y o u n g c h i l d re n in o r d e r t o g e t t h e m t o w o r k ha rd is, in m y o p i n i o n , w r o n g .....................

11. He rai sed t h e o ve ra l l st a n dards o f t h e c o m p a n y w i t h i n t w o m o n t h s o f his a p p o i n t m e n t .....................

12. Sm o k i n g is a l l o w e d in m o st r e s t a u ra n t a n d caf es......................

13. Prices rose sh ar pl y in t h e f i rst t h r e e m o n t h s o f t h e year. ..................

14. Bef o re yo u d o a n yt h i n g else, m ak e sure yo u t i g h t e n t h e k not s in t h e r o p e ......................

15. I w e n t t o t h e b a n k a n d d e p o s i t e d o ve r £ 5 ,0 0 0 ......................

16. He l o st his p o si t i o n as h ead o f t h e d e p a r t m e n t ......................

17. By p u s h i n g t h e red b u t t o n , t h e vehi cl e s l o w s d o w n r a p i d l y......................

18. Eve ryo n e a c k n o w l e d g e d all t h e h a r d w o r k I had d o n e ......................

38
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 general vocabulary
Ownership, giving, lending & borrowing
1 Com pl et e t h e sent ences w i t h an appropri at e noun f ro m t h e box. In some cases, m ore t han one
a n sw e r is possible.

belongings donation estate landlords loan mortgage

owners possessions property proprietors rent tenants

I. Th e l a w ensures t h a t .................... respect t h e pri vacy o f t h e p e o p l e w h o live in t h e i r houses a nd

f lat s.

2 ......................... o f rest aurant s across t h e c o u n t r y pro t est ed w h e n t h e g o v e r n m e n t a n n o u n ce d it was

g o i n g t o i m pose a t a x o n some f o o ds.

3. W h e n p ri va t e c a r ...................... sell t h e i r vehi cle, t h e y m ust p ro d u ce a cert i f i cat e t o p ro ve t h e car has

been pai d f o r in f ul l .

4. Th e pri ce o f c o m m e r c i a l ...............................in t h e ci t y cent re has d o u b l e d in t h e last t h r e e years.

5. M o r n i n g t o n Park, a 250-a cre p r i v a t e .................... in W e n f o r d s h i r e , is o p e n t o m e m be rs o f t h e p ub l i c

at w e e k e n d s.

6. M a n y f am i li es in t h e area lost t h e i r h o m e a nd all o f t h e i r .................... w h e n t h e ri ver f l o o d e d .

7. Please p u t y o u r .................... in t h e lock ers p ro vi d e d , a n d h a n d yo u r k ey t o t h e recept i o ni st f o r

sa f e k eep i ng.

8. W e t o o k o u t a .................... t o h e l p p ay f o r o u r t r i p .

9. A l o t o f p e o p l e lost t h e i r hom es w h e n i nt erest rat es rose so h i gh t h e y w e r e un a b l e t o co n t i n u e

p a yi n g o f f t h e i r .......................

10. On l y a f e w p e o p l e in t h e a p a r t m e n t bl o ck act ual l y o w n t h e i r f l at . M o s t o f t h e m are counci l

I I . Th e l a w does ve r y li t t l e t o p ro t e ct f am i l i es w h o are evi ct ed f r o m t h e i r hom es because t h e y are

u n a b l e t o p a y t h e m o n t h l y .....................

12. I m ak e a small m o n t h l y .................... t o a local chari t y f o r homeless peo p l e.

2 M o s t o f t h e ve r b s in b o l d b e l o w are in t h e w r o n g sent ence. If t h e v e r b is correct , p u t a t i ck ( ^ ) at

t h e e n d o f t h e sent ence. If t h e v e r b is wr ong, w r i t e t h e co rrect v e r b a t t h e e n d o f t h e sent ence.

1. Bank s w i l l usual l y ref use t o p re se n t m o n e y t o a n yo n e unless t h e y have a r e g u l a r j o b ........................

2. Th e best w a y t o see t h e co u n t r y is t o a p r o vi d e car f o r a co up l e o f w e e k s ........................

3. Co m pani es w h o allocat e heavi l y f r o m bank s t o k eep t h e i r business g o i n g are rarel y abl e t o pay it
b ack ........................

4. If yo u w a n t t o r e n t a ro o m in t h e ci t y cent re, yo u sh o ul d be p re pa red t o pay a l ot o f m oney.

5. Af t e r her speech, t h e pri nci pal w i l l l end pri zes t o t h e st udent s w h o have m a de t h e great est
c o n t r i b u t i o n t o t h e sch o o l ........................

6. I beli eve t h a t e veryo n e sh o ul d d o n a t e m o n e y t o chari t i es........................

7. Local counci ls w i l l b o r r o w a cco m m o d a t i o n t o t h e m ost nee d y o n a f i rst -co m e, f irst -served basis.

8. M a n y chari t abl e organi sat i o ns hire f ree medi cal hel p and su p p o r t t o areas hi t by disasters.

39
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general vocabulary Phrasal verbs 1
Wri t e a preposi t i on(s) o r pa rt i d e (s) f ro m t h e b o x af t er each ve rb in bold in t hese sent ences t o mak e
phrasal verbs. Th e m eani ng o f each phrasal ve rb is in italics at t h e end o f each sent ence.

back behind down forward in into of off on out

over to up with

1. So m e parent s are crit i cised f o r t h e w a y t h e y b r i n g .......................t h e i r ch i l d re n , (raise)

2. Th e co m m i t t e e m e m b e rs f e l l .......................o ve r pl ans f o r t h e n e w h e a l t h ce nt re , (a r gu e d )
3. Th e y ref used t o f a c e ..................................................t h e i r responsi bi l i t i es, w i t h disast rous consequences.
(accept an unpleasant st at e o f af f airs, a n d t r y t o deal w i t h it )
4. A t t h e last m i n u t e w e ha d t o c a l l ....................... o u r vi si t t o t h e m u s e u m , (n o t t o go a head w i t h
so m e t h i n g)
5. I can al w ays c o u n t ....................... m y best f r i e n d t o be t h e r e w h e n I need h i m . (r e l y / d e p e n d )

6. M a n y d e ve l o p i n g co un t r i e s are f a i l i n g t o c a t c h ................................................... t h e i r m o r e d e ve l o p e d
n e i g h b o u r s , (ge t t o t he same level)
7. As t h e w i n d d i e s ....................... . t h e h e a t a n d h u m i d i t y g r a d u a l l y b e gi n t o rise, (becomes less st r ong)

8. A n a l a r m i n g n u m b e r o f st u dent s d r o p ...................................................school e a r l y e ve r y year, (leave)

9. M a j o r i n t e r n a t i o n a l co m p a n i e s ca n 't f i gure ....................... t h e p o p u l a r i t y o f t h e a nt i -ca pi t al i st
m o ve m e n t , (f i n d i t h a r d t o underst and)
10. If t h e y e x a m i n e d t h e issues m o r e closely, t h e y w o u l d f i n d .......................t h e reasons f o r t h e changes.
(discover)
11. As w e g r o w ....................... o u r pri o ri t i es c h a n ge , (change f r om b e i n g children t o b e i n g adult s),

12. St udent s can be q u i t e creat i ve w i t h t h e reasons t h e y gi ve f o r n o t ha nd i n g ....................... t h e i r

h o m e w o r k , (gi vi n g t hei r teachers)
13. Salaries ve ry ra re l y k e e p ........................................................ t h e cost o f l i vi ng, (rise a t t he same speed as)
14. Th e art i cle is ve r y d et a i l e d , b u t l e a ve s .........................t h e reasons f o r d e m o g r a p h i c ch a n ge , (does n o t
include)
15. Th e l ect urer p o i n t e d .......................all o f t h e places o n t h e m a p w h e r e si m i l ar i nci dent s had o ccurred.
(showed)
16. Bef ore y o u w r i t e y o u r essay, yo u sh o ul d l o o k ....................... t h e Part y's hi st ory. (research)
17. M a n y e m p l o ye e s c a r r i e d ....................... w o r k i n g despi t e pressure f r o m t h e uni o ns, (cont i nued )

18. On c e p e o p l e f a l l ....................... w i t h t h e i r m o r t g a g e paym e n t s, t h e y co m e u n d e r e x t r e m e f i nanci al

pressure f r o m t h e i r b a n k , (become lat e)
19. Th e f irst st ep t o a h e a l t h i e r li f est yle is t o c u t ..................................................a m o u n t o f salt y o u co nsum e.
{reduce)
20. It is b e c o m i n g m o r e c o m m o n f o r p e o p l e t o c u t ....................... m e a t f r o m t h e i r d i e t , (st op eat i ng)

21. In t h e l at e 1990s, a l o t o f l a rge s u p e r m a r k e t chai ns t o o k ......................... premises t h a t h a d p re vi o u sl y

b ee n r u n b y small, i n d e p e n d e n t ret ailers, (assumed cont rol)
22. W h e n c o m p u t e r t e c h n o l o g y f ails us, w e have t o mak e d o ..........................m o r e p r i m i t i ve m et h o ds.
Th e y 'r e called 'p e n a n d p a p e r ', (use som et h i ng because t here is n o t h i n g else available)
23. In t his essay, I'd like t o p u t ....................... t h e a r g u m e n t s f o r a n d aga i n st gl o b a l i s m . (suggest o r st ate
t he case f o r so m e t h i n g)
24. W h e n I l o o k ...................................................m y c h i l d h o o d , I r e m e m b e r t h e m a n y sacrif ices m y parent s
m a d e f o r m e. (t h i n k a b o u t so m e t h i n g t h a t h a p p e n e d in t he past )

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Phrasal verbs 2
Co m pl et e t he second sent ence in each pair w i t h a phrasal ve rb f ro m t he b o x so t h a t it has t he same
m eani ng as t he f irst sent ence. You w i l l need t o change t he ve rb f o rm in m an y of t h e sentences.

break down carry out cut back on cut off do away with do up
end up fall through hold up keep on let down let off
pull out of pull through show up sort out split up wear off
wear out work out

1. Peace t alk s b e t w e e n t h e t w o co un t ri es collapsed w h e n n e i t h e r side reached an a gr e e m e n t .

Peace t alk s b e t w e e n t h e t w o c o u n t r i e s ....................... w h e n n e i t h e r side reached an a gr e e m e n t .

2. I'm t r y i n g t o calcul at e if w e 'v e sold m o r e t hi s ye a r t h a n last year.

I'm t r yi n g t o ....................... if w e 'v e sold m o r e t his ye ar t h a n last year.

3. Th e ef f ect s o f t h e d r u g di sappear af t e r a f e w hours.

Th e ef f ect s o f t h e d r u g ....................... a f t er a f e w hours.

4. A l ot o f p eo p l e exhaust t hemselves t h r o u g h o ve r w o r k .
A l o t o f p e o p l e .......................t h e m s e l ve s ........................ t h r o u g h o ve r w o r k .

5. Despit e t h e severi t y o f t h e disease, m a n y p eo p l e reco ver w i t h t h e hel p o f a p p r o p r i a t e drugs.

Despit e t h e severi t y o f t h e disease, m a n y p e o p l e ....................... w i t h t h e hel p o f a p p r o p r i a t e drugs.

6. Th r o u g h caref ul n e go t i a t i o n , t h e y w e r e abl e t o resolve t h e p ro b l e m .

Th r o u g h caref ul n e go t i a t i o n , t h e y w e r e abl e t o ....................... t h e p ro b l e m .

7. W h e n parent s st art t o li ve apa rt , it can be part i cul arl y d i f f i cu l t f o r t h e i r chi l dren t o cope.
W h e n p a r e n t s ......................... it can be p a r t i cu l a r l y d i f f i cu l t f o r t h e i r ch i l d re n t o cope.

8. A t t h e opening night , o n l y a f e w a udi ence m e m be rs came.

A t t h e o p e n i n g n i g h t , o n l y a f e w a u d i e nce m e m b e r s ............................

9. Th e Au s t r a l i a n part ne rs st o p p e d b e i n g a p a r t o f t h e deal at t h e last m o m e n t .

Th e Au s t r a l i a n p a r t n e r s .................... t h e deal at t h e last m o m e n t .

10. People cel ebrat e t h e Chi nese Ne w Ye a r b y e x p l o d i n g f i r e w o r k s in t h e st reet .

People cel ebrat e t h e Chi nese Ne w Ye a r b y ....................... f i r e w o r k s in t h e st reet .

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11. It is poi nt l ess r e l yi n g o n p e o p l e t o h e l p yo u if t h e y d o n 't d o as t h e y p ro m i se d .

It is poi nt l ess r e l yi n g o n p e o p l e t o h e l p yo u if t h e y ....................... yo u .............................

12. Ne w g o v e r n m e n t p ensi o n pl ans m e an t h a t m a n y p e o p l e w i l l co n t i n u e w o r k i n g w e l l i nt o t h e i r

sevent i es.
Ne w g o v e r n m e n t pensi o n pl ans m e an t h a t m a n y p e o p l e w i l l ....................... w o rk in g w ell int o t heir
sevent i es.

13. Th e p l a n n e d ch an ges w e r e d el a ye d because c o m m i t t e e m e m b e rs a r g u e d a m o n g t hem selves.

Th e p l a n n e d ch an ges w e r e ....................... because c o m m i t t e e m e m b e rs a r g u e d a m o n g t hem selves.

14. A t t h e last m i n u t e , t h e plans f o r t h e p r o p o s e d m o t o r w a y d i d n 't t a k e place.

A t t h e last m i n u t e , t h e pl ans f o r t h e p ro p o se d m o t o r w a y .........................

15. Du r i n g t h e recession, m a n y w o rk e r s in t h e p r i m a r y sect or becam e j obless.

Du r i n g t h e recession, m a n y w o r k e r s in t h e p r i m a r y s e c t o r ....................... j obless.

16. Do ct o rs d i d so m e t est s o n t h e pat i ent s.

D o c t o r s ....................... som e t est s o n t h e pat i ent s.

17. M i n o r e co no m i es, such as s p e n d i n g less o n st af f costs, can o f t e n p r e ve n t a c o m p a n y sli di ng i nt o

b a n k r u p t cy.
M i n o r eco no m i es, such a s ....................... st af f costs, can o f t e n p r e ve n t a c o m p a n y sli ding i n t o
b a n k r u p t cy.

18. W e w e r e a cci d e n t a l l y d i sco nn ect ed in t h e m i d d l e o f o u r p h o n e call.

W e w e r e a c c i d e n t a l l y ....................... in t h e m i d d l e o f o u r p h o n e call.

19. On ce t h e g o v e r n m e n t r e m o ve d q uo t as, t h e m a r k e t w a s f l o o d e d w i t h ch e a p f o r e i g n i m po rt s.
On c e t h e g o v e r n m e n t ....................... q uo t as, t h e m a r k e t w as f l o o d e d w i t h ch e a p f o r e i g n i m po rt s.

20. It cost a l m o st £8 m i l l i o n t o r e n o va t e t h e s t a d i u m , by w h i c h t i m e t h e t e a m w as in serious f inanci al

di f f i cul t i es.
It cost a l m o st £8 m i l l i o n t o ....................... t h e s t a d i u m , by w h i c h t i m e t h e t e a m w a s in serious
f i n an ci al di f f i cul t i es.

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Phrasal verbs 3
Com pl et e t hese sent ences w i t h come, get , give, go or look t o mak e a phrasal verb w i t h t he preposit ion
o r part icle in bold. Mak e sure yo u use t he correct f o rm o f t he ve rb in each one.

1. I lo ved school as a chi l d, a n d n e ve r real l y l ook ed f o r w a r d t o t h e holi days as m uch as t h e o t h e r

ch i l d ren .

2. In rural dist rict s, it can be d i f f i cu l t t o .................... b y w i t h o u t a car.

3. Th e 'd r i ve saf ely' message is f i n a l l y .................... t h ro u gh t o p eo p l e, a n d t h e r e are n o w f e w e r

accident s o n t h e roads.

4. Af t e r years o f d ecl i ne, g o v e r n m e n t i n ve st m e nt is revi t al i si ng t h e area, a n d t h i n g s are f i n a l l y

................... up f o r local businesses.

5. As t i ck et p r i c e s .................... up, f e w e r p e o p l e g o t o t h e ci ne m a, p r e f e r ri n g inst ead t o st ay at h o m e

a nd d o o t h e r t h i n gs.

6. I beli eve t h a t p e o p l e w h o have t o ............. af t er e l d e r l y relat ives o r o t h e r d e p e n d a n t s sh o ul d

receive f i n anci al s u p p o rt .

7. Large co m p an i e s can n o l o n g e r .................... a w a y w i t h d u m p i n g i ndust ri al w ast e in rivers.

8. Even if yo u f ai l t h e f irst t i m e , yo u s h o u l d .....................................on t r y i n g .

9. Sci e n t i s t s.................... across t h e cure by acci dent w h i l e t h e y w e r e st u d yi n g t h e h e al t h benef i t s o f

a rare t ro p i ca l p l an t .

10. Th e f irst st ep t o a h e a l t h i e r lif est yle is t o .................... up sm o k i n g.

11 . A l t h o u g h m a n y c h i l d r e n ....................... up t o t h e i r parent s, m a n y rebel agai nst t h e i r val ues a nd w a y

o f lif e.

12. Peopl e w h o w a n t t o k n o w h o w t o .............. abo ut st a rt i n g u p t h e i r o w n w eb si t e sh o ul d read

Websites M a de Easy.

13. Th e gas f i re h e a t i n g t h e c o n t a i n e r ....................... out , a n d t h e a pp arat u s st art ed t o cool d o w n rapidly.

14. W e d eci ded n o t t o .................... t h ro u gh w i t h o u r plans unt i l w e had m a d e e n o u g h m o ney.

15. Som e p e o p l e t e n d t o ............................................. d o w n on t hose w h o are less f o r t u n a t e t h a n t h e y are.

16. W e a l t h y coun t ri es are usual l y abl e t o .................... t h ro u gh a p e r i o d o f recession b y d r a w i n g o n

f i nanci al reserves.

17. In a ny d i spu t e w i t h a m a j o r co m p a n y, it is usually t h e cu st o m er w h o .................... o f f t h e w o rs t .

18. Bef o re I h a n d e d m y essay in, I .................... t h ro u gh it ve ry caref ull y, check i ng f o r mist ak es.

19. Peopl e w h o live in close p r o x i m i t y t o o n e a n o t h e r m ust t r y t o ....................... on w i t h t h e i r n e i gh b o u rs .

20. W h e n o u r local counci l t r i e d t o b u i l d a r i n g road a r o u n d t h e t o w n , t h e y .................... up agai nst a

l o t o f o p p o si t i o n .

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Th e verbs and part icles in t h e t w o boxes can be co m bi ned t o mak e phrasal verbs, w h i ch can t hen be
used t o com plet e t h e sent ences bel o w .

Decide w h i ch phrasal verbs go i nt o each sent ence, and w r i t e t h e answers in t h e crossword gri d. In
m a n y cases, yo u w i l l need t o change t h e f o rm o f t h e ve rb . Th e m eani ng o f each phrasal ve rb is in
it alics at t h e end o f each sent ence.

Do n 't f o r ge t t h a t some phrasal verbs need t w o part icles.

Th e f irst o ne has been d o ne as an ex ample.

opt make pick put run after against aside down

set stand take talk for in off on out
turn round up with

Clues across ( ^ )

I. Ac c o m m o d a t i o n in so m e cit ies is so expensi ve t h a t som e p eo p l e c a n n o t even a f f o rd t o _____ t h e

e i g h t w e e k s ' d e p o s i t t h a t is r e q u i r e d , (t o mak e a deposit ) A n s w e r = p u t d o w n
4. Th e y w e r e r e l u ct a n t t o m a k e changes, b u t w e m a n a ge d t o _____ t h e m _______. (t o persuade
som eb od y)
5. Ch i l d r e n o f t e n _____ o n e o f t h e i r parent s, e i t h e r in t h e i r m anneri sm s o r in t h e w a y t h e y l o o k , (t o
resemble)
6. A f t e r _____ a f e w u n e x p e ct e d di f f i cul t i es, t h e y d e ci d e d t o scrap t h e p ro j ect , (t o st op because
som e t h i n g is in t he wa y)
8. Th e y w e r e _____ o f t h e a p a r t m e n t b y t h e i r l a n d l o r d w h e n t h e y co u l d n o l o n g e r a f f o r d t h e rent ,
a n d e n d e d u p l i vi n g o n t h e st reet , (t o be f orced t o leave)
I I . W h e n I w as a t school , som e t eachers u n f a i r l y _____ c h i l d re n w h o a vo i d e d s p o r t because t h e y
p re f e r e d m o r e crea t i ve int erest s a n d past i mes, (t o choose someone t o at t ack o r criticise)
12. A l t h o u g h m a n y co m p a n i e s o f f e r t h e i r e m pl o ye es a pensi o n p r o g r a m m e , m a n y d eci de t o _____ o f
t h e p r o g r a m m e a n d m a k e t h e i r o w n a r r a n ge m e n t s , (t o decide n o t t o t ak e p a r t in so m e t h i n g)
16. A l o t o f a p pl i ca nt s expressed an i nt erest in t h e j o b , b u t o n l y a h a n d f u l _____ f o r t h e i n t e rvi e w , (t o
arrive f o r a m eet i ng, a p p oi n t m e n t , et c.)
19. A i r p o l l u t i o n c a n ______ast hm a a n d o t h e r chest diseases in t ho se m o st vu l n e r a b l e , (t o st art )
20. Peopl e w h o use cr e d i t cards u n w i s e l y can e a s i l y _____ deb t s o f t h o u sa n d s o f p o u n d s e ver y m o n t h .
(t o mak e debt s go up quick ly)
21. By t h e t i m e he w as 18, he h a d _____ his m i n d t h a t he w a n t e d t o be f am o us, (t o decide on
so m e t h i n g)

Clues d o w n M

1. It's o f t e n a g o o d i dea t o _____ so m e m o n e y f o r a 'r a i n y d a y', (t o save m on e y)

2. Te c h n o l o g y is m o vi n g a t such a f ast pace it is n o l o n g e r possible t o _____ all t h e l at est d e ve l o p m e n t s.
(t o underst a nd o r assimilate i n f o r m a t i o n )
3. No b o d y w a s _____ b y t h e g o ve r n m e n t 's f alse f i gu re s o n u n e m p l o y m e n t , (t o be f o o l e d o r t rick ed)

5. H e ______t h e j o b t h a t w as o f f e re d t o h i m , e ven t h o u g h he w a s despe ra t e f o r t h e m o n e y, (t o ref use

som e t h i n g whi ch is of f er ed)
7. M o s t p e o p l e w i l l _____ a st ressf ul j o b if t h e m o n e y is g o o d e n o u g h , (t o t olerat e som e t h i n g which
is n o t very pleasant )

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Phrasal verbs 4
9. He w as u n a b l e t o m ak e t h e speech, so I w as asked t o _____ a nd m ak e it o n his b eh al f , (t o tak e t he
place o f someone - of t en also used w i t h 'f o r ')
10. A l o t o f p eo p l e a r e _____ t h e i dea o f w o r k i n g f o r t hem sel ves because o f t h e lack o f a r e gu l a r
salary, (t o be di scouraged f r om d o i n g somet hing, usually because o f a p o t e n t i a l l y negat ive
out com e)
13. On ce bad w e a t h e r _____ , p e o p l e t e n d t o st ay at h o m e r a t h e r t h a n g o o u t . (t o st art a n d become
pe r m a nent )
14. Do ct o rs a n d medi cal ex pert s w e r e un a b l e t o _____ w h y som e p e o p l e survi ved t h e vi rus a n d o t hers
d i d n 't , (t o underst and o r k n o w t he reason f o r som et h i ng)
15. Sh e _____ a st ory a b o u t ghost s in t h e cel l ar t o st op us g o i n g d o w n t h e re , b u t o f course w e d i d n 't
bel i eve her. (t o i n ven t a st ory)
17. A t t h e a ge o f 38 h e _____ t h e post o f Presi dent , b u t lack ed suf f i ci ent ex peri ence t o be t ak en
seriously, (t o a p p l y f o r a j o b in politics, com pet ing against o t h e r people f o r t he same j o b )
18. Despit e massive p r o m o t i o n by t h e t o u r i s t b o a rd , it t o o k a l o n g t i m e f o r t o u r i s m t o _____ a ga i n
a f t e r t h e t e r r o ri s t at t ack s, (t o improve, t o ge t bet t er )

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Look at t his t ypi cal IELTS Wri t i n g Test Part 2 quest ion and t h e sample a n sw e r w h i ch f o l l o w s it.
Un d erl i n e t h e m ost appro pri at e w o r d s and phrases in bo ld in t h e answer. In several cases, bo t h
o pt i o ns are possible.

W r i t e a b o u t t h e f o l l o w i n g t o p i c:

Some say t h a t yo u n g people sh oul d tak e a break b e t we e n school a n d universit y t o go

t ravelling a n d learn m or e a b o u t t he wor ld. Ot hers say t h a t i t is b e t t e r f o r t hem t o go st ra i ght
t o universit y f r om school, a n d t hen go t ravelli ng w h e n t h e y have f inished t hei r studies.

Discuss b o t h t hese vi e w s a nd gi ve y o u r o w n o p i n i o n .

Gi ve reasons f o r y o u r a n s w e r a nd i ncl u d e a n y r e l e va n t ex am pl es f r o m y o u r o w n k n o w l e d g e
a nd e x peri en ce.

W r i t e a t least 250 w o r d s .

Th e se days, it is ve r y c o m m o n f o r y o u n g p e o p l e t o t a k e t i m e o f f s t u d yi n g b e t w e e n school a nd
uni versi t y. M a n y o f t h e m g o t r a ve l l i n g , a nd spend a ye a r o r l o n ge r vi si t i n g i nt e re st i n g a n d exot i c
places. (1 ) But / Ho w e ve r , is it b e t t e r t o d o t hi s, o r t o co n t i n u e s t u d yi n g w i t h o u t a break ?

(2 ) First o f all / First ly, t h e r e are several benef i t s t o t a k i n g t i m e o f f t o t rave l .

(3 ) As w e l l as / In addi t i o n t o m e e t i n g lot s o f i nt e re st i n g p eo p l e, y o u can also ex peri ence cult ures
t h a t are ve r y d i f f e r e n t f r o m y o u r o w n . (4 ) I believe / I t h i n k t h a t f i r s t -h a n d k n o w l e d g e and
e x p eri ence o f t h e w o r l d a r o u n d yo u e arl y in lif e are usef ul t h i n gs t o have.
(5 ) M o re o ve r / Furt herm ore, yo u l earn t o l o o k a f t e r yo u rs e l f in d i f f e r e n t a n d o f t e n d i f f i cu l t
si t uat i o ns. (6 ) Al t h o u g h / Wh i l e f e w p e o p l e have serious p ro b l e m s w h e n t h e y t r a ve l , y o u w i l l
occasi onal l y e n c o u n t e r si t uat i o ns w h e r e yo u n ee d t o t h i n k a n d act q u i ck l y w i t h o u t h a vi n g f ri ends o r
f a m i l y t o t u r n t o . Un f o r t u n a t e l y, t r a ve l l i n g has its d i sad va nt a ge s (7 ) also / as w e l l , such as
homesi ck ness a n d cu l t u r e shock . (8 ) Despit e / Nevert heless, t hese i nco nveni ences are an i ne vi t a b l e
p a r t o f t r a ve l l i n g a n d are gr e a t l y o u t w e i g h e d b y t h e a dva n t ages.

(9 ) Th e m ost i m p o r t a n t reason / Th e main reason f o r g o i n g s t r a i gh t t o un i versi t y a f t e r school is t h e

f act t h a t t h e so o n e r y o u g e t q ua l i f i cat i o ns , t h e q u i ck e r y o u can g e t a j o b a n d st art e a r n i n g.
(1 0 ) As f a r as I am concerned / For me, st a rt i n g w o r k a n d m a k i n g m o n e y is o n e o f t h e m ost
i m p o r t a n t t h i n g s in lif e. I a m n o t a l o n e in t hi s o p i n i o n . (1 1 ) M a n y consider / M a n y say a so und
career a n d a g o o d sal ary t o be o n e o f lif e's m o st i m p o r t a n t goals. (1 2 ) Second / Secondly, if yo u g o
s t r a i gh t t o uni versi t y, y o u l earn so m a n y t h i n g s t h a t w i l l h e l p yo u in y o u r f u t u r e lif e.
(13 ) Even t ual l y / Finally, g o i n g s t r a i gh t t o un i ve r si t y f r o m school m eans t h a t yo u m a i n t a i n a
m o m e n t u m t h a t y o u m i g h t lose if yo u g o t r a ve l l i n g . (1 4 ) I mean / In o t h e r w o rd s, yo u r e m a i n
f ocused o n s t u d yi n g.

(1 5 )In conclusion / To summarise, I w o u l d say t h a t s p e n d i n g a ye a r t r a ve l l i n g b e t w e e n school a nd

u n i ver si t y has its a d va n t a ge s a n d disad va nt a ge s. (16 ) On t h e o ne hand / To begi n, yo u are seeing
s o m e t h i n g o f t h e w o r l d . (1 7 ) Af t e r t h a t / On t h e o t h e r hand, yo u are d e l a yi n g y o u r e d u ca t i o n and
career. (1 8 ) In m y o p i n i o n / I o pi n i o n t hat , it is b e t t e r t o carry o n w i t h y o u r st udi es, a n d leave t h e
t r a ve l l i n g u n t i l lat er.

46
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 general vocabulary
Reason & result
1 Join t h e f irst part of a sent ence in t he l ef t -hand column w i t h a second part f ro m t h e ri gh t -h a n d
co l um n, using an appropri at e w o r d o r phrase sh o w i n g reason o r result f ro m t h e cent ral colum n. In
some cases, m ore t han one an sw er is possible.

1. Th e police ask ed h i m hi s.... ...ensued... ...pass his exams.

2. He f ai l ed his ex a m ...
3. A persi st ent co u g h ...
4. She st art ed h a r a n g u i n g
t h e c r o w d ...
5. He spent t h e w h o l e
w e e k e n d revi si ng...
6. Th e y cam e in q ui et l y...
7. He ref used t o lend
a n yo n e m o n ey...
8. Th e b a n k m a n a ge r
ref used t o lend t h e
co m p a n y m o r e m o n e y...
9. Th e school was f o rce d
t o close...
10. W h a t w e r e yo ur...
11. W h a t are t h e ...
12. Stress a n d o ve r w o r k can...
13. Th e a rm y a t t ack e d w i t h o u t
co n si de ri n g t h e ...
14. He f ai l ed t o send o f f his
a p p l i ca t i o n f o r m a n d ...
15. Riot s a nd st reet f i g h t i n g ...
\ ...w a k e a n yo n e .
...ef f ect s o f ...
\ ...p r o m p t e d hi m t o ...
\
\ ...o n acco unt o f ...
\
\ ...as a co nsequence...
\ /
\ ...af f ect ...
\ ...o w i n g t o ...
\ ...reason f o r... /
...o n t h e gr o u n d s t h a t ...
...so as n o t t o ...
...w i t h t h e ai m of ...
...i n o r d e r t o ...
...consequences o f ...
...m o t i ves f or...
...d u e t o ...
...w as u n a b l e t o e n ro l f o r t h e
course.
...spe edi ng t h r o u g h t h e t o w n .
^ ...u p s e t t i n g m e like t h a t ?
J
...his lack o f revi si on.
/
...s t art i n g a ri o t .
/
...it s l o w t u r n o v e r a n d p o o r
sales hi st ory.
...it s act i on.
...w h e n t h e pol i ce of f i cers on
t ri al w e r e a cq u i t t e d .
...a l arge e a r t h q u a k e ?
...p e o p l e rarel y re p a y a l oan.
...seek prof essi onal medi cal
hel p.
...d i f f e r e n t p e o p l e in d i f f e r e n t
ways.
...p o o r st u d e n t a t t e n d a n ce .

2 N o w complet e t hese sent ences w i t h an appropriat e w o r d o r phrase f ro m t he cent ral column o f t he

t able above.

1. Panic b u y i n g ..............................................................w h e n t h e st ock m a rk e t crashed.

2. Peopl e o f t e n d o t h i n gs w i t h o u t co n si de ri n g t h e ............................................................. t h e i r act ions.

3. Th e g o v e r n m e n t raised t h e i nco m e t ax r a t e ............................................................. cu rb i n f l a t i o n .

4. Th e g o v e r n m e n t raised t h e i n co m e t ax r a t e ............................................................. c u r b i n g i nf l at i o n.

5. Th e go ve r n m e n t raised t h e i ncome t ax r a t e .........................................................t h e rapidl y rising rat e o f

i nf lat i on.

6. W h e n q u e s t i o n e d , m a n y racists c a n n o t gi ve a l o g i c a l ............................................................. t h e i r at t i t ud es
t o w a r d s o t h e r racial gr o u p s.

7. Th e so ari ng cri m e rat e a l ar m e d t h e pol i ce s u p e r i n t e n d e n t a n d ......................................................

a d o p t a ze r o -t o l e r a n c e p o l i ci n g policy.

8. He w as a r r e s t e d ............................................................. he w as a d a n g e r t o ot hers a n d hi msel f .

9. Th e f a m i l y w as f o rce d t o e c o n o m i s e .............................................................g o h eavi l y i n t o d e b t .

10. Th e f um es f r o m m o t o r t r a f f i c .............................................................p e o p l e in m a n y d i f f e r e n t ways.

47
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general vocabulary Shape & features
1 (Shape) Mat ch t h e w o rd s in t h e b o x w i t h t h e shapes. Wri t e t h e w o r d nex t t o each shape.

a crescent a circle a cone a cube a cylinder an oval a pyramid

a rectangle a sphere a spiral a square a triangle

4. 6.

7. 8. 9. 11.

2 (Shape) Co m pl et e t h e crossword w i t h t h e adj ect ive f o rm o f t hese shapes.

1. a circle
I’ I I2
m
1
1
1
1
2. a re ct a n gl e 1 ■1
3. an oval 5 IH
HU | H I ■ 1
1
1
1
1

6
4. a spiral

5. a sphere
■1
6. a t riangle Hi
7. a co ne
8. a cyl i n d e r
n ■
1
1
1
1
00

9. a square

■■ m

3 (Feat ures) Mat ch t h e descript ions 1 - 10 o n t h e lef t w i t h t h e object s, geographi cal f eat ures, et c
(a ) - 0) o n t h e ri gh t . Use yo u r d i ct i onary t o check t h e meanings o f t h e w o r d s in bold.

1. Sharp, w i t h j a gge d t e e t h (a) A c o u n t r y ro a d in ve r y p o o r c o n d i t i o n .

2. St eep, w i t h a po i nt ed peak . (b ) So m e b o d y's hair.

3. Rolling, w i t h u n d u l a t i n g w h e a t f ields. (c) A ve ry o l d t ree.

4. Curved, w i t h a sm o o t h surf ace. (d ) A k ni f e.

5. Th i n a n d f lat , w i t h w o r d s a n d d o t t e d lines. (e) A s l o w -m o v i n g river.

6. Wa vy, w i t h a f e w spi k y bit s st i ck i ng u p . (f ) A brick .

7. M ea nd eri n g, w i t h a calm surf ace. (g ) A m o u n t a i n .

8. Wi n d i n g a n d b u m p y, w i t h deep p o t h o l es. (h ) A b a n a n a .
9. Ho l l o w , w i t h a ro u gh surf ace. (i ) Ag r i c u l t u r a l co u n t rysi d e .
10. Thi ck , solid a n d heavy, w i t h st rai ght edges.
48 (j ) A n a p p l i ca t i o n f o r m .
ieltsdinhluc.vn
 general vocabulary
Size, quantity & dimension
1 Look at t h e f o l l o w i n g list and decide w h e t h e r w e are t al k i ng a b o u t somet hi ng bi g (in t erms o f size,
q u a n t i t y o r dim ensi o n) o r som et hi ng small. Underline yo u r answers

1. a minut e a m o u n t o f dust Big / Small 14. a gi ant bui l di ng Big / Small

2. a minuscule piece o f clot h Big / Small 15. a gargant uan meal Big / Small

3. an enormous book Big / Small 16. a wi de avenue Big / Small

4. a mammot h j o b Big / Small 17. a broad river Big / Small

5. a huge wast e of t im e Big / Small 18. a t all man Big / Small

6. a vast room Big / Small 19. a high m ount ai n Big / Small

7. a gigant ic wave Big / Small 20. a deep lake Big / Small

8. a t i n y car Big / Small 21. a shallow pool Big / Small

9. a m onument al error Big / Small 22. a long-dist ance j o u rn ey Big / Small

10. a colossal st at ue Big / Small 23. a vast cro wd of support ers Big / Small

11. p l e n t y o f f o o d Big / Small 24. tons of w o r k Big / Small

12. loads of t imes Big / Small 25. a great deal o f t i m e Big / Small

13. a n a r r ow alleyway Big / Small

2 No w complet e t hese sent ences using one o f t he expressions abo ve. In some cases, more t han one
a n sw er is possible.

1. Bef ore you em bark o n ......................................................... .. it is essential t h at you are well prepared.

2. We s p e n t .................................................................. w o rk i n g on t he plans f o r t he n e w library.

3. I love t he Museum of Mo de rn Ar t , and have been t h e r e .....................................................................

4. There's a small grey spot in t he corner of all my phot ographs, so I guess

.................................................................. must have go t int o t he camera and ended up on t he sensor.

5. Villages along t he coast w ere dest royed wh e n ....................................................... caused by t he

eart hquak e swept houses int o t he sea.

6. In my o pi ni on, playing com put er games f o r hours on end i s ..........................................................

7............................................................of t he Greek go d Poseidon st ood by t he ent rance t o t he harbour.

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general vocabulary Size, quantity & dimension
8. Despi t e t h e p o o r harvest , t h e r e w a s ...................................................................... f o r t h e w h o l e p o p u l a t i o n .

9 ................................................................ called t h e Th a m e s separat es t h e ci t y o f Lo n d o n f r o m t h e suburbs

t o t h e sout h.

10 .............................................................. g a t h e r e d t o see t h e i r f a vo u r i t e f o o t b a l l t e a m .

11. W e a t e ........................................................... a n d t h e n lay d o w n t o rest.

12. Th e m ost impressive place in t h e b u i l d i n g i s ........................................................... called t h e Gr e a t Hall,

w h i c h can h o l d o ve r 3,000 p eo p l e.

13. W e h a v e ........................................................... t o d o in t h e n ex t f e w days, so I suggest w e st art as soon

as possible.

14. Loch Ness i s ........................................................... in t h e Hi gh l a n d s o f Scot l and.

15. Th e o n l y evi d e nce o f t h e cri m e w a s .............................................................w h i c h w as st uck o n a b ranch o f

o n e o f t h e t rees in t h e ga r d e n .

16. 'Su m o ' is ........................................................... c o n t a i n i n g al m o st 1,000 pict ures b y t h e cont roversi al

p h o t o g r a p h e r He l m u t Ne w t o n .

17. I h a d ........................................................... t o d o , so t o o k t h e p h o n e o f f t h e h o o k , m a d e myself some

cof f ee a n d sat d o w n at m y desk .

18. Th e M a t t e r h o r n ,........................................................... in Sw i t ze r l a n d , has cl ai m ed t h e lives o f m a n y w h o

have t r i e d t o cl i m b it.

19. He m a d e ........................................................... in his cal cul at i ons a n d had t o st art all o ve r a ga i n .

20. Th e m a n u f a ct u r e r s have b u i l t ........................................................... w h i c h is ideal f o r g e t t i n g a r o u n d

t h e city.

21. Th e NEC in Bi r m i n g h a m i s ........................................................... w h i c h is used f o r concert s a n d ex hi bi t i ons.

22. Th e m a i n f e a t u r e o f t h e t o w n i s ........................................................................... li ned w i t h shops a n d caf es.

23. I co ul d see t h e k ey g l i t t e r i n g at t h e b o t t o m o f .............................................................

24. Early Eu r o p e a n set t lers in Ce nt ral a n d So u t h Am e r i c a heard legends o f

called El Do r a d o w h o co vered hi m sel f in go l d dust .

2 5 ..............................................................ran a l o n g t h e side o f t h e house t o a g a r d e n at t h e rear.

50 ieltsdinhluc.vn
 general vocabulary
Spelling
Each passage b e l o w cont ains 12 w o rd s w h i ch have been spelt incorrect ly. Underl i ne t he w o rd s , t hen
w r i t e t h ei r correct spelling in t he box bel ow.

1
Despite banning tobacco advertiseing and rising the price of cigarrettes, the
goverment's anti-smoking campain has failed to have any long-term affects.
It is now widely beleived that more drastic measures are neccessary. A new
national comittee, which has been formed to tackle the proplem, has made
several reccomendations. These include banning smoking in all public areas,
and denying hospital treatment to persistant smokers who have been
warned by their doctors to give up but failed to do so.

advert ising

It is argueable wether good pronounciation is more important than good

grammer and vocabulery. Consientious students balance their aquisition of
these skills, hopeing to acheive both fluency and accuracey. English teachers
should encourage there students to practise all the relevant language skills,
and use their English at every oportunity.

a rguable

It is becommina increasingly dificult for many people to find decent

accomodation in the city at a price they can afford. To put it simpley, there
are to many people and not enough homes for them. Local comunity centres
and charitable organiseations such as Home Front can offer advise, but it is
widely agreed that the situation is no longer managable. The fact that some
councils in the city are building cheap, tempory housing for lower-paid
profesionals is the only official acknowlegement of this problem.

b ecom m i ng

51
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general vocabulary Stopping something
Choose t h e best w o r d o r phrase in bold t o com plet e each sent ence, using t h e def init ions in italics
af t er each sent ence t o help yo u .

1. To st o p y o u r h a r d disk b e c o m i n g t o o f u l l , yo u sh o ul d delet e / dissuade / sever a n y u n w a n t e d

p r o g ra m m e s , (t o cut o u t p a r t o f a d ocum ent , a co m p u t e r f ile, etc.)

2. Th e n e w g o v e r n m e n t pl ans t o back o u t o f / repeal / suppress t h e ex i st ing legi sl at i o n, (t o of f icially

en d a l a w so t h a t i t is no l o n ge r valid)

3. Increasi ng f ue l prices does n o t usual l y det er / quash / rescind p e o p l e f r o m usi ng t h e i r cars,

(t o discourage p e opl e f r om d o i n g so m e t h i n g)

4. Th e co l l e ge t ri es t o cancel / dissuade / gi ve up st udent s f r o m t a k i n g exams w h i c h are n o t sui t abl e

f o r t h e m , (t o persuade someone n o t t o d o so m e t h i n g)

5. Th e c o m m i t t e e d e ci d ed t o d e n y / rem o ve / rescind its e arl i e r r es o l ut i o n o n t h e use o f its premises.

(t o cancel a cont ract o r a gr eem ent )

6. St at e m o n o p o l i e s o f t e n back o u t o f / suppress / suspend all f o rm s o f e co n o m i c c o m p e t i t i o n .

(t o st op an act ivit y, usually b y m a k in g laws o r using yo u r a u t h o r i t y)

7. Th e Co r n u c o p i a n g o v e r n m e n t m a d e t h e su d d e n deci si on t o dissuade / rescind / sever d i p l o m a t i c

rel a t i o ns w i t h t h e i r n e i g h b o u r i n g co un t ri e s, (t o e n d som e t h i n g such as a f riendship o r a connect ion
com pl et el y a n d per m a n e n t l y)

8. Yo u s h o u l d n e ve r d e n y / p u t an end t o / t u r n d o w n a g o o d j o b w h e n it's o f f e r e d t o yo u . (t o ref use

so m e t h i n g whi ch is of f ered)

9. W e d e ci d e d t o pull o u t of / rem o ve / rescind t h e c o m p e t i t i o n w h e n t h r e e o f o u r t e a m m e m be rs

beca m e ill. (t o decide n o t t o su p p o r t o r be p a r t o f a p r oj e ct o r a ct i vi t y a f t er yo u have a gr eed t o)

10. Oi l a n d p e t r o l e u m co m p an i e s d e n y / scrap / repeal t h a t t h e y are h a r m i n g t h e e n vi r o n m e n t .

(t o st at e t h a t so m e t h i n g someone has said is n o t t rue o r correct )

11. Tra ve l co m p a n i e s d o n o t n o r m a l l y gi ve r ef un d s if t h e i r cust om ers cancel / p u t an end t o / sever

t h e i r h o l i d a y at t h e last m o m e n t , (t o st op som e t h i n g which has been pl a n n e d )

12. It's i m p o r t a n t t o det er / rem o ve / quash r u m o u r s b e f o r e t o o m a n y p e o p l e h e a r t h e m , (t o st op

som et h i ng f r om cont in uing, especially t hings p e o p l e say o r believe: rumours, doubt s, speculat ion,
et c.)

13. Yo u sh o u l d delet e / gi ve u p / suppress f ast f o o d a n d o t h e r f o o d s t h a t have a h i gh f a t co n t e n t if

yo u w a n t t o lose w e i g h t , (t o st op d o i n g so m e t h i n g t h a t yo u have d one f o r qui t e a l o n g t ime)

14. Th e y f i n a l l y a gr e e d t o dissuade / p u t an end t o / quash t h e i r l o n g -s t a n d i n g d i s p u t e a nd t r y t o

w o r k t o g e t h e r i nst ead, (t o st op som e t h i n g whi ch has been go i n g o n f o r a l o n g t ime)

15. I w o u l d be gr a t e f u l if y o u w o u l d det er / rem o ve / repeal m y n a m e f r o m y o u r m a i l i n g list, (t o tak e

so m e t h i n g a wa y)

16. Th e f a c t o r y m a n a g e m e n t h a d t o d e n y / suspend / t u r n d o w n o p e r a t i o n s because o f so m e serious

h e a l t h a n d saf et y issues, (t o of f icially st op so m e t h i n g f o r a sh ort t ime)

17. W e w e r e f o rce d t o gi ve u p / rescind / scrap t h e plans w h e n w e realised t h e y w o u l d n o t w o r k , (t o

decide n o t t o cont inue w i t h som et h i ng such as a pl an o r event , of t en because t here is a p r ob l e m
w i t h some aspect o f it )

18. I bel i eve t h a t t h e best w a y t o delet e / curb / repeal i n f l a t i o n is t o increase i nt erest rat es o n
b o r r o w i n g , (t o co n t r o l o r l i m i t so m e t h i n g t h a t is ha rm f ul)
52 ieltsdinhluc.vn
 general vocabulary
Success & failure
Ar ra n ge t he let t ers in bold t o mak e verbs and phrases connect ed w i t h success and f ailure. Th e f irst
let t er is in its correct place, and t h e w o rd s yo u need can be f o u n d in t he grid at t he b o t t o m o f t he
page b y reading h o ri zo nt al l y across >) o r vert icall y d o w n (-!}).

Success

1. Th e t w o d e p a r t m e n t s radheec a co m p ro m i se o ve r h o w t o pro ceed w i t h t h e pro j ect , reached

2. Du r i n g his f irst m o n t h as head o f t h e co m p an y, he w a s a b l e t o a o s p d i m c h m o r e t h a n his predecessor

had in t h e p re vi o u s six.......................

3. Ou r t e a m pl aye d w e l l a n d scerdeu t h e i r second w i n o f t h e season........................

4. Th e f irst signs t h a t a b re a k t h r o u gh had been aicehdve qui ck l y becam e a p p a r e n t ........................

5. M a n y p eo p l e w a n t t o be rich and f am ous, b u t ve ry f e w rlesaie t h e i r d r e a m ........................

6. Beco m i n g an Ol ym p i c a t h l et e requires hard w o r k and d ed i cat i o n, b u t f e w at hl et es aat ni t t h e

re q u i red st andard o f physical excellence........................

7. His j o u r n e y up t h e Am a zo n f lf ludlei a l o n g-ch e ri sh ed a m b i t i o n ........................

8. Af t e r several a t t em pt s, w e mndagea t o solve t h e p r o b l e m ........................

Failure

9. Th e y had t o aadbnno t h e i r i dea o f t r a ve l l i n g by bo at , and f l e w i nst ead........................

10. Ne go t i a t i o n s daedpsol w h e n n e i t h e r side co ul d agree o n t h e t erm s and co n d i t i o n s........................

11. Progress o n t h e research pro j ect f raledt e w h e n t h e m o n e y b e ga n t o run o u t ........................

12. Af t e r a disast rous year, t h e c o m p a n y f doedl, w i t h debt s o f o ve r £2 m i l l i o n .......................

13. Ou r p l a n n e d visit t o Sudan f ile t u ro h h g w h e n w e w e r e un a bl e t o ge t visas.......................

14. Th e co m p an y's plans t o d o u b l e pri ces mef diris w h e n t h e g o ve r n m e n t declared t h e i r act ions i llegal.

F U L F I L L E D Q F W

R T R A B A N D 0 N 0 E

U S E C U R E D I 0 L C

P A S D 0

D F L O G H J L K X E L

A Z I M I S F I R E D L

T c S P V B N M K D R A

T T E L M A N A G E D P

A C H I E V E D K P 0 S

I s T S Y J F E H U H E

N A R H F A L T E R E D

F E L L T H R 0 U G H Z

53
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general vocabulary Task commands
1 Lo o k a t t h e li st o f t ask s in sent ences 1 - 8. In p art i cu l ar, l o o k a t t h e w o r d s a n d phrases in b o l d ,
w h i c h are t e l l i n g t h e w r i t e r / s p e a k e r w h a t h e / she m u s t d o . M a t c h t h e s e w o r d s w i t h a su i t a bl e
d e f i n i t i o n o f t h e t as k c o m m a n d in A - H.

1. Ac c o u n t f o r t h e increased use o f social n e t w o r k i n g o n t h e In t e rn e t .

2. An a l ys e t h e ef f ect s o f cl i m at e ch a n ge a r o u n d t h e w o r l d ............

3. Eva l u a t e t h e i m p r o ve m e n t s y o u have m a d e t o y o u r Engli sh since yo u st art ed using t hi s b o o k ............

4. Co m p a r e a n d c o n t ra s t t h e t w o m a ch i ne s............

5. De f i n e 'h ap p i n e ss', a n d say h o w i m p o r t a n t it is............

6. De m o n s t r a t e t h e d i f f e r e n t f eat ures o n t hi s m o b i l e p h o n e ............

7. Discuss t h e a d va n t a g e s a n d d i sad va nt a ge s o f g r o w i n g up in a b i g ci t y............

8. El a b o r a t e o n y o u r f ee l i n gs a b o u t gl o b a l ca p i t a l i sm ............

A. Gi ve t h e m e a n i n g o f s o m e t h i n g.
B. Ta l k a b o u t s o m e t h i n g w i t h s o m e o n e else, o r w r i t e a b o u t it f r o m d i f f e r e n t vi e w p o i n t s .

C. Cal cul at e t h e va l u e , i m p o r t a n c e o r ef f ect o f s o m e t h i n g .

D. Ex plai n s o m e t h i n g closely a n d sci ent i f i cally.
E. Ex pl ai n s o m e t h i n g in m o r e d et a i l t h a n y o u d i d previ ousl y.

F. Say w h y s o m e t h i n g has h a p p e n e d o r is h a p p e n i n g .
G. Sh o w h o w s o m e t h i n g w o rk s , usual l y b y physi cal l y o p e r a t i n g it so t h a t t h e o t h e r person k n o w s
w h a t it do es a n d h o w it w o rk s.
H. Lo o k a t t w o t h i n g s side by side t o see in w h a t w a y t h e y are si m i l ar a n d / o r d i f f e r e n t .

2 N o w d o t h e sa m e w i t h t h e se .

I. Est i m a t e t h e cost s o f se t t i n g u p a w e b si t e f o r t h e sch o o l ............

2. Ex a m i n e t h e causes o f gl o b a l w a r m i n g ...........

3. Il l ust ra t e t h e p r o b l e m s caused b y t h e increased use o f p ri va t e vehi cl es............

4. Ju s t i f y y o u r reasons f o r o n l y co n si de ri n g o n e aspect o f t h e p r o b l e m ............

5. Ou t l i n e y o u r c o u n t r y's e n vi r o n m e n t a l p o l i cy............

6. Predict t h e ch an ges t h a t w e are g o i n g t o see in i n f o r m a t i o n t e c h n o l o g y in t h e nex t 10 years............

7. Su gg e s t w a ys in w h i c h f o o d sh o rt ages in som e co un t ri e s co u l d be s o l ve d ............

8. Trace t h e d e ve l o p m e n t o f space t r ave l since t h e 1960s..............

A. Ex pl ai n , w i t h real ex am pl es, w h y s o m e t h i n g has h a p p e n e d o r is h a p p e n i n g .

B. Say w h a t y o u t h i n k is g o i n g t o h a p p e n in t h e f u t u r e .
C. Descri be w h a t y o u t h i n k can be d o n e in o r d e r t o achi eve s o m e t h i n g .

D. Cal cul at e (b u t n o t ex act l y) t h e va l u e o r cost o f s o m e t h i n g.

E. Gi ve t h e m a i n p o i n t s o f s o m e t h i n g, o r a b r o a d descri p t i o n o f s o m e t h i n g, w i t h o u t g i vi n g t o o m uch
d et a i l .
F. Gi ve a b r i e f h i st o ry o f s o m e t h i n g, in t h e o r d e r in w h i c h it h a p p e n e d .
G. W r i t e o r t a l k a b o u t t h e d i f f e r e n t aspect s (e .g., causes, result s) o f s o m e t h i n g .
H. Sh o w t h a t yo u ha ve a g o o d reason f o r d o i n g s o m e t h i n g , especi al l y if o t h e r p e o p l e t h i n k yo u have
d o n e s o m e t h i n g w r o n g o r bad.

ieltsdinhluc.vn
 general vocabulary
Time
1 Use t he w o rd s and phrases in t h e boxes t o complet e t he sent ences. Pay part icular at t ent i on t o t he
w o rd s t h a t come bef ore o r af t er t he w o rd s and phrases.

Part 1: On e act ion o r sit uat i on occurring bef ore ano t her act ion o r sit uat ion

by the time earlier formerly precede previously prior to

1...................................................t h e a d ve n t o f t h e Indust rial Revo l ut i o n, p o l l u t i o n w as vi rt u a l l y u n h e a rd of .

2 ...................................................t h e a rm y had rest ored order, t h e cit y had been almost co m pl et el y devast at ed.
3 ................................................ k n o w n as Bo m ba y, M u m b a i is Indi a's m ost vi b r a n t a n d ex ci t i ng city.
4. A su dd e n d r o p in t e m p e r a t u r e w i l l u s u a l l y ................................................. a b l i zza r d .
5. It w a s m y f irst t r i p o n an a e r o p l a n e ................................................... I'd al w ays g o n e by t r a i n .
6. Th e Prime M i n i s t e r m a d e a speech prai si ng chari t y o rga ni sa t i o n s w o r k i n g in M o za m b i q u e .
................................................. t h a t d a y he had prom i sed massive e co no m i c aid t o st rick en areas.

Part 2: On e act ion o r sit uat i on occurring at t he same t i m e as ano t her act ion o r sit uat ion

at that very moment during in the meantime while

1....................................... t h e m i ni st e r w as m a k i n g his speech, t h o u san d s o f d e m o n st ra t o rs t o o k t o

t h e st reet s.

2 ...................................................t h e speech t h e y j ee re d a n d sh o u t e d slogans.

3. Th e mi ni st er co n t i n u e d spea k i ng.................................................. t h e police w e r e o rdered o n t o t h e streets.
4. He f i ni shed t h e speech w i t h a w o r d o f praise f o r t h e p o l i ce .......................................................... p e o p l e
b e ga n t h r o w i n g b o t t l e s a n d bricks, a n d t h e ri o t began .

Part 3: On e act ion o r sit uat ion occurring af t er ano t her act ion o r sit uat ion

afterwards as soon as following

1.................................................. t h e eart hquak e, emergency organi sat ions aro u nd t h e w o rl d s w un g i nt o act ion.
2 ....................................................... t h e st ock m a rk e t collapsed, t h e r e was pani c b u yi n g o n an u n p re ce d e n t e d
scale.

3. Th e Kl o n d i k e go l d rush last ed f r o m 1896 t o 1910..........................................................., t h e area became

pract ically desert ed o ve r n i gh t .

2 Look at t hese w o rd s and phrases and decide if w e usually use t hem t o t alk ab o u t (1) t he past, (2)
t he past leadi ng t o t he present , (3) t he present o r (4) t he f ut ure. Tr y t o w r i t e a sentence f o r each one.

a few decades ago as things stand at the turn of the century

at that point / moment in history back in the 1990s between 2003 and 2005
by the end of this year ever since for the foreseeable future
for the next few weeks for the past few months from 2006 to 2011
from now on in another five years' time in medieval times
in my childhood/ youth in those days last century lately nowadays
one day over the coming weeks and months over the past six weeks
sooner or later these days
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general vocabulary Useful interview expressions
1 Here are some co m m o n spok en expressions t h a t yo u m i gh t f i nd usef ul in t h e IELTS Speak ing Test .
Put each expression int o t h e correct b o x in t h e t abl e according t o its f unct i o n.

1. Co u ld I j ust say t h at : - 11. I d o n 't e n t ir e l y ^ g r ee.

2. W h a t are y o u r vi e w s o n ...? 12. I see t h i n gs r a t h e r d i f f e r e n t l y myself .

3. Do -y o t t -ag r ee t h a t . -? 13. Let m e i n t e r r u p t yo u t h e r e .

4. So rry t o i n t e r r u p t ,... 14. W h a t d o yo u t h i n k a b o u t ...?

5. Excuse m e f o r i n t e r r u p t i n g ,... 15. So rry t o b u t t i n ,...

6. I a g fe e . 16. Th a t 's j ust w h a t I t h i n k .

7. We l l , as a m a t t e r o f f a c t ,... 17. Th a t 's r i gh t .

8. I c o u l d n 't a gr e e m o r e . 18. We l l , a ct u a l l y,...

9. Th a t 's m y v i e w exact ly. 19. Wh a t 's y o u r o p i n i o n ?

10. W h a t a re y o u r f e e l i n gs a b o u t ...? 20. I'm a f rai d I di sagree / d o n 't a gre e .

Agr e e i n g w i t h so m e bo d y Di sagreei ng w i t h so m e bo d y

/ a gree. / d o n 't e n t i r e l y a gr ee.

In t e rru pt i n g so m e bo d y Ask i ng so m e bo d y f o r t h e i r o pi ni o n

Co u l d 1j u s t sa y t h a t ... ? Do y o u a gr e e t h a t ...?

2 No w d o t h e same w i t h t hese.

1. I n e t h e r ^ w o r d ^ -.- 11. I'm sorry?

2. W h a t I m e an is... 12. To p u t it a n o t h e r w a y ...

3. May I t hink about t hat f or a m om ent? 13. Let m e t h i n k a b o u t t h a t f o r a m o m e n t .

4. So, in c o n c l u s i o n ,... 14. Th a t 's an i nt e re st i n g q u e st i o n .

5. Co u l d y o u r e p e a t t h e q u e s t i o n ? 15. To su m m a r i s e ,...

6. Perhaps I s h o u l d m a k e t h a t cl earer b y s a yi n g... 16. W h a t w as t h a t ?

7. Let m e see. 17. W h a t I'm t r y i n g t o say is...

8. In s h o rt / b r i e f ,... 18. Hro m , h o w can-l put -/ -say-t hi s?

9. To sum u p ,... 19. So, basically;.::

10. I'm af ra i d I d i d n 't cat ch t h a t . 20. W o u l d yo u m i n d r e p e a t i n g t h a t ?

56 ieltsdinhluc.vn
 general vocabulary
Useful interview expressions
Ask i ng f o r clarif icat ion o r repet it ion Sayi ng so m et hi ng in an o t h er w a y

Co u l d yo u repeat t he quest ion ? In o t h e r words...

Gi vi n g yourself t i m e t o t h i n k Su m m i n g up w h a t yo u have said

Hm m , h o w can 1p u t / say t his? So, basically...

3 Fill in t h e gaps in t hese ext ract s f ro m lELTS-st yle i nt ervi ews w i t h a suit able expression f ro m Exercise
1 o r 2. In each case, more t han one an sw er is possible.

1.
In t e r vi e w e r : W h y are so m a n y p e o p l e obsessed w i t h celebrit i es?
St u d e n t :
In t e r vi e w e r : W h y are so m a n y p e o p l e obsessed w i t h celebrit i es?

In t e r vi e w e r : A l o t o f p e o p l e say t h a t w e 'v e b eco m e t o o rel i a n t o n t e c h n o l o gy. Wh a t 's y o u r o p i n i o n ?

St u d e n t : ....................................................................... In f act , I t h i n k t h a t it's t a k i n g o ve r o u r lives.

3.
In t e r vi e w e r : Do yo u t h i n k t h a t p e o p l e in places like Indi a, Bangl adesh a n d o t h e r Af r i ca n count ries
w o r k h a r d e r ...
St u d e n t : b u t d o n 't yo u m ean Asian count ries?
In t e r vi e w e r : Of course, yes, t h a t 's w h a t I m e an t .

4.
In t e r vi e w e r : So m e prof essi onal sport s p e o p l e are pai d f a r t o o m uch . Do yo u agree?
St u d e n t : ...................................................................... First o f all, I t h i n k t h a t t h e r e are t i m es w h e n t h e
salary t h e y 'r e pai d is j ust i f i ed, b u t t h e n a ga i n , a l o t o f t h e m ...

5.
In t e r vi e w e r : Th e w a y p arent s b eh a ve can have a p r o f o u n d ef f ect o n h o w t h e i r ch i l d re n d e ve l o p .
Do yo u agree ?
St u d e n t : Yes I d o . Ch i l d r e n need p e o p l e w h o can i nf l uence t h e m in a posi t i ve w ay, a n d w h o can
s h o w t h e m t h e d i f f e rence b e t w e e n r i g h t a n d w r o n g ............................................................
t h e y need g o o d rol e model s.

6.
In t e r vi e w e r : So m e p e o p l e say t h a t p ri va t e vehi cl e o w n e r s h i p sh o ul d be b a n n e d , a nd w e sh o ul d all
use p u b l i c t r a n s p o r t . Ar e t h e y r i gh t , d o yo u t h i n k ?
St u d e n t : ......................................................................First o f all, pub l i c t r a n s p o r t ca n 't al ways t ak e yo u
exact ly w h e r e yo u w a n t t o g o . Secondly, it's expensi ve a nd u n r el i ab l e . Th e n t here's
t h e p r o b l e m w i t h ....
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topic-specific vocabulary Architecture
1 Put t h e w o rd s and phrases in t h e bo x int o t h e i r ap pro pri at e cat ego ry in t h e t abl e beneat h. Some
w o rd s o r phrases can g o i nt o m ore t h an o ne cat egory. Th e mat erial in t his m o d ul e basically remains
t h e same, w i t h t h e ex cept i on of t h e f o l l o w i n g changes:

art deco concrete controversial elegant energy-efficient

an eyesore facade foundations functional glass
high-rise apartments high-tech international style
low-rise apartments modernist multi-storey car park post-modern
pleasing geometric forms porch practical reinforced concrete
skyscraper standardised steel stone timber traditional ugly
walls well-designed

Bu ild in g m at erials Ae s t h e t i c p e r c e p t i o n (h o w w e f e e l a b o u t a
(6 w o r d s / p h r a s e s ) b u ild ing)
(6 w o r d s / p h r a s e s )

Typ e s o f b u i l d i n g Ar c h i t e c t u r a l s t yl e
(4 w o r d s / p h r a s e s ) (6 w o r d s / p h r a s e s )

Pa r t s o f a b u i l d i n g Fea t ur es (t h a t m a k e t h e b u i l d i n g e a s y t o
(4 w o r d s / p h r a s e s ) l i ve o r w o r k i n )
(4 w o r d s / p h r a se s)

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 topic-specific vocabulary
Architecture
2 Com plet e t hese sent ences w i t h an appro pri at e w o r d o r phrase f ro m A , B o r C.

1. Th e b u i l d i n g i s ......................................................... It's b een r u i n e d a n d a b a n d o n e d f o r years.

A . d e st a b i l i se d B. d e r e l i c t C. d e f u n c t

2. She lives o n a large h o u s i n g ...................................................................................near t h e cent re o f t h e city.

A . e st a t e B. st a t e C. e s t u a r y

3. Th e r e are several r u n -d o w n dist rict s i nside t h e ci t y w h e r e t h e ho u si ng is in a bad st at e, a l t h o u g h

m ost o f t h e s e ........................................................ are g o i n g t o be replaced by h i gh -ri se a part m ent s.
A . sl u m p s B. scr um s C. slum s

4. Th e ci t y counci l are g o i n g t o .........................................................t h e o l d church and b u i l t a n e w o n e in

its place.
A . d e m o b i l i se B. d e m o t e C. d e m o l i sh

5. Yo u ca n't k nock d o w n t h a t house; t here's a ........................................................ o r d e r o n it w h i ch mak es

it i llegal t o d est ro y it.
A . p r e s e r va t i o n B. p r e s e r va t i ve C. p r e se n t a b l e

6. Sir Richard Rogers is t h e ........................................................ w h o desi gned t h e Lloyds b u i l d i n g in Lo n d o n .

A . a r ch i t ect B. a r ch i t ect u r e C. a r ch i t e ct u r a l

7. Som e o f t h e pro b l em s in o u r ....................................................................................................are d r u g relat ed.

A . i n t e r -ci t i e s B. i n t e r n a l cit ies C. i n n e r cit ies

8. Th e counci l h o p e t o reduce cri m e in t h e t o w n by i n t r o d u c i n g n e w ........................................................

f acilit ies so t h a t p e o p l e have so m e t h i n g t o d o in t h e e ve n i n g.
A . soci a ble B. soci ali st C. soci al

9. Th e ci nem a is g o i n g t o be closed f o r t w o m o n t h s w h i l e t h e o w n e r s ........................................................it.

A . r e n o va t e B. rem o n st r a t e C. rei t erat e

10. If yo u w a n t t o add an ext ension t o y o u r house, yo u w i l l need ........................................................

permissi on f r o m y o u r local counci l.
A. planning B. const ruction C. plot t i ng

11. In t h e US, t h e g r o u n d f l o o r is called t h e ........................................................ f loor.

A. basement B. f irst C. bot t om

12. On e w a y o f creat i ng m o r e space in a house is t o co n ve rt t h e ........................................................ i n t o an

ext ra r o o m .
A. attic B. ceiling C. r oof

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topic-specific vocabulary Architecture
3 Co m pl et e t his repo rt w i t h w o rd s and phrases f ro m Exercises 1 and 2. In some cases, m ore t han one
a n sw e r is possible, and yo u w i l l need t o change t h e f o rm o f one o f t h e w o rd s .

Report f rom t he direct or o f the West Twyf or d Town Planning Commit t ee

Th e last ye a r has b e e n a busy o n e f o r t h e We st Tw y f o r d To w n Pl an n i n g Co m m i t t e e . Ou t l i n e d b e l o w

are a f e w o f t h e areas w e ha ve co n ce n t r a t e d o n .

1. Ap p l i c a t i o n s f o r 1.......................................... .............. perm i ssi on f r o m h o m e o w n e r s w h o w a n t t o

d e ve l o p t h e i r p ro p e r t i e s ha ve increased b y 50 p e r cent . Ho w e ve r, m a n y o f t hese h o m e s are hi st oric
b u i l d i n gs a n d h a ve 2 .........................................................o r de r s w h i c h p r e ve n t t h e m f r o m b e i n g al t e red
ex t ern al l y. A t p resent , w e can o n l y a l l o w o w n e r s t o 3 .........................................................t h e inside o f
t h e i r h o m e s (i n c l u d i n g i nst al l i ng cent ral h e a t i n g a n d i m p r o ve d w a l l i n s u l a t i o n ).

2. Last s u m m e r w e i n vi t e d several 4 .........................................................t o d esi gn pl ans f o r t h e n e w counci l

of f ices o n Peach St reet . W e e ve n t u a l l y chose Ba rn a rd , Jack son a n d Wi l l i s, a local co m p a n y. It was
g e n e r a l l y a gr e e d t h a t t h e i r d esi gn, w h i c h i n cl u d e d a gr e y t i n t e d 5 .........................................................
6 at t h e f r o n t o f t h e b u i l d i n g , w a s t h e m o st a est h et i cal l y pleasi ng.
Th e y are c u r r e n t l y in t h e process o f l a yi n g t h e 7 ...........................................................f o r t h e n e w b u i l d i n g,
w h i c h w e u n d e r s t a n d is t a k i n g so m e t i m e as t h e l a nd m ust be d r a i n e d f irst .

3. In response t o a l o t o f co m p l a i n t s a b o u t t h e lack o f 8 ......................................................... f acilit ies in t h e

t o w n , it was a gr e e d at last m o n t h 's m e e t i n g t h a t f u n d s sh o ul d be set aside f o r t h e co nst ruct i o n o f
a n e w sport s ce nt re a nd yo u t h cl ub.

4. Several 9 ......................................................... b u i l d i n gs w h i c h have been r u i n e d a n d a b a n d o n e d f o r o ve r

f i ve years are t o be k no ck ed d o w n . In t h e i r place, a n e w h o u si ng 10.........................................................
w i l l be b ui l t . Th i s w i l l p ro vi d e 20 n e w ho m es w i t h i n t h e nex t t w o years.

5. Eve r yb o d y agrees t h a t t h e n e w shops o n t h e Hi gh St reet are 11............................................................It is

ce rt a i n l y t r u e t h a t t h e y are ve r y u g l y a n d o u t o f k e e p i n g w i t h t h e o t h e r b u i l d i n gs o n t h e st reet .
In f u t u r e , w e m ust ensure t h a t all n e w b u i l d i n gs are b u i l t in a 12.........................................................st yle
so t h a t t h e y f i t in w i t h t h e o l d e r b u i l d i n gs a r o u n d t h e m .

6. Th e r e has been an increased cri m e rat e in t h e 13......................................................... t o t h e east o f t h e

t o w n . W e pl an t o dem o l i sh t hese r u n -d o w n areas w i t h i n t h e n ex t e i g h t years a nd re-h o us e t h e
resident s in n e w 14.........................................................a p a rt m e n t s in t h e Berk el y Hea t h dist ri ct .

In an a t t e m p t t o hel p t h e e n vi r o n m e n t , w e are g o i n g t o m ak e t h e t o w n hall m o r e

15.......................................................... W i n d o w s w i l l be d o u b l e -g l a ze d , wal l s a n d ceili ngs w i l l be
i nsulat ed a n d w e w i l l replace t h e cu r r e n t cent ral h e a t i n g syst em.

M y nex t r e p o r t w i l l be in t w o m o n t h s ' t i m e . A n y b o d y w i s h i n g t o discuss t hese issues can co n t act me

o n ex t ensi on 287.

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 topic-specific vocabulary
The arts
1 Look at t h e ext ract s f ro m new spa per revi ews, and decide w h a t is bei ng t alk ed a b o u t in each one.
Choose yo u r answers f ro m t he box.

Fine / Visual arts

abstract art a landscape photography a portrait a sculpture
a still life

Literature
an autobiography a biography a collection of short stories drama
a novel poetry

Performing arts
a ballet a concert a film a modern dance piece a musical
an opera a play

1. M i m i La t o u ch e is g e t t i n g a li t t l e t o o o l d f o r t hi s k i nd o f t h i n g , a n d as I w a t c h e d h e r p i r o u e t t e
across t h e st age in a t u t u t w o sizes t o o small, she r e m i n d e d m e n o t so m uch o f a sw an as a ra t h e r
u n g a i n l y c r o w ........................................

2. Th e scenery w a s w o n d e r f u l . Th e cost umes w e r e m arvel l o us. Th e cast w e r e i ncredi bl e. I w i sh I co ul d

say t h e same a b o u t t h e scri pt . Th e p l a y w r i g h t sh o ul d be s h o t .......................................

3. In his n e w b o o k o n Ernest He m i n g w a y, accl ai med w r i t e r M i chael Norris has b r o u g h t t h e gr e a t

m a n t o lif e in a w a y n o b o d y else c o u l d .......................................

4. M o ve o ve r M i ch e l a n ge l o ! Yo u have a rival. Vi t t o r i o M a n e l l e t o 's m a rb l e pieces e m b o d y t h e h u m a n

f o r m in a w a y t h a t has n o t been achi eved in o ve r 500 years.......................................

5. I had t o st u d y t h e pi ct u re f o r a l m o st t w o m i nu t es b e f o re I realised w h o it was. It w as n o n e o t h e r

t h a n o u r Qu e e n . I d o u b t she w o u l d have been a m u s e d .......................................

6. Th e r e are no g r e a t t e n o rs in Bri t ai n . Th a t is unt i l n o w . Bri an Clack's p e r f o r m a n ce in La Traviatt a

sent sh udders d o w n m y spi ne. W h a t a m a n! W h a t a vo i ce! W h a t a size! ...................................

7. He r b e r t vo n Erd i n g has been c o n d u ct i n g n o w f o r al m o st 40 years, a n d his f i nal appea ra n ce

yest e rd ay w as gr e e t e d w i t h a st a n d i n g o va t i o n f r o m b o t h musicians a n d m e m be rs o f t h e a udi ence.

8. St one An g e l is an hi l ari o us t a l e a b o u t t h e f all and rise o f an o p e r a si nger. I pi ck ed it up a n d d i d n 't

p u t it d o w n un t i l I ha d f i n i sh ed. A f ant ast ic b o o k ........................................

9. Dyl a n Th o m a s sh o w e d rem a rk a b l e e l o q u en ce , a nd t hi s lat est c o m p i l a t i o n o f some o f his f inest

prose w i l l surely be a best seller. ...................................

10. Bruschet t a's st udi es o f d ea d ani m al s m i g h t n o t be t o e veryo ne's t ast e, b u t it is i m possible t o d e n y

his skill in rep re se n t i n g i n a n i m a t e obj ect s like t hese o n canvas.......................................

11. He usually w o rk s in black a n d w h i t e , a nd in m y o p i n i o n t h a t 's t h e m e d i u m he sh o ul d st ick t o . His

c o l o u r shot s are t o o st at ic a n d are he avi l y o ve r -f i l t e r e d , t h e st r o n g l i g h t i n g washes o u t a ny
subt l et y, a n d m uch o f it is o u t o f f o cus.......................................

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12. Sh o t e n t i r e l y o n l o ca t i o n in Iran, t hi s is p erhaps t h e di rect o r's f i nest ho ur. A s t u n n i n g set t i ng, f i n e
p e r f o rm a n ce s f r o m t h e leads, a n d a cast o f t h o u sa n d s o f ext ras m a k e t hi s a t r u l y visual f east .

13. Th e p a i n t i n g sh o w s a l o t o f red circles a n d t ri a n gl e s inside squares f l o a t i n g in t h e sky a b o ve a

y e l l o w sea, a n d is t i t l e d 'Co n t r a c t u a l Ob l i g a t i o n M e t a m o r p h o s i s '.........................................

14. 'Da w n V i e w o f Lo n d o n ' t ak es in t h e w h o l e o f t h e ci t y as seen f r o m t h e t o p o f Parl i a m e nt Hill,

a l t h o u g h t h e art i st has r e m o ve d som e o f t h e less a t t ract i ve b u i l d i n gs f r o m t h e f o r e g r o u n d .

2 Th e w o rd s in bold in t hese sentences are ei t her w r o n g , o r t he w r o n g w o r d f o rm has been used.

Change t h em so t h a t t h e y are correct .

1. To n i gh t 's perf orm o f Romeo a n d Ju l i e t begi ns at 7.30. perf orm ance

2. Ca m f o r d Uni versi t y Press have j u st released a col l ect i on o f Shak espeare's w o r k i n gs ...................................

3. A n e w l i m i t ed e d i t o r o f t h e CD 'He r e w e g o ! ' by rock g r o u p Glass Weasel cont ai ns a DVD o f t h e i r

lat est t o u r . ...................................

4. His last b o o k received some ex cel l ent revues in t h e p ap ers........................................

5. Tat e M o d e r n is cu r r e n t l y r u n n i n g an ex hi bi t o f Tra ce y Emin's earl y w o r k ........................................

6. Th e Brit ish Na t i o n a l Op e r a says t h a t it is d e l i gh t e d w i t h t h e go ve r n m e n t 's pro m i se o f a £500,000

gr a n t i n g......................................

7. Ti ck et s have a l re ad y sold o u t f o r t h e f irst day's s h o w i n g o f To m Cart m i l l 's p a i n t i n gs at t h e Nat i o nal

A r t Gal l e y.....................................

8. Ernest H e m i n g w a y w a s o n e o f t h e t w e n t i e t h ce nt u ry's m ost f a m o u s n o vel s.....................................

9. French impressionism, w h i c h i n cl u d e d M o n e y, M a n e t a nd Degas, h a d a p r o f o u n d i nf l ue n ce on

n i n e t e e n t h -c e n t u r y a r t ........................................

10. Ap p a r e n t l y , Ol d h a ve n Press are g o i n g t o publi cat i on a co l l ect i o n o f sh o rt st ories w r i t t e n by

s ch o o l ch i l d r e n ........................................

11.1 lo ve d t h e f i l m 's at m osphere music a n d use o f vi sual m e t a p h o r. ...................................

12. I've al w ays ha d an a r t y eye, a n d t h i n k I w o u l d m a k e a g o o d f ashion p h o t o g r a p h e r . ...................................

13. I hat e real i t y shows, t a l e n t shows a n d si milar t el evi si on p r o gr a m m e s t h a t f o r m t h e b u l k o f t oday's

po p ul ari t y c u l t u r e ........................................

14. Orso n Wel l es' f i l m Cit izen Kane was m a d e o ve r 70 years a go , b u t rem ai ns a cinema mast erpiece.

15. An d r e Bre t o n is w i d e l y r e ga r d e d as t h e f o u n d e r o f t h e surreal art m o v e m e n t ........................................

16. Th e co l l ege runs a va ri ed p r o g r a m m e o f cult ured act ivi t ies w h i ch are o p e n t o o r d i n a r y m em bers
o f t h e p u b l i c ........................................

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 topic-specific vocabulary
The arts
3 Com pl et e t his ex t ract f ro m a radio pro gra m m e w i t h t he w o rd s o r phrases f ro m Exercises 1 and 2.
In some cases, m ore t han one answ er is possible, and yo u w i l l need t o change some of t he w o r d
f orms.

Hel l o , a nd w e l c o m e t o t o d ay's e d i t i o n o f 'Bu t is it Ar t ?'

No w , I d o n 't usuall y e n j o y 1.............................................................- all t hose p i r o ue t t e s a n d pas de deux's

and d yi n g swans usually send m e t o sleep, b u t last ni gh t 's 2 ............................................................. o f Sleeping
Beaut y at Nu r e ye v Hall had m e o n t h e e d ge o f m y seat . A n d I'm n o t t h e o n l y o n e : rave
3 in t h e n a t i o n a l press praised t h e ex cel l ent c h o r e o g r a p h y a n d t h e
i ncredi bl e st age set. It's o n a ga i n t o n i g h t , b u t yo u 'l l have t o m o ve f ast if yo u w a n t a t i ck et !

Th e cu r r e n t 4 ............................................................. of M o n e t t o 's p a i n t i n gs at the Wh e at le y Art

5............................................................. has been a d i s a p p o i n t m e n t . Th e pict ures t hemselves are excellent ,
especially t h e gr e a t art ist 's 6 .............................................................o f f i l m stars, and o f course his st u n n i n g
7 ............................................................. o f a vase o f daf f odi ls, b u t t h e l i gh t i n g inside t h e ro o m was t erri b l e .
I w o u l d have t h o u g h t t h a t , h a vi ng received a g o ve r n m e n t 8 ............................................................. o f al m ost
£100,000, t h e W h e a t l e y Art s Counci l co ul d have i nvest ed it in som e go o d light s.

Fans o f t h e g r e a t t w e n t i e t h -c e n t u r y 9 .............................................................. Ge o r g e Or w e l l will be

d e l i gh t e d to h e ar t h a t Sw a ns o ng Press are g o i n g to release a co l l ect i o n of his great est
10............................................................ w h i c h w i l l o f course i ncl ude An i m a l Farm and Ninet een Ei gh t y
Four. Al so i ncl u d ed are som e rare sh o rt st ories w h i ch w e r e n o t 11..............................................................
unt i l a f t e r his d e a t h . Lo o k o u t f o r t h e b o o k , w h i c h w i l l be in t h e shops f r o m t h e end of t h e m o n t h .

On t h e subj ect of book s, a n e w 12............................................................. of the lif e o f c o n d u ct o r

Charles Wo r se n m o s t is due to be released in January. Wo r s e n m o s t co n d uct e d his last
13............................................................. in 1998 af t e r a l o ng and e ven t f u l career. Thi s is h i gh l y re co m m e n d e d
f o r a n yo n e w h o is r e m o t e l y int erest ed in classical music.

Have yo u ever w a n t e d t o be an 14.............................................................si nger? We l l , no w 's yo u r chance!

Th e Na t i o n a l Musi c Co m p a n y are l o o k i n g f o r t en o rs and sopranos t o a u d i t i o n f o r a n e w p r o d u ct i o n
o f M o za rt 's Marr i age o f Figaro. If y o u 'r e i nt erest ed, w e 'l l gi ve yo u t h e n u m b e r t o call at t h e e n d o f
t he program m e.

Pot ent i al M i ch e l an gel o s and He n r y M o o res can t r y t h e i r h a n d at 15.............................................................

t hi s w e e k e n d . Th e Gl eneagl es M u se um is h o l d i n g a series o f w o rk sh o p s w h i ch w i l l gi ve yo u t h e
chance t o chi p a w a y at a l u m p o f st one t o p ro d u ce a piece o f t h r e e -d i m e n s i o n a l art . There's no need
t o b o o k - j ust t u r n up at t h e d o o r o n Sat urday at ni ne o'cl ock .

A n d n o w here's t h a t n u m b e r I prom i sed y o u ....

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topic-specific vocabulary Business & industry
1 Look at sent ences 1 - 1 6 , and replace t h e w o rd s and phrases in bold w i t h a w o r d o r phrase in t he
b o x w h i ch has an o pposi t e m eaning.

credit demand for employees expenditure exports lending

loss net private recession retail shop floor
state-owned industries take on unskilled labourers white-collar

1. W e h a ve a l i m i t e d s u p p l y o f c o m p u t e r base uni t s.

2. Last year, o u r c o m p a n y m a d e a h u g e p r o f i t .

3. Ou r gr o s s p ro f i t s are u p b y a l m o st 150 p e r ce n t o n last year.

4. Bank s across t h e c o u n t r y a re r e p o r t i n g a sh arp d r o p in b o r r o w i n g .

5. Th e c o m p a n y w i l l d e b i t y o u r b a n k a cco u n t w i t h £528 each m o n t h .

6. Th e w h o l e s a l e m a r k e t has e x p e r i e n ced a d o w n t u r n since

t h e recession b e ga n .

7. Th e g o v e r n m e n t is e n c o u r a g i n g s h o r t -t e r m i nvest ors t o p u t t h e i r
m o n e y i n t o t h e p u b l i c sect or.

8. Pr i va t e e n t e r p r i se s a re u n d e r a l o t o f f i n an ci al pressure.

9. Sk i l l e d w o r k e r s a re d e m a n d i n g a 15 p e r ce nt p ay rise.

10. If t hi s co n t i n u e s, w e w i l l ha ve t o l a y o f f m e m b e rs o f st af f .

11 . Bl u e -c o l l a r w o rk e r s across t h e c o u n t r y are d e m a n d i n g
i m p r o ve d w o r k i n g co n d i t i o n s.

12. He w o r k s f o r a c o m p a n y w h i c h i m p o r t s cam era e q u i p m e n t .

13. A l o t o f p e o p l e h ave b e n e f i t e d f r o m t h e recent b o o m in t h e

elect rical i ndust ry.

14. Th e m a n a g e m e n t ref use t o co m p ro m i s e o n t h e q u a l i t y o f

t h e i r p ro d uct s.

15. Ove r a l l r e ve n u e is d o w n b y a l m o st 15 p er cent .

16. A f i gh t brok e o u t in t h e b o a r d r oo m over t erms and condit ions of

em pl o ym e n t . (No t e : yo u wi l l have t o change t h e preposit i on in t o on)

64
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 topic-specific vocabulary
Business & industry
2 Mat ch t h e w o rd s and phrases in t h e f irst b o x w i t h a di ct i onary def i ni t i on f ro m t he list A - R bel ow.

1. autom ation 7. i nt erest rat es 13. output

2. u n e m p l o ym e n t 8. p r i m a r y i ndust ry 14. i nco m e t ax
3. i nf l at i o n 9. se co ndary i ndust ri es 15. VAT
4. balance o f p aym en t s 10. service i ndust ries 16. def i ci t
5. t axat ion 11. n at i o na l i sed i ndust ri es 17. k ey i nd ust ry
6. GNP 12. m o n o p o l y 18. salary

A . Th e p e r ce n t a ge ch a r ge d f or bo rro w ing m oney. (Th e Bank of En gl a n d has raised

;
B. Indust ri es i nvo l ved in t h e m a n u f a c t u r e o f go o ds. ( ............................................................. r e l y on t he
r e a d y su p p l y o f r a w mat erials.)

C. Th e va l u e o f go o d s and services pai d f o r in a co unt ry, i n cl u d i n g i nco m e earne d in o t h e r count ries.

(Last ye a r 's ............................................................. wa s close t o £25 bi l l i on.)

D. Th e am ount w hich a f irm, m achi ne o r person produces. (Th e f a ct ory has d ou b l e d its
i n t he last si x m ont h s.)

E. Indust ries i nvo l ved in the p r o d u ct i o n of raw mat erials. (Coa l m i n i n g is an i m p o r t a n t

;
F Inst alli ng m a ch i ne ry in place o f w o rk e r s ( ............................................................. can be a m i x e d blessing
- machines usua lly t e n d t o be o u t o f o r d e r w h e n yo u n e e d t hem m ost .)

G. Indust ries w h i c h d o n o t m ak e pro duct s b u t o f f e r a service such as b a n k i n g, insurance a n d t r a n sp o rt .

( ............................................................. ha ve become m or e i m p o r t a n t in t he last decade.)

H. Th e di f f erence in va l ue b e t w e e n a co unt ry's i m po rt s a n d ex port s. (Th e go ve r n m e n t is t r yi n g t o

reduce t h e ............................................................. def icit .)

I. Th e a m o u n t by w h i c h e x p e n d i t u r e is m o r e t h a n receipt s in a f i rm 's o r co un t ry's account s.

(Th e co m p a n y a n n ou n ce d a t w o m il li on p o u n d ............................................................... )

J. A syst em w h e r e o n e person o r c o m p a n y supplies all o f a p r o d u ct in o n e area w i t h o u t any

co m p e t i t i o n . (Th e st at e has a ............................................................. o f t he t obacco t rade.)

K. Indust ri es w h i c h w e r e once pri vat e l y o w n e d , b u t n o w b e l o n g t o t h e st at e. (Work ers in

............................................................. are t o ge t a 3 p e r cent p a y rise.)

L. Lack o f w o r k . (Th e f igures f o r ............................................................. are ri si ng.)

M . Th e act i on o f i m po si n g t axes. (M o n e y raised b y ............................................................. pa ys f o r all

go ve r n m e n t services.)

N. Th e m ost i m p o r t a n t i ndust ri es in a co unt ry. (Oi l is a ............................................................. whi ch is

essent ial t o t he count ry's econom y.)

O. A st at e in an e co n o m y w h e r e prices and w ages are rising t o k eep pace w i t h each ot her.

(Th e go ve r n m e n t is t r yi n g t o k e e p ............................................................. d o w n b e l o w 3 p e r cent .)

P. A t ax o n m o n e y earne d as w ages o r salary. (Sh e p a ys ............................................................. a t t he l o w e s t

rat e.)

Q. A t ax i m posed as a p ercen t a ge o f t h e i nvoi ce val ue o f go o d s o r services. An i ndi rect t ax.

( ............................................................. in Brit ain cur rent l y runs a t 20 p e r cent .)

R. A f ix ed a m o u n t o f m o n e y t h a t yo u earn each m o n t h o f ye ar f r o m y o u r j o b (I receive an a nnua l

............................................................. o f £30,000)

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topic-specific vocabulary Business & industry
3 Complet e t his ext ract f ro m a business pro gram m e w i t h w o rd s and phrases f ro m Exercises 1 and 2. In
some cases, more t han o ne answer is possible, and yo u w i l l need t o change some o f t he w o r d f orms.

1..................................................................................rat es are t o rise by a f u r t h e r hal f a per cent nex t m o n t h ,

p u t t i n g f u r t h e r pressure o n h o m e o w n e rs p ayi n g m o rt ga ge s. It w i l l also di scourage p eo pl e f ro m
2 ..................................................................................m o n e y f r o m t h e h i gh st reet banks, w h o are al ready u n d e r a
l ot o f pressure. Last year, t h e Na t i o n al Bank w as f orced t o 3 ..................................................................................
2,000 m em be rs of st af f across t h e count ry, adding to the count ry's rap i d l y rising rat e of
4 .................................................................................

5..................................................................................... rose in t h e last ye a r b y al m o st 6 p e r cent , despi t e t h e

go ve r n m e n t 's p l e d g e t o k eep pri ce a n d w a g e rises n o h i g h e r t h a n 3 p er cent . Th i s has h a d a n ega t i ve
i m pa ct o n 6 ..................................................................................... .. since t h e st r o n g p o u n d co u p l e d w i t h rising
prices has m a d e it a l m o st i m possi bl e f o r f o r e i g n co m p an i e s t o b u y Brit ish go o d s a nd services. Especially
af f ect ed a re the 7 ..................................................................................... pro ducing p h arm aceut i cal s a nd
chemicals.

8 ...................................................................................... w o r k e r s in 9 .......................................................................................
i ndust ri es across t h e c o u n t r y a re d e m a n d i n g h i g h e r 10........................................................................................
Un i o n s a n d w o rk e r s are n e g o t i a t i n g w i t h 11......................................................................................chief s f o r an
e i g h t p ercen t rise. Th i s f o l l o w s t h e a n n o u n c e m e n t t h a t t h e g o ve r n m e n t w a n t m o r e i nvest ors t o p u t
t h e i r m o n e y i n t o t h e 12......................................................................................sect or.

13 ...................................................................................... f or home co m p ut ers has f inally o ve rt a k e n the

14 ...................................................................................... m a k i n g i t once a ga i n a seller's m a rk e t . Th e r e is n o w a
t w o -w e e k w a i t i n g list t o receive a n e w co m p u t e r . Th i s has pushed prices u p by al m o st a t h i r d .

Bra d f o r d Aero sp ace Tech no l o gi e s, w h e r e o veral l 15........................................................................................ f o r

sales o f ai rcraf t part s has d r o p p e d b y al m o st 10 per ce nt in t h e last qua rt e r, w i l l sh o rt l y beco m e a
16......................................................................................i nd ust ry in a f i nal desperat e a t t e m p t t o k eep it o p e n .
Th e g o v e r n m e n t has p ro m i sed it w i l l k eep o n t h e cu r r e n t w o r k f o r ce .

Bad news t o o f o r Ranger Cars, w h o t his w e e k a nn o un ce d a 17.................................................................................

o f almost £5 m i l l i on. A spok esman f o r t h e co m p a n y bl am ed h i gh l a bo u r costs and t h e reluct ance by
un i o n leaders t o a pp ro ve increased 18......................................................at t h e f irm's f act ories.
Th e y insist t h a t t h e i nst allat ion o f n e w m achi nery w i l l lead t o redundanci es.

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 topic-specific vocabulary
Children & the family
1 Com pl et e t hese sent ences w i t h an appropri at e w o r d o r phrase f ro m A, B o r C.

1. M r a n d Mrs Sm i t h live at h o m e w i t h t h e i r t w o ch i l d re n . Th e y are a t ypi cal e x a m pl e o f a m o d e r n

f am i l y.
A. extended B. n u c l e a r C. c o m p a c t

2. M r and Mrs Popat l al live at h o m e w i t h t h e i r a ge d parent s, ch i l d re n a n d g r a n d ch i l d r e n . Th e y are a

t ypi cal e x a m pl e o f a t r a d i t i o n a l ...............................................f am i ly.
A. nuclear B. e n l a r ge d C. e x t e n d e d

3. Mrs Jones lives o n h e r o w n a nd has t o look a f t e r h e r t w o ch i l d re n . Th e r e are a l o t o f

f am i l i es lik e hers.
A . s i n g l e -p a r e n t B. m o t h e r -o n l y C. m o n o -p a r e n t

4. So m e p arent s need t o ...............................................t h e i r ch i l d re n m o r e st rict ly.

A. bring d o w n B. b r i n g a b o u t C. b r i n g u p

5. W h e n I w as a chi l d, I ha d a ve r y t u r b u l e n t .................................................
A. u p bringing B. u p r a i s i n g C. u p l i f t i n g

6. Mrs Kell y i s ...............................................a nd f i nds it d i f f i cu l t t o l o o k a f t e r her ch i l d re n o n h e r o w n .

A . d i vo r c e d B. d i vi d e d C. d i ve r g e d

7. M a n y m en bel i eve t h a t ...............................................is t h e responsi bi l i t y o f a w o m a n .

A . childhelp B. ch i l d ca r e C. ch i l d a i d

8 is a p ar t i cu l ar l y d i f f i cul t t i m e o f lif e f o r a chi ld.

A . Con va l escence B. Ad o l e s c e n c e C. Co n ve r ge n c e

9. A person's b e h a vi o u r can so m et i m es be t raced back t o h i s/ h e r .................................................

A . cr e a t i ve ye a r s B. f o r m u l a t i n g ye a r s C. f o r m a t i ve ye a r s

10. Th e c o u n t r y has seen a sh arp d r o p in t h e ...............................................in t h e last f e w years.

A. birt h rate B. b a b y r a t e C. b o r n r a t e

11. She has f i v e ............................................... w h o rely on h e r t o l o o k a f t e r t h e m .

A. dependants B. d e p e n d e r s C. d e p e n d e n t s

12 cri m e is o n t h e rise, w i t h o ve r 30 per cent o f t hef t s b e i n g c o m m i t t e d by

yo u n g p eo p l e u n d e r t h e age o f e i gh t e e n .
A . Ju n i o r B. Ju ve n i l e C. Ch i l d r e n

2 M a t ch sent ences 1 - 1 2 w i t h a second sent ence A - M . Use t h e k e y w o r d s a nd phrases in bo l d t o hel p

yo u .

1. M r a nd Mrs W h i t e are ve r y a u t h o r i t a r i a n parent s.

2. M r Bowl es is co nsi dered t o be t o o l e ni en t .
3. M r a n d Mrs Harri s l ead sepa rat e lives.
4. Billy is a w e l l -a d j u s t e d k i d.
5. Th e M a n n i n gs are n o t ve r y respo nsi bl e parent s.
6. M y parent s are se pa ra t e d .
7. Parent s m ust l o o k a f t e r t h e i r ch i l d re n , b u t t h e y s h o u l d n 't be o ve r -p r o t e c t i ve .
8. Prof essor M a yn a r d has m a d e a st u d y o f t h e c o g n i t i ve processes o f y o u n g ch i l d re n . g y

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topic-specific vocabulary Children & the family
9. I'm a f r ai d m y yo u n g e s t chi l d is r u n n i n g w i l d .
10. She look s q u i t e d i f f e r e n t f r o m all h e r si bl i ngs.
11. Th e r e are several d i f f e r e n t a n d d i s t i n ct st ages o f d e ve l o p m e n t in a chi l d's lif e.

12. To n y w a s raised b y a f o s t e r f a m i l y w h e n his o w n parent s di ed.

A . Th e y d o n 't l o o k a f t e r t h e i r c h i l d re n ve r y w e l l .
B. He is f asci nat ed b y t h e w a y t h e y l earn n e w t h i n gs.
C. He ve ry ra re l y puni shes his ch i l d re n .
D. I live w i t h m y m o t h e r a n d vi si t m y f a t h e r at w e e k e n d s .
E. He n e ve r list ens t o a w o r d I say, a n d is a l w a ys p l a yi n g t r u a n t f r o m school .
F. Bro t h ers a n d sist ers usual l y b e a r so m e resem bl ance t o o n e a no t h e r .
G. A l t h o u g h t h e y are m a r r i e d a n d live t o ge t h e r , t h e y rar el y speak t o each o t her.

H. Th e y a re ve r y st rict w i t h t h e i r ch i l d re n .
I. Of all o f t hese, t h e t e e n a g e years are t h e m o st d i f f i cu l t .
J. Ch i l d re n nee d t h e f r e e d o m t o g e t o u t a n d e x p eri e n ce t h e w o r l d a r o u n d t h e m .

K. He's h a p p y a t h o m e a n d is d o i n g w e l l a t school.
L. M a n y f am i l i es t a k e in ch i l d re n w h o are n o t t h e i r o w n .

3 Co m p l e t e t h i s case s t u d y w i t h o n e o f t h e w o r d s o r phrases f r o m Exercises 1 a n d 2. Yo u w i l l n eed

t o c h a n ge o n e o f t h e w o r d f o rm s .

Bob's p ro b l e m s b e ga n during his 1...................................................... years. His parent s got

2 ..................................................... w h e n he w as y o u n g , a nd n e i t h e r o f t h e m w a n t e d t o raise hi m o r his
b r o t h e r a nd sister, so he w as 3 ..................................................... b y a 4 ....................................................... chosen by
his parent s' social w o r k e r . Un f o r t u n a t e l y, his f o st er f a t h e r w as a st rict 5 ..................................................... and
o f t e n b ea t h i m . Bo b rebel l ed aga i n st t hi s st rict 6 ........................................................ a nd b y t h e t i m e he was
e i g h t , he w a s a l re a d y 7 ..................................................... .. st eal i ng f r o m shops a n d p l a yi n g t r u a n t . By t h e
t i m e he reached 8 ..................................................... .. so m e t i m e a r o u n d his 13t h b i rt h d ay, he had a l ready
a p p e a re d in c o u r t several t i mes, ch a r ge d w i t h 9 ..................................................... cri m e. Th e j u d g e bl am e d
his f o st er parent s, e x p l a i n i n g t h a t ch i l d re n n ee d ed 10..................................................... parent s a n d guard i a n s
w h o w o u l d l o o k a f t e r t h e m pro perl y. Th e f ost er f a t h e r o bj ect ed t o t his, p o i n t i n g o u t t h a t Bob's
11..................................................... - his t w o bro t h ers a nd sister - w e r e 12.....................................................
chi l dren w h o beh ave d at h o m e a n d w o r k e d w e l l a t school.

Th i s has raised so m e i nt e re st i n g quest i o ns a b o u t t h e m o d e r n f a m i l y syst em. W h i l e it is t r u e t h a t

p aren t s s h o ul d n o t be t o o 13...................................................... w i t h ch i l d re n b y l e t t i n g t h e m d o w h a t t h e y
w a n t w h e n t h e y w a n t , o r be t o o 14...................................................... by sh el t e ri n g t h e m f r o m t h e realit ies
o f lif e, it is also t r u e t h a t t h e y sh o ul d n o t be t o o st rict . It has also h i g h l i g h t e d t h e di sadvant ages o f
t h e m o d e r n 15...................................................... f a m i l y w h e r e t h e chi l d has o n l y its m o t h e r a n d f a t h e r t o
rely o n (o r t h e 16...................................................... f am i l y, in w h i c h t h e m o t h e r o r f a t h e r has t o st ruggl e
p a r t i cu l a r l y ha rd t o s u p p o r t t h e i r 17...................................................... ). In f act , m a n y bel i eve t h a t w e sh o ul d
r e t u r n t o t r a d i t i o n a l f a m i l y values a n d t h e 18...................................................... f a m i l y: ext ensive research
has sh o w n t h a t ch i l d re n f r o m t hese f am i l i es are ge n e r a l l y b e t t e r b e h ave d a n d have a b e t t e r chance

68 o f success in l at er lif e.

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 topic-specific vocabulary
Crime & the law
1 Mat ch t he w o rd s and phrases in t he box w i t h t hei r correct def i ni t i on 1 - 1 0 .

barrister break the law defendant judge jury law-abiding

offender solicitor victim witness

1. A person a p p o i n t e d t o m ak e legal deci si ons in a c o u r t o f l a w .......................................

2. A g r o u p o f 12 ci t i zens w h o are s w o rn t o deci de w h e t h e r so m e o n e is g u i l t y o r i n n o ce n t o n t h e
basis o f e vi dence gi ve n in a c o u r t o f l a w .......................................
3. A person w h o sees so m e t h i n g h a p p e n o r is present w h e n s o m e t h i n g h a p p e n s.......................................
4. A person w h o appears in a co u r t o f l a w accused o f d o i n g s o m e t h i n g i l l egal ........................................
5. A person w h o is at t ack ed o r w h o is in an acci dent ........................................
6. A q ua l i f i ed l a w ye r w h o gives advice t o m em bers o f t h e p ub l i c and acts f o r t h e m in legal mat t ers.

7. A person w h o co m m i t s an of f ence agai nst t h e l a w .......................................

8. A l a w ye r w h o can pre sent a case in c o u r t .......................................
9. An expression used t o descri be so m e o n e w h o obeys t h e l a w .......................................
10. To d o s o m e t h i n g t h a t is i l l e ga l .......................................

2 Th e f o l l o w i n g gro ups o f sent ences describe t he legal process w h i ch f o l l o w s a crime. Ho w e ver, w i t h

t he except ion o f t he f irst sent ence, t he sentences in each gr o u p are in t he w r o n g order. Put t h em int o
t he correct order, using t he k ey w o rd s and phrases in bold t o help yo u . Some o f t hese w o rd s appear
in Task A.

Pa rt i
A . On e n i g h t , Ji m Sm i t h co m m i t t e d a serious cri m e. = Sentence 7
B. Ji m asked t h e o f f i cer f o r a solicit or t o h e l p h i m .......................................
C. A t t h e same t i m e , t h e pol i ce a r r a n g e d f o r a barrist er t o prosecut e h i m .......................................
D. Th e y t o o k h i m t o t h e pol i ce st at i o n a n d f o r m a l l y cha rged hi m w i t h t h e c r i m e .......................................
E. W h e n t h e t rial b e ga n a n d he a p p e a re d in court f o r t h e f irst t i m e , he p l ea d ed his innocence.

F. Th e nex t m o r n i n g t h e pol i ce arrest ed h i m .......................................

Part 2
A. His barri st er also said he w a s i nnocent a n d ask ed t h e c o u r t t o acqui t hi m . = Sentence 1
B. W h i l e he w as in pri son, he a p p l i e d f o r p a r ole ........................................
C. As a result , t h e j u d g e sent enced hi m t o t w o years in p r i s o n .......................................
D. He w as released a f t e r 18 m o n t h s .......................................
E. Ho w e ve r, t h e r e w e r e several wit nesses, and t h e evidence agai nst hi m w as o ve r w h e l m i n g .

F. Ha vi n g all t h e p r o o f t h e y n ee d e d , t h e j u r y re t u r n e d a gu i l t y verdict . ...................................

Part 3
A. Un f o r t u n a t e l y, pri son f ai l ed t o rehabilit at e hi m a n d a f t e r his release he co n t i n u e d w i t h his
misdeeds, a t t a ck i n g a n o l d w o m a n in t h e st reet . = Sentence 1
B. Ji m p ro m i se d t o r ef or m a n d t h e pe n si o ne r w i t h d r e w h e r call f o r m o r e severe r et ri but i on.

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C. W i t h t hi s in m i n d , inst ead o f passing a cu s t o d i a l se nt en ce, he f i n e d hi m a l o t o f m o n e y a nd
o r d e r e d h i m t o d o c o m m u n i t y s er vi ce ......................................
D. He w as r e -a r r e s t e d a n d r e t u r n e d t o c o u r t ........................................
E. His n e w vi c t i m , a pensi oner, t h o u g h t t h a t t h e j u d g e w a s b e i n g t o o l e n i e n t o n Ji m a n d called f o r
t h e r e i n s t a t e m e n t o f c o r p o r a l p u n i s h m e n t a n d ca p i t a l p u n i s h m e n t ! .................................
F. A t his second t ri a l t h e j u d g e a gr ee d t h a t pri son was n o t a d e t e r r e n t f o r Ji m ........................................

3. No w look at t his ext ract f ro m a polit ician's speech and complet e t h e gaps w i t h one o f t h e w o rd s
o r phrases f ro m Exercises 1 and 2. In some cases, more t h an one an sw er m ay be possible.

Ar e yo u w o r r i e d a b o u t crim e? I am . W e read it every d a y in t h e papers. A t e r r i b l e cri m e has been

1............................................................ , t h e police have 2 ............................................................ so m eo ne, he has
app ea re d in f r o n t o f a j u r y in a 3 ............................................................o f law, he has 4 .............................................
............... his i nno cence b u t has been f o u n d 5.............................................................. o f his cri m e a nd he has
been 6 .............................................................. t o 10 years in prison. W e are all ve ry reli eved t h a t t h e crimi nal is
b e i n g puni shed f o r his 7 .............................................................. a nd 8 ................................................................. cit izens
like yo u a n d m e can sleep m o r e saf ely at n i gh t .

Bu t w h a t ha pp e ns nex t ? W e all h o p e , d o n 't w e , t h a t t h e pri so ner w i l l b e n e f i t f r o m societ y's

9 ...... t h a t a spell in pri son w i l l
m ak e h i m a b e t t e r p erso n. W e all h o p e t h a t he w i l l 11............................................................. a n d beco m e
lik e us. W e all h o p e t h a t w h e n he is e ve n t u a l l y 12............................................................. a n d l et loose o n t h e
st reet s, he w i l l be a g o o d charact er, t h e t hreat of a n o t h e r spell in jai l being a suit able
1 3 ........................................................... w h i c h w i l l st op h i m f r o m b re a k i n g t h e l a w a ga i n . Oh yes.

But let's f ace it.Th e real i t y is usually ve ry d i f f e r e n t . Th e p ri so n er may be released on

14 .............................................................. b e f o re t h e e n d o f his sent ence. He w i l l t r y t o r e -e n t e r society. But
t h e n he o f t e n becom es a 15............................................................. hi mself , u n a b l e t o f i n d w o r k a n d rej ect ed
by society. It isn't l o n g b e f o re he's back in pri son a ga i n .

So w h a t alt ernat ives are t here, I hear yo u say. W h a t can w e d o t o t h e 16........................................................... t o

mak e sure he doesn't co m m i t a n o t h e r crime? Th e re are alt ernat ives t o prison, o f course, such as
17 in w h i ch he w i l l provi de a service t o t hose a ro u n d hi m . Or he can pay a
large 18............................................................. Al t ernat i vel y, w e could est ablish a m o re severe system o f
puni shm ent , i ncl udi ng 19......................................................... and 20.............................................................. b u t w e
like t o consi der ourselves civilised, a nd t h e idea o f bea t i n g o r ex ecut i ng som eo ne is repel l ent t o us. Oh yes.

Th e answer, o f course, is f a r si mpler. W e n ee d t o be t o u g h n o t o n t h e cri m i n a l , b u t o n t h e cause o f t h e

cri m e. W e s h o u l d spen d less o f t h e t ax payer's m o n e y f u n d i n g t h e 2 1 ..............................................................
a n d 2 2 ..............................................................a n d all t h e o t h e r p e o p l e w h o w o r k f o r t h e legal syst em, a nd
p u t t h e m o n e y i nst ead i n t o s u p p o r t i n g d e p r i ve d areas w h i c h are t h e b r e e d i n g g r o u n d s f o r crim e. W e
in t h e Co n La b Part y b el i eve t h a t e ve r yb o d y needs a g o o d chance in lif e,a n d t hi s is a g o o d st ep
f o r w a r d . Vo t e f o r us n o w !

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 topic-specific vocabulary
Education
1 Look at t he sent ences b e l o w and f ill in t he gaps using t h e appropri at e w o r d f ro m A, B o r C.

1. He d i d n 't g e t a g o o d gr a d e t h e f irst t i m e he d i d his IELTS ex am , so d eci ded t o .............................. it.

A . r e si t B. r e m a k e C. r e p a i r

2. People w h o a t t e n d uni versi t y l at er in lif e are o f t en c a l l e d .............................. st udent s.

A. aged B. mat ure C. old

3. A l t h o u g h she had lef t school and was w o r k i n g , she w e n t t o e ve n i n g classes at t h e local Co l l e ge of

.............................. Educat i o n.
A . Up p e r B. Fu r t h e r C. Hi g h e r

4. Af t e r he lef t school, he d eci ded t o go o n t o .............................. e du cat i o n and a pp l i e d f o r a place at

Ed i n b u r g h Universit y.
A. f urther B. u p p e r C. h i g h e r

5. He received a local g o v e r n m e n t .............................. t o hel p hi m pay f o r his course.

A . f ee B. f ar e C. g r a n t

6. Ed ucat i o n helps us t o acqui re k n o w l e d ge and learn n e w ..................................

A . sk ills B. p o w e r s C. a bi li t i es

7. A l t h o u g h she a l re ad y had a f irst d e gre e f r o m uni versi t y, she deci ded t h a t she w a n t e d t o w o r k
t o w a r d s a .............................. d e gre e l at er in lif e.
A. f urther B. s e n i o r C. h i g h e r
10
8. W e shoul d m ak e t h e best o f e v e r y ............................ t o l earn.
A . cha nce B. o p p o r t u n i t y C. a va i l a b i l i t y

9. N o w a d a y s ,........................... e d u ca t i o n is p r o m o t e d a l o t in schools.
A. b o d y B. h e a l t h C. vi t a l i t y

10. A large n u m b e r o f parent s are dissat isf ied w i t h t h e .............................. e d u ca t i o n syst em, a nd p u t
t h e i r ch i l d re n i n t o p ri va t e schools i nst ead.
A. go ve r n m e n t B. n a t i o n a l C. st a t e

11. Because so m a n y st udent s f i n d exams stressf ul, some colleges o f f er a syst em o f ........................................
assessment inst ead.
A. cont inual B. c o n t i n u o u s C. c o n t i n u i n g

12. He has read a l o t o f boo k s a n d .............................. a l ot o f k n o w l e d ge .

A . a cq u i r e d B. w o n C. a ch i e ve d

13. Un i ve rsi t y st udent s have a ..............................w h o t h e y m e e t o n a r e gu l a r basis t o discuss t h e i r w o r k .

A . t ea ch er B. t u t o r C. l e ct u r e r

14. Th e r e w e r e m o r e t h a n 50 st udent s at Prof essor Br y a n t 's .............................. o n ci t y p l a n n i n g.

A . l ect u r e B. se m i n a r C. t u t o r i a l

2 Complet e t he passage on t he next page w i t h a suit able w o r d o r phrase f rom t he box.

course day release degree discipline enrol evening class

graduate kindergarten literacy numeracy on-line pass
primary qualifications secondary skills

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topic-specific vocabulary Education
W h e n M i ch ael w a s t h r e e years o l d , he st art ed g o i n g t o a local (1 )............................................................. and
t w o years l at er b e g a n a t t e n d i n g his local (2 )............................................................. school, w h e r e he
le arne d basic (3 )............................................................. such as (4 ).............................................................. a nd
(5 )................................................................A t t h e a ge o f 11, he st art ed a t (6 )...............................................................
school. He w a s n 't a ve r y k een pupil, and his t eachers of ten com plained that he lacked
(7 ) .................................................................. Ho w e ve r, when he took his sch o o l -l e a vi n g exams, he
(8 ) .............................................................. t h e m all w i t h g o o d grades.

W h e n he lef t school at t h e a ge o f 18, he deci ded he w a n t e d t o co n t i n u e his st udies. He f o u n d a

uni versi t y w h i c h o f f e re d a f u l l -t i m e (9 ).............................................................in M o d e r n A r t a n d Desi gn, and
(1 0 ).............................................................on it a f e w days b e f o re his 19t h b i rt hday. For t h r e e years he w o r k e d
h a rd, a nd (11).............................................................w i t h a (1 2 )..............................................................in M o d e r n A r t
a n d Desi gn. Af t e r t h a t , he di d an (1 3 )............................................................ course in Ph o t o g r a p h y f ro m a
col l ege in t h e US.

Th e (1 4 ).............................................................. t h a t he had ga i n e d , c o m b i n e d w i t h his creat i ve t alent s,

impressed an a d ve rt i si n g a ge ncy t h a t he w a n t e d t o w o r k f or, a n d t h e y o f f e re d hi m a j o b . Th e agency
e n co u ra ge d hi m t o d e ve l o p his passion f o r all t h i n gs creat i ve, a n d w h i l e t h e y w e r e n 't p re p a r e d t o
o f f e r hi m (1 5 )............................................................... t o st u dy d u r i n g w o r k i n g hours, t h e y pai d f o r hi m t o j o i n
an (1 6 )............................................................. at his local Co l l e ge o f Fu r t h e r Ed uca t i o n .

3 N o w read t hi s essay a n d co m p l et e t h e gaps w i t h o n e o f t h e w o r d s o r phrases f r o m Exercises 1 a nd 2.

Yo u w i l l need t o ch a n ge t h e f o r m o f so m e o f t h e w o r d s .

'Yo u are n e v e r t o o o l d t o l e a r n '. Do y o u a gr e e w i t h t h i s s t a t e m e n t ?

Educat i on is a l o ng process t h a t n o t o n l y provi des us w i t h basic (1 ).......................................................... such as

(2 ).......................................................... and (3 ).......................................................... , b u t is also essential in shaping
o u r f u t u r e lives. From t h e m o m e n t w e e nt e r (4 ).......................................................... as small chi l dren, and as
w e progress t h r o u g h (5 ).............................................................................................................................................. and (6 ).. e d
w e are l ayi ng t h e f o u n d a t i o n s f o r t h e lif e ahead o f us. W e m ust (7 )..........................................................
ourselves t o w o r k h a rd so t h a t w e can (8 ).......................................................... exams a nd gai n t h e
(9 ) .......................................................... w e w i l l need t o secure a go o d j o b . W e must also
(10 ) .......................................................... val uabl e lif e skills so t h a t w e can f i t in and w o r k w i t h t hose a ro u nd
us. An d o f course (11).......................................................... educat i o n helps us t o underst and h o w w e can stay
f i t and healt hy.

For m ost p eo p l e, t hi s process ends w h e n t h e y are in t h e i r m i d -t o -l a t e t eens. For ot hers, ho w e ver, it is

the beginning of a l i f et i m e of l e a r n i n g. Af t e r they f inish school, many progress to
(1 2 )............................................................. e d u ca t i o n w h e r e t h e y w i l l learn m o r e usef ul skills such as c o m p u t e r
l i t eracy o r basic business m a n a ge m e n t . Ot h e r s w i l l (1 3 )............................................................. o n a p r o g r a m m e
o f (1 4 )............................................................. e d u ca t i o n at a uni versi t y w h e r e , w i t h hard w o r k , t h e y w i l l have
t h e o p p o r t u n i t y t o (1 5 ).............................................................. a f t e r t h r e e o r f o u r years w i t h a w e l l -e a r n e d
(1 6 ) Af t e r t h a t , t h e y m a y w o r k f o r a w h i l e b e f o re o p t i n g t o st udy f o r
a (1 7 )............................................................. d e gre e - an M A, f o r e x am pl e, o r a PhD. Al t e r n a t i ve l y, t h e y
m a y choose t o attend an (1 8 )............................................................. af t er w o rk or, if t h e y have a
sym pa t h et i c e m pl o ye r, o b t a i n (1 9 )............................................................. so t h a t t h e y can st u d y d u r i n g t h e
week . An d if they live a long way f ro m a co l l e ge or uni versi t y, they m ight f ollow an
(2 0 )............................................................. course using t h e Int e rne t . In f act , it is l a rgel y d u e t o t h e
p ro l i f e ra t i o n o f co m p u t e r s t h a t m a n y p e o p l e w h o have n o t been n ea r a school f o r m a n y years, have
st art ed t o st udy a ga i n a n d can p r o u d l y class t hem selves as (2 1 )................................ ............................ st udent s.

W e live in a f a sci n a t i n g a n d co n s t a n t l y c h a n gi n g w o r l d , a n d w e m u s t c o n t i n u a l l y l earn a n d acqui re

n e w k n o w l e d g e if w e are t o a d a p t a n d k eep u p w i t h c h a n gi n g event s. Ou r school days are j ust t h e
b e g i n n i n g o f t hi s process, a nd w e s h o u l d m a k e t h e best o f e very (2 2 ).............................................................

72 t o d e ve l o p ourselves, w h e t h e r w e are 18 o r 80. Yo u are, i nd e ed , n e ve r t o o o l d t o l earn.

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The environment
1 Mat ch t he f irst part o f each sent ence in t he l ef t -hand column w i t h its second part in t h e ri gh t -h a n d
colum n. Use t h e w o rd s and phrases in bold t o help yo u . Check t h a t each sent ence yo u p u t t o ge t h e r
is gram m at i cal l y correct .

1. So m e m o d e r n a gri cu l t u r a l m e t h o d s have (A ) ...i n m a n y co un t ri e s p o a ch i n g is consi dered

been h e avi l y crit i cised,... m o r e serious t h a n d r u g s m u g g l i n g .

2. If yo u w e a r a f u r co a t in p u b l i c,... (B) ...a n d rare breeds park s are ve ry p o p u l a r

w i t h m any.
3. It is i l legal t o kill pandas, t i gers...
(C) ...i n w i l d l i f e m ana gem ent .
4. If w e d o n 't d o m o r e t o p r o t e ct pandas,...
(D) ...t h e go ve r n m e n t 's conservat ion p r ogr a m m e
5. A l o t o f Bri t ish p e o p l e are i nt erest ed in
has been ve r y successf ul.
unusual ani m al s,...
(E) ...t h e y'l l soon be ext inct .
6. Na t i o n a l park s in Kenya are cu r r e n t l y
re cr u i t i n g ex pert s... (F) ...w i t h b a t t e r y f a r m i ng in p ar t i cu l a r receivi ng
a l o t o f co n d e m n a t i o n .
7. In an a t t e m p t t o preserve f orest s a r o u n d t h e
co un t r y... (G) ...i t w as f asci nat i ng t o observe t h e i r na t ur a l
behaviour.
8. W e w o u l d lik e t o carry o u t m o r e scient if ic
st u d y i n t o rai nf orest s... (H) ...o n a successf ul p anda br eedi ng p r o gr a m m e .
9. I d o n 't lik e zo o s because I t h i n k ... (I) ...k e e p i n g ani m al s in ca p t i vi t y is cruel.

10. I saw a f asci nat i ng d o c u m e n t a r y a b o u t t h e (J) ...o r a n y o t h e r en d a n ge r e d species.

w a y ani m als live in Ve n e zu e l a a n d t h o u g h t ...
(K) ...b u t it is o f t e n d i f f i cu l t t o g e t p e o p l e t o
11. Th e Chi nese g o v e r n m e n t has sp ent a l o t o f f u n d t h e research.
m o n ey...
(L) ...yo u risk co m i n g u n d e r a t t ack f r o m a ni m a l
12. Hu n t er s have k i lled so m a n y ani m al s t h a t ... ri ght s activists.

2 Replace t h e phrases in bold in t hese sent ences w i t h a w o r d o r phrase f ro m t he bo x so t h a t t he

sent ences sound more nat ural. Th ere are t hree w o rd s o r phrases t h a t yo u d o no t need.

ducat i on,
acid rain biodegradable packaging contaminated deforestation
ecosystem emissions environmentalists erosion fossil fuels
genetically modified global warming green belt greenhouse
organic pesticides pollution rainforest recycle things renewable

1. In Bri t ai n, b u i l d i n g is rest ri ct ed o r co m p l e t e l y b a n n e d in t h e area o f f a r m i n g l a n d o r w o o d s a n d

p a r k s w h i c h s u r r o u n d s a t o w n .....................................
2. M a n y co m p ani es are d e ve l o p i n g b o x e s, ca r t ons a n d cans w h i c h can e a s i l y b e d e c o m p o s e d b y
o r ga n i s m s such as b a ct er i a , o r b y s u n l i gh t , sea, w a t e r , et c. .................................
3. Th e b u r n i n g o f so m e f uel s creat es ca r b o n d i o x i d e , ca r b o n m o n o x i d e , s u l p h u r d i o x i d e , m e t h a n e
a n d o t h e r gases w h i c h rise i n t o t h e a t m o s p h e r e .......................................
4. Farmers have cleared hect ares o f t h i ck w o o d e d l a n d i n t r o p i c a l r e gi o n s w h e r e t h e p r e c i p i t a t i o n is
v e r y h i g h .....................................
5. Pl an t i n g t rees p ro vi des som e p ro t e ct i o n f r o m t h e g r a d u a l w e a r i n g a w a y o f soi l ......................................
6. W e sh o ul d all t r y t o p r oce ss w a s t e m a t e r i a l so t h a t i t can b e u se d a ga i n .....................................
7. The se p o t a t o es are c u l t i va t e d n a t u r a l l y, w i t h o u t u s i n g a n y ch e m i ca l f ert i li sers o r pest ici des.

8. Th i s b re ad is m a de f r o m w h e a t w h i c h has been a l t e r e d a t a m o l e c u l a r l e ve l so as t o c h a n ge cer t a i n

charact eri st ics w h i c h can b e i n h e r i t e d . .................................
9. Th e p r ocess o f r e m o v i n g t h e t rees f r o m a n a rea o f l a n d is d e s t ro yi n g m i l l i ons o f acres o f w o o d l a n d
e ver y year. ...................................

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topic-specific vocabulary The environment
10. Po l l u t e d p r e c i p i t a t i o n w h i c h k i l ls t r ee s f alls a l o n g di st ance a w a y f r o m t h e source o f t h e p o l l u t i o n .

11. Hu m a n b ei n gs h ave ha d a d e va st a t i n g ef f ect o n t h e l i v i n g t h i n gs , b o t h l a r ge a n d sm a l l , in m a n y

part s o f t h e w o r l d ........................................
12. Th e gases a n d o t h e r sub st a nces w h i ch co m e f r o m f act ori es using oil, coal a n d o t h e r f uel s w h i c h a r e
t h e r e m a i n s o f p l a n t s a n d a n i m a l s can cause serious d a m a ge t o t h e e n v i r o n m e n t ......................................
13. Do n 't d r i n k t h a t w a t e r ! It's b ee n m a d e d i r t y b y s o m e t h i n g b e i n g a d d e d t o i t .................................
14. Fri ends o f t h e Eart h, Gr ee n pe ace a nd o t h e r p e o p l e co n c e r n e d w i t h p r o t e c t i n g t h e e n v i r o n m e n t
a r e h o l d i n g a f o r u m i n Lo n d o n n e x t m o n t h ......................................
15. Th e h e a t i n g u p o f t h e e a r t h 's a t m o s p h e r e b y p o l l u t i o n is t h r e a t e n i n g li f e as w e k n o w it.

3 No w look at t his essay and complet e t he gaps w i t h one o f t he w o rd s o r phrases f ro m Exercises 1

and 2. In some cases, m ore t han one a n sw er w i l l be possible. You m ay need t o change t he f orm o f
some o f t he w o rd s.

'En vi r o n m e n t a l d e g r a d a t i o n is a m a j o r w o r l d p r o b l e m . W h a t causes t hi s p r o b l e m , a n d w h a t can w e

d o t o p r e ve n t i t ?'

Th e r e is no d o u b t t h a t t h e e nvi r o n m e n t is in t ro u b l e. Fact ories burn 1........................................................... w h i ch

pro duce 2................................................................................... , and t his kills t rees. At the same
3 ......................................................... gases rise i nt o t h e air and co nt ri but e t o 4 ...........................................................
w h i ch t hreat ens to m el t t he pol ar ice cap. Meanwhile f armers clear h u ge areas of
5......................................................... in places such as t h e Am a zo n t o produce f eedi ng land f o r cat t le o r w o o d
f o r bui l di ng. Rivers and oceans are so heavily 6......................................................... by indust rial wast e t h a t it is
no l o nger saf e t o g o sw i m m i n g. Cars p u m p o u t poisonous 7 ............................................................w h i ch w e all
have t o breat he in. 8 ......................................................... and overf ishi ng are k illing o f f millions o f animals,
i ncluding whales, elephant s and o t h e r 9 ............................................................In f act , all a ro u n d us, all living
t hi ngs large and small w h i ch comprise o u r f i nel y balanced 10............................................................ are bei ng
syst emat ically dest royed by h um an greed and t hought lessness.

Th e r e is a l o t w e can all d o , h o w e ve r , t o h e l p p re ve n t t his. Th e easiest t h i n g , o f course, is t o

1 1......................................................... w as t e m at eri al such as p a p e r a n d glass so t h a t w e can use it
a ga i n . W e sh o ul d also check t h a t t h e t h i n g s w e buy f rom su pe rm a rk e t s are p ack aged in
12 .............................................................. p a ck a gi n g w h i c h decom poses easily. A t t h e same t i m e , w e sh o ul d
m ak e a conscious e f f o r t t o a vo i d f o o d s w h i c h are 13............................................................. (a t least unt i l
so m e o n e proves t h a t t h e y are saf e b o t h f o r us a n d f o r t h e e n vi r o n m e n t ). If yo u are t r u l y c o m m i t t e d
t o p r o t e ct i n g t h e e n vi r o n m e n t , o f course, yo u s h o ul d o n l y b u y 14............................................................. f r u i t
a n d veget abl es, saf e in t h e k n o w l e d g e t h a t t h e y have been n a t u ra l l y cu l t i va t e d . Finally, o f course, w e
sh o ul d b u y a sm al l er car, as t hese cause less 15..............................................................t h a n l arge saloons o r
SUVs. Even bet t er, w e sh o ul d t r y t o m ak e m o r e use o f p u b l i c t r a n sp o rt .

Th e serious 16.............................................................. , h o w e ve r , d o m uch m o r e . Th e y are a w a r e o f t h e

gl o b a l issues i n vo l ve d a n d w i l l act i vel y i n vo l ve t hem sel ves in 17.............................................................. by
m a k i n g sure o u r f orest s are k e p t saf e f o r f u t u r e ge n e r a t i o n s . Th e y w i l l o p p o se act ivi t ies w h i c h are
h a r m f u l t o ani m al s, such as 18.................................................................A n d t h e y w i l l ca m p a i g n t o k eep t h e
19.............................................................. a r o u n d o u r t o w n s a n d cit ies f re e f r o m n e w b u i l d i n g .

W e c a n n o t all be as co m m i t t e d as t h e m , b u t w e can at least d o o u r o w n l i t t l e b i t a t grass root s level.

We , as h u m ans, have i n h e r i t e d t h e e a r t h , b u t t h a t d o e s n 't m ean w e can d o w h a t e v e r w e li ke w i t h it.

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Food & diet
1 Look at t he di ct i onary def init ions, and arrange t he let t ers in bold t o f o rm t he w o rd s t h e y are
def i ni ng. Th e f irst let t er o f each w o r d is un de rl i ne d . Wri t e yo u r answers in t h e crossword o n t he nex t
page. (Each def i ni t i on is f o l l o w e d b y a sample sent ence in it alics w i t h t h e w o r d rem o ved).

1. Na t ura l subst ances f o u n d in f o o d t h a t are 9. W e a k o r ill because yo u d o n o t e at e n o u g h ,

necessary t o k eep y o u r b o d y heal t hy. o r because yo u d o n o t eat e n o u g h o f t h e
Each o n e is gi ve n a n a m e using a l e t t e r o f r i g h t f o o ds. Inomaisheurd (24 p e r cent o f
t h e a l p h a b e t , aimvist n (Apples cont ain children in t he school were f o u n d t o be
several essent ial _____ ) )

2. Of f o o d : p r o vi d i n g t h e subst ances t h a t 10. Na t ura l subst ances f o u n d in som e f o o ds

p e o p l e n eed in o r d e r t o be heal t hy,
nit sort i uu (A h e a l t h y, _____ meal)
3. So m e o n e w h o chooses n o t t o e at m e a t o r
f ish, geet rvanai ( I've been a _____ since I
was 13)
4. Subst ances f o u n d in f o o d t h a t s u p p l y y o u r
b o d y w i t h h eat a n d e ne rgy, bocarat ydesrh
(Bread, pot at oes a n d rice are a go o d source
o f _____ )
t ime,
5. A subst ance f o u n d in f o o d such as m eat ,
e ggs and m i l k t h a t p e o p l e n eed in o r d e r
t o g r o w a nd be s t r o n g, p n t i ro e ( Children
w h o lack su f f i ci e n t _____ in t hei r di et are
of t en ill)
6. A subst ance in y o u r b l o o d t h a t can cause
h e a r t disease if yo u have t o o m u ch o f it.
eroclsht loe. (There are m a n y f oods t ha t
claim t o r e d u c e _____ levels)
t h a t yo u n eed f o r g o o d h e al t h , amerlins
(Mi lk cont ains calcium, one o f t he most
i m p o r t a n t _____ f o r m a i nt a i ni ng st rong
bones)
11. Oi l f o u n d in m e at . t af . (Yo u should t rim t he
o f f m e a t bef ore yo u cook it )
12. Th e part s o f f r u i t , ve ge t ab l es a n d gr a i n t h a t
yo u r b o d y c a n n o t di gest , brf ie (Diet ar y
helps p r ot e ct us f r om disease)
13. Hea vi e r t h a n yo u sh o ul d be. w o ri gve h e t
(I'm a couple o f k i l o gr a m m e s _____ )
14. Fo o d t h a t has recent l y been pick ed, ca u gh t
o r p re p a r e d , sf rhe ( veget ables are
much nicer t han f rozen ones)
15. Uni t s f o r m e asu ri n g h o w m uch e n e rg y yo u
g e t f r o m f o o d , ri desao (There are ove r 150
in a small pack et o f crisps)

7. A serious lack o f f o o d t h a t co n t i n u e s f o r a
16. Descri bi ng f o o d t h a t has had chemicals o r
l o n g t i m e a n d causes m a n y p e o p l e in a
o t h e r subst ances a d d e d t o it. percedsos
c o u n t r y t o b eco m e ill o r di e. anf eim
(_____ m e a t keeps f o r l o n ge r t han nat ural
(Th e crop f ailure caused w i d e s p r e a d _____
m eat )
in t he r egi on)

8. A c o n d i t i o n in w h i c h so m e o n e is t o o f at , in
a w a y t h a t is d a n g e r o u s f o r t h e i r h eal t h ,
eoi t bys (Th e r e p or t h i gh l i gh t e d t he
pr oblem s caused b y c h i l d h o o d _____ )

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2 M a t c h sent ences 1 - 1 0 w i t h a se co nd se n t en ce A - J. Use t h e k e y w o r d s a n d phrases in b o l d t o h e l p

y o u . In so m e cases, m o r e t h a n o n e a n s w e r is possi ble.

1. A l o t o f p e o p l e are a l l e r gi c t o nut s A. Th i s is because t h e y are cu l t i va t e d nat ural l y,

w i t h o u t usi ng a n y chem i cal f ert il i sers o r
2. M a n y p e o p l e d o n o t t r u s t ge n e t i ca l l y pest icides.
m o d i f i e d f o o d s. B. As a result , w e m a y have t o i m p o r t a l ot o f
basic f o o ds.
3. Or g a n i c f r u i t a n d ve ge t a b l e s are q u i t e c Th e y are n o t sure t h a t a l t e r i n g t h e
ex pensi ve, b u t m a y be b e t t e r f o r yo u .
co m p o si t i o n o f cells t o ch a n ge cert ai n
charact eri st i cs is saf e.
4. I ref use t o e at e ggs f r o m b a t t e r y chi ck ens. D
I like t o k n o w t h a t t h e a ni m al s have e n o u g h
space t o express t h e i r n a t u ra l b e h avi o ur .
5. I o n l y e at m e a t f r o m f re e r a n g e ani m als.
To o m uch rai n has p r e ve n t e d crops f r o m
r i p e n i n g p ro p e rl y.
6. Th e h a r ve s t has b ee n ve ry bad t hi s year.
F. Th i s is in spit e o f t h e f act t h a t it is f a t t e n i n g
a n d un h e a l t h y.
7. If t h e d r o u g h t co n t i n u e s, t h e r e w i l l be
serious f o o d s h o rt a ge s . G. It can be d i f f i cu l t t o t race t h e sources o f
som e o f t hese.
8. Th e r e has b ee n an increase in cases o f h . Th e y sh o ul d m a k e an e f f o r t t o co nsum e
s a l m o n e l l a , li st eria, e.col i a n d o t h e r t ypes o f suf f i ci ent q u a n t i t i e s o f t h e d i f f e r e n t f o o d
f o o d poisoning. gr o u p s.

Th e y have a bad physi cal rea ct i o n if t h e y eat

9. To o m a n y p e o p l e f ai l t o eat a b a l a n ced d i e t . them.

An i m a l s sh o ul d n o t spend t h e i r lives
10. Fast f o o d is ve r y p o p u l a r . ■*'
co n f i n e d in small cages.

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Food & diet
3 Com pl et e t his art icle w i t h t he w o rd s and phrases f ro m Exercises 1 and 2. In some cases, more t han
one answ er is possible.

Ch i l d r e n l ove e a t i n g (1 ).............................................................. , b u t burgers, chi ck en n u gge t s and o t h e r

heavi l y (2 )............................................................. f o o d pro duct s n o t o n l y co n t ai n a l arge n u m b e r o f u n h e a l t h y
chemicals and other addi t i ves, but also lack t h e essential (3 ).............................................................
and (4 )............................................................. t h a t a chi ld needs. In a d d i t i o n , t h e y also co n t a i n a l ot o f
(5 )............................................................. and (6 )............................................................... w h i c h , if eat en in q ua n t i t y,
can result in c h i l d h o o d (7 )............................................................ (i n f act , a recent survey suggest s t h a t 39 per
ce nt o f 8 - 15 ye ar-o l d s are seriously o ve r w e i g h t ).

M a n y ch i l d re n end up (8 ).............................................................. , since t h e y eat t o o m uch o f t h e w r o n g sort

o f f o o d . In f act , in m a n y part s o f t h e d e ve l o p e d w o r l d , a l ot o f chi l dren s h o w si milar sym pt o m s t o
t hose in p o o r e r d e ve l o p i n g co unt ri es, w h e r e f o o d (9 ).............................................................cause t h o usands
o f deat hs f r o m st a rvat i o n, especi ally in t h e w a k e o f n at u ra l disast ers w h i c h rui n crops a n d in som e
cases t o t a l l y d e st ro y t h e a n n u a l (1 0 )............................................................... Fu rt h e r m o re , t h e large a m o un t s
o f (11)............................................................. in ani m al and d a i ry pro duct s (a co m m o n f e a t u r e o f f ast f o o d )
are bel i eved t o be p a r t l y responsi ble f o r increased cases o f h e art disease in y o u n g p eo pl e, a recent
p h e n o m e n o n t h a t is causi ng gr e a t co ncern.

It is t h e re f o re i m p o r t a n t chi l dren learn t h e benef i t s o f e at i ng a (1 2 )............................................................ , as

it is i m p o r t a n t t h e y consum e suf f icient quant i t i es o f t h e d i f f e r e n t f o o d gro ups. Th e y shoul d be
e nco u ra ge d t o eat m o r e (1 3 )............................................................ f r u i t and veget abl es, and also m o r e f o o d
t h a t is h i gh in (1 4 )............................................................ Th e y sh o ul d still be a l l o w e d t h e occasional b u r g e r o r
pi zza, b u t t hese shoul d be seen as an occasional t r e a t rat h e r t h a n f o r m i n g t h e m ai n part o f t h e i r di et .

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topic-specific vocabulary Geography
1 Put t h e w o r d s and phrases in each list in t h e f irst b o x in order accordi ng t o t h e i r sizes. (1 = t h e
smallest , 4 = t h e largest ). In each list, t here is one w o r d t h a t does n o t bel o ng w i t h t h e ot hers.

1. forest • tree • copse • beach • wood

2. road • peak • footpath • track • lane
3 mountain • hillock • shore • hill • mountain range
4. gorge • plain • waterfall • hollow • valley
5. gulf • ridge • inlet • bay • cove
6. cliff • brook • river • estuary • stream
7. city • continent • tributary • county • country
8. pond • ocean • sea • cape • lake

1. 1 ........... ............ , 2 ........... ............ , 3 ........... ............. 4 ........................

2. 1 ........... ............ , 2 ........... ............. 3 ............ ............. 4 ........................
3. 1 ........... ............ , 2 ........... ............. 3 ............ ............. 4 ........................
4. 1 ........... ............. 2 ........... ............. 3 ............ ............ , 4 .........................
5. 1 ........... ............. 2 ........... ............. 3 ............. ............. 4 ........................
6. 1 ........... ............. 2 ........... ............ , 3 ........... ............. 4 ........................
7. 1 ........... ............. 2 ........... ............. 3 ............. ............. 4 ........................
8. 1 ........... ............ , 2 ........... ............ , 3 ........... ............. 4 ........................

2 Put t hese w o r d s and phrases i nt o t h e i r correct ca t e go ry in t h e boxes b e l o w and o n t h e nex t page.

Some can be included in m ore t h an o ne cat egory.

beach cape cliff coast coastline conurbation depopulation

densely populated fertile glacier highlands industrialised
irrigation mountainous mouth overcrowding peak peninsula
plateau ridge shore source summit tributary under-developed
urban sprawl vegetation waterfall

Geogr aphica l f eat ures associat ed w i t h Geogr aphica l f eat ures associat ed w i t h
w a t e r a n d t he sea l and, hills a n d m ou n t a i n s

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Geography
Wo r d s a n d p h r a se s a ssoci a t ed w i t h Wo r d s a n d p h r a se s a ssoci a t ed w i t h t o w n s
a gr i c u l t u r e a n d r u r a l l a n d a n d cit ies

3 Com pl et e t his report o f a j o u rn e y w i t h w o rd s and phrases f ro m Exercises 1 and 2. In some cases.

m ore t han one an sw er is possible.

W e b e ga n o u r j o u r n e y in t h e capi t al , Tr i n i f u e go s , a 1...........................................................c o n u r b a t i o n o f
a l m o st 10 m i l l i o n . It is n o t a p r e t t y place; he avi l y 2 ............................................................. w i t h h u g e f act ories
bel ch i n g o u t bl ack f um es, a n d miles o f 3 ........................................................... as ho u si ng est at es a nd
s h o p p i n g cent res spread o u t f r o m t h e 4 ...........................................................ce nt re f o r miles. It w as a rel i ef
t o leave.

As soon as w e g o t i n t o t h e co u n t r ysi d e , t h i n gs i m p r o ve d consi derabl y. Th e cl i m at e is d r y a n d it is

d i f f i cu l t t o g r o w a n yt h i n g , b u t t h a n k s t o 5 ..........................................................., w h i c h helps b r i n g w a t e r in
f r o m t h e Rio Ca u t o (t h e h u ge ri ve r w i t h its 6 ........................................................... h i gh up in t h e s n o w -
co ve re d 7 ...........................................................o f t h e Sierra Maest ra 8 .............................................................), t h e
l and is f ert i l e e n o u g h t o g r o w t h e su ga r cane o n w h i c h m uch o f t h e e c o n o m y is based. W e saw f e w
p e o p l e, h o w e ve r, as m a n y have m o ve d t o t h e t o w n s a n d cit ies t o l o o k f o r m o re p ro f i t a b l e w o r k . It is
l a rgel y d u e t o t hi s rural 9 .......................................................... t h a t t h e su gar-cane i nd us t ry is suf f eri ng.

Fu r t h e r so u t h a n d w e e n t e r e d t h e Ho l g u i n 10............................................................. w i t h m o u n t a i n s rising
h i gh a b o ve us o n b o t h sides. Th e land he re d ro p s sh arpl y t o t h e sea a n d t h e s l o w -m o vi n g w a t e rs o f
t h e Rio Ca u t o gi ve w a y t o 11.......................................................... w h i c h t u m b l e o ve r clif f s, and small, f ast -
m o vi n g 12...........................................................w h i c h are n o t even w i d e e n o u g h t o t ak e a b o at . A t t hi s
p o i n t , t h e ro ad w e w e r e t r a ve l l i n g a l o n g becam e a 13...........................................................w h i c h w as o n l y
j ust w i d e e n o u g h f o r o u r vehi cl e, a nd t h e n an un p a ve d 14.......................................................... w h i c h al m ost
sh o o k t h e veh i cl e t o pieces.

An d t h e n suddenly, t h e Pacif ic 15.......................................................was in f r o n t o f us. Ou r dest inat ion w as t h e

t o w n o f Sant i ago de Gi bara, bui l t o n a 16....................................................... st icking o u t i nt o t h e bl ue wat ers.
Th e count rysi de here undul at es gent ly, w i t h l o w 17.......................................................covered in rich t ropi cal
j u n gl e . Th e o p en 18....................................................... surro undi ng t h e 19...........................................................o f t h e
Rio Caut o as it reaches t h e ocean is rich and 20....................................................... , ideal f o r gr o w i n g t h e
t obacco plant s w h i ch need a lot o f w a r m , d a m p soil.

Th a t n i gh t I lay in m y cheap hot el, list ening t o t he waves gent l y lapping t h e 21...................................................
and when I event ual l y f ell asleep, I d re am t of the peopl e who had f irst i nhabit ed this
22..................................................... almost 2,000 years bef ore.

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1 Co m pl et e sent ences 1 - 1 5 w i t h t h e correct w o r d o r phrase f ro m A, B o r C. In each case t w o o f t he
opt i o ns are i ncorrect ly spelt .

1. Thousands o f bui l di ngs w e r e f l at t ened in t h e San Francisco.................................................................... o f 1906.

A . e a r t h q u a ck B. e a r t h q u a k e C. e a r t h q u a i k

2. Th e ..........................................................................d a m a ge d p ro p ert i e s all a l o n g t h e coast .

A . hurricane B. h u r r i cca n e C. h ur i cca ne

3. A ..........................................................................st ruck t h e so u t h e r n coast w i t h t r e m e n d o u s f o rce.

A. tornadoe B. t o r n a d o C. t o r n a d d o

4. Th e .......................................................................... caused i m m ense d a m a ge in t h e regi o ns a l o n g t h e coast .

A. taif un B. t yp h o n e C. t yp h o o n

5. Th e ..........................................................................has been d o r m a n t f o r years, b u t last m o n t h it sh o w e d

signs o f n e w lif e.
A . vo l c a n o B. vu l ca n o C. vo l ca n o e

6. Se ve ra l ....................................................................w e r e heard d u r i n g t h e n i gh t as t h e a rm y occupi ed t he city.

A . e xp l o ssi o n s B. e x p l o si o n e s C. e x p l o s i o n s

7. Th e A m e r i c a n ..........................................................................o f 1 8 6 1 -1 8 6 5 w as f o u g h t b e t w e e n t h e sout h
and t h e nort h.
A . c i vi l w a r B. s i vi l w a r C. c i w i l w a r

8. Th e r e has been a m a j o r ............................................................................o n t h e m o t o r w a y.

A. a cident B. a cci d e n t C. a cci d d e n t

9 .............................................................................. rai n has b r o u g h t serious pro b l em s.

A . To r r e n t i a l B. To r e n t i a l C. To r r a n t i a l

10. Th e st o rm caused w i d e s p r e a d ..........................................................................a l o n g t h e coast .

A. dew a st a t ion B. d e vu s t a t i o n C. d e va s t a t i o n

11. Th e ..........................................................................w e r e caused b y heavy rai n.

A. f loodes B. f l o o d s C. f l o u d s

12. Relief w o r k e r s are b r i n g i n g f o o d t o ..........................................................................-st ri ck en areas.

A. d ra ugh t B. d r o u g h t C. d r o u h g t

13.............................................................................is w i d e s p r e a d in part s o f Af r i ca , w i t h m i l l i ons suf f eri ng f r o m

m alnut rit ion.
A . Fa m i n e B. Fa m m i n e C. Fa m i n n e

14. Th e a u t h o r i t i e s are t a k i n g st eps t o p r e ve n t a n ..........................................................................o f chol era.

A. epidem m ic B. e p i d e m i c C. e p p i d e m i c

15. Th e ......................................................................... w as spread f r o m rats t o f leas a n d t h e n o n t o hum ans.

A . p l a gu e B. p l a q u e C. p l a i gu e

2 Com pl et e t he sent ences w i t h an appro pri at e w o r d o r phrase f ro m t h e box . In some cases, more
t h an one an sw e r is possible.

broke out casualties disaster erupted refugees relief shook

spread suffering survivors

1. Th e disease ...... rapi dl y, k i l l i n g e ve r yb o d y in its p a t h .

80 2. Th e f i r e ...... t h r o u g h t h e slums, d e s t r o yi n g e ve r yt h i n g .

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Global problems
3. W h e n t h e v o l c a n o ........................................................................., p e o p l e pani ck ed a n d t r i e d t o escape.
4. Th e g r o u n d .........................................................................vi o l e n t l y w h e n t h e e a r t h q u a k e b e ga n .
5. Fierce f i g h t i n g ....................................................................... b e t w e e n g o ve r n m e n t soldiers and rebel f orces.
6. A f u n e r a l w a s hel d f o r t h e .........................................................................o f t h e f i re.
7. A n aid co n vo y w a s sent t o h e l p .........................................................................o f t h e hu rri can e .
8 f r o m t h e co nf l i ct in M a n t a g u a have been f l e e i n g across t h e
bo rde r.
9. Th e p o o r p e o p l e in t h e ci t y have e x p eri en ced t e r r i b l e ......................................................................... as a
result o f t h e disaster.
10. In t e r n a t i o n a l aid agenci es are t r y i n g t o b r i n g .........................................................................t o t h e st arvi ng
population.

3 Com pl et e t his report w i t h w o rd s and phrases f rom Exercises 1 and 2. In some cases, m ore t han one
an sw er is possible.

REPORT FROM TH E IN TERN ATION AL CHARITIES SUPPORT FOUN D A TI ON (ICSF)

Th e last ye a r has b een a p a r t i cu l a r l y busy o n e f o r t h e ICSF. Ou t l i n e d b e l o w are a f e w o f t h e areas w e

have been busy in.

1. Fo l l o w i n g 1..................................................................... rain in east ern M o za m l u m b i in January, millions

w e r e m ade homeless as 2 ..................................................................... wat ers rose. Th e w a t e r also became
p o l l ut ed and t h e re was a cholera 3 ..................................................................... as peopl e co n t i nued t o use it
f o r d ri n k i n g and co o k i ng. Furt h erm o re, as t h e harvest had been dest royed and t here was n o t e n o u gh
f o o d t o go ro un d, 4 ..................................................................... became a p ro bl em . Charit ies a ro u n d t h e
w o r l d w o r k e d part icularly hard t o b ri n g 5..................................................................... t o t h e area.

2. M o u n t Et suvius, t h e 6 .........................................................................w h i c h had been d o r m a n t since 1968,

7 .........................................................................s u dd e nl y in Ap r i l . Th o u s a n d s had t o be evacuat ed t o camps
30 miles f r o m t h e disast er area. Th e y still have n o t been rehoused.

3. Th e 8 ......................................................................... in t h e Ca ri b be an in July, w h i c h saw w i n d speeds o f up

t o 180 miles per hour, caused i m mense 9 .........................................................................o n m a n y islands.
Islands o f f t h e Japanese coast also suf f ered t h e i r w o r s t 10.........................................................................in
al m ost 30 years, w i t h p r o l o n ge d w i n d s in excess o f 150 miles per hour. Th e r e w e r e m a n y
11.........................................................................w h o had t o be evacuat ed t o hospit als w h i c h w e r e n o t
p r o p e r l y e q u i p p e d t o deal w i t h t h e disasters.

4. Th e 12.........................................................................in t h e n o r t h e r n p a r t o f So m o pi a c o n t i n u e d i n t o its
second year, w i t h m i llions o f acres o f crops dest ro yed b y lack o f rai n. M e a n w h i l e , t h e
13.........................................................................b e t w e e n t hose loyal t o t h e p resi dent and t hose s u p p o rt i n g
t h e rebel l eader co n t i n u e d i n t o its f i f t h year. 14.........................................................................f r o m t h e
conf l i ct have been f l ee i n g across t h e border, w i t h st ories o f at roci t ies c o m m i t t e d by b o t h sides.

5. In Oct o ber, a f i re 15.........................................................................t h r o u g h Lo n d u m , t h e anci e nt capi t al o f

Perani a. Th e 16......................................................................... , w h i ch p r o b a b l y st art ed in a bak ery,
dest ro yed t ho usands o f homes. Th e r e w e r e several 17.........................................................................w h e n
t h e f i re reached a f i r e w o r k s f act ory, and a n u m b e r o f p eo pl e w e r e k i lled.

6. A n o u t b r e a k o f b u b o n i c 18......................................................................... was re p o rt e d in t h e east ern

provi nces o f Ind o cu ba in No vem b er. It is bel i eved t o have been caused by a sudden increase in t h e
n u m b e r o f rat s b re e d i n g in t h e sewers.

A f ull r e p o r t w i l l be avai l abl e in February, and w i l l be present ed t o t h e a p p r o p r i a t e d e p a r t m e n t s o f

t h e Un i t e d Nat i ons sh o rt l y a f t e rw ard s. 81
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topic-specific vocabulary Healthcare
1 Mat ch t h e sent ence in t h e l ef t -hand co l um n w i t h a sent ence in t h e ri gh t -h a n d co l um n. Use t h e
w o r d s and phrases in bo ld t o help yo u .

PROBLEM S
1. Mrs Bra d y has su f f ered f r o m t e r r i b l e (A ) Illnesses w h i c h af f ect t h e ci r cu l a t i o n of
r h e u m a t i s m f o r years. b l o o d are p a r t i cu l a r l y c o m m o n w i t h p eo p l e
w h o are o ve r w e i g h t .
2. M o r e w o m e n t h a n m e n are af f ect ed by
(B) Th i s is d e p o si t e d o n t h e w al l s o f t h e
a r t h r i t i s.
a r t e r i e s a nd can bl o ck t h e m .
3. A i r c o n d i t i o n i n g uni t s are o f t e n responsi bl e (C) Th e y can easily be spread f r o m o n e person
f o r s p r e a d i n g i n f e c t i o n s a r o u n d an of f i ce. t o a no t h e r.

4. Ca r d i o va s c u l a r d i sease is b e c o m i n g m o r e (D) Pains o r st if f ness in t h e j o i n t s o r m uscl es

c o m m o n in Bri t ai n .
5. To o m u ch ex p o sure t o t h e sun can cause
sk in cancer.
6. It is i m p o r t a n t n o t t o eat t o o m u ch f o o d
w i t h a h i gh c h o l e s t e r o l c o n t e n t .
7. To o m a n y p e o p l e t hese days live a
s e d e n t a r y l i f e st yl e .
8. Peopl e in po si t i o ns o f respo n si bi l i t y o f t e n
have s t r e s s -r e l a t e d illnesses.
9. Pre m a t u re babi es are vu l n e r a b l e t o
illnesses.
10. Heal t hcare prof essionals say t h a t hospit als
a r o u n d t h e co u n t r y are suf f eri ng f ro m
serious u n d e r f u n d i n g.
11. Th e AIDS vi r u s is i ncu r a b l e .
12. Th e c o u n t r y is c u r r e n t l y e x p e r i e n ci n g its
w o r s t f l u e p i d e m i c f o r o ve r 30 years.
can be ve r y d i f f i cu l t t o live w i t h .
(E) Th e y d o n 't g e t e n o u g h exercise.
(F) Th i s is because t h e i r i m m u n e s ys t e m is n o t
p r o p e r l y d e ve l o p e d .
(G) An y o n e w h o has c a u g h t t h e vi r u s is
r e m i n d e d t h a t it c a n n o t be t r e a t e d w i t h
a n t i b i o t i cs, a n d t h e y sh o ul d st ay inside unt i l
t h e s ym p t o m s have passed.
(H ) Th e p a i n f u l i n f l a m m a t i o n o f a j o i n t m ay
re q u i r e su r ge r y.
(I) Ho w e ve r, t h e g o v e r n m e n t deni es it has
m a d e cut b a ck s t o t h e Na t i o n a l Hea l t h
Service.
(J) Ho w e ve r t h e r e are d ru gs w h i c h can sl o w
d o w n its ce l l -d e s t ro yi n g p ro p ert i e s.
(K ) On c e t h e b o dy's cells st art g r o w i n g
a b n o r m a l l y, a cure can be d i f f i cu l t t o f i n d .
(L) Th e pressures o f a h i g h -p o w e r e d j o b can
cause n er vo us st r a i n , w h i c h m a y r e q u i re
drugs.

2 Replace t h e w o r d s o r phrases in bold in t hese sent ences w i t h a w o r d o r phrase f ro m t h e b o x so t h a t

t h e sent ence sounds m ore nat ural. Th e re are t hree w o r d s o r phrases t h a t yo u d o n o t need.

CURES

active a diet consultant conventional medicine debilitating

diagnose holistic medicine minerals operation protein surgeon
therapeutic traditional medicines vitamins welfare state

1. If yo u suf f er f r o m a b ad back , a massage m a y be a b l e t o cur e o r r e l i e ve t h e d i so r d e r .

2. On e o f t h e secret s o f r e m a i n i n g in g o o d h e a l t h is t o choose f o o d t o e a t t h a t is h i gh in f i b r e a nd
l o w in f a t .
3. M o s t p e o p l e , w h e n t h e y are ill, rel y o n m o d e r n p i l l s a n d t a b l e t s t o cure t h e m .
4. So m e o l d -f a s h i o n e d cur es f o r i llnesses, such as h e rba l t ab l e t s a n d rem edi es, are b e co m i n g
i ncreasi ngl y p o p u l a r .

5. M a n y p e o p l e a re t u r n i n g t o t r e a t m e n t s w h i c h i n v o l v e t h e w h o l e p e r s o n , i n c l u d i n g t h e i r m e n t a l
h e a l t h , r a t h e r t h a n j u s t d e a l i n g w i t h t h e s ym p t o m s o f t h e illness.

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Healthcare
6. Do ct o rs so m et i m es ref er t h e i r pat i ent s t o a medical specialist at t a ched t o a hospit al.
7. It t ak es m a n y years o f t r a i n i n g t o b eco m e a d o ct o r specialising in surgery.
8. M e a t , eggs a n d nut s are rich sources o f a co m p o u n d wh i ch is an essent ial p a r t o f l i vi n g cells, a n d
wh i ch is essent ial t o k eep t he h um a n b o d y w o r k i n g properly.
9. On his hol i day, he ha d t o t a k e essent ial subst ances wh i ch are n o t synt hesised b y t he b o d y b u t are
f o u n d in f o o d a n d are nee d e d f o r g r o w t h a n d healt h, because t h e f o o d he at e lack ed t h e B a nd
C gr o u p s.
10. Ca l ci um a nd zi n c are t w o o f t h e m ost i m p o r t a n t subst ances f o u n d in f ood.
11. M o s t do ct o rs re co m m e n d an energet i c lif est yle, w i t h p l e n t y o f exercise.
12. Brit ish p e o p l e e n j o y f re e h e al t h care t h a n k s t o t h e large a m o u n t o f m o n e y wh i ch is sp e n t t o mak e
sure t h e y ha ve adequa t e healt h services.

3 N o w l o o k a t t h i s e x t r a ct f r o m a m a g a zi n e art i cl e a n d co m p l e t e t h e ga p s w i t h o n e o f t h e w o r d s o r
phrases f r o m Exercises 1 a n d 2. In so m e cases, m o r e t h a n o n e a n s w e r m a y be po ssi ble.

A cure f o r t he f ut ure in t he pa st ?

For over 50 years, t h e peopl e o f Brit ain have relied on t h e 1........................................ t o mak e sure t h e y have
adequat e healt h services. But n o w t h e Nat ional Healt h Service is sick. Go ve rn m e n t 2........................................
and 3 ........................................ are f orci ng hospit als t o close, and w a i t i n g lists f o r t r ea t m en t are ge t t i n g longer.
Un d e r such circumst ances, it is n o surprise t h a t m o re people are t u r n i n g t o pri vat e (b u t expensive) healt hcare.

For some, h o w e ver, t h e r e are a l t ernat i ves. Th e y are t u r n i n g t h e i r backs o n m o d e r n pills, t abl et s a nd
o t h e r 4 ...............................................It seems p arado x i cal , b u t in an a ge o f m i crochips a n d h i gh t e ch n o l o gy,
5 (t h e o l d -f a s h i o n e d cures t h a t o u r g r a n d p a r e n t s rel i ed o n ) is m a k i n g a
co m e ba ck . Co n si de r t hese case st udies:

M a u d e is 76 a n d has been suf f eri ng f r o m 6 ............................................. f o r al m o st 10 years. " Th e i n f l a m m a t i o n

in m y j oi nt s was al m o st u n b e a ra b l e , a nd m y d o ct o r ref erred m e t o a 7 ........................................... at t h e
Lo n d o n Hospi t al. I was t o l d t h a t I needed 8 ........................................... .. b u t w o u l d need t o w a i t f o r a t least
t w o years bef o re I coul d have t h e o p e r a t i o n . In desperat ion, I st art ed h a vi ng massage sessions. To m y
surprise, t hese w e r e ve ry 9 ........................................... .. and w h i l e t h e y d i d n 't cure t h e disorder, t h e y d i d
reli eve it t o some e x t e n t ."

Ron is 46. His h i g h -p o w e r e d ci t y j o b w as responsible f o r a series o f 10.......................................... illnesses,

and t h e drugs he t o o k di d li t t le t o reli eve t h e nervous st rai n. "I read a b o u t t rea t m en t s w h i ch i nvol ve t h e
w h o l e person rat her t h a n t h e i ndi vi dual 11.......................................... . b u t I had always been sceptical a b o u t
12.............................................Ho w ever, m y f ri e n d re co m m e n de d a di et i ci an w h o advi sed me t h a t p art o f
m y p ro b l e m was 13.......................................... -re l a t e d. Basically, t h e f o o ds I was e at i ng w e r e co n t ri b u t i n g t o
m y disorder. She gave m e a list o f f oo ds t h a t w o u l d p ro vi d e t h e r i g h t 14.......................................... and
1 5 ...................................... t o k eep me in g o o d heal t h. A t t h e same t i m e , she r e co m m e n de d a m ore
1 6 ...................................... lif est yle - r u n n i n g, s w i m m i n g, t h a t k i nd o f t h i n g. I'm a bit o f a couch po t at o ,
and t h e 17.......................................... lif estyle I had lived was c o m p o u n d i n g t h e p ro b l e m . N o w I f eel g r e a t !"

So is t h e r e still a place in o u r lives f o r m o d e r n m edi ci ne? W h i l e it is t r u e t h a t som e i nf ect i ons a n d

viruses m a y be p re ve n t e d b y re s o rt i n g t o a l t e rn a t i ve m edi ci ne, m o r e serious illnesses such as
18............................................ n eed m o r e drast i c measures. W e d o need o u r h e al t h service a t t hese t i mes,
a n d w e s h o u l d n 't st o p i nvest i ng in its f u t u r e . Bu t w e m u s t n 't f o r g e t t h a t f o r som e c o m m o n illnesses,
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1 Mat ch t h e w o rd s and phrases in t h e bo x w i t h t h e i r def init ions 1 - 1 2 . Wri t e t he w o r d o r phrase
af t er each def i ni t i o n.

broadcasts broadsheets coverage current affairs download

information overload the Internet journalists log on reporters
tabloids website

1. La r g e -f o r m a t q u a l i t y n ew sp ap e rs 8. Peopl e w h o w r i t e art i cles o r m ak e

broadcast s a b o u t event s in t h e new s

2. Sm a l l -f o r m a t n e w s p a p e r s ............................
9. To t ran sf er pages f r o m a w e b s i t e o n t o
3. Peo pl e w h o w r i t e f o r n e w sp ap e rs o r
y o u r o w n c o m p u t e r ............................
p e r i o d i c a l s ............................
10. Th e i n t e rn a t i o n a l n e t w o r k l i nk i n g
4. Th e a m o u n t o f space o r t i m e gi ve n t o
m i l l i ons o f c o m p u t e r s ............................
an e ve n t in new spapers o r o n t el evi si on
11. An expression r e f e r r i n g t o t h e i na b i l i t y
o f a h u m a n t o process e ve r yt h i n g he o r
5. Polit ical, social a n d eco no m i c event s
she sees o r h e a r s ............................
t h a t are h a p p e n i n g n o w ............................
12. A co l l ect i o n o f o n -l i n e pages creat ed by
6. Radi o o r t el evi si on p ro gr a m m e s
a co m pany, o rga n i sa t i o n o r i nd i vi d ua l

7. To e n t e r a passw ord a n d st art t o access

a c o m p u t e r s y s t e m ............................

2 Com pl et e t his ex t ract f ro m a t elevision i n t e r vi e w w i t h an appropri at e w o r d o r phrase f ro m t he box.

censorship chequebook journalism entertainment exploiting

freedom of the press gutter press information integrity
invasion of privacy investigative journalism libel media tycoon
paparazzi readership unscrupulous

Int ervi ew er: We l co m e to t o d ay's program m e. To d a y we will be discussing t he

1............................................................. a nd ask i ng t h e q ue st i o n: Sh o ul d w e a l l o w newspapers
a n d t el evi si on channels t o p r i n t o r say w h a t e ve r t h e y lik e? In t h e st u di o I have t elevi si on
perso nal i t y Ti m o t h y Blak e a nd 2 ............................................................. Ru p e rt Poubelle,
m u l t i -m i l l i o n a i r e o w n e r o f t h e Da i l y Views newspaper. Ti m o t h y , let's st art w i t h yo u .

T.B.: Th a n k yo u . In my opinion, it's time the go vern m en t i m posed st rict er

3 ........................................................... of the press in order to p re ve n t
4 ............................................................ j ournal i st s and repo rt ers f r o m m a k i n g m o n e y by
5............................................................ p eo pl e. I have o f t e n accused M r Po ubel l e 'so rgan i sa t i o n
o f 6 ................................................................- n o w a d a ys I ca n't even s u nb a t h e in m y ga r d e n
w i t h o u t b ei n g p h o t o g r a p h e d by his hordes o f 7 ................................................................
Th e y 'r e li ke vul t ures. A n d e ve r yt h i n g t h e y p r i n t a b o u t m e is lies, co m p l e t e rubbi sh.

Int e rvi ew e r: But isn't it t r u e t h a t t h e medi a provi des us w i t h val uabl e 8 ..........................................................
and 9 ............................................................ a nd censorship w o u l d depri ve us o f m uch o f t his?
Rupert ?

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R.P.: Of course, Mr, Blake's accusat i ons are u n f o u n d e d , as are t h e accusat i ons o f
10............................................................. w e have recei ved. Ho w e ve r, I can saf ely say t h a t t h e
Da i l y Vi e ws n e ve r pays p e o p l e h u ge a m o u n t s o f m o n e y f o r st ories. W e have f a r t o o
m u ch 11.............................................................f o r t h a t . A n d d o n 't f o r g e t t h a t m y p a p e r also
has an ex cel l ent r e p u t a t i o n f o r 12................................................................Re m e m b e r it was
us w h o u n co ve r e d c o r r u p t i o n in t h e b a n k i n g syst em, a n d ran a series o f art icles on
chi ld l a b o u r in c l o t h i n g f act ories. W e gi ve o u r 13............................................................. w h a t
t h e y w a n t , a nd t h a t 's w h a t really count s.

T.B.: But most o f w h a t yo u rep o rt isn't really news. An d a lot o f it is j ust a big pile o f lies.
Sensat ional stories m ade up t o ent ert ain peopl e. Typical 14........................................................
behaviour, in other words. I'm am azed nobody has sued yo u f or
15......................................................................yet .

3 N o w read t hi s essay and co m pl et e t h e gaps w i t h o ne o f t h e w o r d s o r phrases f r o m Exercises 1 and 2.

Yo u w i l l need t o change t h e f o r m o f som e o f t h e w o rd s .

'Th e m edi a plays a va l ua bl e role in k eepi ng us i n f o rm e d and e n t e rt a i n e d . Ho w e ve r, m a n y peopl e

beli eve it has t o o m uch p o w e r and f r e e d o m .' Discuss y o u r vi ew s o n t his, gi vi n g ex amples and present i ng
a bal anced a r g u m e n t b o t h in f a vo u r of , a nd against , t h e p o w e r and f r e e d o m o f t h e m edi a.

Barel y a h u n d r e d years a go , if w e w a n t e d t o st ay i n f o rm e d a b o u t w h a t w as g o i n g o n in t h e w o r l d ,
w e had t o rely o n w o r d o f m o u t h or, at best, newspapers. But because co m m u n i ca t i o n t e c h n o l o gy
was ve ry basic, t h e news w e received was o f t e n days o r w eek s ol d.

W e still have newspapers, o f course, b u t t h e y have changed almost b eyo nd recogni t i on. Wh e t h e r w e
choose t o read t h e 1........................................................... w i t h t h e i r q ua l i t y 2 ..........................................................o f
news and o t h e r 3 ............................................................ by t o p 4 ......................................................... and articles by
acclaimed 5............................................................ o r w e pref er t h e p o p u l a r 6..........................................................,
w i t h t h e i r lively gossip and co l o urf ul stories, w e are exposed t o a w e a l t h o f i nf o rm a t i o n barely conceivable
at t h e b e gi n n i n g o f t h e last cent ury.

W e also h ave t el evi si on a n d rad i o . New s 7 .............................................................let us k n o w a b o u t w o r l d

event s pract i cal l y as t h e y h a p p e n , w h i l e sit coms, ch a t shows a n d d o cum e nt a ri e s, et c. k eep us
e n t e rt a i n e d a n d i n f o r m e d . A n d t h e r e is also 8 ............................................................., w h e r e w e can access
i n f o r m a t i o n f r o m m i l l i o ns o f 9 .............................................................a r o u n d t h e w o r l d w h i c h w e can t h e n
10............................................................. o n t o o u r o w n co m put ers.

Ho w e ve r, t hese f orm s o f 11.......................................................... and 12.......................................................... (o r

'i n f o r t a i n m e n t ' as t h e y are somet imes collect ively called) have t h e i r negat i ve side. Famous personalit ies
f re q u e n t l y accuse t h e 13.......................................................... (and somet imes even respect able papers) of
14 by gangs o f 15........................................................... w h o f o l l o w t h e m aro und
w i t h t h e i r cameras and l o ng lenses. Newspapers are of t en accused o f 16..........................................................
by a n gr y polit icians w h o hat e readi ng d a m a gi n g lies a b o u t t hemselves, and t h e re are f re q ue nt
accusat ions o f 17.......................................................... , w i t h 18...........................................................report ers payi ng
peopl e vast sums o f m o n e y t o t ell t h e m a b o u t t h e crime t h e y co m m i t t e d o r w h a t t h e i r f am o us n e i gh b o u r
has been up t o . Of course, it's n o t j ust t h e papers w hi ch are t o blam e. Television companies have cast
t h e i r 19.......................................................... aside t o ge t a go o d st ory, and yo u cannot even
2 0 ...........................................................t o t h e Int ernet w i t h o u t seeing so m et hi ng shock ing o r unaccept able.
2 1...........................................................argue t h a t t h e y are j ust gi vi ng peopl e w h a t t h e y w a n t , b u t in m y
o p i n i o n , peopl e should n o t always g e t w h a t t h e y w a n t .

M a n y a rgu e t h a t t h e g o v e r n m e n t sh o ul d impose st rict er 2 2 ............................................................. t o pre ven t

such t h i n gs h a p p e n i n g. Bu t o t hers a rgu e t h a t 2 3 ............................................................. is t h e k eyst one o f a
f ree co unt ry. Personally, I t ak e t h e vi e w t h a t w h i l e t h e m edi a m ay occasi onally abuse its posit i on o f
p o w e r, t h e benef i t s gr e a t l y o u t w e i g h t h e disadvant ages. Ou r lives w o u l d be m uch e m p t i e r w i t h o u t
t h e w e a l t h o f i n f o r m a t i o n avai l abl e t o us t o day, and w e are b e t t e r p e o p l e as a result .

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topic-specific vocabulary Men & women
1 Look at t h e w o r d s and phrases in bo ld in t hese sent ences and decide if w e ge ne ral l y consider t h em
t o have a posit i ve co nno t at i on o r a negat i ve co nno t at i on.

1 Th e y w o u l d n e ve r a d m i t it, b u t m e n a n d w o m e n are in a c o n t i n u o u s p o w e r st ruggl e at w o r k .

Posi t i ve / Ne ga t i ve

2 M o s t m aj o r co m p a n i e s are m al e-do m i n at ed . Posi t ive / Ne ga t i ve

3 It's a f act t h a t , w h e n it comes t o p r o m o t i n g t h e i r em pl o yees, som e co m p an i e s still discriminat e o n

t h e basis o f so m e o n e's sex. Posi t i ve / Ne ga t i ve

4 A r ecen t su rve y suggest s t h a t m a n y prof essi onal w o m e n w o r k i n g f o r l a rge co m p an i e s and

o r ga n i s a t i o n s o f t e n h i t a glass ceiling a t som e p o i n t in t h e i r career. Posi t i ve / Ne ga t i ve

5 Prof essi onal b usi n essw o m e n , especi ally t ho se in seni o r m a n a g e m e n t posit i ons, are m o r e ast ut e
t h a n m e n . Posi t i ve / Ne ga t i ve

6 In m y e x p e ri e n ce, t h e y are also m o r e versat ile. Posi t i ve / Ne ga t i ve

7 W h a t 's m o r e , t h e y are b e t t e r a t m ul t i -t ask i ng. Posi t i ve / Ne ga t i ve

8 Th e y can also be m u ch m o r e rut hless w h e n necessary. Posi t ive / Ne ga t i ve

9 M y e l d e r b r o t h e r is such a male chauvi nist ! Posi t ive / Ne ga t i ve

10 As f a r he is co n ce rn e d , w o m e n a re l i t t l e m o r e t h a n sex object s. Posi t ive / Ne ga t i ve

11 He is c o m p l e t e l y unreconst ruct ed. Posi t ive / Ne ga t i ve

12 So m e m i g h t say t h a t he's a b i t o f a di nosaur. Posi t ive / Ne ga t i ve

13 M y y o u n g e r b ro t h er , on t h e o t h e r h a n d , has egalit arian vi ews. Posi t i ve / Ne ga t i ve

14 He bel i eves in eq u a l i t y b e t w e e n m e n a nd w o m e n . Posi t ive / Ne ga t i ve

15 He d o e s n 't t h i n k t h a t w o m e n are t h e w e a k e r sex. Posi t ive / Ne ga t i ve

2 Use t he w o rd s and phrases in t h e b o x t o com plet e t h e conversat ion.

battle of the sexes breadwinner childrearing gender roles

household management male counterparts practical role division
Sex Discrimination Act social convention stereotypes

Chris: I t h i n k t h a t cl e a n i n g a n d c o o k i n g are a w o m a n 's j o b . Af t e r all, m e n are no go o d at

1....................................................

Sam: I di sagree.

Chris: A n d in t h e w o r k p l a c e , w o m e n a r e n 't ve ry 2 ............................................................. . are t hey?.

Sam : In w h a t w a y?

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Chri s: In t h e w a y t h a t t h e r e are a l o t o f t h i n gs t h e y ca n 't d o as w e l l as m en can . Such as, er, w e l l , I
c a n 't t h i n k o f a n y t h i n g in p a rt i cu l a r a t t h e m o m e n t .

Sam: Exact ly.

Chris: We l l , let's f ace it , w o m e n n e ve r d o as w e l l as t h e i r 3 ........................................... .................at w o r k .

Sam: I've never heard such unreconst ruct ed rubbish. Th a n k goodness t h e 4 .......................................................
exists t o prevent yo u r views bei ng p ut i nt o practice. An d I suppose yo u t h i nk t h a t w o m e n are only
go o d f o r changi ng babies' nappies, and ot her t edious aspects o f 5.........................................................

Chris:
6
No, b u t I d o bel i eve t h a t in a m o d e r n h o u se h o l d , t h e r e sh o ul d be a cl earl y d e f i n e d
................................................................ M e n are go o d a t DIY, f o r e x am pl e. M o s t w o m e n a r e n 't .
A n d I'll always bel i eve t h a t it's t h e m an w h o sh o ul d be t h e 7 ............................................................. ,
p r o vi d i n g f o o d and sh el t er f o r his f am i ly.

Sam: We l l , all I can say is t h a t I'm gl a d y o u r ideas o f 8 ...................................................... ...... are n o t shared
by m ost pe o p l e .

Chris: Nonsense! A l o t o f p e o p l e bel i eve in t r a d i t i o n a l 9 ............................................ ................: t h e m an

goes o u t t o w o r k , t h e w o m a n stays at h o m e . It's as si mple as t h a t .

Sam: Men at w o rk and wom en at home? Co m e o n, l ove, t hose are such t ypical
1 0 .................................................................... With p eo p l e like yo u around, the
1 1...........................................................w i l l co n t i n u e t o rage on and o n.

Chris: Oh gi ve it a rest, Da d . I'm r i gh t , and yo u k n o w I am .

Sam: Sorry, Chri st ine, b u t w e 'r e in t h e t w e n t y-f i r s t ce n t u ry n o w . Yo u need t o m o ve w i t h t h e t imes.

3 Com pl et e t his essay w i t h w o rd s and phrases f rom Exercises 1 and 2. In some cases, more t han one
answ er is possible.

A t o t al l y 1........................................................... society, in w h i ch sexual 2 ...........................................................

b et w e e n m en and w o m e n is t h e n o rm , is still a l ong w a y of f . Thi s is cert ainly t h e case if yo u w at ch
cert ain t elevi si on pro gram m es, w h e r e m en are o f t en p o rt rayed as t h e 3 ............................................................
b r i n g i n g m o n e y h o m e t o t h e w i f e , w h o is o f t e n depi ct ed as t h e 4 ..........................................................., p ro n e
t o ex t rem e e m o t i o ns a nd t e m p e r t an t r u m s. But is t hi s really t h e case? Is it still f ai r t o creat e
5 ........................................................ such as t his? Af t e r all, as more w o m e n g o o u t t o w o r k , and
m o re m en st ay at h o m e t o look af t er t h e house and chi ldren, it is beco m i ng clear t h a t so-called
6 ........................................................ are m e rgi n g and di sappeari ng.

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Tak e the o f f i ce w o rk place as an ex am pl e. Fo r years, businesses a nd co m pani es were
7 Th e di rect ors, m anagers a nd o t h e r seni o r execut ives w e r e always
m al e, t h e secret aries a n d personal assistants al m o st al ways f em al e. Th i s w as p r o b a b l y because m en
w e r e t r a d i t i o n a l l y seen as m o r e 8 ............................................................. m o r e abl e t o deal w i t h t h e c u t -a n d -
t h r u s t o f business. Ho w e ve r, n o w w o m e n are p r o vi n g t h a t t h e y can be j ust as t o u g h , if n o t t o u gh e r,
w h i l e si m ul t a neo usl y b e i n g m o r e 9 ............................................................a nd ca ri n g. In f act , in m a n y ways,
w o m e n are m uch b e t t e r at 10............................................................ . w h i c h is vi t al in m o d e r n business w h e r e
yo u are ex pect ed t o d o m o r e t h a n o n e j o b . A n d t h a n k s t o t h e 11............................................................ . w o m e n
are pai d t h e same as m e n. It w o u l d a p p e a r t h a t , in m a n y cases, t h e 12............................................................ is
a d yi n g b re ed (a l t h o u g h , u n f o rt u n a t e l y, t h e re are still m a n y 13............................................................ m en in
t h e w o rk p l a c e w h o t h i n k t h e y can d o e ve r yt h i n g a nd a n yt h i n g b e t t e r t h a n t h e i r f em a l e colleagues,
a nd t h e re are still cases w h e r e w o m e n cl i m b i n g u p t h r o u g h t h e rank s g e t t o a p o i n t w h e r e t h e y h i t a
14............................................................ a nd ca n n o t cl i m b a n y h i gh e r ).

A t hom e, t o o , t h ere is less evidence o f 15....... ........................It is no l o nger t he w o m a n w h o

does all t h e co ok i ng, cleani ng and 16................. ............ Such 17.........................................................
is n o w o f t en shared equally. 18............................. no l o n ge r expect s t h e w o m a n t o st ay i ndoors
all day w h i l e t h e m an stays o u t unt i l all hours.

Th e g o o d news, t h e r e f o r e , is t h a t w o m e n n o l o n ge r need t o f eel t h e y are r e ga r d e d as m ere

19.............................................................................................................................................. o r t h e u n d e r d o gs in a 2 0 w i t h
2 1 .................................................................... In f act , m a n y bel i eve t h a t in t h e 2 2 ........................................................... ..
it is w o m e n w h o have co m e o u t o n t o p .

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Money & finance
1 Use a d i c t i o n a r y t o f i n d t h e di f f erences b e t w e e n t h e w o r d s a n d phrases in b o l d in t h e f o l l o w i n g
gr o u p s .

1. m a k e a p r o f i t & m a k e a loss 11. a b a n k & a b u i l d i n g s o c i e t y

2. e x t r a va g a n t & f r u g a l / e c o n o m i c a l 12. a d i s c o u n t & a r e f u n d
3. a curren t a ccount & a d ep o sit a ccount 13. s o m e t h i n g w h i c h w as a b a r ga i n , s o m e t h i n g
w h i c h w as o ve r p r i c e d a nd so m e t h i n g w h i c h
4. a loan & a m o rt ga ge
w as e x o r b i t a n t
5. t o deposit money & t o w it h d r a w m o n e y
14. w o r t h l e s s & pri celess
6. a w a ge & a sa la ry
15. sa ve m o n e y & i n ve s t m o n e y
7. brok e & bank rupt
16. i n f l a t i o n & d e f l a t i o n
8. shares, st ock s, & d i vi d e n d s
17. i n c o m e & e x p e n d i t u r e
9. i n c o m e t a x & excise d u t y
18. t o l e n d & t o b o r r o w
10. t o c r e d i t & t o d e b i t

2 M a t c h t h e sent ences in c o l u m n A w i t h t h e sent ences in co l u m n B. Use t h e w o r d s a n d phrases in

bold t o help yo u .

Co l u m n A Co l u m n B
1. Th e m a n a g i n g d i r e c t o r beli eves t h e A. I'm reall y l o o k i n g f o r w a r d t o sp e n d i n g m y
c o m p a n y sh o ul d st art p r o d u c i n g po ck et p e n si o n .
co m p ut ers.
B. Th e co st o f l i v i n g seems t o g o u p e ver y day.
2. I al ways p u t m y m o n e y in a b u i l d i n g soci et y
C. Of course, it's al ways so d i f f i cu l t t o
a n d n o t in a bank .
e co n o m i se .
3. I ca n 't a f f o r d t o b u y a n e w car r i g h t n o w . I
D. Shops all o ve r t h e c o u n t r y are m a k i n g h u g e
h t heir d o n 't have e n o u g h m o ney.
r e d u c t i o n s o n j ust a b o u t e ve r yt h i n g.
4. I al ways spend a l ot o f m o n e y w h e n I g o o n
E. Th e n I g e t h o m e t o f i n d o u t I've r u n u p a
ho l i day.
h u g e o ve r d r a f t a t t h e bank .
5. I cam e i n t o a l o t o f m o n e y rece nt l y w h e n
F. Of course, t h e p o t e n t i a l gl o b a l m a r k e t f o r
m y uncle di ed .
t h e m is e n o r m o u s .
6. Lo o k at t hi s ch e q u e t h a t cam e in t h e post
G. Fo r t u n a t e l y I receive u n e m p l o ym e n t
t hi s m o r n i n g f r o m Revenu e a n d Cust oms.
benef it.
7. I've been s p e n d i n g t o o m u ch recent ly.
H. Th e r e is a ve r y u n e ve n d i s t r i b u t i o n o f
8. In m y co un t ry, t h e re are a l o t o f ve ry p o o r wealth.
p e o p l e a n d o n l y a f e w rich ones.
I. Th e i n t e r e s t t h e y pay m e is m uch hi gher.
9. I lost m y j o b last m o n t h .
J. It's t h e f irst t i m e I've i n h e r i t e d so m e t h i n g.
10. I ret i re nex t m o n t h .
K. It seems t o be som e k i n d o f t ax reba t e.
11. Prices are rising qu i ck l y e ve r yw h e r e .
L. M a yb e I sh o ul d consi der g e t t i n g o n e o n
12. Th e Ja n u a r y sales st art t o m o r r o w . cr edit .

3 N o w read t h i s passage a n d co m p l e t e t h e ga p s w i t h o n e o f t h e w o r d s o r phrases f r o m Exercises 1

a n d 2. Yo u m a y n eed t o ch a n ge t h e f o r m o f so m e o f t h e w o r d s .

Fi n a n ci a l a d vi ce f r o m a f a t h e r t o a son.

In t h e p l ay Ha m l e t by W i l l i a m Shak espeare, a f a t h e r gi ves his son som e f inanci al advi ce. 'Ne i t h e r a
b o rro w er nor a l e nd e r be ', he says. He is t r yi n g to t ell his son that he sh o ul d n eve r
1............................................................. m o n e y f r o m a n yo n e because it w i l l m ak e it d i f f i cu l t f o r hi m t o
m a n a ge his f i nances. Lik ewi se he sh o ul d neve r gi ve a f i nanci al 2 ............................................................. t o a
f r i e n d because he w i l l p r o b a b l y neve r see t h e m o n e y aga i n , a n d w i l l p r o b a b l y lose his f r i e n d as w e l l .

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topic-specific vocabulary Money & finance
Th e p l ay w a s w r i t t e n o ve r 400 years a go , b u t t o d a y m a n y parent s w o u l d gi ve si m i l ar advi ce t o t h e i r
ch i l d re n . Im a g i n e t h e co n ve rs at i o n t h e y w o u l d have n o w :

So n : Ri gh t , Da d , I'm o f f t o u n i ver si t y n o w .

Fat her: Al l r i gh t , son, b u t let m e gi ve yo u som e so u n d f i nanci al advi ce b e f o r e yo u go .

So n : Oh co m e o n . Da d .......

Fat her: No w list en, t hi s is i m p o r t a n t . Th e f irst t h i n g yo u sh o ul d d o is t o m ak e sure yo u

bal ance y o u r 3 .......................................................... - t h e m o n e y yo u receive f r o m m e - and yo u r
4 .......................................................... - t h e m o n e y yo u spend. If yo u spend t o o m uch, yo u w i l l
e nd up w i t h an 5.......................................................... at t h e bank .Do n 't expect me t o pay it f o r yo u .

So n : But it's so d i f f i cul t . Th i n g s are so expensi ve, a n d t h e 6 ................................................................ goes

u p all t h e t i m e . 7 ............................................................. is r u n n i n g at a b o u t 10 p e r cent .

Fat her: I k n o w , b u t yo u sh o ul d t r y t o 8 ................................................................... Avo i d ex pensi ve shops a nd

rest aurant s. Al so , p u t y o u r m o n e y in a g o o d 9 ................................................................ Th e y o f f er a
m u ch h i g h e r rat e o f 10............................................................. t h a n bank s. Al so , a vo i d b u yi n g
t h i n gs 11................................................................

So n: Why?

Fat her: Because shops charge yo u an 12.............................................................. a m o u n t o f m o n e y t o b uy

t h i ngs o ve r a peri od o f t i m e . It's m uch bet t er t o 13........................................................... a li tt le bi t o f
m o n e y each w e e k so t h a t w h e n yo u see so m e t h i ng yo u w a n t , yo u can buy it o u t r i g h t . Tr y t o
w a i t f o r t h e sales, w h e n shops o f f er h u ge 14........................................................... a nd yo u can pick
u p a 15............................................................. A n d t r y t o ge t a 16...............................................................

So n : Ho w do I do t hat ?

Fat her: Easy. W h e n yo u b uy som et hi ng, ask t h e shop if t hey'l l l o w e r t h e price by, say, 10 per cent . Next ,
w h e n yo u event ual l y ge t a j o b a nd are earni ng a go o d salary, t r y t o 17.............................................
........... t h e m o n e y in a go o d com pany. Buy 18........................................................... in go ve r n m e n t
organi sat i ons o r 19......................................................... in pri vat e companies.

So n : OK , Da d , I've h e a rd e n o u g h .

Fat her: On e f i n a l pi ece o f advi ce, son.

So n : W h a t 's t h a t . Da d ?

Fat her: To t h i n e o w n self be t r u e .

So n : Yo u w h a t ?

90
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 topic-specific vocabulary
On the road
1 Choose t he most suit able ex planat ion o r i nt erpret at ion, A o r B, f o r t he f o l l o w i n g sentences. Use
t h e w o rd s and phrases in bold t o help yo u.

1. People e n j o y t h e m o b i l i t y t h a t o w n i n g a car gives t h e m .

A . Pe o p l e e n j o y b e i n g a bl e t o t r a ve l easi ly f r o m o n e p la ce t o a not h er.
B. Pe o p l e e n j o y b e i n g a b l e t o d r i ve ve r y f ast.

2. W h a t 's yo u r dest i na t i on ?
A. Wh e r e h a ve y o u co m e f r o m ?
B. Wh e r e a re y o u g o i n g t o ?

3. Congest i on in t h e ci t y cent re has increased dram at i cal ly.

A . It is n o w easier t o d r i ve a r o u n d t h e c i t y cent r e t h a n i t was b e f or e.
B. It is n o w m o r e d i f f i c u l t t o d r i ve a r o u n d t he ci t y cent r e t h a n i t was bef ore.

4. Th e local counci l w a n t s t o reduce t h e risks t o pedest rians.

A. Th e loca l co un ci l w a n t s t o m a k e i t saf er f o r p e o p l e t o w a l k a l o n g t h e st reet .
B. Th e loca l co u n c i l w a n t s t o m a k e i t saf er f o r dri vers a n d t h e i r passengers.

5. Th e p o l l u t i o n in m y ci t y is t e r r i b l e .
A. Th e a i r q u a l i t y in m y c i t y is ve r y p oor .
B. Th e r e is a l o t o f cr i m e i n m y cit y.

6. Traf f ic-calming measures are b e c o m i n g increasingly co m m o n t h r o u g h o u t t h e co unt ry.

A. Peopl e ha ve t o dr i ve m o r e s l o w l y because o f t he i ncreased n u m b e r o f pol ice in villages a n d t owns.
B. Peopl e h ave t o d r i ve m o r e ca r e f ul l y t h r o u gh t o wn s a n d villages because o f speci a ll y-buil t obst acles
in t he road.

7. Th e cent re o f Ca m f o r d has been d esi gna t ed a t raf f ic-f ree zone.

A. You c a n n o t t a k e y o u r car i n t o t h e cent r e o f Ca m f or d.
B. Yo u can p a r k y o u r ca r f o r f ree in t h e cent re o f Ca m f or d.

8. Co n t a i n e r l orri es a nd o t h e r l arge vehi cles dominat e o u r roads.

A. Th e r e are a l o t o f l a r ge vehicles o n t h e roads.
B. Th e r e a r e n 't m a n y l a r ge vehicles o n t he roads.

9. Yo u n g dri vers have a h i g h e r accident risk t han o l d er dri vers.

A. Yo u n g dri vers are m o r e l i k e l y t h a n o l d e r drivers t o be i n vo l ve d in a crash.
B. Yo u n g dr i ver s are less l i k e l y t h a n o l d e r drivers t o be i n vo l ve d in a crash.

10. Public t r a n s p o r t is h e avi l y subsidised in most areas.

A. Th e g o ve r n m e n t has m a d e p u b l i c t r a n sp o r t ch ea p er t o use b y g i vi n g m o n e y t o bus a n d t ra i n
com pani es.
B. Th e g o ve r n m e n t has m a d e p u b l i c t r a nsp or t m o r e expensi ve t o use b y incr easing t h e p r i ce o f
r o a d t ax.

11. Th e j u n c t i o n o f Lo n d o n Road and Ho l l y St reet is an acci dent black spot .

A. A l o t o f t r a f f i c acci dent s h a p p e n here.
B. N o t m a n y a cci dent s h a p p e n here.

12. Th e ci t y counci l needs t o a d o p t an ef f ect i ve t ransport st r a t e gy w i t h i n t h e next f ive years.

A . Th e c i t y co u n c i l needs t o f i n d a b e t t e r w a y f o r p e o p l e t o g e t i n t o , a r o u n d a n d o u t o f t h e city.
B. Th e c i t y cou nci l needs t o e n c o u r a ge m o r e drivers t o b r i n g t h e i r cars i n t o t he city.

ieltsdinhluc.vn
topic-specific vocabulary On the road
2 Look at sent ences 1 - 1 0 and decide w h a t has, o r hasn't , happened (sent ences A - J). Use t h e w o rd s
and phrases in bold t o help yo u .

1. Am b u l a n c e d ri ve r t o po l i cem an: 'The p ede st r i a n's inj ur i es are ve ry severe and he has t o g o t o hospi t al.'
2. Ju d g e t o d ri ve r : ‘D r i n k -d r i v i n g is a serious o f f e nce a n d I t h e r e f o r e ban yo u f r o m d r i vi n g f o r a year.'
3. Dr i vi n g i n s t ru ct o r t o s t u d e n t d ri ve r: 'St o p ! Th a t 's a p e d e s t r i a n c r o s s i n g1
.’
4. Ex a m i n e r t o s t u d e n t d r i ve r : 'Yo u d o n 't k n o w e n o u g h a b o u t t h e H i g h w a y Co d e ye t t o pass y o u r
t h e o r y t es t .'
5. Pol i cem an t o d ri ve r : 'D o y o u realise yo u w e r e s p e e d i n g back t h e re , sir?'
6. Dr i ve r t o a f r i e n d : 'I ca n 't b el i eve it ! He ga ve m e a h e avy f i n e a n d six p o i n t s o n m y li cence.'
7. Police o f f i ce r t o ra d i o i n t e r vi e w e r : 'Jo yr i d i n g has increased by a l m o st 50 p e r ce nt a n d I a m u r g i n g
e ve r yo n e t o t h i n k t w i c e b e f o re t h e y g e t i n vo l ve d in t hi s st upi d act i vi t y.'
8. Tel e vi si o n new s p re sent er: 'So f a r t hi s ye a r t h e r e have been 27 f a t a l i t i e s o n Ox f o rd sh i re 's roads.'
9. Ci t y co un ci l o f f i ce r t o j o u rn a l i s t : 'As p a r t o f o u r n e w t r a n s p o r t st rat egy, w e are g o i n g t o co nst ruct
cycl e l a ne s in a n d a r o u n d t h e ci t y.'
10. Ci t y co unci l o f f i ce r t o j o u r n a l i s t : 'Th e " Pa r k a n d Ri d e " scheme has b een ve ry successf ul o ve r t h e
last year.'
A . So m e b o d y is u n f a m i l i a r w i t h t h e g o v e r n m e n t p u b l i c a t i o n c o n t a i n i n g t h e rules f o r p e o p l e t r a ve l l i n g
o n roads.
B. M o r e p e o p l e ha ve b e e n l e a vi n g t h e i r cars in d e s i gn a t e d areas o ut si d e a ci t y a n d ca t ch i ng a bus
i n t o t h e ci t y ce nt re .
C. A l o t o f cars h a ve b e e n st ol en, m a i n l y by y o u n g p e o p l e w h o w a n t so m e e x ci t e m e n t .
D. A person w a l k i n g in t h e st ree t has b ee n h i t a n d b a d l y h u r t by a vehi cl e.
E. So m e b o d y has d e ci d e d t o m a k e it saf er t o use bicycles.
F. So m e b o d y has a l m o st d ri ve n t h r o u g h a red l i g h t a n d h i t a p erson w a l k i n g across t h e ro ad .
G. So m e b o d y has had t o pay m o n e y because o f a d r i vi n g of f ence.
H. So m e b o d y has co n su m e d an i l l egal a m o u n t o f a l co h o l b e f o re d r i vi n g t h e i r car.
I. A l o t o f p e o p l e h a ve b een k i l l ed in t r a f f i c -r e l a t e d accident s.
J. So m e b o d y has b ee n d r i vi n g t o o f ast .

3. Co m pl et e t his art icle w i t h t h e w o rd s and phrases in Exercises 1 and 2. In some cases, more t han
o ne an sw e r is possible, and yo u w i l l need t o change some o f t h e w o r d f orms.

1.......................................................... a nd 2 .......................................................... o n Brit ain's roads are increasing

f r o m ye ar t o year: last year, 2,827 p eo pl e w e r e k i lled and al m ost 300,000 h u r t in t r af f i c-rel at ed accident s.
M o st o f t hese w e r e caused by dri vers 3 .......................................................... in b u i l t -u p areas, w h e r e m a ny seem
t o di sregard t h e 3 0 m p h li mit , o r 4 .......................................................... , especially a r o u n d Christ mas, w h e n
m o r e alcohol is co n sum ed t h a n at a n y o t h e r t i m e . In m a n y cases, it is 5............................................................ w h o
are t h e vict ims, k nock ed d o w n as t h e y are w a l k i n g across t h e st reet at 6 .............................................................by
drivers w h o seem t o have f o r go t t e n t h a t t h e rules o f t h e 7 .............................................................o r d e r yo u t o
st op at red li ght s.

But these i nnocent vict ims, t o ge t h e r w i t h t h e help o f t h e police and local councils, are f i gh t i n g back. In
Ox f ord, a cit y pl agued by 8 ........................................................and 9.......................................................... caused by
t raf f ic, and a not ori ous accident 10........................................................ f o r pedest rians and cyclists, t he city
council has recent ly i m pl em ent ed its n e w 11........................................................, w hi ch has i m proved t he f l o w
o f t raf f ic t o t h e benef i t o f t hose o n f o o t o r o n t w o wheels. 12........................................................measures such
as bollards and speed hum ps have slowed t raf f ic d o w n . 13........................................................schemes have
helped reduce t h e n u m b e r o f cars in t h e city, as of f ice work ers and shoppers leave t h e i r cars out side t he
cit y and bus in inst ead. Co rnm ark et St reet , t h e main shopping t h o ro ugh f are, has been designat ed a
14 ........................................................ , closed to all vehicles during t he day. Th e r e are more
15........................................................o n main rout es i nt o t h e city, m ak i ng it saf er f o r t h e h u ge n um b er o f
st udent s and residents w h o rely on bicycles t o get aro u nd . An d 16........................................................public
t ransport has helped t o k eep d o w n t h e cost o f using buses. Meanw hi l e, t h e police and t h e court s are
co m i ng d o w n hard o n drivers w h o misuse t h e roads, ha n di n g d o w n large 17........................................................
92 on selfish, inconsiderat e drivers w h o believe it is t hei r ri gh t t o 18........................................................t h e roads.

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 topic-specific vocabulary
Science & technology
1. Replace t h e w o r d s a n d p hrases in b o l d i n t h e sent ences w i t h a su i t a bl e a l t e r n a t i ve f r o m t h e b o x .

advances analysed breakthrough combined cybernetics

development discovered experimented genetic engineering
innovations invented life expectancy molecular biology
nuclear engineering proliferated react research safeguards
a technophile a technophobe

1. Th e c o m p a n y is c a rr yi n g o u t sci ent i f i c s t u d y t o f i n d a cure f o r AI DS.......................................

2. Th e p l a n n i n g a n d p r o d u c t i o n o f t h e n e w c o m p u t e r syst em w i l l t ak e som e t i m e .......................................

3. M o d e r n h o m e e n t e r t a i n m e n t syst ems a n d o t h e r m o d e r n i n ve n t i o n s are c h a n gi n g everyo ne's lives.

4. Som e el em e nt s c h a n ge t h e i r ch e m i ca l c o m p o s i t i o n w h e n m i x ed w i t h w a t e r. ...................................

5. Th e scientist s have cr e a t e d a n e w m a ch i n e t o a u t o m a t e t h e process.......................................

6. W h o w as t h e person w h o f o u n d pen i ci l l i n? ...................................

7. W h e n t h e f o o d w as e x a m i n e d cl o se l y a n d sci ent if ically, it w a s f o u n d t o co n t a i n h a r m f u l bact eri a.

8. Rain j o i n e d t o g e t h e r w i t h C 0 2 gases pro d uces acid r a i n .......................................

9. Ron is t e r r i f i e d o f m o d e r n t e c h n o l o gy. ...................................

10. Ge o f f is v e r y i n t e r e s t e d i n m o d e r n t e c h n o l o gy. ...................................

11. Pr o t e c t i o n a gai nst accident s in t hi s l a b o r a t o r y are m i n i m a l .......................................

12. Th e co m p an i e s p e r f o r m e d sci en t i f i c t est s w i t h d i f f e r e n t t ypes o f gl u e b e f o re t h e y f o u n d o n e t h a t

w o r k e d p ro p erl y. ...................................

13. Bri an is s t u d yi n g t h e t e c h n i q u e s u s e d t o c h a n ge t h e g e n e t i c c o m p o s i t i o n o f a cell so as t o ch a n ge

cer t a i n charact eri st i cs w h i c h can b e i n h e r i t e d . .................................

14. Sarah is s t u d yi n g t h e t h i n gs w h i c h f o r m t h e st r u ct u r e o f l i v i n g m a t t er. ...................................

15. Chri st i ne is s t u d yi n g h o w i n f o r m a t i o n is c o m m u n i c a t e d i n m a ch i nes a n d e l e c t r o n i c d evi ces i n

co m p a r i so n w i t h h o w i t is c o m m u n i c a t e d i n t h e b r a i n a n d n e r vo u s s ys t e m .....................................

16. Nei l is s t u d yi n g t h e d i f f e r e n t w a ys o f e x t r a c t i n g a n d c o n t r o l l i n g e n e r g y f r o m a t o m i c par t i cles.

17. Th e r e has b een a s u d d e n success in t h e search f o r a cure f o r cancer. ...................................

18. Th e n u m b e r o f ye a r s a p e r s o n is l i k e l y t o l i ve has increased a gr e a t deal t h a n k s t o m o d e r n m edi ci ne

a n d t e c h n o l o g y .......................................

19. Th e n u m b e r o f schools o f f e ri n g c o m p u t e r p r o g r a m m i n g courses has q u i c k l y i ncr ea sed in t h e last

t e n years........................................

20. In spit e o f all t h e p r o gr e s s it has m a d e in t h e last 50 years o r so, m edi cal science still k n o w s l i t t le
a b o u t t h e b r a i n .......................................

93
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topic-specific vocabulary Science & technology
2. Th e person describing t h e i r co m put er in t his passage is n o t ve ry f am i l i ar w i t h co m p u t e r t erm i no l o gy.
Replace t h e phrases in bo ld w i t h m ore ap pro pri at e w o rd s and phrases f ro m t h e box.

base unit chat rooms components crashed download email

files gaming hardware Internet keyboard laptop load
log on monitor mouse PC printer scanner software stream
virus websites wireless

OK, here's m y n e w desk t op c o m p u t e r w h i c h has been desi gned t o be used b y j ust o n e person
(1 )......................................................... As yo u can see, it has f i ve part s w h i c h m ak e u p t h e w h o l e t h i n g
(2) .............................................................. No w , t h e large b o x w i t h t h e slot s a nd sl i di ng disc carrier
(3) .......................................................... is t h e most i m p o r t a n t part . It carries all t h e st uf f t h a t mak es t he
co m p u t e r w o r k (4 )............................................................ Yo u can also p u t in (5 )...........................................................
yo u r own games and other p ro gra m s used by co m put ers f or doing part icular j obs
( 6 ) ........................................................... like p h o t o processing and of f ice suit es. Nex t t o it t h e re is t h e t h i n g
t h a t look s lik e a small t el evi si on ( 7 ) ..........................................................so yo u can see w h a t t h e co m p u t e r is
d o i n g. To t h e ri gh t o f t h a t , t h e re is t h e m achi ne t h a t lets y o u m ak e co l o u r copies o f t h e d o cum e nt s and
o t h e r t h i n gs t h a t y o u creat e o n t h e co m p u t e r (8) .......................................................... (t his part icular one
incorporat es a m a ch i ne y o u can use t o co p y pict ures o n t o y o u r co m p ut er, a b i t like a p h o t o co p i e r
(9 )..........................................................). Yo u co nt ro l t h e c o m p u t e r using t h e rect a n gul a r f l a t t h i n g w i t h all t h e
let t ers a nd n u m b e rs o n (1 0 ).......................................................... o r t he obj ect w i t h t h e lit t le w h e e l o n t h e t o p
w h i c h y o u can m o ve across t h e desk (11) .............................................................These usually have a lead
co n n ect i ng t h e m t o t h e com put er, b u t as yo u can see, m i ne is n o t physi cal l y connect ed t o t h e co m put er,
a nd i nst ead sends el ect roni c si gnals t h r o u g h t h e air (1 2 )............................................................

It's a ve ry usef ul m a chi ne , of course. On ce yo u st art usi n g it by ent ering a p a ss w o r d

(13 ) ........................................................... ,yo u can creat e i n f o r m a t i o n t h a t y o u st o re u n d e r a par t i cu l ar n am e
(14 ) ........................................................... a nd d o cum e nt s , m o ve (1 5 )..............................................................pict ures
f r o m y o u r cam era a n d , w e l l , loads o f t h i n gs really. Th e best t h i n g , h o w e ve r, is t h a t yo u can access t h e
t h i n g t h a t link s c o m p u t e r s f r o m a r o u n d t h e w o r l d (1 6 )...............................................................Yo u can check
o u t m i l li ons o f special c o m p u t e r pages creat ed b y co m p an i e s, o rga n i s a t i o n s a n d i n d i vi d u a l s all o ve r
t h e w o r l d (1 7 )............................................................ . g o s h o p p i n g, pl ay gam es (I real l y e n j o y p l a yi n g ga m e s
o n m y c o m p u t e r (1 8 )............................................................ ), p l a y (1 9 )............................................................ music
and vi deos, a nd send el ect roni c l et t ers t o (2 0 )............................................................ yo u r f ri ends and f ami ly.
It's also gr e a t f o r co n t act i n g peo p l e using o n l i n e places w h e r e p eo p l e co m m u n i ca t e w i t h each o t h e r in
real t i m e (2 1 )............................................................ a nd o t h e r social n e t w o r k i n g sites.

Un f o r t u n a t e l y, I can't let yo u use it at the m om ent because it st o p p e d w o rk ing

(22 ) ........................................................... at t h e w e e k e n d , a nd I ca n't ge t it t o w o r k a ga i n . I'm ra t h e r w o r r i e d
that it's g o t a t echni cal f ault that someone creat ed on purpose to af f ect my co m p u t e r
(23 ) ................................................................ Ho w e ve r, yo u can have a go o n m y small c o m p u t e r t h a t I can carry
a r o u n d w i t h m e (2 4 )............................................................ if yo u like. If I can f i n d it. Th e last t i m e I r e m e m b e r

94 seeing it w as last n i g h t o n t h e bus, w h e n I w as co m i n g h o m e f r o m m y of f i ce at t h e M i n i st ry o f Def ence.

ieltsdinhluc.vn
 topic-specific vocabulary
Science & technology
3 No w look at t his essay and f ill in t he gaps w i t h one o f t he w o rd s o r phrases f rom Exercises 1 and 2.
In some cases, more t han one answer wi l l be possible. You m ay need t o change some of t he w o r d f orms.

'Te c h n o l o g y has co m e a l o n g w a y i n t h e last 50 years, a n d o u r lives h a ve b e co m e b e t t e r as a result . Or

h a ve t h e y?'

Th e last 50 years h ave seen m o r e ch an ge s t h a n in t h e p re vi o u s 200. Th e r e have b een m a n y r e m a r k a b l e

advances in m e d i ci n e and m edi cal t echno lo gy that h a ve helped to i ncrease our
a ve r a g e 1............................................................... way b e yo n d that of our ancest ors. Incre d i b l e
2 ..............................................................such as sat el l i t e t el e vi si o n have c h a n ge d t h e w a y w e spend o u r
leisure h o urs. Perhaps t h e m o st i m p o r t a n t 3 ..............................................................., h o w e ve r , has b een t h e
m i cro ch i p . No b o d y co u l d ha ve i m a g i n e d , w h e n it w as f i rst 4 ............................................................... ,
t h a t w i t h i n a m a t t e r o f years, t hi s t i n y pi ece o f silicon a n d ci rcu i t r y w o u l d be f o u n d in al m o st
e ve ry h o u s e h o l d o b j e ct f r o m t h e k e t t l e t o t h e vi d e o reco rder. A n d n o b o d y co u l d have p r e d i ct e d
t h e s u d d e n p r o l i f e r a t i o n o f co m p u t e r s t h a t w o u l d c o m p l e t e l y c h a n ge o u r lives, a l l o w i n g us t o
access i n f o r m a t i o n f r o m t h e o t h e r side o f t h e w o r l d vi a t h e 5............................................................... o r
send messages a r o u n d t h e w o r l d b y 6 ............................................................... at t h e t o u c h o f a b u t t o n .
M e a n w h i l e , 7 ............................................................... i n t o o t h e r aspect s o f i n f o r m a t i o n t e c h n o l o g y is
m a k i n g it easi er a n d ch e a p e r f o r us t o t a l k t o f ri en d s a n d rel a t i o n s a r o u n d t h e w o r l d . Go o d
n ew s f o r 8 ............................................................... w h o l ove m o d e r n t e c h n o l o gy, b ad n ew s f o r t h e
9 ...............................................................w h o w o u l d p re f e r t o h i d e f r o m t hese m o d e r n miracles.

But e ve r yt h i n g has a pri ce. Th e d e ve l o p m e n t o f 10............................................................ led t o mass

a u t o m a t i o n in f act ories, w h i c h in t u r n led t o mi ll ions losi ng t h e i r j obs. Th e geni us o f Einst ein led
i nd i re ct l y t o t h e t h r e a t o f nucl ear w a r and t h e d a n ge ro u s uncert ai nt i es o f 11..................................
(w e h e ar of accident s and mi shaps at n ucl ear power st at ions around the w orld, w here
1 2 ......................................................... t o p r e ve n t accident s w e r e i n a d e q u a t e ). Th e rel at i vel y n e w science o f
1 3 ......................................................... has b een seen as a m a j o r st ep f o r w a r d , b u t p u t t i n g m o d i f i e d f o o ds
o n t o t h e m a rk e t be f o re scient ists had p r o p e r l y 14............................................................ t h e m w as perhaps
o n e o f t h e m ost irresponsi bl e decisions o f t h e 1990s. M e a n w h i l e , pharm aceut i cal co m pani es co n t i n u e
t o 15............................................................ o n animals, a m o ve t h a t m a n y consi der t o be cruel an d unnecessary.

Of course w e all rely o n m o d e r n science and t e c h n o l o gy t o i m p r o ve o u r lives. Ho w e ve r, w e need t o

m ak e sure t h a t w e can co n t ro l it b ef o re it co nt ro l s us.

95
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topic-specific vocabulary Sport
1 Lo o k a t t h e d e f i n i t i o n s , a n d a r r a n g e t h e let t ers in b o l d t o m a k e t h e w o r d s t h e y are d e f i n i n g . W r i t e
y o u r a n s w e r s in t h e g r i d (t h e f i r s t l e t t e r o f each w o r d is a l r e a d y in p l ace ). If y o u d o t h i s correct l y, y o u
w i l l r eve a l a n o t h e r w o r d in t h e s h a d e d ve rt i ca l st ri p .

1 So m e o n e w h o w a t ch e s a p u b l i c a ct i vi t y o r e ve n t , especi ally a sport s e ve n t , p a t e o rs ct

2 M o n e y gi ve n t o an o r ga n i s a t i o n t o h e l p p a y f o r s o m e t h i n g, o f t e n an e ve n t , so r i p o n p s h s

3 A m a n w h o plays sp o rt , m a s t s n o p r

4 To be i n vo l ve d in an a ct i vi t y w i t h o t h e r p e o p l e , a t e k rp t a ni

5 To st art d o i n g s o m e t h i n g r e g u l a r l y as a h a b i t , j o b o r i nt erest , e t k a p u

6 A perso n, t e a m , business o r g r o u p t h a t so m e o n e is c o m p e t i n g agai nst , p o p i t i o o n s

7 A l a rge b u i l d i n g , usual l y w i t h o u t a r o o f , w h e r e p e o p l e p l ay a n d w a t c h sport s event s, u t i sm a d

8 To w i n a ga i n st s o m e o n e in a ga m e , f i g h t o r e l e ct i o n , e f e t d a

9 So m e o n e w h o likes t o w a t c h a p a r t i cu l a r sport s t e a m , a nd w a n t s t h a t t e a m t o w i n . p o t e s p r r u

10 A l a rge b u i l d i n g , usual l y w i t h a r o o f , w h e r e sport s event s t a k e place in a cent ral are a, raane

11 So m e o n e w h o plays a sp o rt o r does an a ct i vi t y as a j o b r a t h e r t h a n f o r e n j o y m e n t , n espr si o al o f

2 Im a g i n e t h a t y o u a re a p ro f e ssi o na l sp o r t s p l a ye r a n d k een spect at o r. H o w w o u l d y o u f eel in t h e

f o l l o w i n g s i t u a t i o n s , h a p p y ((§ )) o r u n h a p p y ( 0 ) ) ?

1. Yo u r t e a m has b e e n p r o m o t e d . @ (§ )

2. Yo u are s e n t o f f d u r i n g a g a m e . (^ ) (g )

3. So m e o n e bel i eves y o u have bee n t a k i n g p e r f o r m a n c e -e n h a n c i n g d ru gs . ©

4. Peopl e say yo u a re gr o ss l y o ve r p a i d . @ (R )

5. Yo u r t e a m has rea ch e d t h e f i n a l . @ (0 )

6. In a 100 m e t r e race, y o u b e a t y o u r p e rso n a l best . © ©

96
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 topic-specific vocabulary
Sport
7. Yo u have been disqualif ied f r o m t a k i n g p a r t in a co m p e t i t i o n . (g ) 0 )

8. Yo u have f ai l ed a do pe t est . @ (g )

9. Yo u r t e a m has been relegat ed. (^ ) (R )

10. Yo u r co un t ry's n a t i o n a l f o o t b a l l t e a m qualif ies f o r t h e W o r l d Cu p . (g ) (§ )

11. Yo u r f eel t h a t y o u r t e a m has n o t eam spirit . @ (g )

12. Th e r e are a l o t o f hooli gans at a m a t ch yo u a t t e n d . (g ) (g )

13. In a cycl i ng race, yo u out di st ance t h e o t h e r co m p et i t o rs. (£5) (§ )

14. People say yo u are al w a ys co m m i t t i ng prof essional f ouls. (g )

15. W h e n yo u w a l k o n t o t h e p i t ch t o pl ay a ga m e , t h e spect at ors st art jeering, b o oi ng an d shout ing

abuse. @ @

16. Th e spect at ors cheer w h e n yo u w a l k o n t o t h e pit ch.

17. Yo u o u t p l a y y o u r o p p o n e n t in a ga m e o f squash. (g ) @

18. A n e w s p a p e r art i cl e accuses y o u o f mat ch f i x i ng. (^ ) (g )

3 Co m pl et e t his passage w i t h w o rd s and phrases f rom Exercises 1 and 2. In some cases, more t han
one answ er is possible, and yo u w i l l need t o change some o f t he w o r d f orms.

For m any peopl e, f oot bal l is m o re t h a n j ust a gam e. W h e t h e r t h e y're (1 ).......................................................... o n

the t erraces, (2) ......................................................... on t heir f avo uri t e t eam , or whether t h e y're
( 3 ) .........................................................players ( 4 ) .......................................................... a m aj o r mat ch, f oot bal l is a
w a y o f life. Th e y could n o t conceive o f a w o r l d in whi ch t h e 'beaut if ul ga m e ' does n o t exist. For t h e m ,
n o t h i n g can mat ch t h a t magical m o m e n t w h e n t hei r t eam (5 )........................................................ f o r a m aj o r
com pet i t i on like t h e Wo r l d Cup, (6 ).........................................................t h e n (7 )..........................................................
t h e opposi t ion in a resoundi ng vict ory. An d , apart f ro m seeing t hei r t eam lose, n o t h i n g can be worse f o r
t h e m t han seeing t hei r f avouri t e t eam (8 )........................................................ at t h e end o f t h e season: t o see
yo u r t eam m oved d o w n f ro m t h e f irst division can be a heart break ing experience. An yo n e w h o has ever
been inside a ( 9 ) .........................................................d u ri n g a m aj or mat ch can t est if y t o t he passion people
have f o r t h e gam e.

Ho wever, t h e re is an u gl y side t o f o o t b a l l . It o n l y takes a f e w (10) ............................................................

t h r o w i n g bot t les, i n va d i n g t h e pit ch and (1 1 )........................................................... at t h e players t o rui n a
mat ch. Thi s has been a p ro b l e m f o r a l o n g t i m e , b u t evidence suggest s t h a t it is ge t t i n g worse. Th e r e
is crit icism, t o o , t h a t m a ny t o p players are (1 2 ).........................................................People ca nn o t underst and
h o w t h e y can j ust i f y t h e i r h u ge salaries si mply f o r k ick ing a ball a ro u n d a pit ch. Th e y ge t even a n gri e r
w h e n t hese ex t rem el y w e a l t h y y o u n g m en are ca u gh t using (1 3 )............................................................. o r are
(1 4 )............................................................in disgrace d u r i n g a m at ch f o r (1 5 ).............................................................
against o t h e r players. Th e r e is also t h e m o re recent pro bl em o f (1 6 )............................................................
c o m m i t t e d by players, coaches, of f icials and co r ru p t ref erees. Ac t i n g dishonest ly t o ge t t h e result yo u
w a n t n o t o n l y goes against t h e spirit o f t h e gam e, people say, b u t also gives t h e ga m e a bad r e p u t a t i o n .
97
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topic-specific vocabulary Town & country
1 Mat ch t h e sent ences in t h e l ef t -hand colum n w i t h t h e m ost appro pri at e sent ence in t h e ri gh t -h a n d
co l um n. Use t h e w o r d s and phrases in bold t o help yo u .

1. Lo n d o n is a t r u l y c o s m o p o l i t a n cit y. A . D r u g a b u se is also a b i g p r o b l e m .

B. Shops, libraries, hospi t als a n d

2. A m o d e r n m e t r o p o l i s needs a g o o d
e n t e r t a i n m e n t co m pl ex es are j ust a f e w
i n t e g r a t e d t r a n s p o r t syst em.
of them.

3. Lo n d o n suf f ers a l o t f r o m t raf f i c C. Ch i e f a m o n g t hese are concert s a nd

c o n ge s t i o n . ex h i b i t i o ns.

D. In part i cul ar, I e n j o y t h e a t m o s p h e r e t h a t

4. Po v e r t y in t h e i n n e r -c i t y areas can b r e e d is u n i q u e t o t h e cit y.
crim e.

E. Prices in Lo n d o n are p a rt i cu l a rl y
exorbit ant .
5. Cit ies a r o u n d t h e w o r l d ha ve seen a h u g e
p o p u la t i o n explosion.
F. W i t h o u t t h e m , t h e y are u n a b l e t o
f u n c t i o n p r o p e r l y as cities.
6. Bi r m i n g h a m has p l e n t y o f a m e n i t i e s.

G. It is especi al l y b ad d u r i n g t h e r u s h h o u r ,
w h e n t housands o f co m m ut ers t ry t o
7. A l o t o f p e o p l e vi si t Paris f o r its cu l t u r a l
e n t e r o r l eave t h e cit y.
e ve n t s.

H. St ress-rel at ed illnesses are ve r y c o m m o n

8. Ci t ies in p o o r e r co u n t r i e s o f t e n lack basic in cit ies lik e N e w Yo rk .
i nf r a st r u ct u r e s .

I. No w a d a ys t h e r e are m o r e c i t y d w e l l e r s
t h a n e ve r b ef o re .
9. Th e p r e ssu r e s o f m o d e r n c i t y l i f e can be
d i f f i cu l t t o deal w i t h .
J. Eve ryw h e r e yo u g o t h e r e are b u i l d i n g
sit es, p e d e s t r i a n p r eci nct s, b l ock s o f f lat s
a n d h o u s i n g est a t es sp r e a d i n g i n t o t h e
10. Th e co st o f l i v i n g in som e places can be
co un t rysi d e.
ve r y h i gh .

K. Th e y lik e t o f eel t h a t t h e y can d o

11. A l o t o f p e o p l e a p p re ci a t e t h e a n o n y m i t y s o m e t h i n g w i t h o u t e ve r y b o d y k n o w i n g
o f l i vi n g in a l a rge cit y. a b o u t it.

L. M o s t p e o p l e use buses a n d t h e
12. I l ove t h e u r b a n l i f e s t yl e I lead. u n d e r g r o u n d t o g e t t o t h e bank s a nd
of f i ces w h e r e t h e y w o r k .

13. In Si n ga p o r e , p ri va t e cars are b a n n e d

f r o m t h e c e n t r a l bu si ness d i s t r i c t a t p e a k M . Un f o r t u n a t e l y, t hi s is s o m e t h i n g t h a t
periods. m o st l arge capi t al cit ies lack.

N. It's a m e l t i n g p o t f o r p e o p l e f r o m all
14. Ur b a n s p r a w l is p re va l e n t in m o st cit ies. part s o f t h e w o r l d .

98
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 topic-specific vocabulary
Town & country
2 Mat ch t he sent ences in t he l ef t -hand colum n w i t h an appropri at e response in t h e ri gh t -h a n d
colum n. Use t h e w o rd s and phrases in bold t o help yo u.

1. I e n j o y a r u r a l lif est yle. A. Really? So w h y are w e seei ng so m uch

co n st r u ct i o n in t h e co un t rysi d e a r o u n d
2. Th e r e i sn't m uch p o l l u t i o n if yo u live Lo n d o n ?
o ut si de a t o w n .
B. I'm n o t so sure. Al l t ho se p est i ci d es and
3. Th e r e is a l o t o f p r o d u c t i ve l a n d in t hi s ch e m i ca l f ert i li ser s t h a t f arm ers use
area. n o w a d a ys ca n 't be g o o d f o r t h e
e n vi r o n m e n t .
4. In recent years, t h e r e has been a l o t o f
C. Th a t 's p r o b a b l y because w e i m p o r t m o re
m i g r a t i o n f r o m t h e t o w n s t o t h e cities.
f o o d f rom abroad.
5. Th e g o v e r n m e n t has p ro m i sed t o leave D. M o s t l y w h e a t , oa t s an d ba r l ey.
t h e gre e n b e l t a l o ne. E. Really? Ho w m uch is t h a t in acres ?
6. Th e r e has been a h u g e r e d u ct i o n in t h e F. I'm n o t surpri sed. W i t h such t e r r i b l e
a m o u n t o f a r a b l e l a n d o ve r t h e last 20 p r o sp e ct s w i t h i n t o w n s , d e p o p u l a t i o n is
years. i nevi t abl e.
G. We l l I ca n 't see m uch evi dence o f
7. M y uncle's f arm covers almost 800 hect ares.
c u l t i va t i o n .
8. W h a t are t h e m a i n cr op s g r o w n in t hi s H. Do yo u ? I always f i n d t here's n o t h i n g t o
area? d o in t h e co unt rysi de.

3 Co m p l e t e t h i s art i cl e w i t h w o r d s a n d phrases f r o m Exercises 1 a n d 2. In so m e cases, m o r e t h a n o n e

a n s w e r is possi ble.

For seven years I lived in Si ngapo re, a 1...........................................................o f almost t h ree m i l l i o n people.
Like Lo n d o n , Paris and Ne w York , Si n ga po re is a 2 ...........................................................city, w i t h peo pl e f ro m
d i f f e r en t part s o f t h e w o r l d l i vi ng and w o r k i n g t o ge t h e r. I e nj o yed t h e 3...........................................................
lif est yle I led t h ere , and m ade t h e most o f t h e superb 4 ............................................................. ra n gi n g f ro m
t h e excellent shops t o some o f t h e best rest aurant s in t h e w o r l d . In t h e eveni ngs and at w eek ends t h e re
w e r e al ways 5 ...........................................................; w i t h such diverse at t ract ions as classical w est ern music,
an e x h i bi t i o n o f M a l a y art o r a Chi nese opera in t h e st reet , it was di f f i cul t t o ge t bo red. Perhaps most
impressive, ho w ever, was t h e rem a rk abl e t r a n s p o rt 6.............................................................. w i t h excellent
roads, a swi f t and ef f i ci ent bus service and a s t a t e -o f -t h e -a rt u n d e r g r o u n d syst em w h i c h co ul d w hi sk
7 f r o m t h e suburbs st rai ght i nt o t h e h eart o f t h e cit y (t his was part icularl y
i m p o r t a n t , as t h e go ve r n m e n t b an n ed pri vat e cars f ro m e n t e ri n g t h e 8 ...........................................................
during t he m o r n i n g a nd a f t e rn o o n 9 ............................................................ in o r de r to reduce
10...........................................................o n t h e roads and 11............................................................f r o m t h e exhaust s).

Of course, l i vi n g in a ci t y like t hi s has its di sad vant ages as w e l l . For a st art , t h e

12 can be ve ry h i gh - r e n t i n g an a p a r t m e n t , f o r ex am pl e, is ve r y
ex pensi ve. An d as t h e ci t y is e x p a n d i n g, t h e re are a l o t o f 13................................................................w h e r e
n e w a p a rt m e n t s are co n t i n u a l l y b e i n g b u i l t t o deal w i t h t h e 14............................................................... w h i ch
is a di rect result o f t h e g o v e r n m e n t e n c o u r a gi n g p eo pl e t o have m o r e chi l dren.

Fort unat el y, Si n ga po re d o esn't suf f er f r o m pro bl em s t h a t are co m m o n in m a n y cities such as

15............................................................. w h i ch is p a r t l y t h e result o f t h e g o v e r n m e n t i m po si ng ve ry severe
penalt i es on a n yo n e b r i n g i n g narcot ics i nt o t h e count ry, so it is saf e t o w a l k t h e st reet s at n i gh t . In
f act , t h e 16............................................................. ho usi ng est at es t h e re are p r o b a b l y t h e saf est and most
o r d e r l y in t h e w o r l d .

Si ngapore w o u l d n 't be ideal f o r everyone, however, especially if yo u com e f ro m t h e count rysi de and
are used t o a 17........................................................... lif est yle. Th e t r ad i t i o na l villages t h a t w e r e once co m m o n
have disappeared as t h e resident s t h e re realised t here w e r e no 18.............................................................. f o r
t h e i r f u t u r e and m o ve d i nt o n e w go ve r n m e n t housi ng in t h e city.Nowadays, t h e re is very lit t le
19 a r o u n d t h e city, w h i ch means t h a t Si ngapo re i m port s almost all o f its
f o o d . An d despit e a 'gr e e n ' a ppro ach t o cit y p l an n i n g, t h e 2 0 ........................................................... w h i ch has
eat en i nt o t h e count rysi de has had a d e t ri m e n t al ef f ect on t h e 2 1 ................ .......................................... .. . 9 9

ieltsdinhluc.vn
topic-specific vocabulary Travel
1 Lo o k a t t h e f o l l o w i n g sent ences a n d deci d e i f t h e y are t r u e o r f alse. If t h e y are f alse, e x p l a i n w h y .

1. A t r a ve l a g e n c y is t h e same as a t o u r o p e r a t o r . Tr u e / False
2. A p a c k a ge t o u r is a h o l i d a y in w h i c h t h e pri ce i ncl udes f l i ght s, t ransf ers t o a n d f r o m t h e a i r p o r t
a n d a c c o m m o d a t i o n . Tr u e / False

3. A n a l l -i n c l u s i ve h o l i d a y is a h o l i d a y in w h i c h t h e pri ce i ncludes f l i gh t s, t ransf ers, a c c o m m o d a t i o n ,

f o o d a n d d r i n k . Tr u e / False

4. W h e n passengers e m b a r k , t h e y g e t o f f an a e r o p l a n e o r ship. Tr u e / False

5. W h e n passengers d i se m b a r k , t h e y g e t on an a e r o p l a n e o r ship. Tr u e / False
6. Th e f irst t h i n g y o u d o w h e n y o u g o t o an a i r p o r t is g o t o t h e c h e c k -i n . Tr u e / False
7. Th e f irst t h i n g y o u d o w h e n y o u arri ve a t y o u r h o t e l is check i n . Tr u e / False
8. Th e o p p o s i t e o f a p a c k a ge t o u r i s t is an i n d e p e n d e n t t r a vel l er . Tr u e / False

9. M a ss t o u r i s m can ha ve a n e g a t i ve ef f ect o n t h e e n vi r o n m e n t . Tr u e / False

10. Ec o t o u r i s m is t o u r i s m w h i c h has a n e ga t i ve ef f ect o n t h e e n vi r o n m e n t . Tr u e / False
11. Th e w o r d s t r i p , e x c u r s i o n , j o u r n e y a n d v o y a g e all h a ve t h e same m e a n i n g . Tr u e / False

12. It is al w a ys necessary t o h ave a vi sa w h e n yo u visi t a d i f f e r e n t co u n t ry. Tr u e / False

13. A f l i g h t f r o m Lo n d o n t o Paris co u l d be descri bed as a l o n g -h a u l f l i g h t . Tr u e / False
14. Fl yi n g e c o n o m y class is m o r e ex pensi ve t h a n f l yi n g busi ness class. Tr u e / False
15. A Ca n a d i a n ci t i ze n f l yi n g f r o m To r o n t o t o Va n c o u ve r w i l l have t o f ill in an i m m i g r a t i o n c a r d
b e f o r e she arri ves. Tr u e / False

16. Cu l t u r a l t o u r i s m is t h e same as s u st a i n a b l e t o u r i s m . Tr u e / False

17. Th e p e a k sea so n is t h e t i m e o f t h e ye a r w h e n m a n y p e o p l e a re t a k i n g t h e i r ho l i d ay. Tr u e / False
18. A cr ui se is a h o l i d a y w h e r e yo u g o s o m e w h e r e (usua l l y Af r i c a ) t o w a t c h a n d t a k e p h o t o g r a p h s o f
w i l d a n i m al s Tr u e / False

19. A n a r m c h a i r t r a ve l l e r is so m e o n e w h o b o o k s h o l i d ays a n d f l i gh t s o n t h e In t e r n e t . Tr u e / False

20. A t o u r i s t t r a p is a pl ace t h a t is vi si t ed b y m a n y t o uri st s a nd is t h e r e f o r e c r o w d e d a n d ex pensi ve.
Tr u e / False

2 Co m p l e t e t h e sent ences w i t h a su i t a b l e w o r d o r p h ra se f r o m t h e b o x .

border controls culture shock deportedeconomic migrants

emigration expatriates immigration internally displaced
persona non grata refugees repatriated UNHCR

1. A t t h e b e g i n n i n g o f t h e w ar, t h o u sa n d s o f ............................................... f l e d o ve r t h e b o r d e r t o t h e
n ex t co un t ry.

2. Since t h e civil w a r b e ga n , a l m o st am i l l i o n p e o p l e have been f o rce d t o m o ve t o a n o t h e r p a r t o f

t h e co u n t r y. Th e s e .......................................................................... persons are n o w w i t h o u t f o o d o r shelt er.
3. Ni n e t e e n t h -c e n t u r y go ve r n m e n t s e n c o u r a g e d ........................................................ t o t h e colonies.

4. Th e g o v e r n m e n t is e n c o u r a g i n g ............................................... because o f t h e sh o rt a ge o f w o rk e r s in
k ey i ndust ri es.

5. M o vi n g f r o m a l arge Eu r o p e a n ci t y t o t h e small vi l l a ge in t h e Hi m al ayas w as s o m e t h i n g o f a

6. Th o u s a n d s o f B r i t i s h .................................................live in t h e Gu l f St at es, w h e r e m a n y o f t h e m have

h i g h -p o w e r e d j obs.

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7. T h e ............................................... is u n d e r a l ot o f pressure o w i n g t o t h e h u ge n u m b e r o f displaced
persons a r o u n d t h e w o r l d .
8. He w a s ............................................................... f r o m t h e co u n t r y w h e n his visa ex pi red.
9. Because he had a cri m i nal record, t h e g o v e r n m e n t d i d n 't w a n t hi m t o e n t e r t h e co unt ry, declared
h i m ............................................... a n d ask ed hi m t o leave i m m edi at el y.
10. Af t e r t h e e co n o m y collapsed in t h e east , t ho usands o f ...............................................h e aded w est in
t he hope of f inding a goo d job.
11. People w h o are c a u gh t t r yi n g t o e n t e r t h e c o u n t r y i l l egal l y are usually hel d in a d e t e n t i o n cent re
b ef o re b e i n g .................................................

12 w e r e t i g h t e n e d in o r d e r t o reduce t h e n u m b e r o f p eo p l e i l l egal l y e n t e ri n g
t h e co unt ry.

3 N o w l o o k at t hi s essay and co m p l e t e t h e gaps w i t h o n e o f t h e w o r d s o r phrases f r o m Exercises 1

a n d 2. In so m e cases, m o re t h a n o n e a n s w e r m a y be possi ble. Yo u w i l l need t o ch a n ge t h e f o r m o f
so m e o f t h e w o r d s .

Tr a v e l : t h e o t h e r si de o f t h e c o i n '

Mo st o f us have, at some point in o u r lives, experienced t h e joys of t ravel . W e go t o a

1...........................................................t o pick up some brochures, o r l ook o n t h e Int ernet f o r a cheap hol i day
deal. We b o o k a t w o -w e e k 2 .......................................................... w i t h f l i ght s and acco m m o dat i o n included
(o r if w e are 3 ............................................................. w e m ak e o u r o w n w a y t o t h e co u n t r y a nd t ravel a r o u n d
f r o m place t o place w i t h a rucksack o n o u r back ). W e m ak e sure w e have all t h e r i g h t currency, o u r
passport and a ny 4 ...........................................................t h a t are necessary t o g e t us i nt o t h e count ry. W e g o
to the airport and 5................................................................ We st rap ourselves i nt o our tiny
6...........................................................aircraf t seats and a f e w hours lat er w e 7 ............................................................
f r o m t h e aircraf t , st range n e w sights, smells and sounds gr e e t i n g us. Nowadays, it seems, t h e w h o l e
w o r l d goes o n ho l i day at once: t h e age o f 8 ...........................................................is in f ull sw i ng!

Bu t f o r t h e gr e a t m a j o r i t y o f p eo p l e a r o u n d t h e w o r l d , t ravel f o r t h e m is d o n e in t h e f ace o f gr e a t
adversi t y a n d hardshi p. Th e y neve r ge t t o i n d u l ge in an 9 ............................................................. h o l i d a y in a
l ux ury ho t el w i t h all meals and dri nk s i ncl uded. Th e y neve r ge t t o e x pl o re t h e lush Am a zo n Rain
Forest o r t h e f r o ze n wast es o f t h e Arct i c o n an 10.............................................................hol i day. For t h e m ,
t ravel is a m a t t e r o f lif e and d e a t h . I ref er, o f course, t o all t h e 11.............................................................
escapi ng f r o m t h e i r o w n count ries, o r t h e 12............................................................., m o ve d f r o m o n e part o f
t h e i r co u n t r y t o a n o t h e r by an u n ca ri n g go ve r n m e n t , o r 13............................................................... f o rced t o
f i n d a j o b and seek a l i vi ng w h e r e ve r t h e y can.

Can yo u i m agi ne a n yt h i n g worse t h a n t h e misery t hese peopl e must f ace? Let's n o t conf use
t h e m w i t h t hose 14.......................................................... w h o choose t o live in a no t h e r co u n t r y and o f t en have
nice houses and h i gh salaries. These peopl e are si mply desperat e t o survive. As w el l as losing t h e i r homes
because o f w a r o r f am i ne o r o t h e r nat ural disasters, t h e y must com e t o t erms w i t h t h e i r n e w e nvi ro nm e n t :
f o r many, t h e 15.............................................................can be t o o great . An d w h i l e m a ny count ries w i t h an
o p en policy o n 16............................................................wi l l w el co m e t h e m in w i t h o pen arms, ot hers wi l l simply
t u r n t h e m away. These peopl e becom e 17.......................................................... , u n w a n t e d and unw el co m e.
Even if t h e y m a na ge t o ge t i nt o a count ry, t h e y w i l l o f t e n be 18.......................................................... o r
repat ri at ed. Th e i r f u t u r e is uncert ain.

So m e t h i n g t o t h i n k a b o u t , perhaps, t h e nex t t i m e yo u are 19...............................................................t o yo u r

f i ve-st ar ho t el by a p a l m -f r i n g e d beach o r si t t i ng in a coach o n an 2 0 .............................................................
t o a p r e t t y cast le in t h e co unt rysi de.
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1 Ho w w o u l d yo u ge ne ral l y f eel, h a p p y (^ ) o r u n h a p p y (g ), if yo u w e re in t h e f o l l o w i n g sit uat ions?
Use t h e w o rd s and phrases in bold t o help yo u decide.

1. Th e c o m p a n y yo u w o r k f o r is w e l l k n o w n f o r its j o b secu r i t y. © ®

2. Yo u are s u d d e n l y m a d e r e d u n d a n t @ 0 )

3. Yo u recei ve a p r o m o t i o n . (c ) (R )

4. Yo u are gi ve n an i n c r e m e n t © ®

5. Yo u w o r k u n so ci a b l e h o u r s . (c3) 0 )

6. Yo u have a s t e a d y j o b . @ (§ )

7. Yo u had a d ve r s e w o r k i n g c o n d i t i o n s . (5 ) (§ )

8. Yo u s u d d e n l y f i n d yo u rs e l f u n e m p l o ye d . @ (g )

9. Yo u n eed t i m e o f f w o r k because o f r e p e t i t i ve s t r a i n i n j u r y. (3) (§ )

10. Th e o f f i ce w h e r e y o u w o r k has sick b u i l d i n g s yn d r o m e . (3 ) (g )

11. Yo u receive r e g u l a r p e r k s as p a r t o f y o u r j o b . (^ ) (g )

12. So m e b o d y calls y o u a w o r k a h o l i c . (^ ) (§ )

13. Yo u r c o m p a n y gi ves y o u p l e n t y o f i n ce n t i ve s. (^ ) @

14. Yo u r boss a n n o u n ce s t h a t t h e r e is g o i n g t o be so m e d o w n s i zi n g o f t h e w o r k f o r c e . Q) (g )

15. Yo u have a l o t o f j o b sa t i sf a ct i on . @ (g )

16. Yo u r c o m p a n y has a ge n e r o u s i n c e n t i ve sch em e. @ (g )

17. Yo u receive a c o m m i s s i o n f o r t h e w o r k yo u have d o n e . (q ) (g )

18. Yo u receive s u p p o r t f r o m a u n i o n . (^ ) 0 )

19. Yo u are u n d e r st ress. (^ ) (g )

20. Yo u are f o rce d t o r e si gn . (g ) (§ )

21. Yo u recei ve a c u t in y o u r salary. (g ) (g )

22. Yo u r c o m p a n y gi ves y o u sick ness b e n e f i t @ (g )

23. Yo u f i n d y o u r j o b ve r y d e m a n d i n g . (£ ) ®

24. Yo u r boss t ells y o u t h a t yo u have p o t e n t i a l . @ (R )

25. Yo u r boss t ells y o u t h a t yo u l ack i n i t i a t i ve a n d m o t i v a t i o n . (^ ) (g )

26. Eve ryo n e a t w o r k i gn o r e s yo u . @ (g )

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2 Mat ch sentences 1 - 6 in bo x A w i t h one of t he sentences A - F in box B. Wri t e t he person's name
af t er each sent ence A - F. Use t h e w o rd s and phrases in bold t o help yo u .

Box A.

1. Sa m an t h a is t h e assist ant m a n a ge r o f a b an k a n d she w o rk s f r o m 8.30 t o 5.30 e ver y day.

2. Tra cy w o r k s o n t h e p r o d u c t i o n li ne o f a f act o r y w h i c h mak es cars. She uses a m a ch i ne t o

spray p a i n t o n t o t h e f i ni shed car part s.

3. Jane w o rk s f o r herself . She is a p h o t o g r a p h e r. She w o rk s e very d ay f o r a b o u t e i g h t o r ni ne

hours.

4. Je a n e t t e is a cl eaner f o r a c o m p a n y in Bi r m i n g h a m , b u t she o n l y w o rk s t h e r e f o r a b o u t
t h r e e o r f o u r h o u rs a day.

5. Cl ai re has a p o w e r f u l j o b in t h e perso nnel of f i ce o f a l arge m u l t i n a t i o n a l co m p an y. She is

responsi bl e f o r e m p l o yi n g n e w p e o p l e and ge t t i n g ri d o f t ho se t h a t t h e c o m p a n y d o esn't
w a n t t o e m p l o y a ny m o r e.

6. M a r i e w o r k s in t h e f i nan ce d e p a r t m e n t o f an i n t e r n a t i o n a l co l l e ge in Ox f o r d .

Box B.

A. She is a s e m i -s k i l l e d b l u e -c o l l a r w o r k e r in a m a n u f a c t u r i n g i n d u s t r y ............................

B. She is s e l f -e m p l o ye d a n d w o r k s f u l l -t i m e . She likes t o descri be herself as f reelance.

C. She is responsi bl e f o r h i r i n g a n d f i r i n g ............................

D. She ca leu lates t h e w a ge s , salaries, p e n s i o n co n t r i b u t i o n s and m e d i ca l i nsur a nce co n t r i b u t i o n s

o f all t h e st af f .............................

E. She is a f u l l -t i m e w h i t e -c o l l a r w o r k e r in a ser vi ce i n d u s t r y . ..........................

F. She is an u n s k i l l e d p a r t -t i m e e m p l o ye e ............................

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3 No w read t his essay and complet e t he gaps w i t h o ne o f t he w o rd s o r phrases f ro m Exercises 1 and 2.
You w i l l need t o change t h e f o rm o f some o f t h e wo rds.

'So m e p e o p l e l i ve t o w o r k , a n d o t h e r s w o r k t o l i ve . In m o s t cases, t h i s d e p e n d s o n t h e j o b t h e y h a ve
a n d t h e c o n d i t i o n s u n d e r w h i c h t h e y a r e e m p l o ye d . In y o u r o p i n i o n , w h a t a r e t h e e l e m e n t s t h a t
m a k e a j o b w o r t h w h i l e ?'

In a n s w e r i n g t hi s q u e s t i o n , I w o u l d lik e t o l o o k f irst at t h e e l em ent s t h a t c o m b i n e t o m a k e a j o b

un d es i r ab l e . By a vo i d i n g such f act ors, p o t e n t i a l 1............................................................. are m o r e li k ely t o
f i n d a j o b t h a t is m o r e w o r t h w h i l e , a n d b y d o i n g so, h o p e t o achi eve happi ness in t h e i r w o r k .

First o f all, it d o e s n 't m a t t e r if yo u are an 2 .............................................................w o r k e r cl e a n i n g t h e f loor,

a 3 .............................................................4 ..............................................................w o r k e r o n a p r o d u c t i o n li ne in o n e
o f t h e 5............................................................., o r a 6 .............................................................. w o r k e r in a bank , shop
o r o n e o f t h e o t h e r 7 ............................................................. : if yo u lack 8 .............................................................,
w i t h t h e k n o w l e d g e t h a t yo u m i g h t lose y o u r j o b a t a n y t i m e , yo u w i l l n e ve r f eel happy. Eve ryb o d y
w o u l d lik e a 9 ............................................................. in w h i c h he o r she is g u a r a n t e e d w o r k . No w a da ys ,
h o w e ve r, co m p a n i e s h ave a h i gh t u r n o v e r o f st af f , 10.............................................................n e w st af f a nd
11 o t hers o n a w e e k l y basis. Such co m p an i e s are n o t p o p u l a r w i t h
t h e i r w o rk e r s .

Th e same can be said o f a j o b in w h i c h yo u are p u t u n d e r a l ot o f 12.............................................................

a n d w o r r y, a j o b w h i c h is so 13............................................................. t h a t it t ak es o ve r y o u r lif e, a j o b w h e r e
y o u w o r k 14............................................................. a nd so n e ve r g e t t o see y o u r f a m i l y o r f ri ends, o r a
physical j o b in w h i c h y o u d o t h e same t h i n g e ve r y d a y a n d e n d u p w i t h t h e i ndust ri al disease t h a t is
al w a ys in t h e p apers n o w a d a ys - 15................................................................

W i t h all t hese n e g a t i ve f act ors, it w o u l d be d i f f i c u l t t o bel i eve t h a t t h e r e are a n y e l em e nt s t h a t m ak e

a job w o r t h w h i l e . M o n e y is, o f course, t h e p ri m e m o t i va t o r , a n d e ve r yb o d y w a n t s a go o d
1 6 ................................................................... But of course that is not all. Th e chance of
17 ............................................................. , o f b e i n g gi ve n a b e t t e r posi t i on in a co m p an y, is a m o t i va t i n g
f act or. Lik ewi se, 18............................................................. such as a f ree l unch o r a c o m p a n y car, an
1 9 ............................................................ scheme to m ak e yo u w ork h a rd such as a r e gu l a r
2 0 ............................................................. a b o ve t h e rat e o f i n f l a t i o n , 2 1 ............................................................... in
case yo u f all ill a n d a c o m p a n y 2 2 ............................................................. scheme so t h a t yo u have some
m o n e y w h e n yo u ret i re all c o m b i n e t o m ak e a j o b w o r t h w h i l e .

Un f o r t u n a t e l y, it is n o t al ways easy t o f i n d all o f t hese. Th e r e is, h o w e ver, an a l t e r n a t i ve . Fo r ge t t h e

of f i ce a n d t h e f a ct o r y f l o o r, b eco m e 2 3 ................................................................ a n d w o r k f o r yo ursel f . Yo u r
f u t u r e m a y n o t be secure, b u t at least yo u w i l l be happy.

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Answers
Page 1 Ad d i t i o n , equat i o n & conclusion
1
Ad d i t i o n Equat ion Conclusion

a nd equally in conclusion
along w it h c o r r e s p o n d i n gl y in b ri ef
also in t h e same w a y t heref ore
as w e l l as l i k ewi se t hus
besides si m i l arl y t o co ncl ude
f urt herm ore t o sum m arise
in a d d i t i o n t o sum u p b ri ef l y
m o r e o ve r w e can co n cl ud e t h a t
too
w h a t 's m o r e

2
1. Fu r t h e r m o r e / In a d d i t i o n / In M o r e o ve r / Wh a t 's m o r e (t hi s is less f o r m a l t h a n t h e o t h e r
expressions), 2. As w e l l as / Besides (n o t In a ddi t ion, as t hi s w o u l d need t o bef o re t h e ve r b ),
3. Lik ewi se / Si m i l arl y / In t h e same w a y (t h e m ai n ve rb in b o t h sent ences is t h e same {respect ), so w e
can use a w o r d / phrase o f e q u a t i o n h e re ), 4. As w e l l as / A l o n g w i t h , 5. Al so / Fu r t h e r m o r e / In
a d d i t i o n / M o r e o v e r / W h a t 's m o r e , 6. Li k ewi se / similarly, 7. Lik ewi se / In t h e same w a y / Similarly,
8. In bri ef , 9. In b ri e f / W e can co n cl ud e t h a t , 10. Th e r e f o r e (t o sum up, t o conclude a n d t o
summarise are usual ly used t o co n cl ud e a l o n g e r piece o f w r i t i n g . Thus is sl i gh t l y m o r e f o rm a l t h a n
t heref ore, b u t has t h e same m e a n i n g )

Page 2 Ar o u n d t h e w o r l d
1 ~
1. t h e Far East, 2. An t a r c t i c (Ant arct ica is t h e n am e o f t h e c o n t i n e n t , and is n o t p receded b y t he),
3. Aust ralasia, 4. t h e Ind i an s u b c o n t i n e n t , 5. Ce nt ral Am e ri ca , 6. Lat i n Am e ri ca , 7. so u t h ern
Af r i ca (Sout h Af rica is t h e n a m e o f a c o u n t r y), 8. t h e Un i t e d K i n g d o m , 9. Eu r o p e , 10. t h e Gu l f
St at es, 11. Scandi navi a, 12. capi t al (Tr a d i t i o n a l l y, a capi t al ci t y is t h e ci t y in a c o u n t r y w h e r e t h e
g o v e r n m e n t is based. Cit ies w h i c h are l a rge r t h a n t h e capi t al cit ies o f a co unt ry, f o r ex am pl e,
Ist anbul, are o f t e n k n o w n as principal cities)

2
1. Af g h a n , 2. Ar g e n t i n e , 3. Au s t r a l i a n , 4. Bangl adeshi , 5. Bel gi an, 6. Brazi l i an, 7. Ca na d i a n ,
8. Dani sh, 9. Egyp t i a n , 10. Engl i sh / Bri t ish, 11. Finnish, 12. Gree k , 13. Ind i an , 14. Iranian,
15. Iraqi, 16. Irish, 17. Israeli, 18. Japanese, 19. Ku w a i t i , 20. Lebanese, 21. M a l a y / Malaysi an,
22. Me x i can, 23. M o ro cca n , 24. Du t ch , 25. No r w e g i a n , 26. Pak ist ani, 27. Peruvi an, 28. Fi l i pi no ,
29. Polish, 30. Po rt uguese , 31. Russian, 32. Saudi Ar a b i a n , 33. Scot t ish / Brit ish, 34. Spanish,
35. Swedi sh, 36. Swiss, 37. Th a i , 38. Turk i sh , 39. Wel sh / Bri t ish, 40. Ye m e n i

Pages 3 - 4 Changes 1

The wor ds a n d phrases in this m od ule are pa r t i cul ar ly usef ul f o r Part 1 o f t he IELTS Wr i t i n g Test,
wher e yo u m a y be ask ed t o wr i t e a b o u t changes sh own in tables o r graphs.
1
1. increased / rose / w e n t u p (i n a n y o r d e r ), 2. f ell / d r o p p e d / w e n t d o w n / d ecl i ned (in a n y o r d e r ),
3. re m a i n e d st eady / r e m a i n e d co nst ant (i n e i t h e r o r d e r ), 4. f l u ct u a t e d / peak ed a t / reached a peak
o f (i n e i t h e r o r d e r )

2
1. g r a d u a l l y / st eadi l y (i n e i t h e r o r d e r ), 2. sli ght ly, 3. d ra m a t i ca l l y / sh arpl y (i n e i t h e r o r d e r ),
4. u p w a r d t r e n d

3
Th e n u m b e r o f visit ors t o Seahaven (1 ) increased / rose / w e n t up (2 ) gr a dua lly / st eadily b e t w e e n
Ap r i l a nd Ju n e , t h e n (3 ) increased / rose / w e n t up (4 ) dramat ically / sharply in July, and co n t i n u e d t o
(5) go up / increase / rise in Au g u s t . For t h e f irst f o u r m o nt hs, vi si t o r n u m b e rs t o Br i d ge p o r t
(6) f luct uat ed, b u t t h e n (7 ) d r o p p e d / f ell / declined / decreased / w e n t d o w n (8 ) dramat ically / sharply
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in t h e f i n al m o n t h . W e s t h a m p t o n vi si t o r n u m b e r s (9) rem ai ned const ant / rem a i ned st eady f r o m
Ap r i l t o Ju n e , t h e n (10 ) increased / rose / w e n t up (11 ) sli ght ly in Jul y a n d f i n a l l y (12) pea k ed a t /
reached a peak o f 11,000 in Au g u s t .
Ove r a l l , t h e r e w a s an (1 3 ) u p w a r d t r e n d in t h e n u m b e r o f vi si t ors t o Seah aven a n d W e s t h a m p t o n ,
b u t a (1 4 ) d o w n w a r d t r e n d in t h e n u m b e r o f p e o p l e vi si t i n g Br i d ge p o r t .

(Re m e m b e r t o va r y y o u r vo ca b u l a r y in W r i t i n g t asks. Tr y n o t t o use t h e same w o r d t o o o f t e n . If, f o r

e x a m pl e , y o u use increase in o n e p a rt , use rise in a no t h e r , a n d go up in a n o t h e r .)

Pages 5 - 6 Changes 2
1
1. a l t e r e d / alter, 2. sw i t c h i n g / sw i t ch ed , 3. adj ust / adj ust , 4. f a d e d / f a d e d , 5. vari es / vary,
6. red uce / reduce , 7. d e t e r i o r a t e / d e t e r i o r a t e d (w e can also say worsen or ge t worse),
8. swell / swells, 9. e x ch a n ge d / e x ch an ge , 10. r e n o va t e / r e n o va t e

2
1. repl aced / repl ace, 2. a d a p t / a d a p t e d , 3. d i s a p p e a r / d i s a p pe ar e d , 4. p r o m o t e d / p r o m o t e d ,
5. relax / relax, 6. i m p r o ve / i m p r o vi n g , 7. e x p a n d / e x p a n d e d , 8. cu t / c u t t i n g,
9. t r a n s f o r m e d / t r a n s f o r m e d , 10. d ecl i n ed / d e cl i n i n g

Page 7 Co ndi t i o n
1
1. p r o vi d i n g t h a t * y o u r e t u r n , 2. p r o vi d e d t h a t * I have, 3. unless yo u g e t ( unless m eans t h e same
as i f yo u d o n 't ), 4. o n c o n d i t i o n t h a t * t h e y t i d y (o n cond i t i on t h a t is q u i t e f o r m a l ), 5. as l o n g as
w e c o n t i n u e , 6. n o m a t t e r h o w m uch yo u , 7. h o w e ve r m a n y b o o k s yo u , 8. w h e r e ve r yo u

* W e can o m i t t h a t a f t e r p r ovi di ng, p r o vi d e d a n d on condit ion. W e can also use t he b e f o r e condit ion.

No t e : Al l o f t hese sent ences can also b e gi n w i t h t h e co n d i t i o n a l w o r d o r phrase. Fo r e x a m p l e : You

can b o r r o w m y d i ct i o n a r y p r o vi d i n g t h a t yo u r et urn i t bef or e yo u go h om e = Pr o vi d i n g t h a t yo u
r et ur n i t bef ore yo u go home, yo u can b o r r o w m y dict ionary. W h e n w e d o t hi s, w e are sh i f t i n g t h e
em phasi s o f t h e sent ence t o t h e c o n d i t i o n a l clause.

Pages 8 - 9 Co nf usi ng w o rd s & f alse f riends 1

1. a b r o a d / a b o a r d , 2. a ct i o n / act ivi t y, 3. advi se / advi ce, 4. ef f ect / af f ect , 5. a p p re ci a b l e /

a pp re ci a t i ve , 6. p r e ve n t / a vo i d , 7. beside / Besides, 8. Sh o rt l y / bri ef ly, 9. canal / ch a n n e l ,
10. consci ous / Co n sci ent i ou s, 11. co n si de rat e / co n si de rab l e, 12. co n t i n u a l / co n t i n u o u s,
13. co n t r o l / i nspect , 14. o b j e ct i o n / crit icism, 15. i n j u r y / h a rm / d a m a ge , 16. f o r / w h i l e / d u r i n g ,
17. Ho w e v e r / M o r e o ve r , 18. w o u n d e d / i n j u re d

Pages 1 0 - 1 1 Co nf usi ng w o rd s & f alse f riends 2

1. j o b / w o r k , 2. lie / lay, 3. w a t c h / l o o k at , 4. lose / loose, 5. m ak e / cause, 6. n a t u r e /

co u n t r ysi d e , 7. p e r ce nt (o f t e n w r i t t e n as o n e w o r d : per cent ) / p e rce n t a ge , 8. p e r m i t / perm issi on,
9. personal / p erso n n e l , 10. possi bi l i t y / chance, 11. pract ise / pract i ce (n o t e t h a t in Am e r i c a n
Engli sh, pract ice is b o t h a n o u n a n d a ve r b ), 12. Priceless / w o rt h l ess, 13. p ri n ci p l e / Pri ncipal /
pri nci p al / p ri n ci p l e, 14. t r o u b l e / p r o b l e m , 15. procession / process, 16. rise / raise, 17.
r e m e m b e r / r e m i n d , 18. respect f ul / respect abl e, 19. t o l e r a n t / t o l e r a b l e , 20. t r e a t / cure

Ot h e r conf using wor ds o r false f riends include:

a ct ua l l y + n o w , a l r e a d y + ye t , a f rai d o f + w o r r i e d a b o u t , b r i n g + f et ch, co n d u c t + d i rect , discover +
i n ve n t , d r i ve r + ch a uf f e u r, f o r m i d a b l e + w o n d e r f u l , f u n + f u n n y, g o + p l a y (f o r sport s a nd gam es),
co m e a l o n g w i t h + f o l l o w , k i nd + s ym pa t h et i c, l end + b o r r o w , o ve r co m e + o ve rt a k e , pass + t a k e (an
e x a m ), rece i p t + reci pe, scenery + vi e w , sensi ble + sensi t i ve, special + especially, t a k e + b r i n g

Pages 1 2 - 1 3 Co n t ex t & m eani ng 1

1
2 (suggest ed answers), noct urnal : act ive at n i gh t rat her t h a n d u r i n g t h e day. / cites: m ent i ons som et hi ng
as an ex am pl e o r ex pl anat i on o f so m et hi ng else. / coherently, spok en o r w ri t t e n so t h a t all t h e di f f erent
part s f i t t o ge t h er, and / o r w hi ch are easy t o underst and. / f e a t som et hi ng impressive t h a t som eone does.
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Answers
3
(a) b u r d e n , (b ) pro li f i c, (c) i ni t i at i ve, (d ) resili ent , (e) sways, (f ) elusive, (g ) i m p l e m e n t ,
(h ) a rd u o u s, (i ) f r i n ge , (j ) p r o h i b i t i ve , (k ) exhaust ive, (I) f o ra ge , (m ) stacks, (n ) i m pe ra t i ve ,
(o ) m e di o cre

Re m e m b e r t h a t som e w o r d s can have a d i f f e r e n t m e a n i n g d e p e n d i n g o n t h e i r co n t ex t . For

ex a m pl e , p r oh i bi t ive can also m e an l i m i t i ng somet hing, o r p r e ve n t i n g som et h i ng f r om bei ng done
(e .g., p r oh i bi t ive a nt i -pi ra cy laws).

In a d d i t i o n t o l o o k i n g a t t h e cont ext in w h i c h a w o r d appears in o r d e r t o w o r k o u t its m e a n i n g, yo u

sh o ul d also i d e n t i f y its f unct ion (is it a n o u n , ve rb , adj ect i ve, a d ve rb , et c?). Som e o f t h e w o r d s in
Exercise 2 can have a d i f f e r e n t f u n c t i o n w i t h o u t c h a n gi n g t h e i r f o r m , d e p e n d i n g o n h o w t h e y are
used (e .g., b ur den can be a ve r b as w e l l as a n o u n ).

Pages 1 4 - 1 5 Co n t ex t & m eani ng 2

1
1. Incorrect (st o p so m e o n e o r s o m e t h i n g f r o m m a k i n g progress o r d e ve l o p i n g ), 2. Co rrect ,
3. Incorrect (speak p ub l i cl y t o a g r o u p o f p e o p l e ), 4. Incorrect (b a d l y b u i l t o r m ade, a nd so l i k ely t o
b re ak easily), 5. Correct , 6. Inco rrect (b e co m e a f ull m e m b e r o f a g r o u p o r soci et y), 7. Incorrect
(t h e st art o f s o m e t h i n g ), 8. Incorrect (i n ve n t i n g o r using n e w ideas), 9. Incorrect (g r a d u a l l y
becomes n a r r o w e r t o w a r d s o n e e n d ), 10. Co rrect , 11. Incorrect (ni ce t o l o o k a t ), 12. Co rrect

2
1. Incorrect (r o u g h and h a r d ), 2. Incorrect (spread ideas, belief s, et c., t o a l o t o f p e o p l e ), 3.
Co rre ct , 4. Incorrect (a b l e t o be d o n e , o r w o r t h d o i n g ), 5. Incorrect (b el i eve o r say t h a t s o m e t h i n g
w as w r i t t e n , said, p a i n t e d , et c, by a p ar t i cu l a r perso n), 6. Incorrect (an of f icial d o c u m e n t t h a t ,
a m o n g o t h e r t h i ngs, p re ven t s so m e o n e f r o m co p yi n g so m e o n e else's i n ve n t i o n ), 7. Correct , 8.
Incorrect (t o be reaso nabl e o r necessary), 9. Co rrect , 10. Incorrect (co n n e ct e d w i t h s o m e t h i n g, b u t
n o t a necessary o r i m p o r t a n t p a r t o f i t ), 11. Incorrect (t o m ak e o r persuade s o m e b o d y t o d o
s o m e t h i n g ), 12. Inco rrect (h a d changes m a de in o r d e r t o i m p r o ve it )

Pages 16 - 17 Co n t e x t & m e a n i n g 3

1 '
1. i nf ancy: t h e t i m e w h e n yo u are a b a b y o r ve ry y o u n g chi ld.
2. p erso nn el : t h e p e o p l e w h o w o r k f o r a c o m p a n y o r o rga n i s a t i o n .
3. p r o l o n g : t o m ak e s o m e t h i n g last l o nger.
4. w i n d s w e p t : h a vi n g a l o t o f w i n d , a n d n o t m a n y b u i l d i n gs o r t rees t o p ro t e ct it.
5. t h r e e f o l d : t h r e e t i m es as m uch , o r t h r e e t i m es as m a n y (also w r i t t e n t hr ee-f old. Ot h e r n um b ers
can be used: t wo f o l d , t enf old, et c.).
6. scholars: p eo p l e w h o st u dy a pa r t i cu l ar subj ect and k n o w a l o t a b o u t it , especi ally if t h e subj ect
is n o t scient if ic.
7. reci pi en t : (f o r m a l ) s o m e o n e w h o receives s o m e t h i n g.
8. cent repi ece: t h e m ost i m p o r t a n t o b j e ct o r d e co ra t i o n in a p ar t i cu l a r place.
9. m u l t i t u d e : a ve r y l arge n u m b e r o f t h i n gs o r peo pl e.
10. n u m e ra cy: basic skills in m a t h em at i cs.
11. li f espan: t h e l e n gt h o f t i m e t h a t an a ni m al o r h u m a n lives.
12. m o n e t a r y: consist ing o f m o n ey, o r abl e t o be measured in m o ney.
13. g r a n d e u r : an impressi ve q u a l i t y t h a t a place, o b j e ct o r occasi on has.
14. s t a n d p o i n t : a w a y o f co n si de r i n g s o m e t h i n g f r o m so m eo ne's p o i n t o f vi e w .

2
1. e pi cen t re: t h e area o f land d i r ect l y o ve r t h e cent re o f an e a r t h q u a k e .
2. out pat i ent s: peopl e w h o receive medical t re a t m e n t at a hospit al, b u t d o n o t stay t here f o r t h e ni ght .
3. va l i d a t e : t o of f i ci al l y p ro ve t h a t s o m e t h i n g is t r u e o r correct .
4. w i d e s p r e a d : h a p p e n i n g o r ex i st i ng in m a n y places, o r a f f ect i n g m a n y p eo p l e.
5. seaf arers: p e o p l e w h o w o r k o r t rave l r e gu l a rl y o n t h e sea, especi ally sailors.
6. spat i al: r e l a t i n g t o t h e size, shape a n d po si t i o n o f t h i n gs (t h e 'r o o t ' w o r d is space).
7. m o n o r a i l : a r a i l w a y syst em in w h i c h t rai ns t ravel o n a si ngl e m et al t rack .
8. a u d i t o r y: r e l a t i n g t o h e a ri n g.
9. i ndust ri o us: al ways w o r k i n g ve r y ha rd.
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10. l o n g e vi t y: h a vi n g a l o n g lif e o r exi st ence.
11. d r a w b a c k : a f e a t u r e o f s o m e t h i n g t h a t mak es it less usef ul t h a n it co u l d be.
12. showcases: sh o w s s o m e o n e o r s o m e t h i n g in a w a y t h a t at t ract s a t t e n t i o n a n d emphasises t h e i r
g o o d qual i t i es.
13. w i l d e rn ess: an area o f l and w h e r e p e o p l e d o n o t li ve o r g r o w crops, a n d w h e r e t h e r e are no
b u i l d i n gs .
14. i l l i t era t e: u n a b l e t o read o r w r i t e .

Page 18 Cont rast & compari son

1. A, 2. B, 3. B, 4. C ( di f f erent iat e a n d dist inguish ha ve exact ly t h e same m e a n i n g ), 5. C, 6. A,
7. C, 8. A, 9. B, 10. C, 11. A, 12. C, 13. C, 14. B, 15. B (t hi s is an i n f o rm a l ex pressi on)

Page 19 Emphasis 8t m i sunderst andi ng

1
1. F, 2. B, 3. E, 4. C, 5. A , 6. D

2
1. a cce n t u a t e d / em phasi sed, 2. p r o m i n e n t , 3. accent / emphasi s / stress, 4. p u t g r e a t stress,
5. cruci al l y i m p o r t a n t / e x t r e m e l y i m p o r t a n t / o f cruci al i m p o r t a n ce , 6. emphasi s

3
1. co nf used, 2. co n f u s i o n , 3. m i x -u p (t hi s is an i n f o rm a l w o r d ), 4. obscure, 5. m i sap p re h e nsi o n ,
6. assum ed, 7. m i st ak en , 8. i m pressi on

Page 20 Focusing at t ent i o n

1
1. simply, 2. largel y, 3. p ri m ari l y, 4. m ai nl y, 5. exclusi vely, 6. part i cul arl y, 7. specif ically,
8. n o t ab l y, 9. most ly, 10. purel y, 11. ch i e f l y

Th e w o r d in t h e b o l d ve rt i cal b o x is principally.

2
On l y o r solely: si mply, exclusively, p urel y, specif ically

In m o st cases, n o rm a l l y, o r t h e m a i n reason f o r s o m e t h i n g : chief ly, largely, m ai nl y, most ly, no t abl y,

part i cul arl y, p ri m ari l y.

iPages 21 - 22 Generali sat i ons & specif ics

1. D, 2. A , 3. B, 4. H, 5. L, 6. E, 7. O, 8. F, 9. I, 10. J, 11. N, 12. M , 13. G, 14. C, 15. K

2
Specif ic t h i n gs : t h e specif ics, charact eri st i cs, det ai l s, ex em pl i f i es, i l l ust rat e, i l l ust rat i o n, i t emise,
m i n u t i a e , p e cu l i a r t o , pecu l i a ri t y, t e c h n i ca l i t y

Ge n e r a l t h i n g s : ge nera l i sa t i o n s, o u t l i n e , gist , in ge n e ra l

Ot h e r wor ds a n d phrases yo u m i gh t f i n d usef ul include:

f o r t h e m o st p a r t , ge n e ra l i t i e s, in ge n e r a l t erm s, o n t h e w h o l e , t o general i se, list (as a ve r b ), specif y

Page 23 Gro ups

1
Peopl e in ge n e r a l : c r o w d , g a n g , g r o u p , h u d d l e , t h r o n g
A g r o u p o f p e o p l e w o r k i n g t o g e t h e r : cast, co m p a n y, crew , p l a t o o n , st af f , t e a m
An i m a l s : f l ock , h e r d , li t t er, pack , shoal (o f f ish. W e can also say school), sw a rm *
Obj ect s: bat ch * * , b u n ch , b u n d l e , pi l e (w e can also say heap), set, st ack

* s w a rm can also be used i n f o r m a l l y f o r a l a rge g r o u p o f p e o p l e (Swarms o f poli ce of f icers

su r r o u n d e d t he b u i l d i n g)

* * bat ch can also be used t o t a l k a b o u t a n u m b e r o f p e o p l e t h a t a rr i ve o r are d e a l t w i t h a t t h e

same t i m e ( This n e w bat ch o f st udent s seems very nice)
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2
l .h e r d , 2. cast, 3. swarm s, 4. p i l e s / s t a c k s / h e a p s , 5. shoals / schools, 6. crew , 7. set, 8. st af f ,
9. b u n ch , 10. c r o w d / t h r o n g (or, m o r e i nf o rm a l l y, swarm), 11. packs, 12. g r o u p / h u d d l e ,
13. f lock s, 14. bat ch , 15. b u n d l e , 16. g a n g s / c r o w d s / g r o u p s

Page 24 Ho w som et hi ng w o rk s

■=> The wor ds a n d phrases in this m od ul e are pa r t i cul ar ly usef ul f o r t he IELTS List ening Test (where
yo u m a y hear someone describing h o w som e t h i n g work s) o r Part 1 o f t he IELTS Wr i t i n g Test (where
yo u m a y be sh o wn a pi ct ure o r diagram o f somet hing, a n d have t o explain h o w i t work s).
1. A t h e r m o s t a t
A t h e r m o s t a t f QQtOjQS a st ri p o r coil o f st eel a n d a st ri p o r coil o f co pper, o n e o n t o p o f t h e o t her.
As t h e st ri p / coil heat s up, t h e met als ex pand, b u t o n e does it f ast er t h a n t h e ot her. Th e st ri p / coil
bends a n d connect s w i t h a sw i t ch , w h i c h t urns o f f t h e p o w e r supply. W h e n t h e st rip / coil cools
d o w n , t h e met al s cont ract a n d t h e sw i t ch is disconnect ed. Th e t h e r m o s t a t is adjust ed usi ng a di al o r
o t h e r co n t ro l .

2. A disc pl ayer
A disc p l aye r (f o r ex a m pl e , in a c o m p u t e r ) has several c o m p o n e n t part s. A disc is insert ed i n t o t h e
p l aye r a n d begi ns t o spin. A t t h e same t i m e , a t h i n b eam o f l i gh t called a laser st rikes t h e disc a n d
convert s d i gi t a l signals i n t o sounds o r images, w h i c h can be heard t h r o u g h speak ers o r vi e w e d o n a
screen. Vo l u m e o r bri ght ness can be increased o r decreased b y m eans o f a b u t t o n , k n o b o r o t h e r
c o n t ro l . No w a d a ys , discs are l a rgel y b e i n g replaced by st o rage devi ces li k e m e m o r y sticks, w h i c h
have n o m o vi n g part s.

3. An aerosol
In an aerosol , l i q ui d a n d gas are compressed in a m et al a n d / o r h a rd plast ic t u b e . Th i s can be
released f r o m t h e t u b e by pushing a b u t t o n , w h i c h opens a val ve. W h e n t h e l i q u i d -g a s c o m b i n a t i o n
leaves t h e t u b e a n d mixes w i t h o x yge n , it r a p i d l y expands.
4. A n ai rcraf t
M o s t ai rcraf t are made o f a l u m i n i u m , a n d re q u i r e t w o f orces t o a l l o w t h e m t o f l y: t h r u s t a n d l i f t . As
t h e a i rcraf t moves f o r w a r d o n t h e g r o u n d u n d e r t h e p o w e r o f its engi nes, ai r f l o w s o ve r t h e w i n gs .
As it accelerates / moves f ast er, creat ing / produci ng m o re t h rus t , a va cu u m is creat ed / f o rm ed o ve r
t h e w i n gs . Th i s creates / produces li f t . Th e ai rcraf t is pulled i n t o t h e ai r b y t h e f o rce o f t hi s lif t .

5. A d i gi t a l cam era
A d i gi t a l cam era consists o f t w o m ai n part s: a b o d y a nd a lens. W h e n a b u t t o n is pressed o n t h e
body, a w i n d o w in t h e lens called a sh ut t er opens a nd l i gh t ent ers t h e cam era. Th e a m o u n t o f l i gh t
g o i n g i n t o t h e cam era is cont rolled by b o t h t h e speed o f t hi s shut t er, a n d a sm aller w i n d o w called
an apert ure. Bo t h t h e s h u t t e r speed a n d t h e size o f t h e a p e r t u r e can be adjust ed by t h e person
using t h e cam era. Th e l i gh t hits a sensor in t h e b o d y o f t h e cam era, w h i c h records t h e l i gh t as a
d i gi t a l i m age. Th e i m a ge is recorded / st ored o n a m e m o r y card in t h e cam era, a n d t hi s can l at er be
d o w n l o a d e d o n t o a co m p u t e r .
Ot h e r words a n d phrases yo u m i g h t f i n d usef ul include:
f o l d , ref lect , reverse, revo l ve , st art , st op, t u r n , t u r n d o w n , t u r n up , u n f o l d , u n w i n d , u p l o a d , w i n d

No t e : W h e n w e descri be h o w an o b j e ct w o rk s a n d t h e r e is n o o t h e r person o r a g e n t i n vo l ve d in o u r
descri p t i o n, w e use t h e act ive voice ('...l i g h t ent ers t h e c a m e r a ...', '...t h e met als e xp a n d ...'). W h e n
t h e r e is a person i nvo l ve d in t h e process, w e usually use t h e passive voice (is / are + a past part i ci pl e:
'Th e t h e r m o s t a t is a d j ust ed ...', '...l i q u i d a n d gas are compressed...'). W e use t h e passive vo i ce w h e n
w e d o n o t k n o w w h o does t h e act i o n o r process, o r because w e d o n o t need t o say w h o does it.

Page 25 Jo i n i ng / becom ing part of som et hi ng bi gger

_ .

1. li nk ed, 2. a m a l ga m a t e d / m e r ge d , 3. b l e n d e d , 4. m e rge d / a m a l g a m a t e d , 5. i n co r p o ra t e d ,
6. i n t e gr a t e d / assimilat ed, 7. assi milat ed / i n t e gr a t e d , 8. t o o k o ve r / s w a l l o w e d u p (swa l l owe d up
is less f o r m a l t h a n t ook over. W e can also say acquired), 9. g o t t o g e t h e r (a n i n f o rm a l phrase. We
can also say m e t o r assembled, w h i c h are s l i gh t l y less i n f o rm a l ), 10. t o o k o ve r / s w a l l o w e d up

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2
1. alliance, 2. u n i o n , 3. f e d e r a t i o n , 4. alloy, 5. c o m p o u n d , 6. synt hesis, 7. u n i f i ca t i o n ,
8. b l e n d , 9. co a l i t i o n , 10. m e r g e r

Page 26 Likes & dislikes

_

1. Posit ive, 2. Posi t i ve, 3. Ne ga t i ve , 4. Posit ive, 5. Ne ga t i ve , 6. Ne ga t i ve , 7. Ne ga t i ve ,

8. Posi t i ve ( f ancies in t hi s c o n t e x t is an i n f o rm a l w a y o f sayi ng w o u l d like t o), 9. Posit ive,
10. Posit ive, 11. Posi t i ve, 12. Posi t i ve, 13. Ne ga t i ve , 14. Posit ive, 15. Posit ive, 16. Ne ga t i ve ,
17. Posit ive, 18. Posi t i ve

at t ract , capt ivat e, disgust, f ascinate, repel a nd t e m p t can be act i ve ( Ne w t e ch n o l o gy f ascinates me).
b u t are m o r e c o m m o n l y passive (/ am f ascinat ed b y n e w t ech nology)

Pages 27 - 29 Locat ion &. direct ion

■=> La ngua ge o f locat ion a n d direct ion is pa r t i cul a r ly usef ul f o r t he IELTS List ening Test, wher e yo u
m a y be ask ed t o locat e places o r o t h e r t hi ngs on maps o r plans.
1
1. d i re ct l y o p p o s i t e , 2. t o t h e w e s t o f , 3. o n t h e so ut h side of , 4. t o t h e east of , 5. o n t h e
l e f t -h a n d side o f (w e can j ust say on t he lef t side of ), 6. in t h e m i d d l e of , 7. h a l f w a y a l o n g (w e can
also say h a l f w a y up), 8. paral l el t o , 9. at r i g h t angles t o (w h e n s o m e t h i n g is a t a 90° a n gl e t o
s o m e t h i n g else, w e can also say t h a t it is per pend i cula r t o i t ), 10. o n t h e n o r t h side o f , 11. h a l f w a y
b e t w e e n , 12. d i a g o n a l l y o p po si t e , 13. s u r r o u n d e d by, 14. o n , 15. o n t h e c o r n e r o f

2
Yo u are g o i n g t o A (t h e h o t e l )

No t e : A crossroads is a pl ace w h e r e o n e ro a d crosses a n o t h e r . A crossroads is a t yp e o f j u n ct i o n

(a pl ace w h e r e o n e r o a d crosses o r j o i ns a n o t h e r ). Th e Am e r i c a n w o r d is int ersect ion).

3
To t h e su p e r m a r k e t
1. Go t o t h e e n d , 2. t u r n r i g h t , 3. t a k e t h e f irst , 4. o n y o u r lef t , 5. second / last, 6. o n y o u r lef t

To t h e l a n g u a g e school
7. Go a l o n g , 8. t u r n r i g h t , 9. crossroads, 10. Tak e t h e f irst , 11. o n y o u r lef t , 12. f irst ,
13. o n y o u r r i g h t

To t h e b o o k sh op
14. Go a l o n g , 15. t u r n lef t , 16. crossroads, 17. t h e e n d , 18. t u r n lef t , 19. t a k e t h e second,
20. o n y o u r r i g h t , 21. Go past , 22. last, 23. o n y o u r r i g h t

Pages 30 - 31 M o di f i ed w o rd s
1
1. t el eco nf eren ce s, 2. b i a n n u a l (s o m e t h i n g t h a t is bi a nnua l occurs t w i c e a year, s o m e t h i n g t h a t is
bi enni a l occurs o n ce e ve r y t w o years* ), 3. a u t o b i o g r a p h y, 4. t r a n s f o rm e d , 5. p r e d e t e r m i n e d ,
6. se m i -f i n al (t h i s can also be w r i t t e n as o n e w o r d , semif inal, o r t w o w o r d s , semi f inal),
7. p o s t gr a d u a t e , 8. c o -w o r k e rs , 9. m i cro -o rga n i sm s (t hi s can also be w r i t t e n as o n e w o r d ,
microorganisms, o r t w o w o r d s , micro organisms), 10. unisex, 11. su bst an d ar d ,
12. ci rcu m n a vi ga t e , 13. In t e r n a t i o n a l , 14. m o n o l i n g u a l , 15. und era ch i eve r, 16. o ve r p o p u l a t e d

* Rat her co n f u si ngl y, s o m e t h i n g t h a t is b i w e e k l y occurs t w i c e a w e e k o r o n ce e ve r y t w o w ee k s

(e .g., A b i w e e k l y newslet t er). So m e t h i n g t h a t is b i m o n t h l y occurs t w i c e a m o n t h o r o n ce e ve r y t w o
m o n t h s (e .g., a b i m o n t h l y m e e t i n g).

2
1. m i cro w aves , 2. t e l e c o m m u n i c a t i o n s , 3. un i l a t e ra l , 4. s e m i -d e t a ch e d , 5. a u t o p i l o t ,
6. b i l i n gu a l , 7. ci r c u m ve n t e d , 8. p o s t -w a r (t hi s can also be w r i t t e n as o n e w o r d , post wa r ),
9. p r e m a t u r e , 10. o v e r w e i g h t , 11. subconscious, 12. co e d u ca t i o n a l (w e can also w r i t e t hi s
co-educat i onal), 13. u n d e r e s t i m a t e d , 14. t r a n s a t l a n t i c (n o t e t h a t At l a n t i c does n o t b e gi n w i t h a
capi t al l e t t e r in t hi s w o r d , b u t w o u l d n eed t o w h e n used o n its o w n ), 15. i n t e rre l a t i o n s h i p ,
110 16. m o n o t o n e

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Answers
Pages 32 - 33 Object s & act ions
1
1. f re e ze , 2. spin, 3. slide, 4. e va p o ra t e , 5. co ngeal (f o r b l o o d , w e w o u l d say clot ), 6. ro t at e,
7. w o b b l e , 8. leak (w e co u l d also say escape. Th e noise it mak es is a hiss), 9. vi b r a t e (i f t h e glass is
l oose in t h e f r a m e , it w o u l d also rat t le), 10. f a d e , 11. rise, 12. e ro d e , 13. sm o ul der, 14. e x p an d ,
15. st ret ch, 16. crack (i f t h e glass break s co m pl et el y, it shatt ers), 17. spill, 18. e x p l o de

2
1. revol ve, 2. subside, 3. f l o w , 4.
10. spread, 11. t ri ck l e (i f t h e w a t e r
13. cr u m b l e , 14. co nt ra ct , 15. r i n g
so m e o n e is cal l i ng y o u ), 16. sink ,
m e l t , 5. bo un ce, 6. g r o w , 7. set, 8. condense, 9. m eander,
is c o m i n g o u t ve ry s l o w l y in small drops, w e say drip), 12. b u r n ,
(w e also use t hi s w o r d f o r t h e noise a t e l e p h o n e mak es w h e n
17. f l o a t , 18. e r u p t

3
1. f ro ze , 2. f l o a t , 3. rising, 4. f ades, 5. co ndense, 6. subsi ded, 7. revo l ve d , 8. set, 9. t ri ck l e,
10. st ret ched, 11. b o u n ce (w e can also bounce ideas a round. Th e se are i n f o rm a l expressions),
12. leak ed

Page 34 Ob l i ga t i o n 8c o pt i o n
_ .

1. False (yo u m ust t a k e y o u r o w n penci l a n d eraser), 2. Tru e , 3. False (h e had t o pay t h e m o n e y

back ), 4. False (t h e y d o n 't have t o p ay a n y i nco m e t ax at all), 5. Tru e , 6. False (t h e co m pani es
mak e t h e m w o r k l o n g h o urs: t h e e m pl o ye es have no choi ce), 7. Tr u e , 8. False (yo u can a t t e n d t h e
classes if yo u w a n t t o ), 9. False (yo u must w e a r a crash h e l m e t . W e can also use t h e w o r d
ob l i ga t or y), 10. Tru e
2
1. o b l i g e d / re q u i r e d , 2. n o a l t e r n a t i ve , 3. li able f or, 4. co m pul so ry, 5. vo l u n t a ry, 6. m a n d a t o ry,
7. r e q u i r e d , 8. f orce, 9. o p t i o n a l , 10. e x e m p t

Pages 35 - 36 Op i n i o n , at t i t ude & belief

1 *

1. t o l e ra n ce , 2. obsessed, 3. reck o n (t hi s is q u i t e an i n f o rm a l w o r d ), 4. suspect , 5. b i go t e d ,

6. d o u b t , 7. f anat i ca l , 8. d e d i ca t e d, 9. o p i n i o n , 10. p ra gm a t i c, 11. c o m m i t t e d , 12. r e g a r d i n g,
13. d i s ap pro va l , 14. m a i n t a i n , 15. co n ce rn ed , 16. cynical, 17. e x ce pt i o n, 18. co nvi nced,
19. t r a d i t i o n a l , 20. co nservat i ve

2
1. suspicious, 2. p ra gm a t i c, 3. f anat i cal , 4. d i sappro ve, 5. o p i n i o n , 6. d e d i ca t i o n / co m m i t m e n t ,
7. t o l e r a t e , 8. co nservat i ve / t r a d i t i o n a l , 9. d o u b t , 10. m a i n t a i n / reck on / suspect / d o u b t

Page 37 Opposit es: adject ives

1. clear, 2. easy, 3. gra ce f u l , 4. d e t r i m e n t a l , 5. a p p r o x i m a t e , 6. i n n o ce n t , 7. even, 8. scarce,
9. f l ex ible, 10. m a rk e d , 11. crud e, 12. del i cat e, 13. d i m , 14. o b l i g a t o r y (w e can also say
compulsory), 15. rel u ct a n t , 16. w i d e s p r e a d , 17. cost ly, 18. chro ni c

Page 38 Opposit es: verbs

1. accept ed, 2. d e n i e d , 3. r e t r e a t i n g, 4. a gr e e d , 5. d e f e n d e d , 6. d em o l i sh e d , 7. si m pl i f i ed,

8. a b a n d o n , 9. d e t e ri o r a t e d , 10. Re w a r d i n g, 11. l o w e r e d , 12. f o r b i d d e n , 13. f ell, 14. loosen,
15. w i t h d r e w , 16. r e t a i n e d , 17. accelerat es, 18. i gn o re d

Page 39 Ow n e r s h i p , gi vi n g, l ending & b o rro w i n g

1
1. landl ords (landlady = f emal e. W e can also say landowner), 2. Propriet ors / Ow ners, 3. owners,
4. propert y, 5. est at e / propert y, 6. possessions, 7. bel ongi ngs {possessions usually ref ers t o everyt hi ng
w e o w n , f o r example, o u r homes, f urn i t u re , etc. Belongings usually ref ers t o smaller t hi ngs, f o r
exampl e, brief case, m o bi l e ph o n e, et c.), 8. loan, 9. m o rt ga ge , 10. t enant s, 11. rent , 12. d o n a t i o n

M o r t ga ge , r e n t a n d loan can also be verbs.

111
ieltsdinhluc.vn
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2
l .l e n d , 2. hi re, 3. b o r r o w , 4 .^ , 5. present , 6. S, 7. al l ocat e, 8. p ro vi d e

Page 40 Phrasal verbs 1

1. u p , 2. o u t , 3. u p t o , 4. of f , 5. o n , 6. u p w i t h , 7. d o w n , 8. o u t o f , 9. o u t , 10. o u t , 11. u p ,
12. in, 13. u p w i t h , 14. o u t , 15. o u t , 16. i n t o , 17. o n , 18. b e h i n d , 19. d o w n / back o n ,
20. o u t , 21. over, 22. w i t h , 23. f o r w a r d , 24. back o n

Pages 41 - 42 Phrasal verbs 2

1. b ro k e d o w n , 2. w o r k o u t , 3. w e a r o f f , 4. w e a r ... o u t , 5. pul l t h r o u g h , 6. sort o u t , 7. split
u p , 8. s h o w e d u p , 9. p u l l e d o u t o f , 10. l e t t i n g o f f , 11. l e t ... d o w n , 12. ca rry o n , 13. h e l d up,
14. f ell t h r o u g h , 15. e n d e d up, 16. carri ed o u t , 17. c u t t i n g back o n , 18. c u t o f f , 19. d i d a w a y
w i t h , 20. d o u p

Page 43 Phrasal verbs 3

1. l o o k e d , 2. ge t , 3. g e t t i n g , 4. l o o k i n g , 5. g o , 6. l o o k , 7. ge t , 8. g o , 9. cam e, 10. gi ve , 11.
l o o k , 12. go , 13. w e n t , 14. go , 15. l o o k , 16. c o m e / g e t , 17. comes,
18. l o o k e d / w e n t , 19. ge t , 20. cam e

Pages 4 4 - 4 5 Phrasal verbs 4

Clues across
1. p u t d o w n , 4. t a l k ...r o u n d , 5. t a k e af t er, 6. r u n n i n g u p agai nst , 8. t u r n e d o u t , 11. pi ck ed o n ,
12. o p t o u t , 16. t u r n e d u p , 19. set of f , 20. r u n u p , 21. m a d e up

Clues d o w n
1. p u t aside (se t aside has t h e same m e a n i n g , b u t does n o t f i t in t h e cro ssw o rd ), 2. t a k e in,
3. t a k e n in, 5. t u r n e d d o w n , 7. p u t u p w i t h , 9. st and in (also used w i t h f or. I was ask ed t o st and
in f o r h i m ). 10. p u t o f f , 13. sets in, 14. m a k e o u t , 15. m a d e u p , 17. ran f or, 18. p i c k u p

Page 46 Present ing an a rgu m e n t

^ You w i l l f i n d t he wor ds a n d phrases in t his m od u l e usef ul in Part 2 o f t he IELTS Wr i t i n g Test, a nd

also in t he Speak ing Test (especially Pa rt 3, wher e yo u are ask ed t o t alk a b o u t a t opic a n d say w h a t
yo u t hi nk a b o u t it).
1. Ho w e ve r, 2. First o f all / First ly, 3. As w e l l as / In a d d i t i o n t o , 4. I b el i eve / I t h i n k ,
5. M o r e o v e r / Fu r t h e r m o r e , 6. A l t h o u g h / W h i l e , 7. as w e l l , 8. Nevert hel ess, 9. Th e m ost
i m p o r t a n t reason / Th e m a i n reason, 10. As f a r as I am co n ce rn e d / Fo r m e, 11. M a n y consider,
12. Secondly, 13. Finally, 14. In o t h e r w o r d s , 15. In c o n c l u s i o n / To sum m ari se, 16. On t h e o n e
h a n d , 17. On t h e o t h e r h a n d , 18. In m y o p i n i o n

No t e : Th e sam pl e a n s w e r is l o n g e r t h a n yo u w o u l d need t o w r i t e in t h e IELTS.

W h e n yo u are ask ed t o pre sent an a r g u m e n t , yo u s h o u l d al w a ys l o o k at it f r o m t w o sides, gi vi n g

reasons w h y yo u a gr e e a n d / o r d i sagree b e f o r e re a ch i n g a co ncl usi on. It is usual l y best t o present
y o u r a r g u m e n t in f a v o u r o f s o m e t h i n g j u st b e f o r e t h e co ncl usi o n.

Page 47 Reason 81 result

1
1. Th e pol i ce ask ed h i m his reason f o r sp e e d i n g t h r o u g h t h e t o w n , 2. He f a i l e d his ex am d u e t o /
o n a cco u n t o f / o w i n g t o (t hese phrases h a ve t h e same m e a n i n g as because o f ) his lack o f revi si on,
3. A persi st ent c o u g h p r o m p t e d h i m t o seek prof essi onal m edi cal h e l p, 4. She st a rt e d h a r a n g u i n g
t h e c r o w d w i t h t h e ai m o f st a rt i n g a r i o t , 5. He s p en t t h e w h o l e w e e k e n d revi si ng in o r d e r t o pass
his exams, 6. Th e y cam e in q u i e t l y so as n o t t o w a k e a n yo n e , 7. He ref used t o l end a n yo n e m o n e y
o n t h e g r o u n d s t h a t p e o p l e ra rel y r e p a y a l o an, 8. Th e b a n k m a n a g e r ref used t o l end t h e c o m p a n y
m o r e m o n e y o n a cco u n t o f / d u e t o / o w i n g t o its l o w t u r n o v e r a nd p o o r sales hi st ory, 9. Th e school
w a s f o rce d t o close d u e t o / o n a cco u n t o f / o w i n g t o p o o r s t u d e n t a t t e n d a n ce , 10. W h a t w e r e yo u r
m o t i ve s f o r u p s e t t i n g m e li k e t h a t ?, 11. W h a t are t h e ef f ect s o f a l a rge e a r t h q u a k e , 12. St ress a nd
o v e r w o r k can af f ect d i f f e r e n t p e o p l e in d i f f e r e n t w ays, 13. Th e a r m y a t t a ck e d w i t h o u t co n si de ri n g
112 t h e consequences o f / ef f ect s o f its act i o n, 14. He f ai l ed t o send o f f his a p p l i ca t i o n f o r m a n d as a

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co nse quence w as u n a b l e t o e n r o l f o r t h e course (as a consequence has t h e same m e a n i n g as as a
result ), 15. Riot s a n d st reet f i g h t i n g ensued w h e n t h e poli ce of f icers o n t ri al w e r e a cq ui t t e d .

2
1. ensued, 2. co nsequence o f / ef f ect s of , 3. in o r d e r t o , 4. w i t h t h e ai m of , 5. o n a cco un t o f /
d u e t o / o w i n g t o , 6. reason f or, 7. p r o m p t e d h i m t o , 8. o n t h e gr o u n d s t h a t , 9. so as n o t t o ,
10. af f ect

Page 48 Shape & f eat ure

1 " '
1. a p yr a m i d , 2. a spiral, 3. a circle, 4. an o val , 5. a t r i a n gl e , 6. a cube, 7. a sphere,
8. a crescent , 9. a square, 10. a cyli nder, 11. a rect angl e, 12. a cone

2
1. ci rcular, 2. rect angul a r, 3. oval , 4. spiral, 5. spherical, 6. t r i a n gu l a r, 7. coni cal, 8. cyli ndrical,
9. square

Fo r w o r d s lik e p yr a m i d , crescent a nd cube, w e a d d -s h a p e d (a pyramid-shaped building, a cube-shaped

container)
3
1 .(d ), 2. (g ), 3. (i ), 4. (h ), 5. (j ), 6. (b ), 7. (e), 8. (a), 9. (c), 10. (f )

Pages 49 - 50 Size, q u a n t i t y & dimensi on

1
1. small (n o t e t h e p r o n u n c i a t i o n o f m i n u t e in t hi s sense: / m a l 'n j u :t / ), 2. small, 3. b i g, 4. b i g (t hi s
is an i n f o rm a l use o f t h e w o r d m a m m ot h ), 5. b i g, 6. b i g, 7. b i g, 8. small, 9. bi g (t hi s is an
i n f o rm a l use o f t h e w o r d m on u m e n t a l ), 10. b i g, 11. bi g, 12. bi g (t hi s is an i n f o rm a l use o f t h e
w o r d loads), 13. small, 14. b i g, 15. b i g, 16. bi g, 17. b i g, 18. bi g, 19. bi g, 20. bi g, 21. small,
22. b i g, 23. b i g, 24. bi g (t hi s is an i n f o rm a l use o f t h e w o r d t ons), 25. bi g

2
1. a l o n g-d i s t a n c e j o u r n e y, 2. a g r e a t deal o f t i m e , 3. loads o f t imes, 4. a m i n u t e a m o u n t o f dust ,
5. a gi ga n t i c w a ve , 6. a h u g e w as t e o f t i m e , 7. A colossal st at ue, 8. p l e n t y o f f o o d , 9. A b ro a d
river, 10. A vast c r o w d o f suppo rt e rs, 11. a ga r g a n t u a n m eal / p l e n t y o f f o o d , 12. a vast r o o m ,
13. a m a m m o t h j o b / t o n s o f w o r k , 14. a d e e p lake, 15. a m i nuscul e piece o f cl o t h , 16. an
e n o r m o u s b o o k , 17. a m a m m o t h j o b / t o n s o f w o r k , 18. a h i gh m o u n t a i n , 19. a m o n u m e n t a l
erro r, 20. a t i n y car, 21. a g i a n t b u i l d i n g, 22. a w i d e aven ue , 23. a sh a l l o w p o o l , 24. a t al l m a n,
25. A n a r r o w a l l e yw a y

Page 51 Spelling

Th e i n co rre ct l y-sp e l t w o r d s are u n d e r l i n e d a n d co rrect ed b e l o w .

1
Despi t e b a n n i n g t o b acco a dve rt i si n g a n d rai si ng t h e price o f ci garet t es, t h e go ve r n m e n t 's a n t i -
sm o k i n g ca m p a i gn has f ai l ed t o h ave a n y l o n g -t e r m ef f ect s. It is n o w w i d e l y bel i eved t h a t m o re
drast i c measures are necessary. A n e w n at i o na l co m m i t t e e , w h i c h has been f o r m e d t o t ack l e t h e
p ro b l e m , has m a d e several r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s . These i ncl ude b a n n i n g sm o k i n g in all pub l i c areas,
a nd d e n yi n g hospi t al t r e a t m e n t t o persi st ent smok ers w h o have been w a r n e d b y t h e i r do ct o rs t o
gi ve u p b u t f a i l ed t o d o so.

2
It is a r g u a b l e w h e t h e r g o o d p r o n u n c i a t i o n is m o r e i m p o r t a n t t h a n g o o d g r a m m a r a n d vo ca b u l a r y.
Co nsci ent i ous st udent s bal ance t h e i r acqui si t i on o f t hese skills, h o p i n g t o achi eve b o t h f l u e n cy and
accuracy. Engli sh t eachers s h o ul d e n c o u ra ge t h e i r st udent s t o pract ise all t h e r e l e va n t l a n gu a ge
skills, a n d use t h e i r Engl i sh a t e ve ry o p p o r t u n i t y .

3
It is b e c o m i n g i ncreasi ngl y d i f f i c u l t f o r m a n y p e o p l e t o f i n d d e ce n t a cco m m o d a t i o n in t h e ci t y at a
pri ce t h e y can a f f o rd . To p u t it si mply, t h e re are t o o m a n y p e o p l e a nd n o t e n o u g h ho m es f o r t h e m .
Local c o m m u n i t y cent res a n d ch a r i t a b l e o rgani sat i o ns such as Hom e Fr o n t can o f f e r advi ce, b u t it is
w i d e l y a gr e e d t h a t t h e si t ua t i o n is n o l o n g e r m a n a ge a b l e . Th e f act t h a t som e counci ls in t h e ci t y
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are b u i l d i n g ch ea p, t e m p o r a r y h o u s i n g f o r l o w e r -p a i d prof essi onal s is t h e o n l y of f i ci al
a ck n o w le d ge m e n t o f t his pro blem .

Page 52 St o p p i n g s o m e t h i n g

1. d el e t e , 2. repeal (w e can also say abolish), 3. det er, 4. dissuade, 5. rescind, 6. suppress,
7. sever, 8. t u r n d o w n (w e can also say decline), 9. pul l o u t of , 10. deny, 11. cancel, 12. quash,
13.gi ve u p , 14. p u t an e n d t o , 15. r e m o ve (less f o rm a l l y, w e can say strike, b u t o n l y if w e are
r e f e r r i n g t o s o m e t h i n g o n p ap e r: St rik e his na m e f r om t he list), 16. suspend, 17. scrap, 18. curb

Page 53 Success & f a i l u r e

1. reached, 2. acco m pl i sh , 3. secured, 4. a chi eved, 5. realise, 6. a t t a i n , 7. f u l f i l l e d ,

8. m a n a ge d * , 9. a b a n d o n , 10. co l l apsed, 11. f a l t e re d , 12. f o l d e d , 13. f el l t h r o u g h ,
14.m i sf i red

* W e m a na ge t o do s o m e t h i n g , o r w e succeed in d o i n g s o m e t h i n g (He m a n a ge d t o pass his exam /

He succeeded in passing his exam).

Page 54 Task co m m a n d s

i
1. F, 2. D, 3. C, 4. H, 5. A, 6. G, 7. B, 8. E

2
1. D, 2. G, 3. A , 4. H, 5. E, 6. B, 7. C

Ot h e r wor ds a n d phrases whi ch yo u m i g h t f i n d usef ul include:

calculat e, charact eri se, classif y, c o m m e n t o n , consider, d e d u ce , descri be, d e t e r m i n e , d i f f e r e n t i a t e
b e t w e e n , d i s t i n gu i s h b e t w e e n , e va l u a t e , ex p l ai n , gi ve an a cco u n t of , i dent i f y, list, sh o w , st at e,
sum m ari se

Page 55 Ti m e

1
Part 1:
1. Pri o r t o (t hi s p hrase is usual l y f o l l o w e d b y a n o u n o r b y an -i n g ve r b . Fo r e x a m p l e : Pr i o r t o m o vi n g
t o t he count ry, he h a d t o learn t he l a ngua ge), 2. By t h e t i m e , 3. Fo r m e rl y (w e co u l d also use
Previously, b u t Fo r m e r l y w o rk s b e t t e r in t hi s co n t e x t ), 4. precede, 5. Previously. 6. Earl i er (w e
co u l d also use Previously)

Part 2:
1. W h i l e (w e can also say As o r Just as. No t e t h a t wh i l e is usual ly used t o t a l k a b o u t l o n g act ions. For
sh o rt act i ons, w e w o u l d use w h e n ), 2. Du r i n g (w e can also say Th r o u gh o u t . Du r i n g a n d t h r o u gh o u t
are f o l l o w e d b y a n o u n ), 3. In t h e m e a n t i m e , 4. A t t h a t ve r y m o m e n t

Part 3:
1. Fo l l o w i n g (t hi s w o r d is al w ays f o l l o w e d b y a n o u n . W e can also say Af t e r ), 2. As soon as (w e can
also say Once o r The m o m e n t / m i n u t e t hat . Th e se w o r d s a n d phrases are al w a ys f o l l o w e d b y an
act i o n : Once t he s h o w h a d ended, we w e n t h om e ), 3. Af t e r w a r d s

2
(1 ) In t h e p ast : a f e w decades a go , a t t h a t p o i n t / m o m e n t in hi st ory, a t t h e t u r n o f t h e cent ury, back
in t h e 1990s, b e t w e e n 2003 a n d 2005, f r o m 2006 t o 2011, in m e di eva l t i m es (n o t e t h a t medi eval can
also be spelt m ediaeval), in m y c h i l d h o o d / y o u t h , in t h o se days, last ce n t u r y
(2 ) Th e past l e a d i n g t o t h e p re s e n t : e ve r since, f o r t h e past f e w m o n t h s, lat ely, o ve r t h e past six
w eek s
(3 ) Th e p re se n t : as t h i n g s st and, n o w a d a ys , t hese days
(4 ) Th e f u t u r e : b y t h e e n d o f t hi s year, f o r t h e f o re se ea b l e f u t u r e , f o r t h e n ex t f e w w eek s, f r o m n o w
o n , in a n o t h e r f i ve years' t i m e , o n e day, o ve r t h e c o m i n g w ee k s a n d m o n t h s , so o n e r o r l at er

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Answers
Pages 56 - 57 Usef ul I n t e r v i e w ex pressi o ns
_

Ag r e e i n g w i t h so m e b o d y: I a gree . / 1c o u l d n 't a gr e e m o re . / Th a t 's j ust w h a t I t h i n k . / Th a t 's m y vi e w

exact ly. / Th a t 's r i gh t .
Di sa gr ee i n g w i t h so m e b o d y: I d o n 't e n t i re l y agree. / I'm af rai d I di sagree / d o n 't a gree . / 1see t h i n gs
r a t h e r d i f f e r e n t l y m y s e l f ./ W e l l , a c t u a l l y .../ W e l l , as a m a t t e r o f f a c t ,...
In t e r r u p t i n g so m e b o d y: Co u l d I j ust say t h a t ...? / Excuse m e f o r i n t e r r u p t i n g ,... / Let m e i n t e r r u p t
y o u t h e r e . / So rry t o b u t t i n ,... / So rry t o i n t e r r u p t ,... ( You sh o u l d n 't i n t e r r u p t t he examiner t oo
of t en. In a n y case, t he examiner wi l l leave yo u t o do m ost o f t he t alk i ng)
As k i n g s o m e b o d y f o r t h e i r o p i n i o n : Do yo u a gree t h a t ...? / W h a t are yo u r f eel i ngs a b o u t ...? / W h a t
are y o u r vi ew s o n ...? / W h a t d o yo u t h i n k a b o u t ...? / W h a t 's y o u r o p i n i o n ? ( You p r o b a b l y w o n 't
need t o use these expressions yo u r se l f in t he Speak ing Test , b u t yo u are lik ely t o hear t he examiner
use t hem)
2
Ask i n g f o r cl ari f i cat i on o r r e p e t i t i o n : Co u l d yo u rep ea t t h e q ue st i o n? / I'm af rai d I d i d n 't cat ch t h a t .
/ I'm sorry? / W h a t w as t h a t ? / W o u l d yo u m i n d r e p e a t i n g t h a t ?
Sa vi ng s o m e t h i n g in a n o t h e r w a y: In o t h e r w o r d s ... / Perhaps I sh o ul d m ak e t h a t cl earer by s a yi n g ...
/ To p u t it a n o t h e r w a y ,... / W h a t I'm t r y i n g t o say i s... / W h a t I m e an is...
Gi vi n g yo u rs el f t i m e t o t h i n k : Hm m , h o w can I p u t / say t hi s? / Let m e see. / Let m e t h i n k a b o u t t h a t
f o r a m o m e n t . / M a y I t h i n k a b o u t t h a t f o r a m o m e n t ? / Th a t 's an i nt erest i ng q ue st i o n.
Su m m i n g u p w h a t vo u h ave said: So. basi cal l y,... / In sh o rt / b r i e f ,... / So, in c o n c l u s i o n ,.../ To
s u m m a r i s e ,... / To sum u p ,...

3
1. A n y expression f r o m t h e 'As k i n g f o r cl a ri f i cat i o n o r r e p e t i t i o n ' box.
2. A n y expression f r o m t h e 'Ag r e e i n g w i t h s o m e b o d y' box.
3. A n y expression f r o m t h e 'In t e r r u p t i n g s o m e b o d y' bo x ex cept Could I j u st say t h a t ...? (w h i c h
w ould be used b e f o re g i vi n g an o p i n i o n r a t h e r t h a n co rre ct i n g a mi st ak e, as t h e s t u d e n t is d o i n g
h ere).
4. A n y expression f r o m t h e 'Gi vi n g yo u rs e l f t i m e t o t h i n k ' bo x ex cept M a y I t hi nk a b o u t t h a t f o r a
m o m e n t ? (w h i c h w o u l d r e q u i r e a response f r o m t h e i n t e r vi e w e r b e f o re t h e s t u d e n t co n t i n ue s).
5. A n y expression f r o m t h e 'Sa yi n g s o m e t h i n g in a n o t h e r w a y ' box .
6. A n y ex pression f r o m t h e 'Di s a gre e i n g w i t h so m e b o d y' box .

Pages 58 - 60 Ar c h i t e c t u r e

1
Bu i l d i n g m at erials: co ncret e , glass, re i nf o rce d concret e, st eel, st one, t i m b e r
Aest h et i c p e r ce p t i o n : co nt ro ve rsi al , e l e ga n t , an eyesore, pl easi ng ge o m e t r i c f o rm s, ugly, w e l l -
desi gned
Types o f b u i l d i n g : hi gh -ri s e a p a rt m e n t s (i n t h e UK, t h e w o r d f l at is usual l y used i nst ead o f
a pa rt m ent ), l o w -ri s e a p a rt m e n t s, m u l t i -s t o r e y car park , sk yscraper
Ar c h i t e ct u r a l st yle: art d eco , i n t e r n a t i o n a l st yle, m o d ern i st , p o s t -m o d e r n , st andardi sed, t r a d i t i o n a l
(ih i gh-t ech co ul d also be i n cl u d e d in t hi s ca t e go ry)
Parts o f a b u i l d i n g : f o u n d a t i o n s , f acade, po rch , w al l s
Feat ures: e n e rgy-e f f i ci e n t , f u n c t i o n a l , h i gh -t e c h , pract ical

2
1. B, 2. A, 3. C, 4. C, 5. A, 6. A, 7. C, 8. C, 9. A, 10. A , 11. B, 12. A (w e can also say lof t )

3
1. p l a n n i n g, 2. preservat i o n, 3. ren o va t e , 4. archit ect s, 5. glass, 6. f agade, 7. f o u n d a t i o n s,
8. social, 9. dereli ct , 10. est at e, 11. an eyesore, 12. t r a d i t i o n a l , 13. slums, 14. hi gh -ri se / l o w-ri se,
15. e n e rgy-e f f i ci e n t

Ot h e r wor ds a n d phrases whi ch yo u m i gh t f i n d usef ul include:

Ot h e r t ypes o f b u i l d i n g : b u n g a l o w , cast le, co t t a ge , d et a ch e d house, m ai so net t e, m a n o r house,
m a nsi o n , palace, s e m i -d et a ch e d house, s h o p p i n g cent re / m al l , t err ace d house
Ot h e r part s o f a b u i l d i n g : b a s em e n t / cellar, chi m ney, ro o f , staircase, w alls
Verbs: const ruct , desi gn, m o d e rn i se , pl an
Ot h ers: d e ve l o p m e n t , l o w -co s t , m a ss-pro d uce d, p re f a b ri cat e d , st andardi sed
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Pages 61 - 63 Th e art s

1
1. a b al l e t , 2. a play, 3. a b i o g r a p h y, 4. a scul pt ure, 5. a p o rt r a i t , 6. an o p e r a , 7. a con cert ,
8. a n o vel , 9. a co l l e ct i o n o f sh o rt st ories, 10. a still lif e, 11. p h o t o g r a p h y, 12. a f i l m ,
13. a bst ract a rt , 14. a landscape

2
1. p e r f o r m a n c e , 2. w o r k s (o r wor k ), 3. e d i t i o n , 4. revi ew s (a revue is a t y p e o f p e r f o r m a n ce w i t h
songs, dances a n d h u m o u r ), 5. e x h i b i t i o n (an e xh i b i t in t h e co n t e x t o f a r t is an o b j e ct t h a t f o rm s
p a r t o f an e x h i b i t i o n ), 6. gr a n t , 7. Ga l l e r y (a ga l l e y is a t y p e o f shi p o r a k i t chen o n a shi p o r
p l a n e ), 8. novel i st s (w e can also say writ ers), 9. Impressionist s (Impressionism is t h e st yle o f
p a i n t i n g ), 10. p u b l i sh , 11. at m o sp h e ri c, 12. art i st ic, 13. p o p u l a r , 14. ci nem at i c, 15. Surreal i st
(t h e n o u n is Surrealism), 16. cu l t u ra l

3
1. bal l et , 2. p e r f o r m a n c e , 3. revi ews, 4. e x h i b i t i o n , 5. Gall ery, 6. p o rt rai t s, 7. st ill lif e,
8. g r a n t , 9. novel i st , 10. w o r k s / n o ve l s , 11. p ub l i sh e d , 12. b i o gra p h y, 13. co n ce rt , 14. o p era,
15. scu l pt u re

Ot h e r wor ds a n d phrases whi ch yo u m i g h t f i n d usef ul include:

act or, art ist , a u t h o r , co l l e ct i o n , e x h i b i t , p o p art , p r o d u c t i o n , p ro d u ce , scu l p t o r

Pages 6 4 - 66 Busi ness & i n d u s t r y

_

1. d e m a n d f or, 2. loss, 3. net , 4. l e n d i n g , 5. credi t , 6. ret ai l , 7. p ri va t e , 8. St a t e -o w n e d

i ndust ri es, 9. Un sk i l l ed l abo u re rs, 10. t a k e o n (w e can also say e m p l o y o r hire), 11. Wh i t e -co l l a r ,
12. ex port s, 13. recession, 14. e m p l o ye e s (w e can also say st a f f o r work ers), 15. e x p e n d i t u r e ,
16. s h o p f l o o r (...a f i gh t br ok e o u t on t he shop f loor. In t hi s co n t ex t , t h e shop f l o o r is t h e area in a
f a c t o r y w h e r e p ro d u ct s a re m a d e . Th i s phrase can also be used t o m e a n t h e w o r k e r s in a f act ory,
n o t t h e m a n a ge r s)

2
A . i nt erest rat es, B. se co n da ry i ndust ri es, C. GNP (= Gross Na t i o n a l Pro d u ct ), D. o u t p u t ,
E. p r i m a r y i ndust ry, F. a u t o m a t i o n , G. service i ndust ri es, H. balance o f p aym e n t s, I. def i ci t ,
J. m o n o p o l y, K. n at i o na l i s ed i ndust ri es, L. u n e m p l o ym e n t , M . t a x a t i o n , N. k ey i ndust ri es,
0 . i n f l a t i o n , P. i n co m e t ax , Q. V A T (= Va l u e A d d e d Ta x ), R. salary

3
1. Int erest , 2. b o r r o w i n g , 3. lay o f f , 4. u n e m p l o y m e n t , 5. In f l a t i o n , 6. ex port s, 7. seco ndary
i ndust ri es, 8. Bl u e -c o l l a r / W h i t e -c o l l a r , 9. s t a t e -o w n e d / n at i o n a l i sed , 10. salaries,
11. m a n a g e m e n t , 12. p ub l i c, 13. De m a n d , 14. suppl y, 15. r e ve n u e / i nco m e , 16. n at i o nal i sed,
17. def i ci t , 18. a u t o m a t i o n

Pages 67 - 68 Ch i l d r e n & t h e f a m i l y

1
1. nuclear, 2. e x t e n d e d , 3. s i n gl e -p a r e n t , 4. b r i n g u p (w e can also say raise o r rear),
5. u p b r i n g i n g , 6. d i vo r ce d , 7. ch i l dcare, 8. adolescence (t h e n o u n is adolescent ),
9. f o r m a t i ve years, 10. b i r t h rat e, 11. d e p e n d a n t s (t h e adj ect i ve is de p e n d e n t ), 12. Ju ve n i l e

2
1. H (a ut h or i t a ri a n can also be a n o u n : a st rict a ut h or i t a r i a n), 2. C, 3. G, 4. K, 5. A , 6. D, 7. J,
8. B, 9. E, 10. F, 11.1, 12. L

3
1. f o r m a t i ve , 2. d i vo r ce d , 3. b r o u g h t u p , 4. f o st er f a m i l y (a chi l d w h o lives w i t h a f o st er f a m i l y is
a f ost er child), 5. a u t h o r i t a r i a n , 6. u p b r i n g i n g , 7. r u n n i n g w i l d , 8. adol escence, 9. j u ve n i l e ,
10. responsi bl e, 11. si bl i ngs, 12. w e l l -a d j u s t e d , 13. l e n i e n t , 14. o ve r -p r o t e c t i ve , 15. nuclear,
16. s i n gl e -p a r e n t , 17. d e p e n d a n t s , 18. e x t e n d e d

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Pages 69 - 70 Crime & t h e l a w
1
1. j u d g e , 2. j ury, 3. wi t ness, 4. d e f e n d a n t , 5. vi ct i m , 6. sol i ci t or (cal led an a t t o r n e y in t h e US),
7. o f f e nder, 8. barrist er, 9. l a w a b i d i n g, 10. b re a k t h e l a w

2
Part 1 (i n o r d e r ): A, F, D, B, C, E
Part 2 (i n o r d e r ): A , E, F, C, B, D
Part 3 (i n o r d e r ): A, D, F, C, E, B

3
1. c o m m i t t e d , 2. arrest ed / ch a rge d , 3. co u rt , 4. p l ea de d , 5. gu i l t y, 6. sent enced, 7. mi sdeeds,
8. l a w -a b i d i n g / i n n o ce n t , 9. r e t r i b u t i o n , 10. reh ab i l i t at e , 11. re f o rm , 12. released,
13, d e t e r r e n t , 14. paro l e, 15. vi ct i m , 16. o f f ender, 17. c o m m u n i t y service, 18. f i ne,
19. + 20. c o r p o r a l p u n i s h m e n t / capi t al p u n i s h m e n t (in e i t h e r o r d e r ), 21. + 22. j u d ge s / barrist ers/
juri es / soli cit ors (a n y o f t hese in a n y o r d e r )

Ot h e r wor ds a n d phrases yo u m i gh t f i n d usef ul include:

accuse, a d m i t , co n vi ct (n o u n + ve r b ), co n vi ct i o n , deny, lawyer, pass a ve rd i ct , puni sh, p u n i s h m e n t ,
re ve n ge , send t o pri son, st a t e m e n t , w r o n g d o e r

Di f f erent t ypes o f crime (a n d t he people w h o com m i t t hem ): b i g a m y (a bi gam i st ), b u r g l a r y (a

b u r g l a r ), e sp i o n a ge (a spy), f o r g e r y (a f o r g e r ), hi jack (a hi j ack er), h o o l i ga n i sm (a h o o l i ga n ), m u r d e r
(a m u r d e r e r ), pi racy (a p i r at e ), rap e (a rapi st ), r o b b e ry (a r o b b e r ), sh o p l i f t i n g (a sh o p l i f t e r), t err o ri sm
(a t e rr o ri s t ), vand a l i sm (a va n d a l )

Pages 7 1 - 7 2 Educat ion

__ _

1. A (w e can also say ret ak e), 2. B, 3. B, 4. C, 5. C, 6. A , 7. C, 8. B, 9. B, 10. C, 11. B, 12. A,

13. B, 14. A

2
1. k i n d e r g a r t e n (w e can also say nursery o r nursery school), 2. pri m ary, 3. skills, 4. + 5. n u m e ra cy /
li t eracy (i n e i t h e r o r d e r ), 6. secondary, 7. di sci pl i ne, 8. passed (Th e o p po si t e o f pass is f ail),
9. course, 10. e n r o l l e d , 11. g r a d u a t e d (t hi s can also be a n o u n : a gr aduat e. A gr a d u a t e is a
st u d e n t w h o has f ini sh ed a course a t uni versi t y. A s t u d e n t w h o is still at un i versi t y is called an
undergr a dua t e), 12. d e gre e , 13. o n -l i n e , 14. qual i f i cat i ons, 15. d a y release, 16. e ve n i n g class
3
1. skills, 2. + 3. l i t eracy / n u m e r a cy (i n e i t h e r o r d e r ), 4. k i n d e r g a r t e n , 5. pri m ary, 6. secondary,
7. di sci pl ine, 8. pass, 9. qual i f i cat i o ns, 10. acqui re, 11. h e al t h , 12. f u rt h e r , 13. e nro l ,
14. hi gh er, 15. gr a d u a t e , 16. d e gre e , 17. hi gher, 18. e ve n i n g class, 19. d a y release, 20. o n -l i n e ,
21. m a t u r e 22. gr a d u a t e

Ot h e r words a n d phrases whi ch yo u m i gh t f i n d usef ul include:

a d u l t e d u ca t i o n , cam pus, co -e d u ca t i o n a l , co m p re h e nsi ve school, f acul t y, i n f a n t school, j u n i o r school,
p ri va t e e d u ca t i o n , resources, subj ect , t a k e / s i t an exam

Pages 73 - 74 Th e e n vi ro n m e nt
1
1. F (t h e o p p o si t e o f an a ni m a l w h i c h has b ee n raised o n a b a t t e ry f a r m is a f r ee-range ani m al ,
e .g., a f ree-range chick en. Eggs can also be descri bed as f r e e -r a n g e : I o n l y ea t f ree-range eggs),
2. L, 3. J (som e o f t hese ani m al s are called pr ot e ct e d species, w h i c h m eans it is usually i llegal t o kill
t h e m ), 4. E, 5. B, 6. C, 7. D, 8. K, 9. I, 10. G, 11. H, 12. A (w e can also say h u n t i n g, a l t h o u g h
t h e r e are som e dif f erences. Po ach i ng m eans t o h u n t illegally)

2
1. gr e e n b el t , 2. b i o d e g r a d a b l e p a ck a gi n g, 3. gre en h o u se , 4. rai n f orest (o f t e n w r i t t e n as o n e
w o r d , rainf orest ), 5. e ro si o n, 6. recycle, 7. o rga n i c, 8. ge n et i cal l y m o d i f i e d (o f t e n a b b r e vi a t e d
t o GM ), 9. De f o r e st a t i o n , 10. Aci d rai n, 11. ecosyst em, 12. emissions + f ossil f uels,
13. c o n t a m i n a t e d (w e can also say po l l u t e d ), 14. envi ro nm e n t a l i st s, 15. gl o b a l w a r m i n g

ieltsdinhluc.vn
Answers
3
1. f ossil f uels, 2. acid rai n, 3. gr e e n h o u s e , 4. g l o b a l w a r m i n g , 5. rai n f orest , 6. c o n t a m i n a t e d ,
7. emissions / gases, 8. Po ach i n g, 9. e n d a n g e r e d species, 10. ecosyst em, 11. recycle,
12. b i o d e gr a d a b l e , 13. ge n e t i ca l l y m o d i f i e d , 14. o r ga n i c, 15. p o l l u t i o n , 16. e n vi ro nm e n t a l i st s,
17. co n se rva t i o n p ro g ra m m e s , 18. b a t t e ry f a r m i n g , 19. gr e e n belt s

Ot h e r wor ds a n d phrases whi ch yo u m i g h t f i n d usef ul include:

b o t t l e b a n k , c a rb o n d i o x i d e , CFC gases, cl i m at i c ch a n ge , d e g r a d a t i o n , d est ru ct i o n , e n e r gy-e f f i ci e n t ,
t h e gr e e n h o u s e ef f ect , l egi sl at i o n, o ve r -f i s h i n g, o ve r p o p u l a t i o n , t h e o zo n e layer, r ad i o a ct i ve wast e,
recycl i ng f aci lit i es, re-use, rising sea levels, t o x i c w ast e, w a s t e disposal

Pages 75 - 77 Food & di et

1
1. vi t am i ns, 2. n u t r i t i o u s (t h e n o u n is n u t r i t i o n (g e n e r a l ) o r n u t r i e n t (speci f ic). A person w h o
specialises in t h e st u d y o f n u t r i t i o n a n d advises o n diet s is called a nut ri t i oni st ), 3. ve ge t a r i a n (t his
w o r d can also be an a dj ect i ve : a veget arian di et ), 4. ca rb o h ydra t e s, 5. p r o t e i n , 6. cho l est erol ,
7. f a m i n e , 8. o b e si t y (t h e a dj ect i ve is obese), 9. m a l n o u ri s h e d (t h e n o u n is m a l n u t r i t i on ),
10. m i neral s, 11. f at , 12. f i b r e ( digest = c h a n ge i n t o subst ances y o u r b o d y can use),
13. o ve r w e i g h t , 14. f resh, 15. calori es (t h e a dj ect i ve is calorif ic: Wh a t is t he calorif ic co n t e n t o f a
b a r o f chocolat e?), 16. processed (t h e chem i cal s a n d o t h e r t h i n gs in processed f o o d are called
addit ives)
2
1. I (t h e n o u n f o r allergic is allergy. So m e p e o p l e also h a ve a f o o d i nt olerance, w h i c h m eans t h e y
c a n n o t d i ges t ce rt a i n f o o d s p r o p e r l y: James has an int olerance t o whea t ), 2. C, 3. A, 4. J o r D,
5. D o r J, 6. E, 7. B, 8. G, 9. H, 10. F (f ast f o o d is also o f t e n called j u n k f ood)

3
1. f ast f o o d , 2. processed, 3. vi t a m i n s / m i neral s, 4. m i neral s / vi t am i ns, 5. f a t / ca rb o h ydr a t e s,
6. c a r b o h y d r a t e s / f a t , 7. obesi t y, 8. m a l n o u r i s h e d , 9. short ages, 10. harvest , 11. chol est erol ,
12. b al anced di et , 13. f resh, 14. f i b re

Pages 78 - 79 Ge o gr a p h y
1 ~
1. t ree , copse, w o o d , f o re st (beach does n o t b e l o n g in t hi s g r o u p )
2. f o o t p a t h , t rack , lane, ro a d {peak does n o t b e l o n g in t hi s g r o u p )
3. hi l l ock , hi ll, m o u n t a i n , m o u n t a i n r a n ge (shore does n o t b e l o n g in t hi s g r o u p )
4. h o l l o w , g o r g e , valley, pl ai n ( wa t erf a ll does n o t b e l o n g in t his g r o u p )
5. i nl et , cove, bay, g u l f ( ri d ge does n o t b e l o n g in t hi s g r o u p )
6. b r o o k , st ream , river, est uary (cl i f f does n o t b e l o n g in t hi s g r o u p )
7. cit y, co un t y, co u n t ry, c o n t i n e n t ( t r i b u t a r y does n o t b e l o n g in t hi s g r o u p )
8. p o n d , lak e, sea, o cean (cape does n o t b e l o n g in t hi s g r o u p )

2
Ge o gr a p h i ca l f ea t u re s associ at ed w i t h w a t e r a n d t h e sea:
beach, cape, cli f f , coast , coast l i ne, glaci er, m o u t h (o f a ri ve r), peni nsul a, shore, source (o f a ri ver),
t r i b u t a r y, w a t e r f a l l

Ge o gr a p h i c a l f ea t u res associat ed w i t h l and, hills a n d m o u n t a i n s:

cli f f , glaci er, h i gh l a n d s, m o u n t a i n o u s , peak , p l a t e a u , r i d ge , s u m m i t

W o r d s / phrases associat ed w i t h a gr i c u l t u r e a nd rural l and:

d e p o p u l a t i o n , f e rt i l e , i r r i g a t i o n , u n d e r -d e ve l o p e d , ve g e t a t i o n

W o r d s / phrases associ at ed w i t h t o w n s a n d cities:

c o n u r b a t i o n , densel y p o p u l a t e d , i ndust ri al i sed, o ve r c r o w d i n g , u r b a n sp raw l

3
1. densel y p o p u l a t e d , 2. i ndust ri al i sed, 3. u r b a n sp r a w l , 4. city, 5. i r r i g a t i o n , 6. source,
7. peak s, 8. m o u n t a i n ra n ge , 9. d e p o p u l a t i o n , 10. Valley, 11. w a t e rf a l l s, 12. bro o k s / st reams,
13. lane, 14. t rack , 15. Oce a n , 16. cape / p en i n su l a, 17. hills, 18. p l ai n, 19. del t a , 20. f ert i l e,
21. shore / beach, 22. c o u n t r y

ieltsdinhluc.vn
 Answers
Pages 80 - 81 Gl o b a l p r o b l e m s

1
1. B, 2. A, 3. B, 4. C, 5. A , 6. C, 7. A, 8. B, 9. A, 10. C, 11. B, 12. B, 13. A, 14. B, 15. A

No t e : A hurricane is t h e n am e w e gi ve t o a t r o p i cal st orm w i t h st ro n g w i n d s a n d rai n w h i c h

o ri gi n a t e s in t h e Ca ri b b e a n o r East ern Pacif ic. Si m i l ar st orm s w h i c h o r i g i n a t e in t h e Far East are
called t yphoons, a n d t h o se w h i c h o r i g i n a t e in t h e Indi an Oce a n are called cyclones.

2
1. spread, 2. spread / s w e p t (i n t hi s co n t e x t , swe p t is al ways f o l l o w e d by t h r o u gh ), 3. e r u p t e d ,
4. sh ook , 5. b ro k e o u t , 6. casualt ies, 7. su rvi vo rs/ casual t i es, 8. Re f u ge e s / Su r vi vo rs ,
9. su f f e r i ng, 10. rel i ef

3
1. t o r r e n t i a l , 2. f l o o d , 3. e p i de m i c, 4. f a m i n e , 5. reli ef , 6. vo l ca n o , 7. e ru p t e d , 8. h u rri cane,
9. d eva st a t i o n , 10. t y p h o o n , 11. casualt ies, 12. d r o u g h t , 13. civil w ar, 14. Ref ugees / Survi vors,
15. s w e p t / spread, 16. acci dent , 17. explosions, 18. p l a gu e

Pages 82 - 83 Hea l t h ca re

1
1 . D, 2. H (a c o m b i n a t i o n o f 1 a nd 2 is called r h e u m a t o i d art hrit is), 3. C, 4. A, 5. K, 6. B, 7. E,
8. L, 9. F (w e can also say t h a t t h e i r bo di es lack resistance t o illness), 1 0 . 1 (Th e Na t i ona l Healt h
Service, o f t e n a b b r e vi a t e d t o t he NHS, is a syst em o f f ree doct ors, nurses, hospit als a nd clinics
su p p o r t e d b y t h e g o v e r n m e n t in t h e UK. M a n y p eo p l e p re f e r pr i va t e healt hcare because it is
ge n e r a l l y co nsi de red t o be m o r e ef f i ci en t ), 11. J, 12. G

2
1. t h e r a p e u t i c (t h e n o u n is t herapy. A person w h o pro vi des a t h e r a p e u t i c service is called a
t herapist ), 2. a d i e t (i n t hi s co n t ex t , d i e t ref ers t o t h e f o o d w e eat . If w e go on a diet , w e e at less in
o r d e r t o lose w e i g h t ), 3. c o n ve n t i o n a l m edi ci ne, 4. t r a d i t i o n a l medi ci nes, 5. holi st i c m e di ci n e (an
e x a m pl e o f t hi s is arom a t her apy), 6. co n su l t a n t (w e can also say specialist ), 7. s u rge o n (sur ger y is
t h e t r e a t m e n t o f disease w h i c h requi res an o p e r a t i o n t o cu t i n t o o r r e m o ve p a r t o f t h e bo dy. Do n o t
conf use t hi s w i t h a surgery, w h i c h is a r o o m o r b u i l d i n g w h e r e a n o r m a l d o ct o r* sees t h e i r pat i ent s),
8. p ro t e i n , 9. vi t am i ns, 10. m i neral s, 11. act i ve (t h e o p p o s i t e o f t hi s is sedent ary, see Exercise 1),
12. w e l f a r e st at e (o t h e r f e at ures o f t h e w e l f a r e st at e in t h e UK i ncl u d e p r o vi d i n g ci t izens w i t h
a d e q u a t e h o u si ng, e d u ca t i o n a n d m o n e y if t h e y are u n a b l e t o w o r k )

* Cal l ed a f a m i ly d oct o r o r gener a l pr a ct it i oner ( GP) in t h e UK.

3
I . w e l f a r e st at e, 2. + 3. cut back s + u n d e r f u n d i n g (in e i t h e r o r d e r ), 4. co n ve n t i o n a l m edi ci ne,
5. t r a d i t i o n a l m edi ci ne , 6. a rt hri t i s, 7. co n su l t a n t , 8. surgery, 9. t h e ra p e u t i c, 10. st ress-relat ed,
I I . sym pt o m s, 12. holi st i c m e di ci n e , 13. d i et , 14. + 15. vi t a m i n s + m i nerals (i n e i t h e r o r d e r ),
16. act ive, 17. sedent ary, 18. a rt h ri t i s / cancer / cardi o vascul ar disease

Ot h e r wor ds a n d phrases whi ch yo u m i g h t f i n d usef ul include:

b l o o d pressure, consul t , cu ra bl e , cure, m e n t a l heal t h , physical h e al t h , prescri pt i o n, p re ve n t i o n ,
rem edy, research, t h e W o r l d He a l t h Or ga n i s a t i o n (t h e W H O)

Pages 84 - 85 Th e m e di a

1
1. broadsheet s, 2. t abl o i ds, 3. j ournal i st s, 4. co ve ra ge (f o r ra d i o a n d t el evi si on, w e o f t e n use t h e
w o r d a irt ime), 5. cu r r e n t af f airs, 6. broadcast s, 7. log o n , 8. report ers, 9. d o w n l o a d , 10. t h e
Int e rne t , 11. i n f o r m a t i o n o ve rl o a d , 12. w e b si t e

2
1. f r e e d o m o f t h e press, 2. m edi a t yc o o n (w e can also say medi a m o gu l o r press baron* ),
3. censorshi p, 4. unscru pul o us, 5. e x p l o i t i n g, 6. i nvasi on o f pri vacy, 7. p a p a r a zzi ,
8. + 9. i n f o r m a t i o n + e n t e r t a i n m e n t (i n e i t h e r o r d e r ), 10. ch e q u e b o o k j o u r n a l i s m , 11. i nt egri t y,
12. i nvest i gat i ve j o u r n a l i s m , 13. rea dershi p, 14. g u t t e r press, 15. libel

* Th i s is i n f o rm a l a n d s l i gh t l y n e ga t i ve , as it suggest s t h e person has t o o m uch i nf l uence.

ieltsdinhluc.vn
answers Answers
3
1. broadsheet s, 2. co ve ra ge , 3. c u r r e n t af f ai rs, 4. repo rt ers, 5. j ournal i st s, 6. t ab l o i ds ,
7. broadcast s, 8. t h e In t e r n e t , 9. w ebsi t es, 10. d o w n l o a d , 11. + 12. i n f o r m a t i o n + e n t e r t a i n m e n t
(i n e i t h e r o r d e r ), 13. g u t t e r p re s s / t a b l o i d s , 14. invasi on o f privacy, 15. p a p a r a zzi , 16. libel,
17. c h e q u e b o o k j o u r n a l i s m , 18. un scru pu l o us, 19. i n t e gri t y, 20. log o n , 21. M e d i a t yco o n s /
Jo urnal i st s / Repo rt ers, 22. censorshi p, 23. f r e e d o m o f t h e press

Ot h e r wor ds a n d expressions whi ch yo u m i gh t f i n d usef ul include:

Types o f t el e vi si o n p r o g r a m m e : ch a t sh o w , co m m e rci al * * , d o c u m e n t a r y, d r a m a , g a m e sh o w,
m a k e o ve r sh o w , q u i z sh o w , re a l i t y sh o w , si t com , soap o p e r a , t a l e n t sh o w , va r i e t y sh o w , w e a t h e r
f orecast
Parts o f a n e w s p a p e r : a d ve rt i se m e n t * * , c o l o u r s u p p l e m e n t , e d i t o ri a l , e n t e r t a i n m e n t , f ash i o n,
f i n an ci al , h e a d l i n e , h o ro sco p e, l ead st ory, local news, n a t i o n a l news, readers' let t ers (al so called
let t ers t o t he ed i t or), sp o r t , w h a t 's o n
Ot h e r s : d o w n m a r k e t , h i g h b r o w , j o u r n a l , l o w b r o w , read b e t w e e n t h e lines, slander, s t a t e -co n t r o l l e d ,
t u n e in, u p b e a t , u p m a r k e t

* * Tel evi si o n a n d r a d i o st at i ons s h o w commercials, n e w sp ap e rs a nd m a ga zi n e s p r i n t advert isement s.

Ho w e ve r , t h e w o r d advert isement s (o f t e n sh o rt e n e d t o advert s or, m o r e i nf o rm a l l y, ads) is o f t e n
used i nst ead o f commercials.

Pages 86 - 88 M en & w o m e n
1
1. n e ga t i ve , 2. n e g a t i ve , 3. n e ga t i ve , 4. n e ga t i ve (a glass ceiling is an u n f a i r syst em t h a t prevent s
so m e p e o p l e , especi al l y w o m e n , f r o m r e a ch i n g t h e m ost se n i o r posi t i ons in a c o m p a n y o r
o r ga n i s a t i o n ), 5. po si t i ve, 6. posi t i ve, 7. posi t i ve (i f yo u are g o o d a t m u l t i -t a s k i n g, yo u are go o d
at d o i n g m o r e t h a n o n e t h i n g at t h e same t i m e ), 8. n e ga t i ve (t hi s co u l d also be posi t i ve,
d e p e n d i n g o n y o u r p o i n t o f vi e w ), 9. n e ga t i ve , 10. n e ga t i ve , 11. n e ga t i ve ( unreconst ruct ed in
t hi s c o n t e x t is a r e l a t i ve l y n e w w o r d , o f t e n used t o descri be a person, usually a m a n , w h o has
o l d -f a s h i o n e d ideas, especi al l y a b o u t w o m e n a n d t h e i r r o l e ), 12. n e ga t i ve (i n f o r m a l : in t hi s
co n t e x t , a di nosa ur is so m e o n e w h o is ve r y o l d -f a s h i o n e d a n d no l o n g e r usef ul o r ef f ect i ve),
13. posit i ve, 14. posi t i ve, 15. n e ga t i ve

2
1. h o u se h o l d m a n a g e m e n t (w e can also say domest ic chores o r housework ), 2. pract i cal , 3. m ale
co u n t e rp a r t s, 4. Sex Di s cr i m i n a t i o n Ac t (a Brit ish l a w w h i c h st at es t h a t m e n a n d w o m e n s h o u l d be
t r e a t e d equal l y, w i t h e q u a l pay, t e r m s a n d co n d i t i o n s f o r d o i n g t h e same j o b , et c.), 5. chi l d rea ri n g,
6. role di vi si o n, 7. b r e a d w i n n e r (w e can also say f inancial p r ovi der ), 8. social co n ve n t i o n ,
9. g e n d e r roles, 10. st ereo t ypes, 11. b a t t l e o f t h e sexes (a r a t h e r o l d -f a s h i o n e d phrase w h i c h is
o f t e n used h u m o r o u s l y)

3
1. e ga l i t a ri a n , 2. e q u a l i t y, 3. b r e a d w i n n e r , 4. w e a k e r sex, 5. st ereot ypes, 6. g e n d e r roles,
7. m a l e -d o m i n a t e d , 8. rut hless, 9. ast ut e / versat i le, 10. m u l t i -t a s k i n g, 11. Sex Di scr i m i n a t i o n
Act , 12. m a l e cha uvi n i st , 13. u n r e co n s t ru c t e d , 14. glass cei l i ng, 15. rol e di vi si o n, 16. chi l d
re a ri n g, 17. h o u s e h o l d m a n a g e m e n t , 18. Social c o n ve n t i o n , 19. sex obj ect s, 20. p o w e r s t r u g g l e /
bat t l e o f t h e sexes, 21. m a l e co u n t e rp a rt s, 22. b a t t l e o f t h e sexes / p o w e r s t r u g gl e

Pages 89 - 90 M o n e y 8t f inance
1
1. Prof it is t h e m o n e y y o u ga i n f r o m sel l i ng s o m e t h i n g , w h i c h is m o r e t h a n t h e m o n e y y o u p ai d f o r
it . Loss is m o n e y y o u ha ve s p en t a n d n o t g o t back .
2. Ex t rava gan t descri bes so m e o n e w h o spends a l o t o f m o n e y. Frugal describes s o m e o n e w h o is
caref ul w i t h m o n e y. Economical descri bes s o m e t h i n g t h a t is n o t expensi ve t o use o r run .
3. A current account is a b a n k a cco u n t f r o m w h i c h y o u can t a k e m o n e y at a n y t i m e . A deposi t
account is a b a n k a cco u n t w h i c h pays yo u i nt erest if yo u l eave m o n e y in it f o r so m e t i m e (w e can
also say savings a ccount o r not ice account ).
4. A loan is m o n e y w h i c h y o u b o r r o w t o b u y s o m e t h i n g . A m o rt ga ge is a special k i nd o f l oan used
t o b u y p r o p e r t y (a house, a f l at , e t c.) o ve r a p e r i o d o f t i m e .
5. To deposi t m o n e y is t o p u t m o n e y i n t o a b a n k a cco un t . To w i t h d r a w m o n e y is t o t a k e m o n e y o u t
120 o f a b a n k a cco u n t ( deposi t can be a n o u n o r a ve r b . Th e n o u n o f w i t h d r a w is wi t h d r a wa l ).

ieltsdinhluc.vn
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Answers
6. A w a g e a n d a sa l ary are m o n e y yo u earn f o r d o i n g a j o b , b u t a w a g e is usual ly pai d d a i l y o r
w e e k l y, a n d a salary is usual l y pai d m o n t h l y. W e also use salary t o descri be t h e a m o u n t o f m o n e y
yo u earn o ve r a ye a r (He earns an a nnua l salary o f £40,000).
7. If yo u are b ro k e, yo u ha ve n o m o n ey. Th i s is an i nf o rm a l w o r d . If yo u are b a n k r u p t , yo u are n o t
a bl e t o p ay back m o n e y yo u ha ve b o r r o w e d . Th i s is a ve r y serious f i nanci al si t ua t i o n f o r so m e o n e t o
be in.
8. In t h e UK, shares are o n e o f t h e m a n y e q u al part s i n t o w h i c h a co m p an y's capi t al is d i vi d e d .
People w h o b u y t h e m are called shareholders. St ock s are shares w h i c h are issued b y t h e
g o v e r n m e n t . Di vi d e n d s are part s o f a co m p an y's prof i t s shared o u t a m o n g t h e sharehol ders.
9. Inco m e t a x is a t ax o n m o n e y e a r n e d as w a ge s o r a salary. Excise d u t y is a t a x o n cert ai n go o d s
p r o d u ce d in a co un t ry, such as ci garet t es o r al co ho l .
10. To cre d i t so m eo ne's b a n k a cco u n t is t o p u t m o n e y i n t o t h e acco unt . To d e b i t so m eo ne's b an k
acco un t is t o t a k e m o n e y o u t . In t h e UK, m a n y p e o p l e p ay f o r t e l e p h o n e bills, et c., usi ng a syst em
called direct debit , w h e r e m o n e y is t a k e n d i r ect l y f r o m t h e i r b a n k a cco un t b y t h e c o m p a n y
p r o vi d i n g t h e go o d s o r services.
11. Tr a d i t i o n a l l y, a b a n k is a business o r ga n i s a t i o n w h i c h keeps m o n e y f o r cust om ers a n d pays it o u t
o n d e m a n d , o r lends t h e m m o n ey. A b u i l d i n g so ci et y is m o r e usual l y associat ed w i t h savi ng m o n e y
o r l e n d i n g p e o p l e m o n e y t o b u y p ro p e r t y. Th e se days, t h e r e is ve r y l i t t le d i f f e ren ce b e t w e e n t h e m .
12. A d i s co u n t is t h e p e r ce n t a ge b y w h i c h a f ul l price is red uce d t o a b u ye r by t h e seller. A re f u n d is
m o n e y pai d back w h e n , f o r e x am pl e, r e t u r n i n g s o m e t h i n g t o a sh o p (i t can also be a ve r b : t o
ref und).
13. A b a r ga i n is s o m e t h i n g w h i c h is b o u g h t m o r e ch e a pl y t h a n usual. So m e t h i n g w h i c h is o ve rp r i ce d
is t o o ex pensi ve. So m e t h i n g w h i c h is e x o r b i t a n t costs m uch m o r e t h a n its t r u e va l u e (£12 f o r a
cheese sandwich? That 's e xor b i t a nt !).
14. A w o r t h l e s s o b j e ct is s o m e t h i n g w h i c h has n o va l ue . A priceless o b j e ct is an e x t r e m e l y va l u a b l e
obj ect .
15. If yo u save m o ney, yo u p u t it t o o n e side so t h a t yo u can use it later. If yo u i n ve st m o n ey, yo u
p u t it i n t o p ro p e r t y, shares, et c., so t h a t it w i l l increase in val ue.
16. In f l a t i o n is a st at e o f e c o n o m y w h e r e prices a n d w a ge s increase. De f l a t i o n is a re d u ct i o n in
e co n o m i c act ivit y.
17. Inco m e is t h e m o n e y y o u receive f o r d o i n g s o m e t h i n g. Ex p e n d i t u r e is t h e m o n e y yo u spend.
18. If yo u l e nd m o n ey, y o u let so m e o n e use y o u r m o n e y f o r a cert ai n p e ri o d o f t i m e . If yo u b o r r o w
m o n e y f r o m so m e o n e, yo u t a k e m o n e y f o r a t i m e , usual l y p a yi n g i nt erest (Can yo u lend me £20
u n t i l t he en d o f t he m on t h ?).
2
1. F, 3. L, 4. E, 5. J, 6. K (Revenue a n d Customs - f ul l n am e : He r Majest y's Revenue a n d
2 . 1,
Customs, a b b r e vi a t e d t o HM RC - is t h e Bri t ish g o v e r n m e n t d e p a r t m e n t t h a t deals w i t h t ax es), 7. C,
8. H, 9. G, 10. A, 11. B, 12. D

3
1. b o r r o w , 2. loan, 3. i nco m e , 4. e x p e n d i t u re , 5. o ve rd r a f t , 6. cost o f l i vi n g, 7. Inf l a t i o n ,
8. econom i se, 9. b u i l d i n g societ y, 10. i nt erest , 11. o n credi t , 12. e x o r b i t a n t , 13. save,
14. red uct i o ns, 15. b a r ga i n , 16. d i sco unt , 17. invest , 18. st ock s, 19. shares

Ot h e r wor ds a n d phrases whi ch yo u m i g h t f i n d usef ul include:

cash, ch e q ue , co r p o r a t i o n t ax , cr e d i t card, currency, d e b i t card, d e b t , di sabi l i t y a l l o w a n ce , equi t y,
i nh er i t a n ce t ax , i n ve st m e nt , n e ga t i ve eq ui t y, o ve r d r a w n , rat e o f e x ch an ge (o r exchange rat e),
receipt , social securit y, st a t e m e n t , u p w a r d l y / d o w n w a r d l y m o b i l e , w e a l t h y

Pages 91 - 92 On t h e ro ad

1
1. A , 2. B, 3. B, 4. A, 5. A, 6. B, 7. A , 8. A , 9. A, 10. A , 11. A , 12. A

2.
1 . D, 2. H, 3. F, 4. A, 5. J, 6. G, 7. C, 8. I, 9. E, 10. B

Not es:
M o s t l arge t o w n s a n d cit ies in t h e UK have 'Park and Ri de' schemes. Th e se are large car park s
o ut si d e ci t y cent res w h e r e dri vers can p ark t h e i r cars, o f t e n f o r f ree. Th e y can t h e n t ak e a bus i n t o
t h e ci t y cent re.
__________ 121
ieltsdinhluc.vn
answers Answers
Dist ances a n d speed l i mit s in t h e UK are in miles (1 m i l e = a b o u t 1.6 k i l o m e t r e s ) a n d miles p e r h o u r
( m p h ). Th e m a x i m u m speed l i m i t is 6 0 m p h o n s i n gl e -l a n e roads o ut si de t o w n s , o r 7 0 m p h o n dual
ca rr i a ge w a ys a n d m o t o r w a ys (a l t h o u g h t hi s m a y i ncrease t o 8 0 m p h o n m o t o r w a y s in t h e n ea r
f u t u r e ). In m ost b u i l t -u p areas, t h e m a x i m u m speed l i m i t is usual l y 20 o r 3 0 m p h . Dri vers w h o are
c a u g h t s p e e d i n g can f ace penal t i es r a n g i n g f r o m a f i n e t o i m p r i s o n m e n t , d e p e n d i n g o n h o w f ast
t h e y w e r e d r i vi n g a n d w h e r e . Th e y also receive 'p e n a l t y p o i n t s' o n t h e i r d r i vi n g licence, a n d can
have t h e i r li cence susp end ed.

Dr i n k -d r i v i n g is co nsi de red a serious o f f e nce. Of f e n d e r s a u t o m a t i ca l l y h a ve t h e i r d r i vi n g licence

su spen ded f o r a t least a year, w i l l n o r m a l l y recei ve a f i n e a n d in e x t r e m e cases (especi al l y w h e r e
t h e y cause an a cci d e nt ), m a y g o t o pri son.

3
1. + 2. i nj uries + f at al i t i es (i n e i t h e r o r d e r ), 3. sp ee d i n g, 4. d r i n k -d r i vi n g , 5. pedest ri ans,
6. ped est ri an crossings, 7. Hi g h w a y Co d e , 8. + 9. co n ge st i o n + p o l l u t i o n (i n e i t h e r o r d e r ),
10. black spo t , 11. t r a n s p o r t st rat egy, 12. Tra f f i c ca l m i n g, 13. Park a n d Ride, 14. t r a f f i c -f r e e
zo n e , 15. cycle lanes, 16. subsidi sed, 17. f ines, 18. d o m i n a t e

Ot h e r wor ds a n d phrases whi ch yo u m i g h t f i n d usef ul include:

Ob j ect s in t h e st reet : b o l l a r d , c o n t r a f l o w , crossroads, j u n c t i o n , k erb, pel i can crossi ng, p a ve m e n t ,
speed cam era, t r a f f i c cones, t r a f f i c i sland, t ra f f i c l i ght s, ze b r a crossing

Ot h e r s : accel erat e, bra k e , ca rr i a ge w a y, cent ral reservat i o n, cu t in, ha rd sho ul der, h i gh w a y,

m o t o r w a y, o ve rt a k e , sk id, slip r o a d , sw e rve , t a i l ga t e

Pages 93 - 95 Sci ence & t e c h n o l o g y

1
1. research, 2. d e ve l o p m e n t , 3. i n n o va t i o n s, 4. react , 5. i n ve n t e d , 6. di sco vered, 7. analysed,
8. co m b i n e d , 9. a t e c h n o p h o b e , 10. a t e c h n o p h i l e (i n f o r m a l l y call ed a t echie), 11. saf eguards,
12. e x p e r i m e n t e d , 13. ge n e t i c e n g i n e e r i n g , 14. m o l e cu l a r b i o l o gy, 15. cybernet i cs, 16. nucl e ar
e n g i n e e r i n g , 17. b r e a k t h r o u g h , 18. Lif e expect ancy, 19. p ro l i f e r a t e d , 20. advances

2
1. PC (= per sonal com put er ), 2. co m p o n e n t s , 3. base u n i t (w e can also say h a r d drive o r disc*
drive), 4. h a r d w a r e , 5. l o ad (w e can also say inst all), 6. so f t w a r e , 7. m o n i t o r , 8. p ri nt er,
9. scanner, 10. k e yb o a r d , 11. m ouse, 12. wireless, 13. l o g o n , 14. f iles, 15. d o w n l o a d ,
16. In t e r n e t , 17. w ebsi t es, 18. g a m i n g , 19. st ream , 20. e m ai l (t hi s w o r d can also be a n o u n : send
an email. It can also be w r i t t e n w i t h a h yp h e n : e-mail* * ), 21. chat ro o m s, 22. crashed, 23. virus,
24. l a p t o p (w e can also say n o t e b o o k . Sm a l l er l a pt o p s are called net book s. Small c o m p u t e r s w h i ch
y o u co n t r o l usi ng y o u r f i n ge r s o r a t o o l lik e a pen are cal l ed t a b l et PCs)

* Al so o f t e n spel t disk

* * Th e l e t t e r e in em ail m ean s el ect ro ni c, a n d is used as a p re f i x f o r m a n y t h i n g s c o n n e ct e d w i t h

c o m p u t e r s , t h e In t e r n e t a n d m o d e r n t e c h n o l o g y: e -b ook , e-commerce, e-lea rni ng, e-reader,
e-shopping, e-t ick et , etc.
3
1. i n ve n t e d , 2. lif e ex pect ancy, 3. i n n o va t i o n s, 4. b r e a k t h r o u g h , 5. i n ve n t e d , 6. In t e r n e t , 7.
e m ai l , 8. research, 9. t e c h n o p h i l e s , 10. t e c h n o p h o b e s , 11. cybernet i cs, 12. n ucl e ar e n g i n e e r i n g ,
13. saf eguards, 14. ge n e t i c e n g i n e e r i n g , 15. analysed, 16. e x p e r i m e n t

Pages 96 - 97 Sp o r t
1
1. spect at or, 2. sponsorshi p (t h e p eo pl e o r organi sat i ons w h o pro vi d e t h e m o n e y are called sponsors.
Th e ve rb is t o sponsor), 3. sport sman (a w o m a n w h o plays sport is a sport swoman), 4. t ak e p art in,
5. t ak e up, 6. o pposi t i o n, 7. st adi um * , 8. d ef eat (o f t e n used in t h e passive voi ce t o describe t h e losing
t e a m o r player: Once again, Chelsea have been beat en in t he f inal. W e can also say beat ), 9. suppo rt er
(Th e ve rb is t o support . W e can also say f an, w h i ch can be used f o r o t h e r t h i ngs as w el l , i ncl udi ng music
groups, f il m stars, etc., 10. arena* * , 11. prof essional (t his can be an adj ect ive o r a n o u n )

* Im p o r t a n t f o o t b a l l m at ches, baseball m at ches, et c., are o f t e n p l aye d o n a pi t ch in a st adium.

122 * * I m p o r t a n t bask et bal l mat ches, vo l l e yb a l l m at ches, et c., are o f t e n p l aye d o n a co u r t in an arena.

ieltsdinhluc.vn
 Answers
Th e w o r d in t h e shaded vert i cal c o l u m n is compet it ors (= t h e spo rt sm en a nd s p o r t s w o m e n w h o t ak e
p a r t in a sport s co m p e t i t i o n ).

2
1.©, 2.©, 3 .© , 4 .© , 5.©, 6.©, 7.©, 8.©, 9.©, 10.©, 11.©, 12.©, 13.©, 14.©,
15.©, 16.©, 17.©, 1 8 .©

3
1. spect at ors / su p p o rt e rs / f ans, 2. ch e e ri n g, 3. prof essi onal, 4. t a k i n g p a r t in, 5. qual if i es,
6. reaches t h e f i nal , 7. def eat s / beat s, 8. r el e ga t ed , 9. st a d i u m , 10. ho o l i ga n s, 11. sh o u t i n g
a b u s e / j e e r i n g , 12. grossly o ve rp a i d , 13. p e r f o r m a n c e -e n h a n c i n g d ru gs, 14. sent of f ,
15. c o m m i t t i n g prof essi onal f oul s, 16. m at ch f i x i ng

Pages 98 - 99 To w n & c o u n t r y

1
1. N, 2. M , 3. G, 4. A , 5. I, 6. B, 7. C, 8. F, 9. H, 10. E, 11. K, 12. D, 13. L (cent ral business
dist rict is o f t e n a b b r e vi a t e d t o CBD), 14. J

2
1. H, 2. B, 3. G, 4. F, 5. A, 6. C, 7. E, 8. D

3
I . m e t r o p o l i s, 2. co sm o p o l i t a n , 3. u rb a n , 4. am eni t i es, 5. cu l t u ra l event s, 6. i nf rast ruct ure,
7. co m m u t e r s, 8. cent ral business di st ri ct (CBD), 9. rush h o u r / peak peri ods, 10. co n ge st i o n,
I I . p o l l u t i o n , 12. cost o f l i vi n g, 13. b u i l d i n g sites, 14. p o p u l a t i o n ex pl o si o n, 15. d r u g abuse,
16. i nn er-ci t y, 17. rural , 18. prospect s, 19. p ro d u ct i ve land / cu l t i va t i o n / a ra bl e l and, 20. urb a n
spraw l , 21. e n vi r o n m e n t

Ot h e r words whi ch yo u m i g h t f i n d usef ul include:

d e ve l o p m e n t , e m p l o ym e n t , f acilit ies, out sk i rt s, p r o p e r t y prices, resident s, resi dent i al , suburbs,
un e m plo ym e n t

Pages 100 - 1 0 1 Tra ve l

1
1. False (a t ravel agency, so m et i m es called a t ravel agent 's, is a place w h e r e yo u g o t o b u y a h o l i d a y
o r t i ck et , a n d a t o u r o p e r a t or is t h e c o m p a n y w h i c h sells t h e h o l i d a y t o yo u via t h e t ravel age ncy)
2. Tr u e
3. Tr u e
4. False (t h e y g e t on)
5. False (t h e y g e t of f )
6. Tr u e
7. Tr u e
8. Tr u e
9. Tr u e
10. False (ecot ourism is suppo sed t o be t o u r i s m t h a t benef i t s o r has a n eu t ra l ef f ect o n t h e
e n vi r o n m e n t , a l t h o u g h t hi s is n o t al ways t h e case)
11. False (t h e y all have a sl i gh t l y d i f f e r e n t m e a n i n g: use y o u r d i c t i o n a r y t o f i n d o u t w h a t t hese are)
12. False (i t d e p en d s o n t h e c o u n t r y yo u are f r o m and w h e r e yo u are g o i n g . Ci t i zens o f t h e
Eu r o p e a n Un i o n , f o r e x a m pl e , d o n o t need a visa if t h e y are f l yi n g t o a n o t h e r EU c o u n t r y)
13. False (i t is a sh or t -ha ul f l i g h t )
14. False (i t is cheaper. W e can say t ourist class o r coach class inst ead o f e c o n o m y class)
15. False (yo u o n l y n eed t o f ill in an i m m i gr a t i on card w h e n yo u g o t o a n o t h e r co un t ry, b u t see
n u m b e r 12 a b o ve )
16. False (cult ural t ourism is a h o l i d a y t a k e n in o r d e r t o visit places t h a t are cu l t u ra l l y i nt erest i ng, o r
t o a t t e n d a cu l t u ra l e ve n t . Sustainable t ourism is t o u ri s m t h a t causes m i n i m a l d a m a ge t o t h e
e n vi r o n m e n t , si m i l ar t o e co t o u ri sm )
17. Tr u e (W e can also say h i gh season. Th e o p po si t e - t h e t i m e o f ye a r w h e n n o t m a n y p eo p l e t ak e
a h o l i d a y - is called t h e l o w season o r of f season)
18. False (a cruise is j o u r n e y o n a ship f o r pl easure, especially o n e t h a t involves vi si t i ng a series o f
places. A h o l i d a y w h e r e yo u w a t c h w i l d ani m als is called a saf ari)

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19. False (a n arm chair t raveller is s o m e o n e w h o f i nds o u t w h a t a place is lik e by w a t c h i n g t ravel
p r o g r a m m e s o n t e l e vi si o n , r e a d i n g t ra ve l b o o k s o r l o o k i n g a t t rave l w eb si t es o n t h e In t e r n e t )
20. Tr u e (w e can use t h e adj ect i ve t ou r i st y t o descri be places lik e t hi s)

2
I . ref ugees, 2. i n t e r n a l l y di spl aced, 3. e m i g r a t i o n , 4. i m m i g r a t i o n , 5. c u l t u r e shock ,
6. e x pat ri a t es (o f t e n i n f o r m a l l y s h o r t e n e d t o expat s), 7. UNHCR (t h e Un i t e d Nat ions Hi gh
Commission f o r Ref ugees), 8. d e p o r t e d , 9. persona n o n gra t a (a Lat i n phrase w h i c h describes a
f o r e i g n perso n w h o is n o t a l l o w e d t o visit o r st ay in a n o t h e r c o u n t r y), 10. e co n o m i c m i gr an t s,
I I . re p a t r i a t e d / d e p o r t e d , 12. b o r d e r co n t ro l s

3
1. t rave l agency, 2. p ack age t o u r , 3. i n d e p e n d e n t t ravel l ers, 4. visas, 5. check in (t h e place w h e r e
y o u check in f o r a f l i g h t a t an a i r p o r t is cal l ed t h e check -in desk / count er), 6. e c o n o m y class,
7. d i s e m b a rk , 8. mass t o u r i s m , 9. al l -i ncl usi ve, 10. e co t o u r i sm , 11. ref ugees, 12. i n t e rn a l l y
displaced, 13. e c o n o m i c m i gran t s, 14. ex pat ri at es, 15. cu l t u r e shock , 16. i m m i g r a t i o n ,
17. perso na n o n gr a t a , 18. d e p o r t e d , 19. ch e ck i n g in, 20. excursion

Pages 102 - 104 W o r k

_

1. © , 2. © , 3. © , 4. © (w e also say p a y rise), 5. © , 6. © , 7. © , 8. © , 9. © (o f t e n a b b r e vi a t e d

t o RSI), 1 0 . © , 1 1 . © , 1 2 . © , 1 3 . © , 1 4 . © , 1 5 . © , 1 6 . © , 1 7 . © , 1 8 . © , 1 9 . © , 2 0 . © , 2 1 . © ,
22. © (w e also say incapacit y benef i t ), 23. © (a l t h o u g h som e p e o p l e e n j o y h a vi n g a d e m a n d i n g
j o b ), 2 4 .© , 2 5 © 26©

2
A . Tra cy (E), B. Ja n e (A ), C. Cl ai re (B), D. M a r i e (F), E. Sa m a n t h a (C), F. Je a n e t t e (D)

3
1. e m pl o ye e s, 2. unsk i l l ed, 3. sem i -sk i l l ed, 4. b l u e collar, 5. m a n u f a c t u r i n g i ndust ri es, 6. w h i t e -
collar, 7. service i ndust ri es, 8. j o b securi t y, 9. st eady j o b , 10. h i r i n g, 11. f i r i n g , 12. stress,
13. d e m a n d i n g , 14. unso ci abl e ho urs, 15. r e p e t i t i ve st rai n i n j u r y (RSI), 16. salary, 17. p r o m o t i o n ,
18. perk s, 19. i n ce n t i ve , 20. i n cr e m e n t , 21. sickness b en e f i t , 22. pen si o n, 23. se l f -e m p l o ye d

Ot h e r wor ds a n d phrases whi ch yo u m i g h t f i n d usef ul include:

ca n d i d a t e , dismiss, dismissal, e m p l o ye r, f i x ed i nco m e , i n t e r vi e w , i n t e rvi e w e e , i n t e rvi e w e r, leave (= a
f o r m a l w o r d f o r a h o l i d a y f r o m w o r k : She's on leave a t t he m o m e n t ), m a n u a l w o rk e r , o ve r t i m e ,
prof essi o n, r ecrui t , r e c r u i t m e n t

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