KNOWING THE . EXAMINER’ Ss mind” : eneli 5 EXAM SUCCESS SERIES. . ots ALBERT CHIKELE - J As») eo muorrs ———Acknowledgements ~ Contents ~ CHAPTER PAGE A. THEPARTICULATE NATURE OF MATTER 2 SEPARATION TECAMOLES —- 2 ATOME STRUCTURE/CHEMCAL BONDING 4 CHEMICAL CHANGE (REACTIONS) 5 AGIOS BASES AND SALTS — STOICHIOMETRY AND MOLE CONCEPT —————-———~ 7. RATES OF REACTION/BIERSY CHANGE —~ Notes for use in qualitative analysis ~ The periodic table of element“ee ee —— e, CHAPTER | PARTICULATE NATURE OF MATTER Question 4 Matter is classified as solid, liquid or gas. State of each of the following: (a) Solid 1 (b) Liquid 2 (c) Gas WORKED SOLUTIONS (a) Two physical properties of solids are - Has fixed volume Has fixed shaped (b) Two physical properties of liquids are - Has fixed volume - Has no fixed shaped (c) Two physical properties of gas are ~ Has no fixed volume - Has no fixed shape TAKE NOTE. te ‘eble below surmarizes the dferences in the physical properties of the thea states uf matter Physical stte | Volume Densiy Shape Puidity SOU Has a ead vole | Vigh as Ginite shope | Ooes nat fav wou Hes bed vole | Mokerte Tigh | Fas mo dinita shape | Conrally tows casly [ GAS Fas no fred volme | Tow Has no detnite shape | Tews easily KNOWING THE EXAMINERS’ MIND™ - CHEMISTRY 2Matter is made up of very smalipatticies. (2) Explain in terms of particle arrangement why :- (i) Gases do not have definite shapes. (1) (i) Solids have definite shapes. (1) (@ State the effects of heat on the arrangement of particlesin aliquid. (1) fouemistRy:$07022010] WORKED SOLUTIONS (a) i) Particles of gases are relatively fer apart and have visually no forces of attraction between each other. As a result, they do not have a fixed Sap * TAKE NOTE ee pooh pes es le rre ry, sty aim we rea el ie em : they are how ever ampressibla ii) Particles of solids are arranged in @ regular manner TREY therefore, cannot move, but vibrate in a fixed position; hence their shapes are always fixed netic energy of particles in a liquid, as a result they move further entually become iii) Heat increases the ki from other, making the attractive forces between them weaker, they ev state. each é loosely packed and the liquid may attain a gaseous ; Question 3 (2) Compare the movementof particles between solids and iquics (i) Solids (i Liquids a (b) How are the molecules arranged in a.gas?_ 11] (c) Whatis the physical effect of cooing on the three states of matter? @) solid (ii) Liquid (i) Gas Bl [SCIENCE 5124/0/01/2004] KNOWING THE EXAMINERS MIND™ —CHEMISTRY 2 (92015 A Product Of initiative Business* WORKED SOLUTIONS @ () In solids the particles vibrate in a fixed position (i) Inv fiquids particles slide past each othesimove about each other. (b) In a gas particles are relatively far apart ©) () Solids contract when cooled and the s (i) Liquids contract and solidify when c« (ii) Gases condense to liquid when c* Question 4 P Whena substance is heated, it changes its phySica ing to the model below. (a) Whatterm is used to describe this change of state? (11 (b) Describe what happens to the arrangement and movement of the particles when A changes to B. 12] (c) A pure liquid C was found to have a boling point of 118°, Choose from the list below which liquid was C. Liquid Boiling point?C Ethanol 78 Water 100 Ethanoic acid “ 118 Butanamide 116 (i) What happens to the temperature of a pure solid when itis melting? 11] {ij State whether meting is a physical or chemical change and give @ reason for your answer 2 [chemistry /5070/2/z/2009] KNOWING THE EXAMINERS’ MIND™ ~CHEMISTRY 2 ©2015 A Product Of initiative BusinessWORKED SOLUTIONS (2) Sublimation (©) In A (solid) the particles are regularly arranged in fixed positions but when it changes to B (gas) particles become relatively far apart and are able to move randomly and rapidly. (©) 2 i) Ethanoic acid. ji) The temperature of a melting pure solid remains constant during the process. iii) The melting of a substanceis physical change because no new substance is formed and the change is reversible. CONCISE INFORM ATION (PARTICLE ARRANGEMENT ILLUSTRATED) Y Particles are arranged differently in different states of matter as shown below. Solid particles Particlesare arrangedina regular mannerandare closely packed due to strong attractive forces between them. The Particles therefore, cannot move from one place toanotherbut only vibrate about their fixed positions. Liquid! particles (O_O O_O _] Particles are closely packed in an irregular manner with © OOO} weaker attractive forces than those in solids, They CPM however, are able to slide past each other, Gaseous particles © © | Eatlieles are relatively for apart due to very weak attractive forces and are able to move randomly and more rapidly. oo ¥ Changes of states; the change in temperature and pressure can cause substances to change their physical states. The diagram below summarizes these changes. SOLID sublimay of malting freasing’ condensation CASS ee ee | * EID) ‘suaporation | KNOWING THE EXAMINERS’ MIND™ ~CHEMISTRY2 ©2015 A Product Of initiative BusinessA physical change is a change in which no new substance is formed: for it can easily be reversed e.g. water can tum into ice and vice versa. On the contrary, a chemical change ‘s one in which a new substance is formed after the change. Energy is given out in these changes and they are therefore irreversible, e.g. burning of paper. 357 98 890 Unaffected 3850 4827 ‘Good Unaffected ite down the letter representing the element which:- ) Is a gas at rtpin ) Is a liquid at rtp. (2) ) Is a solid at r.Lp and will meltwhen dropped into boiling water. [1] }) Is a transition metal. (11 ) Could be mercury, (1) WORKED SOLUTIONS fa) D * TAKE NOTE Foam Tenperatire and Pressure (rtp) is then to ke 25% Therotre ery substence tat bails at a terperature ss ten 25% wil be a gas at rtp Oe : KNOWING THE EXAMINERS’ MIND™ -CHEMISTRY 2 \ (©2015 A Product Of initiative Business* TARE NOTE Room Terperatre and Pressure (rtp) 8 token to be 25% Theretra at 25% ebent E wil be @ kid oth D and E wall have melted by 25% However, at 25% D wil & @ sous frm becasse of is bor baling paint whie E will be in i lid frm because its talng pont i toler then 2% (c) F * TAKE NOTE : % F and & ave sais becasse bath tave ter mei ce ba 25te tut nly F wid at when cropped ita taiing water because its meting poit sla fess TOP: te Eaieg amt ow at: @e * TAKE NOTE = ie Iran fet chat tess aes fat Hey feve Sih deste bang pois tecaue of sto | brows lic hall He cbse we | * TAKENOTE ii Mercury feng 2 mee fas 9 High boing point How ever becuse ofits low meting pant itis aivays 2 ul at orn | denpersiara Question 6 | | (a) State the basic units of matter present in | {) Oxygen gas i{ (i) Solid sodium chloride ii | \ | (ii) Molten aluminium oxide (9) HI (0) Substance A melts at 28C and boils at 246°C. In the boxes below show the | arrangement of the particles at the given temperature. i| 16C 262C ag ' [SCIENCE - §124/P3/a1/2007] KNOWING THE EXAMINERS’ MIND™ -CHEMISTRY 2 02015 A Product Of Initiative BusinessWORKED SOLUTIONS fein () Oxygen atoms (ii) Sodium and chloride atoms : (ii) Aluminium and oxygen atoms to soy bs “TAME NOTE . pe + ABE te sbstonce wat be in sald sete because thas oot yet rected Be meting pore (2%) ~ At 2820 te suistance woul fave past the baling pant tence it would be in gas state tion 7 ‘Matter is made up of tiny particles. One piece of evidence that shows the particulate nature of matter is the process of diffusion, Explain what is meant by the term ‘diffusion’. (2) ) In what state(s) of matter does diffusion occur? 2} i) A gas jar of oxygen was inverted and placed on top of a gas jar containing nitrogen dioxide as shown in figure 1.1 below. Se fey 2681 _-Oxygen (colourless gas} | ieee FE oe State any two factors which affect the rate of diffusion. (2) \ Nitrogen dioxide (red-brown gas) KNOWING THE EXAMINERS’ MIND™ —CHEMISTRY 2 ©2015 A Product Of initiative Business(©) Complete the diagram on figure 1.1 B to show the arrangement of the molecules of the two gases after being left in contactfor 15 to 30 minutes. 2} (SCIENCE -51243/01/2008) (a) Diffusion is the movement of particles = of their iower concentration down the: ii) Diffusion occurs only in gases and fx * TAKE NOTE Gilsin des rat coor in sods bec partis i sits ore in 2 fied stim ant any vlvale ty derehre move frm ore regen te acti: lil) Factors affecting the rate of diffusion inciude; temperature, concentration gradient and Particle size. * TAKE NOTE Tenperatre wher lrmprstres ae tig sald ar fnid pertoes gain mare hii cory and move fister ad versa Gmeeivatn gett diisin i ister if tere & a brgr direrce in te caceralin of packs fetvenn regions Patol see gereraly. te greater te sie of te partichs te geste te mass aud so is te weigt Terebre par which are heavier move sturly whie tose which are latter mave fster (b) how jcolourisse goe) _ Nitrogen diowide Irodnawn gas) KNOWING THE EXSMINERS’ MIND™ - CHEMISTRY 2 ©2015 A Product Of Initiative BusinessTAME MOTE Bats of nibagn dave nore fam ber aes of high comentatin ty tat of Heir Inver cocerbaiin (désin) ard! & oxygen pertoks Ths eventely resus in the pertobs of the axses being evenly spread trowfeut te contarer, Tiss is an istration of dfision of the CONCISE INFORMA DIFFUSION) ¥_ Diffusion is the movementof liquid or gaseous p concentration to a region of lower concentration ¥ The states of matter in which diffusion oc: “Factors that affect the rate of aiffusion. particle size. ' Y Even distribution of particles in iquids or the even spread of gases are usirations of diffusion, a region © your knowledge on the kinetic theory of matter to suggest a reason for each of the following ‘occurrences. and vice {2) Wet clothes dry up faster on warm days than on cold days. [1] ) Solid ice loses its shape when it melts. 1] (0 Salt dissolves faster in hot water than in cold water. 11) fetwen two fd) When sugar is dissolved into a glass of water even without stirring, the water soon tastes ‘sweet {1} ISCIENCE - §124/3/01/2010} WORKED SOLUTIONS (a) Water particles in wet clothes gain more kinetic energy from high temperatures on a warm day and evaporate faster from the clothes, resulting in quick drying of the clothes. * TAKE NOTE The higher the temperature the ster the movement of pertcles on an average KNOWING THE EXAMINERS’ MIND™ ~ CHEMISTRY 2 ©2015 A Product OF Initiative Business(b) Particles in solid ice vibrate in a fixed position, however as the ice melts, it gains heat which breaks the strong forces that hold the particies together. This resuits in particles being able toslide over each other and move in different directions. resuiting in loss of shape. “TAKE NOTE The only matin evident rong suid partcbs: faving a bred shape however, parts in i hed shape ho (c) The salt particles move faster with increased Hence the faster the movementof the salt particles. moiecules and dissolve. (d) When sugar is dissolved in a glass of water, the particles of sugar begin to spread out evenly (diffuse) resuiting in sweetening of the water even without stirring. ng érces tetweer pertiobs which resus in sais fross and axe fee tn move cient resulting im no from the heat in the hot water they collide with water * TAKE NOTE Difision tckes place CONCISE INFORMATION (KINETIC THEORY OF MATTER) V. The kinetic theory of matter explains the physical properties of matter in terms of the movement and behaviour of its constituent particles. V The answers relating to the Kinetic theory should be based on the movement of particles in relation to kinetic energy and heat. ¥ Appropriate assumption of the kinetic theory can be used to explain the physical behaviour of matter, These are as follows: 4. All matter is made up of tiny moving particles, invisible (o the naked eye 2. Different substances have different types of particles (atoms, ions, molecules) which have different sizes 3. The particles move at all times. The higher the temperature, the faster the movement} of the particles on average. | al 4. Smaller particles move faster than larger ones. | } KNOWING THE EXAMINERS’ MIND™ ~CHEMISTRY 2 02015 A Product Of initiative BusinessCHAPTER 2 SEPARATION TECHNIQUES ‘the apparatus used 2) As asource ofheat [1] ) For measuring a fixed volume of liquid (1) {(c) For drying substances or keeping them free from moisture {1} }) For measuring temperature (1) (e) For separating immiscible liquids (1) [SCIENCE -5124/F3102/2007) WORKED SOLUTIONS (a) Bunsen burner (0) Pipelte (©) desicator (d) Laboratory thermometer (e) Separating funnel KNOWING THE EXAMINERS’ MIND™ ~CHEMISTRY 2 ©2015 A Product Of initiative BusinessQuestion 2 : Use the list of separation techniques below to answer the qi E : ’ 1 4 Fractional cistilation /Simple ‘distilation /Use of separating funnel omatograpny ‘Evaporation ‘Filtration. Choose one method from the lst above whichvean be used to separate - {a) Sand from water. i] (0) Oil fomwater. 1 (©) Waterfrom ink. (1 44) Sulpher from iron filings, 7 {e) Salt from parrafin. (11 ‘ {a) Filtration. {b} Use of separating funnel. * TAKE NOTE EE dares te it aan EA ir sopoatie bys tecrine Pay casi nee oe te i This car be istrated 35 Blows seputing tnoel incl Huis gtt onset ae wee. KNOWING THE EXAMINERS’ MIND™ = CHEMISTRY 2 (02015 A Product Of Initiative Business lla EESiete ed flask pre “elsod eta sree burner stand beaker mbdure of sand and water filter paper Eom \ ) a od a bottomed flask (es residui ae clear liquid ‘) Polymerisation ii) Combustion . CISE INFORMATION (SEPARATION OF SOLUTES AND SOL VENTS) | Pupils commonly mistake the separation methods for solutes and solvents. A solute is 2 substance that dissolves in a liquid (solvent) and is separated from the solvent by “evaporation or crystallisation. A solvent is a liquid in which a solid (solute) dissolves. It ‘an de separated from the solute by evaporating the liquid and then condensing it, in , KNOWING THE EXAMINERS’ MIND™ ~CHEMISTRY 2 \ ©2015 A Product Of initiative Businessa process called distillation. The boiling point of the fiquid is usually very mucn io than that of the dissolved solid, therefore when heat is applied the liquid evaporat bofore the solute can. For insoluble solids like sand, the liquid can simply b separated from the sand by use of a filter paper in a filter funnel and a beaker, process knoun as filtration. wz shows the pieces of apparatus used to separate a certain mixture. Liquid is ‘then condensed. The liquid can easily be tapped off in a flask using the apparatus jo water out beaker | a 7S — tas c tripod stant bunsen burner. (ras (a) Name the separation technique used, (1) (b) State the type of mixture that can be separated by this method. [1] (c) State the name of the apparatus labelled; DA Bs. 2) (d) State the term used to describe liquid C. 11) () State bne large sale use of this seperation technique. {1} [CHEMIsTRYis070272/2010] KNOWING THE EXAMINERS’ MIND™ ~CHEMISTRY2 ©2015 A Product Of initiative Business ee est bininne— WORKED SOLUTIONS _ ilation (i.e. Simple distillation) ‘solution (mixture of a solute and a solvent) canbe separated using this technique. MOTE 6 used 1 separate hil Frm soltin fer ts meted to lil mast fave 2 lover beg pant the sobte dssobed in itso thet @ con evaporate with He ae bat ad ten enced in te arcbnse. sole mst fe arm-valotle oe sich tat i cess rat go io i) A: is a round bottomed flask / distillation il) Bis a iebig condenser. The liquid collected after the proc is a distillate ' Large scale uses of distillation include: i) Making distilled water for filing of car batteries. ji) Making distiled water for dissolving medicines (such as powdered injectables) id C 'wo miscible liquids with boiling points of 78-C and 100°C where accidentally mixed. (a) Name the process which canbe used to separate the mixture. (1) . (b) Drawa labeled diagram showing the arrangement of the apparatus used to separate the mixture. (©) Explain how you can obiain hydrated sodium sulphate crystals from an aqueous solution of sodium sulphate. 2} y [SCIENCE - 5124370272012] KNOWING THE EXAMINERS’ MIND™ ~CHEMISTRYZ 02015 A Product OF Initiative Business(a) Fractional distillation TAKENOTE Frectional iistlation process: thes advantage afte diferent baiing paits of miscible liuids to separate ten first part of the liquid (c) Hydrated sodium sulphate crystals canbe obtained from an aqueous solution of sodium suiphate by means of evaporation. Heat the solution nan evaporating dish. This will cause the water to evaporate leaving behind the hydrated sodium sulphate. Question 6 Paper chromatography was usedto catch forger. A sample of ink, X froma forged signature was compared with inks from the pens of five suspects, The diagram below shows the chromatogram obtained. starting lie KNOWING THE EXAMINERS’ IND™ ~ CHEMISTRY 2 (92015 A Product Of initiative Business(b) Which of the inks A. B, C.D, or & could hace been used to write the forged signature? n (c) Which of the inks is insoluble in water? 11) {a) Draw the apparatus you would use to produce the chromatogram (2) a s [SCIENCE ~ 5124P3/082012), WORKED SOL (b) Ink D “TAKE NOTE ht D prodved tvo spots and at sini pasiios to spots fam id X fom érged sipatre indcatng that the ink i te same (e)ink A “TAKE NOTE ink A wasinmabile indeating dat it od not dissolve in water yuestion 7 substance D contains three dyes, two of which are soluble in water, while the other is soluble. cover plote. At the start of the experiment KNOWING THE EXAMINERS’ MIND” -CHEMISTRY 2 ©2015 A Product Of Initiative Business{a) Sketch ine results one would expect to see if ink spot D were separated by paper chromatography. (2 (©) Why was a pencil used to mark the baseline instead of mk? {¢) Why must he baseline be placed above the level of water at the start of the experiment? us (d) Define RY value of a solute. () State one commercial application oF ehromatography. {1} {GHEMASTRYSO70/2/2/2007) spots on different positions ginal spot. * TAKE MOTE The ged soot cis trex bret subtaces of erent sles of which two are soible ad oe is mat The meant of 2 séstence in cfrovetag at ends on is sabily in te provid sabent in His case water. I ey abe des wl axand wires whe te ae te wi rt asad resi be rests Ain He wore site te sobte te qicker de movarert of te de Weslly stsrted dyes ave carried srg care rapily by te abercing saver . (b) A pencil is used to mark the baseline Instead of ink because ink contains a mixture of ayes and can affect or interfere with the results ofthe experiment Py producing more other spots. (c) The baseline must be placed above the solvent to enable the solvent (water) to ascend up the fiter paper and dissolve the dye so that is components can De separated while being carried along by the advancing solvent. KNOWING THE EXAMINERS’ MIND™ ~CHEMISTRY 2 ©2015 A Product Of initiative Businessf value is the distance travelled by a given component divided by the distance travelled = by the solvent front. 7 : sl e solvent front lermaiemta lea | component A he 2 | q sriginal spot {| ; iamaecara aay Y a (€) Commercial applications of chromatography i ~ Identifying the flavouring comp ~ Separating pigments in planis. ‘ - Separating antibiotic drugs from growing Separating amino acids from proteins. CONCISE INFORMATION (CHROMATOGRAPHY) \\ ¥ Ascending Chromatography ~ + In ascending chromatography the solute components are carried along by the solvent being absorbed by the paper and are also re-dissolved, Components that are easily absorbed lag behind, while those that are not easily absorbed are carried along by the rapidly advancing solvent. The solute compounds eventually become separated at different levels forming colored bands. TIP@ a person who has studied and prepared for an exam will finish answering faster than one who thas not studied and prepared, in the same way, an easily absorbed dye will appear first and closest to the original spot, while a not easily absorbed dye will appear after the easily absorbed dye. As shown below. solvent front(solvent moves upwards) 1 not easily absorbed dye + easily absorbed dye original spot KNOWING THE EXAMINERS’ MIND™ —CHEMISTRY 2 ©2015 A Product OF initiative Business—~—~—S~—sS “This method is used to separate liquids (soivents) from their solutions v Fractional distillation This method is used fo separate miscible liquids wih different boting poms. ¥ Chromatography = This is a lechnique used to separate mixtures of solute using @ solvent and a separating medium. KNOWING THE EXAMINERS’ MIND™ = CHEMISTRY 2 2015 A Product Of initiative BusinessF | CHAPTER J ATOMIC STAUC TURE/CHEMICAL BONDING Question 4 jent hydrogen and their nucleon (2) The table below shows the three isotopes 0 aber of particles in the three {mass) numbers. Complete the table to sh nuclides, ‘Symbol = neutrons 8 (®) Constructan equation for the reaction between D20 and calcium. 14) ISCIENCE ~ 5124300122006] WORKED SOLUTIONS (a) ‘Symbor name | Nucleon (mass) | profons neutrons ‘num Hydrogen | 7 7 0 1 D Deuterium [2 i 7 1 r tritium: 3 7 2 j * TAKE MOTE ‘topes love te save pratn ranter lot diferent ess (ruckan) rnder. Wht ae Heir meses to be ferent is tei ilerences: i tat neuron murder. Kaaving ter prota rater and ter ress mbors you om ise He enetion toby ty celusle te mass mbar Mass munber = prot number + newton number (b) 0.0 + Ca Ca(OD), + D, A KNOWING THE EXAMINERS’ MIND” -CHEMISTRY2 BN ©2015 A Product OF Initiative Business paQuestion 2 (a) Whatis meant by the term proton number ofan element? (1) (©) The diagram below shows the structure of an atom of the element B. () Complete t the three different sub-atomic particles presentin an ‘Sub-atomic paracle ‘Number of particles Name of parce | (i) Inwhich group of the periodic table is element B found? {1} (ii) State the formuia of an ion formed By elementB. [ {o) Element B reacts with magnesium to form @ compound. Constructa ‘dot and cross’ cjagram to show the bonding between element B and magnesium. (show outer shell only.) ISCIENCE - 5124910912007 WORKED SOLUTIONS She ee (a) Proton number is the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom. (o) @ Sub-atomnic particle Tumber ofparicies _| Name of particle x 9 elements i % 70 neutrons : 0 9 protons KNOWING THE EXAMINERS’ mInD™ CHEMISTRY 2 ©2015 A Product Of Initiative Businessouter shell. The element has ‘seven electrons in the in group VAL Gi) — TAKE NOTE strrent Bets: ov eleciron ob atta ie outer shell, therefore, itis (i) Group seven vt Toke note: group number is determined by the number of electrons in the () = iets] luestion 3 diagram below represents electrons (x) arrangement of a Particular atom. Study this am and answer the questions that follow. (2) The relative atomic mass of the atom represented is 32. (Whats its nucleon number? 1] \ (i) Whatis the neutron number of the atom? (1) ©} (i) in which group of the Periodic Table is the element found? (i). Explain your answer in (b) (i) (1 ISCIENCE ~5124/P3/04/2002) KNOWING THE =XAMINERS' MIND™ —cHEMISTRY 2 ©2015 A Product Of initiative Businessa Nucleon number is 32 Note: nucleon number is same as atomic mass (i) Neutegn number is 16 TAKE NOTE textron ronda = mess runter - pralon ruber (b) (Group wv (i) Group number is equal ta the number of electrons in the outer shell. There are 6 electrons in the shell the atom given. Question 4 ‘An element has an isotope with a nucleon number of 7. Each neutral ator of this isotope has three electrons and a nucleus containing two different types of particles. {a) Give the names of these particles and the number of the particles present in each nucleus. [23 Name of particle. ‘Number of particles. [eS ee ee ii) Compare the masses and the electrical charges of these particles Masses: Electrical charges: (b) Whatis the difference in the nuclei of this atom and its isotope whose nucleon number is 67 in ISCIENCE - 5124/P372010) KNOWING THE EXAMINERS’ MIND™ ~CHEMISTRY 2 ©2015 A Product Of initiative BusinessWORKED SOLUTIONS Name of partic! Number of particles] Proton Neutron * TAKE MOTE horde 7 avive at te rnter of pvtoles in an aim te A te gestn dove te mess number is given as 7 ard we we ntrned tet te cbcton anter & te grat auter i opel t te electron murber, hence tis abo 3 The nedron remier is obtsned as blows Heatran 19 = Mess ro ~ Ataris ng il) The proton has a mass of 1 a.m.u. and itis positively charged, whereas the neutron has a mass of 1 a.m.u. but has no charge. ) The two nuclei have different neutron numbers. The isotope with mass number 7 has 4 Neutrons while the isotope with mass number 6 has 3 neutrons. TAKE NOTE 8 ats of te sare alrent faving te same rumter of protrs but dient runter of metros and anters: Iie blowing ia smmay ot sineites nd dterences ang ispes Soils Mater af pericles e They ave atoms of te same elerent They keve diferent mass nurters | [oe bare te sare rrber of protons, They hve dierent ranter of rations . KNOWING THE EXAMINERS’ MIND™ ~CHEMISTRY2 (©2015 A Product Of initiative BusinessMOTE whet makes ter messes difrent is te diene in te nerter of redrons sive tei prot asters ae te sare in isotypes of te sare cement CONCISE INFORMATION (ATOMIC STRUCTURE) Atoms are made up of three fundamental particles, namely protons, neutrons and electrons. The protons and neutrons are contained in the nucleus’ electrons revolve around the nucleus on paths called shells or energy levels. shell electron, nucleus ( Characteristics of fundamental Particle Relative atomic mass Proton a = Neutron 7 ar “Neutral L Electron 11840 -7 ¥ Atomic and Mass numbers ‘* Atomic no: the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom. Itis also referred to as proton number. ‘* Mass ng; the sum of the number of protons and neutrons in a nucleus of an atom. itis also called the nucleon number. Question 5 Fluorine can form either covalent or ionic bonds. {a} Draw an electron shell diagram to show the bonding in; i) Sodium fluoride NaF, showing all the electrons. ii) Fluorine, F showing all the electrons. () Explain why sodium fluoride has a higher melting point than fluorine. [CHEMISTRYi5070/2/212007) KNOWING THE EXAMINERS’ MIND™ —CHEMISTRY 2 (©2015 A Product Of Initiative BusinessSPL er [ees] * TAKE MOTE ie baring the type of bondag tet tales ple between 2 el and 2 ron-mel where te met lees eictols) ad te cornet gets fe save dbcrans) dom Be terciey process trnig bth ins aged ars Geb (Me) fas 1 ebcrons (rain nurter =i) and as cereion 5s 23 it teratre reeks to bee te any ekcton in ds aterrast Stel ix att sibity aad a exert Seed wich wil rit in fearing a pesive ion (cater! with @ coderatin of 26 Aarne on te olber Yond fas 9 ckatons (wroin rune = and is eect cograton is 27, “it theretre hes seven doctors in iis autermost sted and needs to gain one elec i atin tity, and 9 EB cxtrmast shel wich wil rest nit becom 3 cegatve in (tn) with 2 condgrtin af 28. Hirce in te above statin te obcirar fst by Sedum is gated by Roarke, irming apmsitly cerged ers wtih athact exch offen. érming an ionic bond (ice of atraction between a caton and an aris.) i * TAKE NOTE roe endrges covet body wit) iso Covobet toniiy the ocnes fatwa nonmetal This type of boing ivoles te shorty of ebctrans by both navmetsls so tat bath can attan stability. bh te dove sivaton both atoms of huorce reed oe more obctron in ter outer tel 9 be sible feme tere twa abcrons with each otter to frm ahend (b) The force of attraction between Sodium and fluorine is stronger compared to the force of attraction between the shared electrons, as 2 result, sodium fluoride(NaF) requires a lot of energy (hich ‘= niporature) for the bond to be broken, hence the melting point is higher. KNOWING THE EXFMINERS' MIND™ -CHEMISTRY2 ©2015 A Product Of Initiative BusinessCONCISE INFORMATION (BONDING) ¥ Atoms combine with each other by forming bonds. Y Bonding is usually as NaCl itis an average of (d) Relative atomic mass of chlorine is not a whole mes the masses of the chlorine isotopes (e) The two ions (Na* and CF) dby the opposite cherges. Question 7 Figure 2.1 below shows the structure of a compound. Figure 2.1 (a) Name the compound shown. 1} (b) Write down the chemical formuta of the compound. [1] (c) What type of bonding is presentin the compound? [1] mn {a} State any two physical properties you would expect the compound to have. 2} [SCIENCE - 8124/P312008) KNOWING THE EXAMINERS’ MIND™ —CHEMISTR’ 92015 A Product Of initiative Business{a} Magnesium oxide {b) MgO (c) lonic bonding — {@) “The compound is soluble in ie solve pound is:a solid at room tem water, but insoluble in organi -The com} perature. Question 8 (a) Draw electron shell diagram tost 1) Magnesium O iiy Lithium fluoride 7 (b) Explain why: good conductors of electricity. (1) i) metals are Jy metting and baling points. {17 tonic compounds have Fie [CHEMISTRYIS070/272008] KNOWING THE EXAMINERS’ MIND™ = CHEMISTRY 2 Product Of Initiative Business 2015 Af¢) |) Metals have free mobile (delocalized) electrons, which makes them able to conduct electricity. i) lonie compounds have high melting and boiling points due to strong electrostatic forces of attraction between ions hence, breaking such bonds requires great energy.(high temperatures) Question 9 The diagram below shows the dot and cross and the electrons. (2) Use the Periodic Table to deduce the chemical and structural formulae of compound Rg (b) Compare the bonding in compound R to that in calcium chloride. (1) (c) Explain the difference in electrical conduetivity between compound R and calcium chloride when in liquid form. (2) i ISCIENCE -5124/P3/022001] WORKED SOLUTION {a) Chemical formula; CS, Structural formula: S=C=S (b) The bonding in compound R involves sharing of electrons while that in calcium chloride involves transfer of electrons. | 6) In liquid form compound R does not conduct electricity while calcium chloride does. ‘This is because unlike compound R the electrons are delocalized and mobile in calcium chloride. KNOWING THE EXAMINERS’ MIND™ —CHEMISTRY2 (©2015 A Product Of initiative BusinessQuestion 10 Element E whose proton number 1s 7 combines with hydrogen to form a gas element E. tt) the name of the gas? {*} = chemical formula of the Gas. ['] ‘of bonding holds the atoms together in this compound? 1 sty of the gas that is due to the type of bonding it has. [1] of bonding. {1 [SCIENCE - 512 4372017) WORKED SOLUTIONS (a) Nitrogen, (b) Ammonia gas. ic) NH (d) Covalent bonding. (€) Due to its type of bonding, ammoriais simple molecule with low melting point and low pI boiling point. (Carbon dioxide (also water, hydrogen chloride, ete), qHE EXAMINERS’ MIND™ = CHEMISTRY 2 KNOWING 02015 A Product OF Initiative BusinessSUMMARY (ionic AND COOVALENT BONDING} oe ¥ lonic bonding is the bonding that occurs between metals and non-metals and involves the transfer of electrons) from the metal (o the non-metal and ions are formed in the process. An ionic bond is formed during this process. * Characteristics ofionic compounds include; They are made up of cations (positively che charged non-metal ions) They conduct electricity in aqueous so They are soluble in water but not in o They have generally high meting and b They are non-volatile and g * Characteristics of covalent compounds include, They are made up of molecules. They do not conduct electricity in any state. They are insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents such as petrol or ethanol They have low melting and boiling points They are generally volatile. KNOWING THE &XAMINERS’ MIND™ -CHEMISTRY2 ©2015 A Product OF initiative BusinesseR 4 ‘| CHaArPT CHEMICAL CHANGE CAEACT! IONS) Question 4 |The reaction below takes place during the pro Icium oxide when cate rmally decomposed. carbonate is the! CaCO,(g) —r CO (8) + CO (9) (@ Give a common name for @ Calcium carbonate {1 (i) Callum oxide (4 (ii) Caletum hydroxide (1) (o) Whatis the chemical formula of calcium hyd onde? 1 SCIENCE 5124/P3I082008) WORKED SOLUTIONS ou em ae Chalidlimestone Limeiquick lime 0 oO} (iy Slaked time (@) Ca(OH): qHE EXAMINERS’ MIND™ = CHEMISTRY 2 Initiative Business KNOWING @2015 A Product Of a 7 ———————— EeADE NAMES OF CHEMICALS) ‘a fable below is a summary ofcommon and trade names we encounter in the ‘chemistry laboratory and names used in everyday life COMMON NAME CHEMICAL NAME FORMULA Alcohol Ethyl alcohol “S Baking Soda Sodium hydrogen NaHCO3 carbonate | Baking Powder Chalk/Egg Shells/Limesione7 Marble Diamond Lime/Quickline/Sand/Siica ‘Quartz ‘Siicondexide ‘Slaked Lime Caleium hydroxide ‘Ca{OR/2 ‘Soda Ash (Washing Soda) | Sodium carbonate NazCOZ Vinegar Acetic, ethanoic acid uestion 2 i following experiment was set up to investigate the effect of damp air on iron filings. The 1 duated cylinder contained 50cm3 of air at the start. ‘ton Slings —f@eMBBF—]__eraluta cylinder Apparatus a the stat Apparatus aller ¥ week KNOWING THE EXAMINERS’ MIND™ ~CHEMISTRY 2 ©2015 A Product Of initiative Business{ {@) State two changes which would be observed after 1 week. [2] (b) What volume of air was in the graduated cinder afer 1 week? ui (©) Calculate the % of air used up in the experiment. 2) [SCIENCE - 5124/P3109/2008] WORKED SOLUTIONS (@) 4. The iron filings will turn brown 2. The water level in the (b) 400m3 of air « Question 3 2. Write a word equation for the reaction between Sodium hydroxide and Ammonium sulphate. [1] b. Sodium hydroxide also reacts with sulphuric acid to form Sodium sulphate and Water. i) Write a balanced chemical equation with state symbols for the reaction of sodium hydroxide with sulphuric acid. [1] ji) Write an ionic equation for the above reaction. [1] [CHEMIsTRYI5070/2/2008} WORKED SOLUTIONS a. Sodium hydroxide + ammonium sulphate —» sodium sulphate + ammonia gas + wat b. i) 2NaOH foq"+ H2SO4 (aq) ——————> Na2so4 (aq) + 2H20 i» Wihteg tON ey tere HO@ LA SNOWING THE EXAMINERS’ MIND" ~CHEMISTRY 2 ie (©2015 A Product Of initiative BusinessCONCISE INFORMATION (CHEMICAL EQUATIONS) Y The reaction between Sodium hydroxide and sulphuric acid is an example of a neutralisation reaction. in this type of reaction an acid (sulphuric acid) reacts with a base (sodium hydroxide) to form water and a salt. ¥ Chemical equations — An equation is a chemicalsentence that describes what is going on in a chemical reaction. Chemical Ons aro always ston an the reactants on the left and products on the Reactant(s) = (LHS) The equation can contain the names of the substances. in, added to the sj siates of the substances; (s)- solids () ~ liguids (g)—gases (aq) — aqueous [substance dissolved in water] ¥ Steps to writing correct formulae equation. + Write the correct symbols for the reactants and work out the formulae for the compounds formed using the valencies of the participating elements or radicals. add the state symbols to the formulae of the products and reactants + Balance the equation. uestion 4 (a) Oxidation can be described as either the addition of oxygen to a substance or the removal of hydrogen from a substance. Study the reactions below and state whether the substance has been reduced or oxidised. 1) Copper(i) oxide + ammonia Copper + nitrogen + water ji) Carbon dioxide + carbon ______, Carbon monoxide iil) Iron(ii) oxide + aluminium ——_______,. Auminium oxide + iron 131 KNOWING THE EXAMINERS’ MIND™ -CHEMISTRYZ E~\ ©2015 A Product OF initiative Business{o) Steam reacts with carbon 25 chown in the chemical equation. H20(9) + CIs) nets EOI) ot COW) ent. Give a reason for your answer. Identify the oxidising [SCIENCE -5126/P3/07/2010] WORKED SOLUTIONS (a ) Oxidised ji) Reduced ii) Oxidised eo HO bs the oxising agent. This's because ang isa ceto be oxidised 2 3d, In the {b) In the reaction: substancewhich causes another substan reaction, water loses oxygen (reduced) 0 carbon which is © monoxide. agent while ret 225 * TAKE NOTE Asiistance tht causes idetion is an oxidsing Question 5 ‘The diagram below shows the action of hydrogen on ORE a cone at sounely exAMiNeRs' HIND™ — CHEMISTRY 2 1 Of Initiative Business KNOWING THE 02015 A Product eileSUMMARY (CHEMICAL REACTIONS) v Types of reactions 7. Decomposition Reactions in which a single compounds broken down into two or more products €.9. CaCOs (5) BM 4CaO pe) + COrgy S 2 Double decomposition Reagtions in which tno compounds te lecomposed and two new substances are formed by an exchang AB + CD=AD + CB; CuSO.+H,8S———>_ CuS +H.8 reversed by changing the condi CuSO.'5H,0 25> CuSO, +H:0 4. Displacement reaction Reactions that occur when a more reactive elements) takes the place of a less reactive element{s) in its compound. A more reactive metal can displace a less reactive metal ion from its salt Zig, + CuSO; ——¥ZNSO aa) + CU) 5. Endothermie reaction Reagtions which involve absorbance of heat from the surrounding. Ithas a positive change of enthalpy (4 H),; 9. fo Nowa) + Vz Oi) ———» NO AH = +90.3 kJ 6. Exothermic reaction Reactions vhich involve release of heat to the surrounding. It has a negative charge of enthalpy (AH); 0.9. C) + Ozi) ——® COayy A H= - 40.6 k/mo! / KNOWING THE EXAMINERS’ MIND™ —CHEMISTRY2 Ce ‘ 62015 A Product OF hiiatve Business 4 [2CHAPTER 5 acioS, BASES AND SALTS Question 4 j (a) Whatis an acid? (11 3 (b) Describe what you would see when a lite C 4) oxide is warmed with dilute nitric acid. (1) {¢) In what way is Copper (I) oxide Pen ———— i (a) An acid is a chemical substance that produces hydrogen fons (EF) 2s the only positive ion when dissolved in water. (©) Crystaline solids would be formed in he solution. + TAKE MOTE Liane ee Hd + Gthtbe (6) Copper (ll) Oxide is behaving as 2 base whieh neutralizes acids: “+ TAKE NOTE fh a ratralsation reactor the base reas with &n acl to frm asa and wats ay. CONCISE INFORMATION (REACTION OF ACIDS AND BASES) “yan acid is @ chemical substance that produces hydrogen ions (H") when dissolved in water, For example, When hydrogen Chioride is dissoived in water, it produces inydrogen ions (positively charged) and chiorine ions (negatively charged) as follows: [ele eS coerreaeminy Roh: Hoag + Cl eon Y Reaction of acids with bases. «Acids react with bases (metal oxides and hydroxides) to form salts at the point oF reuiralisation. Water is also produced in the reactions. ‘Acid + Base > Salt * Water e.g. Copper (il) Oxide + Nitric acid _——— > _ Copper (i) nitrate + Water CuO + 2HNO; ——————> 1:0 * Cu(NOs)2 cud is acting as the bese in this reaction to neutralise the acid. KNOWING THE EXAMINERS TIND™ — CHEMISTRY 2 92015 A Product Of initiative Business ————— CL,int of Question 2 Figure below shows a pH scale and the pH value of four solutions A, B, C,and D (a) Which of the solutions is likely to be: i) Sodium chioride. 11 ii) Hydrochioric acid. (1) (b) State the ion which is responsible for: i) Acidity. (1 it) Alkalinity. (1) (c) What type of reaction 0 equation for the re ISCIENCE - 51243/2008] WORKED SOLUTIONS @jc * TAKE NOTE i Sadun obtrite is 2 sat which is 2 prodet of rextrelsaton reaction Therebre it is expected to be nextral with a pil j oT * i) A * TAKE MOTE Aydactioni: acid is a strong aid and is expected tr have 2 very low pH Sa according to the given scale bydochiric Acid can arly be Aas it tas the lowest pil of Iw hile B kes a all too high fr an avid (0) ) Hey * TAKE NOTE Fan Oe i fw» ht re 1 th tt eB re aailly, i) Oea, * TAKE NOTE Hpchacide ins or ary Weide ims are respnsible ir akabnily. » (c) Neutralisation reaction KNOWING THE EXAMINERS’ MIND™ —CHEMISTRY2 Ms ©2015 A Product Of initiative Business |= TAKE MOTE srl is He Brain of water Fort firmed ding the process foric expation: Haq * OM tay pie is oa ae) ed Kreger i (2 where 2 sat —— th» rack os on wring is epatins on tion Spe Question 3 ‘pn acid is said to have a sour taste. e sour taste? ff . 1 (@) () Whatparticle of an acids responsible for thé (i) Give a reason why hydrogen chloride has no effectonad {b) Describe how you would distinguish between weak acid (0), Sodium hydroxide can react with a certain acidic oxide tof Sulphite. Name the acidic oxide. 11 (@) Write balanced chemical equation for he reaction {e) Deduce the net ionic equation for the reaction in @ m [cHEMisTRYI50707220141 (a) (i) the hydrogen ion TAKE NOTE scidty is dtrmined by the presence af te hydrogen ion (iy Hydrogen chloride is 2 nevtralgalt (b) Astrong acid dissociates completely while 2 weak acid dissociates partially (©) Sulphuric acid (@) 2NAOH + HED, Naps * 24:0 (e) OH + 2H" > 2H.0 CONCISE INFORMATION (pH SCALE) Strong and Weak acids SION ANOWING THE XANES MIND” ~ CHEMISTRY 2 \ ©2015 A Product Of Initiative Business .> Astvong acids one which onizes issociaies) compelaly in aqueus STAliON, The following are strong acids; Name Formula lonization Hydrochioric acid Hci [Bat Crew Sulphuric acid FeSO. | Bilieg * SO J Nitric acid HINOs | es NO x00) © A weak acid is one which only d aqueous solution. The ionization is reversible and is indic ¥ pH scale * This isa scale designed by chemists to indicate if a solution is acicic, neutral or alkaline. I is also the measure of how acidic or alkaline a solution is and is numbered from 0 to 14. 01234 567 5 9 19111213 44 eS 0 Cees Thaeeaing sey ( THeTESsIAg SIESTA? The lowerthe pH, the stronger the scdil naa) — Thehigher the pH, aura TM 2 stronger the sik * A substance is acidic if its pH is lower than 7, and the substance is alkaline if its pH is higher than 7 ‘© If the concentration of OH" and H" ions is equal, then the substance is neutral, meaning the pH is exactly 7. KNOWING THE EXAMINERS’ MIND™ -CHEMISTRY 2 ive BusinessA group of students measured the PH of some substances they found results are shown below. in their houses. The Substance a pH [eee ee | Fepes 30 Baking Soda (sodium hydroxide: a Black coffee 50 Household ammonia 0 Lemon juice * Wik al ‘Salt = 70 Sugar F TO _ [Toothpaste a0 Vinega_ a 30 ‘Washing Seda (sodium carbonate) 15 (a) Suggest what the students used to measure the pH of the above substances {1] (b) Which solution is the most: i) Acidic, 11 ii) Akaline. 1] (c) Which solutions are neutral? (21 (@) A fist aid kit manual suggests that vinegar should be used to treat wasp stings and baking soda for bee stings. i) What does this information tell you about the chemical nature of wasp stings? [1] ii) f there was no baking soda in the house, what other household substance could you use to treat bee stings? (1) (@) Vinegar contains ethanoic acid, CH:COOH. \Write down a balanced chemical equation for the reaction that occurs when vinegar is added to a sample ‘of washing soda. [2] [oHeMIsTRY 5070727272007] 02015 A Product Of Initiative Business KNOWING THE EXAMINERS’ MIND™ CHEMISTRY 2WORKED SOLUTIONS @)puimelers co TMM SZ (6) i) Lemon juice * TAKE MOTE The lover te pi te stronger te acitty, nth il) Household ammonia “TAKE NOTE The titer te pH te stage te ahalnity, on the ist oi (©) Salt and Sugar. * TAKE NOTE A neutral substance tes the pit (2) ) Awasp sting i act on the alkaline: ii) Toothpaste * TAKE NOTE Toatipaste tas the vate obsest to tat of taling sade terefore it would co te work of baling socks in rextalsing te bee sig (€) 2CHCOOH yy + NasCOyeq) — 2 H{COONAay + CO) + H:0.y i + TAME MOTE Hee! cxtnate «ail —————> sat + corbon diy + watr eacion of an al witha metal crtmate abvays radees tree predicts 2 mtd sot carton dove and water wuestion 5 }) A solid substance J, soluble in water is suspected to be either acidic or basic. Describe how you would determine whether Jis an acid or a base. {1] ) A small amount of vinegar was added to baking soda (sodium hydrogen carbonate). Effervescence occurred as a result, of the formation of a gas. i) Name the gas produced. {1} ii) Write an ionic equation for the reaction in which the gas is produced. (2) [CHEMISTRY5070/2/2010] KNOWING THE EXAMINERS’ MIND™ -CHEMISTRY 2 (©2015 A Product OF initiative Business ~\WORKED SOLUTIONS i (2) To determine whether substance J is acidic or basic, it must be given the litmus test: bbe, Then, either blue or red : First substance J should be dissoved in Wale 2° itis solu ' litmus paper can be used 10 determine whether the solution 15 acidic or alkaline. Blue | " Gtmus paper will turn red when dipPe § Sie mexiurn and remainyye when cIpPes inalkaline medium, while red firmus main red when dipped in an acicio medium and turn blue when dipped i (b) i) Carbon dioxide TAKE MOTE Trt tie reson, oe mst baw Bese HPS Sy brie bbrced ceri rscton icadng ste syrtcs ‘Sip 2 ine ststnces in apes se (ol as ant ini ergs) ito Wer recive ns (estns aed rts) ‘Sy 3 cael at os tat apr a7 fn ia te ent an oe cn ct Hr Fe singly t the sinplest whale ruber, tis wil rest in en iat egstion The tloving shows Faw the Steps are Sey (enced exstion (ahead tirced LHRETOH uy? HeLa DHLDING tx) * res + HO Step 2 frration of ions LD ie) (yt MDE tag > ED ty HB (ot hig t Hl Sip 3 carcaling the spectator ins aE ar +H tay Ho * HOD tu > Nes + chet ilo oy HOG fag > Ble * He ite tion KNOWING THE EXAMINERS mina” ~ CHEMISTRY 2 (©2015 A Product Of Initiative BusinessCONCISE INFORMATION (IDENTIFICATION OFACIDS & BASES) Litmus paper is usedin the identification of the nature of solutions (either basic or acidic). Red litmus paper turns blue in alkaline medium while blue litmus paper tums” red in acidic medium. — Other indicators si yl orange, phenolphttialein and bromothymel blue can ) Pure zine chloride is best prepared by a neutralization reaction. Suggest two reactants that could be used to prepare zine chloride and give the equation for the reaotion including State symbols. i) Reactant 4. 11) ; i) Reactant 2. (11 il) Equation. (2) Describe how you would prepare a sample of pure zinc chloride solution. (2) Describe how you would obtain zinc chloride crystals from the resulting solution. [cHEMsTRY 50702122006] WORKED SOLUTIONS normal salt is a salt which contains no replaceable hydrogen. Reactantt: Hydrochloric acid . Reactant 2: Zine hydroxide ) Equation: Zinc hydroxide + hydrochloric acid ——> Zine chloride + water ZNOH)ze) + HCl) ZAClaaq) + HO) ‘MOTE th a nedratsetion reaction a tese reacts with en acl frming a sal aud water KNGWING THE &XRMINERS' MIND” — CHEMISTRY 2 (©2015 A Product OF Initiative BusinessMeasure a volume of hydrochloric acid in a beaker. Add a litle at 2 time of zinc hydroxide solid to the acid in the beaker until sold is in excess. Fiter off the excess sodium hysroxide and collect the fitrate of Zinc chloride ‘To obtain the crystals, place the res4ang solution in an evaporating dish and heat the solution gently to co Remove the heat source and allow the solution to cool and ch e the crystals on a filter funnel with filter paper and wash them igtiled water. Put the orystals in between clean, ary fier A | These solids are the crystals of zinc chlor ATION (TYPES OF SALTS) ound sa fien the irydrogen fons in an acid are replaced by metal ions or ammonium ions. ¥ Types ofsalts; “¢ Normal salts: salts which contain no replaceable hydrogen ions @.9- Sodium chloride (table sal!) ‘Acidic salts: setts which contain replaceable hydrogen ions &:9- NaHSO. Basic salts: salts formed wen some ofthe base are retained together win metallic ions and the negative 7ans of acids e.g. Zn OH)C! Question 7 (a) Defire a salt and give one example. 21 (b) iron (t) sulphate (FeSO.) can be prepared by reacting iron metal with dilute sulphuric acid. i) Weitea balanced equation for he reaction. a i) Which reactant should be in excess? Bi {o) How would you obtain faily Pure crystals of ron () sulphate from #5 solution? 1 (d) Name a salt that can be prepared by precipitation. {11 jScieNCE-5124/P0/2/20101 KNOWING THE examiners’ MIND™ CHEMISTRY 2 ‘2015 A Product Of Initiative Business{b) i) Fea + Hs8O4 ox) ———® FESO saa) + Ho il) ron (Fe) should be in excess. (c) To obtain the pure crystals of Ion (Il) sulphate, fiter off the excess iron metal and heat the solution gently to concentrate it, Remove the solution from heat and allow it to cool so that the crystals can form. Filler off the crystals and wash them with a little cold distilled water, Dissolve the crystals in alittle volume of hot water, fter the solution and recrystallize them. Filter off any excess liquid and allow the crystals to dry on the fiter paper. The crystals formed are those of fairly pure lron(il) sulphate (d) barium sulphate. e * TAKE MOTE insotuble sats can te prepared by precpitation. iam sulphate (BaSO4) is an insoluble salt which is prepared by precipitation (a) Using sodium sulphate as one of the reactants: (i) Name the other reactant you would use to prepare barium sulphate. (1) (i) Write a balanced chemical equation for the reaction, include state symbols (2) (ii) Write an ionic equation for the reaction. (1) . {b) Briefly explain how you would obtain a fairly pure dry sample of the salt. (3 {(c) Name one salt that can be prepared by the reaction of a metal with a dilute acid, 1] (d) Calcium chloride (CaCl) can be prepared by reacting calcium carbonate and dilute hydrochloric acid as shownin vthe equation below: CaCO, {s) + 2HCI (aq) + CaCh (aa) + CO: (g) + H20 (1) Calculate the mass of calcium chloride produced by 150g of calcium carbonate. . (SCIENCES124/ P3/Q11 2011] KNOWING THE EXAMINERS’ MIND™ - CHEMISTRY 2 f (©2025 A Product Of Initiative BusinessWORKED SOLUTIONS ‘Barium chloride Bat (aq) + Na2SO: (ed) > BaSO, (s) + NaCk: (29) Bat’ + SO." + BaSO4 sample of salt, evaporate the water trom (p) To obtain a pure dry gently applying heat tothe solution o” the evaporating dish. Ait sisi Enains on the evaporated cool the remaining cone dish is dry salt. (c) Zine sulphate =f oo TAME NOTE te wire of ome med at BE sphnunc aod wilgee you 2c site (a) CacO:(s)* QHCI (aq) -* CaCl: (aa) * CO2(9) * H,0 (1) . mass? ‘Mol of CacOs= 450/100 =4.5mol Mole ratio for calcium carbonate to calcium chloride is 1:1, therefore, mol of CaCinis 4.5mol Mass of CaCl, = 1 5x11 = 166.59 KNOWING THE eXxAMINERS" FRIND™ — CHEMISTRY 2 ‘2015 A Product OF Initiative Business __ ____———figure below shows the properties and reactions of some substances. genlly Green Crystals nce Identify, by name or formula: (a) The green precipitate G (11 (b) The white precipitate | (c) The red-brown precipitate H [1} (d) The colourless liquid F (1) (e) The green crystals 11] [CHEMISTRY ~ 50701P2104/2009] WORKED SOLUTIONS (@) tron (I) of (Fe) (b) Chloride or (Cr (€) Iron (Ill) or (Fe**) (d) Water (@) Iron sulphate NB. see notes for use in quitaive andysis - appendic KNOWING THE EXAMINERS’ MIND™ ~CHEMISTRY 2 ©2025 A Product Of Initiative BusinessATION (SALT PREPARATION) its. The method chosen for ther it is soluble in water OF Beal general methods are used for preparing salt particular salt depends largely on whet eparing any preparing saits: not, The following simple rules are helpful in Soluble salts can be prepared by: Zine sulphate, 1) Action of an acid o jij Action of an acid on ii) Titration (neutralising ‘sodium chioride, Potassium nitrate insoluble saits can chioride Precipitation oF 9 ‘tor (e.g. barum sulphate, Lead and silver chionde)- KNOWING THE exA@MmiNeRs' MIND™ CHEMISTRY 2 Of Initiative Business ©2015 A Product anagemCHAPTER & STOICHIOMETRY AND MOLE CONCEPT Question 4 i) Ca(HCOs)s. (1) il) Ab (SOs. (b) When water containing dissolved calcium’ the calcium hydrogen carbonate decom Ca{HCOs)s ass i) Name the white solid formed in this equation. {f] ' i), If the water bolled contained 16.2g,of the calcium hydrogen c&rbonate, calculate the mass ofCaCO, formed. 2} [SCIENCE 5124312009] at WORKED SOLUTIONS ’) Relative formula mass: I i) 40+ (2x 1) +(2x 12) + (6x 16) = 162 : i) (2x 27) + (3 x32) + (12 x 16) = 342 * TAKE NOTE To fd the rebaive trmuis mass, the relative abniz masses of all the atoms in the trouts ave ated yp The loving srraxgment an be used tr clrity sale. To sabe tr the rms Ce(Hltele bst the elerents present and mutily tear tot! (anew) in the robes or compounds by ther relative atomic messes Ca © HO ne atomie mass summation 16 = 96 . 1 i2 llr 4M KNOWING THE EXAMINERS’ MIND™ -CHEMISTRY2 ©2015 A Product Of Initiative Businessvnc you mast abvays strt with te nae ofthe met in tt compound ten ater cpererts Os), > CaCO; +H,0 + COr @e 2g a not motes [Ca(HCOs).}= 16.29 + 1 -Mole ratio 1 ' -no moles of CaCO, is therefore! - mass of CacO,= 0.1 x 100 = 10g AE NOTE Santer of moles of a conpound is fand by using the Errata = moler mass: Fe given ms of a carpound (t you have ten giver te mbar of mas) és hand by usig te frou mass = ng of males x malar mass. (eck noes under (B br trher ‘jas on cabulation of mes: and masses of clerical eqtions) ‘Question 2 racted from iron (Il) oxide in a blast furnace. Oneof the main reactions in the Iron is ext furnace is Fe203+3CO S=——+ 2Fe+3C02 (a) Name two ores of iron. 2) (6) Calculate the relative molecular mass ofiron (Il) oxide, Fe203. (11 (¢) Whatis the mass of on that can be obtained from 80 tonnes of oiron (ill) oxide. (3) (@ ron often rusts. State three ways of preventing the rusting of iron. (31 (©) Give one use ofiron. 11) {SCEINCE ~51249P31G072012] KNOWING THE EXAMINERS’ MIND™ = CHEMISTRY 2 ©2015 A Product Of initiative Business4. Haematite (Fes0:) 2. Magnetite (Fe,0,) (b) 3X16= 48 2X56=112 160g Molecular mass of Fe,0; is 160g/mol (c) Fe20; +360 pam Sa 80 tones mass? Moles of Fe,O; = 80,000 000g/160gmor = 500, 000 mot Mol ratio of Fe203 to Fe is 1: 2, therefore, the mol of Fe is 1,000,000 mot Mass of Fe = 1,000,000 mol x 56g = 56, 000,000g 56 tones (d) Three (3) ways of preventing rusting are as follows: Galvanizing Electroplating . Olling and greasing Plastic coating (€) Iron is used for making hot water popes MOTE itis asa used in rang and Barer burner bases: oxide of iron, Fe,O. was reduced to iron using aluminium metal according to the equation low. 04 (S) + Al (8) + Fe (8) + AlzOs (8) KNOWING THE EXAMINERS’ MIND™ — CHEMISTRY 2 (©2015 A Product OF initiative Business a{a) White the balanced equation for the above reaction. (1) (b) 5.8g of the iron oxide, Fe,O, reacted completely with aluminium. Caiculate: () The mass of aluminium which reacted. (i) The mass of iron formed. : \ @) 3Fe,0, (s) + BAI (s) > SFE tb) Moles of FeO, 3:8 Therefore, mole of Al reacting with Fe304 is 0.066 mol Mass of Al = 0.066mol x 27g/mol = 1.789 (i). Mass of Fe Mole ratio Fe,O,: Fe= 3: 9, therefore, moles of Fe formed is 0.075 Mass of Fe = 0.075 x 56 = 4.29 ame *Take note: nan etn ree He rarer of de ot ass of re riot oes Ger te Gv sis con be use in eablate te ress mis of He ater spans Vid te mrder of mks of ie renes: whe mass gre lig ele rat bd oes te seis wie mess ye nen! t cane V bakalate te mess/rabine sig te aprarite trmule eg ess = res x mal 788 4. KNOWING THE EXAMINERS M\IND™ ~ CHEMISTRY 2 of ©2015 A Product Of Initiative Business oa re > foo‘CO and water are formed ‘when ammonis reacts with can 8 a solid from the reaction mi-ure. =))) Write 2 balanced chemicalequation including state symbols for this reaction 1 8) How many atoms of hycrogen a:2 presert in o7¢ molecule of Urea? {1} ©) What mass of urea in tonnes can be formed from S4tonnes of ammonia? [1) SCIENCE 512437272011) ji) 4 2loms of hydrogen alculation of the mass of urea 2NHy + CO. = —___» (NH), CO + H,0 + + mass? te: 1 tonne = 1 000 000g i No of moies of NH: = 34.000 000 g 17gImol = 2.000 000 mol = Mole gatio =2:1 0 ci moles of (NHs)2CO = 2.000 000 2 1.000 000 mol Mass of (NHe)2 CO = 4.000 000 molx 60 g/mol = 60 000 000g 80 tonnes KNOWING THE EXAMINERS’ MIND™ ~ CHEMISTRY 2 ©2015 A Product Of initiative BusinessQuestion 5 Part ofthe reste rte etacon fru es heeacon of antan Taanse (U4) with magnesium. UF4 +2Mg — 2MaF. +U me: A, state wheter Uranium s more cr less recive nan Mag answer. [1] (6) () Calculate the relative molecular mass Uranium () How many tonnes of Uranium car De P __ tonnes of magnesium? (21 (©) Natural Uranium has several (2) Uranium is less reactive than magnesium. This is because itis lower down the electrochemical series. Take note: a a rae tn mind that transton meas are less rescve than grup | ant metais. Y Onthe Periodic Table, reactivity increases down the group and to the left ofthe table. ) () Molecular mass of UFA is 314g/mol u FE ge = 76 4 x 238 = 238 314 (UF. +2Mg > 2NgF2 + U t 4 24 tonnes mass? Mol of Mg = 24 000 000/24 = 1,000,000mol wet ratio of Mg to U is, therefore, the mol 3 Us 2x 1000,000 = 7,000,00 KNOWING “HE EXAMINERS’ mmn™ — CHEMISTRY 2 o> (62015 A Product OF Initiative BusinessMass of U = 2,000,000 x 238 = 476,000,000g = 476 (c) Isotopes are atoms well as neutron, sions but cifferent mass number 3s ‘Question 6 When Copper (Il) nitrate: 0 the equation below. 2Cu(NOs)e aq & _, 2CUO, + 4NO2) = 9.4g of copper (I) nitrate were decomposed when heating, calculcte: (a) The mass of copper (Il) Oxide formed in the reaction. [1] (b) The volume of nitrogen dioxide measured at r.t.p formed. [1] ISCIENCE - 5124782003] WORKED SOLUTIONS u(NOs)2 2Cud + 4NO, + O, ) Calculate the no of moles of 9.4g of Cu (NOs) first, then use the mole ratio to get the no of moles of CuO which will in turn be used to find its :1ass. No of moles = 9°" """/niarmess “les x64 +x) +1648) “heegimes 0.05 mel Mole ratio; 2Cu (NOs)z : 2Cu0 . eee ‘afore ng of moles in CuO = 0105 mol =n of moles x molar mass 0.05 mol x 80g/mol =4a of moles = “°"""/ciarges vournes therefore to find the volume the following formula ean be used; KNOWING THE EXAMINERS’ ININD™ ~CHEMISTRY 2 S ©2025 A Product Of initiative BusinessVolume = no of moles x molar gas volume First ue the mole ratio between Cu (NO:)20° CuO and NOz to get moles of nitrogen ges. Mole ratio; 20u0 (NOs). : 4NO2 12 Therefore the ng of n oles in NOz = Volume = no of moles x ‘nolar gas 0.4 x 24dm*(24 im? Is the: = 240m * TAKE MOTE Fenn ud stg te mos of races of ach cd eet ag in te cove qestin He re veto nb fod by at te ZF TD (He ad te 4 er Ms fence when we tke the mole vais 2: 4 tots lowest tom ve get te rin |: Z var cmp cert tt Bs rarer art offs fre the nurter of okcules is ten to ke I"rebr to Lvestion Li” CONCISE INFORMATION (WRITING BALANCED CHEMICAL EQUATIONS) Y Calgulations from cnemical equations involve five main sieps. (in some cases, as in the previous question, the fist three steps frave bean done for you). ¥ Steps }) Write a balanced chemical equation for the reaction and note the problem to be solved by wri: down information given in the equation. eg. 2Cu ‘NOs),—-» 2Cu0 + 4NOZ + O2 ‘ ¥ 9.4g (given) ? (to be found) fi) Calculate the number of moles of the substance where mass is given. In the above case, the rio of moles of Cu (NOs)2 will be calculated. anced chemicai eq jin Write down the relevant mole tio of Cu(NO,}2 to CuO in the above concemed substances. The re! ie. 2mol Gu(NOs}2 > 2 mof CuO is iv) Using the mole ratio, calculate the no of moles of the other subsiance. W) Calculate the required mass or volume using relevant formulae or relationship based on the balanced chemical equation. KNOWING THE EXAMINERS’ MINDY — CHEMISTRY 2 sy 92015 A Product Of initiative Business ck fer ay ——————‘Question 7 Aspillage of 8.8 tonnes of sulphuric acid resuits from an accident by a road tanker. Slaked lime is used to neutralize the acid, (a) State the effects of the acids on vegetatio (b) The chemical equation for the neutralizatio H,SO. (aq) + Ca(OH), (s) a= ¢ i) oF (ii) Caloutate the mass ofsiz Balance the equation. WORKED SOLUTIONS (@) Acids bums the vegetation (b) () He80, (aa) + Ca(OH). (8) > CaSO. (s) + 2H,0 (1) (i) HeSO, (aq) + Ca(OH)2(s) > CaSO, (s) + 2H.0 (1) + 9.8 tonnes mass? ‘Mol of HxSO, = 9800 000g/98g/mo! = 100 000 mol The mole ratio of HeSO, to Ca(OH), is 1:1, therefore, mol of Ca(OH), is 100 000mo! Mass of Ca(OH), = 100 000 x74 400, 000g .4tonnes KNOWING THE &XAMINERS’ MIND™ —CHEMISTRY2 ©2015 A Product Of initiative BusinessOf the twenty three minerals so far identified as rock samples from the moon, one is named Tranquilityte and has chemical formulae Fe:Zr.TisSiOz (@) Whatis the total no of moles of atoms present in one mole of this compound? 1) (b)-Whatis the mass of one mole of Tranquiltyt=? 1" (c) How many moles of Tranqulityte would be present in 62.1g of the pure mineral? [1] (d) Whatis the percentage by mass or zones? m 3 (©) Ifthe Zirconium present in lunar rock has eancenkrason of0.05% by mass, how many grams of Zirconium are present in 100g of lunar rock? Wm {CHEMISTRY 5070/2207] WORKED SOLUTIONS (0) Mass = no of moles xmolarmass = 1 mole x[(8 x 56) + (2x91) + (8x 48) + (3x28) + (24 x 16)]g/mol = 1 mole x 1242g/mol = s22g © TAKE NOTE The equation tat knks mass to mals ing af res: =" Sate ss From ths eqution cawersions can be made to cetulete mass ar malar mess dgending on inérmation provided (©) Moles = "***/motarmase =P oagima =0.05mo! 2x (Zr) (6) % 2 Z) x 1009 () % by mass = 7 zat, © 4 _91x2 by mass = = 14.65% = 15% “A KNOWING THE EXAMINERS’ MIND™ —CHEMISTRY 2 ©2015 A Product Of initiative Business one5, ail Fae The perce by muss fobs os tb lnow how mach of 2 comand i red i of 2 prt abrent in terms of ms aor be fan! ton cabins nahin relive trrale mass as Blows % by ness ED 0 of alors x 0 (ote relive molecular mass: cf cameauned (©) 1242 g lunar rock “22 __4go gz 100 gtunar rock s2Htumun, 100 » 182.2) 'n 100 g of lunar rock with concentration of 0.05% by mass: 0.08 mass = x Se Zr = 0.0075 ¢ Zp 100 * TAKE NOTE: eevee coms of 3 on: chrt 2 copa & vas ttn ble pte by mess of tet sertcul clrent 1 te corpaund A sample of water obtained ‘tom one of the rivers in the limestone districts of Lusaka was found 20 contain calcium hyorogen ceroonate, Ca(lHCO.). {a) Wate a balanced chemical equation to show how the calcium hydrogen carbonate is formed from limestone. KNOWING THE EXAMINERS’ MIND™ -CHEMISTRY2 82015 A Product OF initiative Businesso>) The following experiment was done to determine the concentration of calcium hydrogen carbonate in the water sample. 10cm of the river water collected was boiled and the resulting carbon dioxide gas was absorbed in an excess of lime water using the apparatus below. Calcium hydrogen carbonate decomposes when heatec to form caicium carbonate, water and carbon dioxide. Write a balanced chemical equation for the decomposition of calcium hydrogen carbonate. it] {c) When carbon dioxide is absorbed in ime water, the following reaction occurs; Ca (OM)xeq) + CO2%) —————> CaCOa~) + HO tn the expetiment, 0.160g of calcium carbonate was precipitated, which represented a yield percentage of 80% ') Calculate the volume of carbon dioxide measured at r-tp which reacted with the lime waiter. (3) il) Calculate the volume of carbon dioxide measured at rtp which was produced if the ‘experiment. (2! ii) Calculate the motarity of the calcium hydrogen carbonate in the river water. (2) KNOWING THE EXAMINERS’ MIND™ =CHEMISTRY2 ©2015 A Product Of initiative Business at ————*) Name the solid deposit ii) Write @ balanced equation for the reaction which occurs when dilute hydrochione <== (Spirit of salt) is added to dissolve out the solid deposit. (3) (@) CaCOy,., + ‘ines * TAME MOTE (fe ward instore sed to ary rock ch sma op rusty af cartanates ~ ssoly cabo eatate (Llp (©) Ca (HCOs)eraq —""_, CaCOs4) + HO + COre) (c) i} Ca(OH). + CO,——-+ caco, + HO + + Volume 0.160 : | No of moles of CaCO; =" 0.1605, ‘Mae + 12 + (8 18) get =0.0016mol Mole ratio = 1 31 ,therefore no of moles of CO, = 0.0016 mol Volume of CO; = 0.0016 mol x 24dm*/mol = 0.0384 dm? TAKE MOTE Ve trmuia rebting to calaiation of votre of gses i 1g of robs =" /at srcine iy tis firme anvesins cn te med to catubte te votre i te no of mals is frown At room tmperatre su presse (rtp) te malyr gas volime is Udsf KNOWING THE EXAMINERS’ MIND™ —CHEMISTRY2 ©2015 A Product OF initiative Businessfi) Since 80% is equivalent to @ Volume of carbon dioxide equal 0 0364 dm*, 400% would be -> X. 80% yield CO -> 0.0384 dm°CO2 100% yield CO2 > X 100 x 0.0384 dm" COs _ 9.948 80 Volume of carbon produced in the ii) 1 mol Ca(HCO;)2 > 1 mot = os mol Ca(HCO,)» = 0.002 mol CaHCO;)> 0.002 mol 9.02 mol dim’ . Molarity Ca(HCO;)2 = tes ae ae 100, nae) °%oodn* * TAKE NOTE Aheriy (6 te avant of site dssoved in laf (000enf) of a soliton Hay =O et) (@) iy Calcium carbonate * TAKE NOTE eeeree of ci in crt Ges im ore (OAT moe Theatre the sald deposit ‘is cabin cartmate fi) ZHCl aq) + CACOs. + Cah wo + C02 *HO * TAKE NOTE onan of on ext» csc carte abs pads fer padi: Metal sat carton ove are wate” ite thatthe sot is race Fore th met al hake (eg Citrine) o oer radvals A KNOWING THE EXAMINERS! MIND™ — CHEMISTRY 2 ©2015 A Product Of initiative Business“um bromide was reacted with 160g of silver nitrate according to the equation: 2AQNOs + MgBrp — 2AgBr + Mg(NOs)2 (@) Showing ail stages, calculate the mass of (b) What mass of the reactant in excess res ‘bromide produced in this reaction. (4) 1. Moles of reacting species Mole of AgNO; = 150g/170gmol- = 0; Moles of MgBr. = 78g/182qmol- = 0.412 moles 2. Mole ratio of reacting species is 2:1, therefore 0.882 moles AgNO, X tmol MgBra/2mol AgNO, = 0.441 ‘mol MgBr, or 0.412 MaBre X 2 AgNO4/Im! MgBr. = 0.824 mol of AgNO, 3. 0.882 moles of AgNO; need to react with 0.441 moles of MgBr, 0r'0.412 MgBr. need to react with 0.824 AgNO,, Therefore MgBr. is limiting. ~MaBrz and AgBrs are in the 1: 2 ratio, therefore ‘moles of AgBr is 0.824 mol, Mass of AgBr = 0.824 x 187 it a = 154.08g (6) Mass of AgNO, in excess 0.058 motes are in excess Mass 0.088 X 170g/mot = 986g KNOWING THE EXAMINERS’ miND™ ~ CHEMISTRY 2 (©2015 A Product Of initiative Business(6) yield — actual yieldlexpected yield 400 =11944g/184.08g X 100 ‘a 77.52% : CONC! ORMA (PERCENTAG! DA - v ‘now to find the percentage yield ‘4 reaction may not anays yield the total amount OF product predicted by the equation. The to several factors as stated bellow: ty logs may be due The reaction may not be totally complete the reactant or the products _ Errors may be made in weighing resection, or in transferring and separating Pe Material may be lost in carrying out the product. reality offen produces less. the yield of a reaction; Percentage yield is The equation gives us an ideal figure for yield for particular experiment. This can be expressed as the percentage calculated as follows: Percentage yield = actual yield/expected yield * 100 V hew to determine the limiting reagent A limiting reagent is a reagent (reactant) that limits product that can be formed in 2 reaction. used (or remain unused) up in a reaction is called is or dotermines the amount of The reactant that is not completely the excess reagent _ Steps in determining limiting reagents 4. Convert the value (e.g. mass) of ‘each reactant fo moles 2 Multiply the known moles of one of the reactant by mole ratio .d amount of the other reactant t with each other. from the balanced equation to calculate the require 3, Determine the amount of reagent needed to reac! LA KNOWING THE EXAMINERS’ MIND" ~ CHEMISTRY 2 aes ©2015 A Product OF Initiative Business (7 (22CHAPTER 7 REACTION RATES/ENERGY CHANGE Question 4 ‘The rate of the reaction between a magnesium: acid could be measured using the apparatus sho (2) (i) What is the purpose of the test tube? [1] (ii) How would you get the reaction to start? (1) (b) The volume of hydrogen produced was recorded every minute as shown in the table below. Time (min) Oe ese cape) os Sele Volume ofhydrogen (em) [O44 [23 [31 | 38 [40 |40 [40 (i) Plot the results on a graph paper and draw the graph. 13) (i) What was the total volume of hydrogen produced when the reaction was over? tH) (il) Why did the reaction stop? mm (iv) How could you make the reaction go faster? 2] ISCEINCE - §124/3/011/2009] KNOWING THE EXAMINERS’ MIND™ ~CHEMISTRY 2 ©2015 A Product Of Initiative BusinessF WORKED SOLUTIONS {@) (i) The purpose of test tube’ in the setup is to hold contain magnesium ribbon separating from the hydrochloric acid (i) By allowing the magnesium ribbon and excess cllute hydrochloric acid to come into contact. ho? (bp) () graph ; . Volume,(cm*) ETH (i) 40cm? (i) The system ran out of magnesium as itwas continually consumed in the reaction. “TARE MOTE bydrochlari acid was in excess: terera magesiom riten was linting reagent the rection KNOWING THE EXAMINERS’ MIND™ CHEMISTRY 2 ©2015 A Product Of initiative Business(iv) 1. Adding more magnesium ribbon (increasing concentration) 2. Increasing the temperature of the reaction 3. Crashing the magnesium to powder. (This increases the surface area) ir beter understeding in tacking () (iv) type a gas syringe. ‘The readings of the volumes of oxygen gas given off are taken at intervals as shown below. Timers, O]S [10] 15] 20 | 30] 40] 50 [60] 70 | 80] 90] 100 Volume/em3 [0] 11 [2027] 32 | 42|50| 57 | 63| 67 ] 69170] 70 {@) Plot the graph of volume of oxygen evolved against time in seconds. 4 (©) What is the total volume of oxygen gas produced? [1] (c) What is the total time of the reaction? (1) (4) Use your graph to determine (The volume of gas produced during the first half of the reaction. {1 (i) The volume of gas produced during the second half of the reaction. 1) (ii) Explain why the volume of gas produced during the first half of the reaction is More than that produced during the second half of the reaction. (2) (©) State two factors which can be altered to increase the rate of the above reaction. 2) (9 If 2g of magnesium (IV) oxide is used, what mass of magnesium oxide is present at the end of the reaction? Explain. 2} (3) What is the purpose of the magnesium (IV) oxide? (1) [CHEMISTRY - 50707272010) KNOWING THE EXAMINERS MIND™ —CHEMISTRY2 ©2015 A Product Of initiative BusinessWORKED SOLUTIONS Volun om (b) 70 cm? TAKE NOTE Tots! os bile ammo to etd ps mvs it le 2S experimentation (c) 100 seconds — CHEMISTRY 2 He EXAMINERS’ MIND™ KNOWING 7! ‘A Product Of Initiative Business A ‘ ©2015 \a\() 57cm of gas was produced (i) 13cm3 of gas was produced (ii) During the first half of the reaction t high concentration, therefore colic produce more gas. As the reagent producing less gas in the second. jent (hydrogen peroxide) were in with Manganese (IV) oxide to entration reduced therefore TAKE MOTE Oreck te isan in te gra bebo. ir soak and daw te raph br awwer te gestion m agganh pore: ten 2 r rat KNOWING THE EXAMINERS’ MIND™ -CHEMISTRY 2 (©2015 A Product Of Initiative Business{2 » lias rh cian allman = OR g Volume ems Time (e) 4. Temperature of the reaction 2. Concentration (amount) of hydrogen peroxide and magnesium oxide. NE: see conose infrmation (beter afecting rate of reacion) (f) 2g of magnesium (IV) oxide 4 *TAMENOTE magnesium (8 unsed hr te reacton 8 sino acing asa atyst (g) To act as a catalyst and increase the rate of the reaction. LA KNOWING TH EXAMINERS! TINT” CHEMISTRY 2 Pa (©2015 A Product Of initiative Business 718CONCISE INFORMATION (FACTORS AFFETING THE RATES OF REACTION) Factors affecting the rate of reactions are as follows: 1. Surface area The more finely divided @ solid reactant is, the faster it takes part in a reaction. NOTE: reactions involving solids take much large surface area when it is powd ace area it exposes, and the 2. Concentration of reactants The rate of a reaction i increased. a NOTE: the more crowied the particles are, the more often they bump into each other. 3. Change in temperature The rate of reaction increases with increasing temperature. Note: any factor which increases the rate at which the particles collide increases the rate of reaction. Increase in temperature of a reaction increases the speed at which particles move due to acquired kinetic energy. 4. Catalysts Usually catalysts increase the rate of chemical reactions, (positive catalysis). NOTE: a catalyst is a substance which changes the speed of a chemical reaction but is itself unchanged at the end of the reaction. KNOWING THE EXAMINERS’ MIND™ - CHEMISTRY 2 ©2015 A Product Of initiative BusinessQuestion 3 Figure 8.1 below show: ss the energy profile diagram for the combustion of propane, CH. nergy of activation bustion of propane? [1] .5? Give a reason for your answer (@) Caloulate the amount of heat change involved when 4.4g of propane is bumed completely. 2] [CHEMISTRY - 5070/2/22009} WORKED SOLUTION (@) Energy of activation is needed to overcome the reaction barrier initiate the reaction. {b) Enthalpy is -2220 kJ/mol (c) Exothermic reaction. This is because negative enthalpy indicates exothermic reaction qHE EXAMINERS’ MIND™ = CHEMISTRY 2 KNOWING ©2015 A Product Of Initiative Business*TAKE NOTE ~ Lomentionaly AH is negative tr excthermic reactions and pastive br endathermic reactions = Arr way byt leer Be ratin& exahers m enters by eatrig te ory lek oh recinis ard prodets te reacts een bevel er tan tt of rls tn ney is st b te csrvandy in procedy t te prodets i prods ome fr ped wha posety tte godcs respectively. (d) -222 KJ Calculation: find moles of mol of CH, = 4.4/(12X3) + (6X1) = 4,4g/44gimol = 0.1 mol ‘Since AH is -2220 KJ per mol, mol of propane will be 1 mol = -2220 KJ 0.1 mol =x 1 mol X -2220 Kut mol -222 KJ Question 4 {@) Define dynamic equilibrium in a reversible reaction. [1] () State Le Chatelier's principle. (1) (i) How does an increase in pressure affect the position of the equilibrium in the Haber process reaction show below? Nz (9) + 3H. (g) <== 2NH, (a) a [CHEMISTRY - 6070222011] KNOWING THE EXAMINERS’ MIND™ -CHEMISTRY2 ©2015 A Product Of Initiative Business fa| ‘WORKED SOLUTIONS (a) In a reversible reaction dynamic equilibrium is a state where the rate of the forward and backward reactions is equal (b) (i) The principle state that ‘fa stress s applied t0 2 system in dynamic equili’ium, the system changes to relieve the i STAKE NOTE dont versin of He price 1 ivy « cerid eqitrim het by protic fle ets. favoring the formation of (i) the position of eat products (NH:) Question nan experiment to determine the rate of a reaction, lumps of calcium carbonate and 25 cm? dilute hydrochloric acid was used. “The table below shows the volume of earbon dioxide gas rrcorded at various time intervals. Time () in[ 0 a 10 5 20 (2 sec. Volume (v) | 0 1S 25 Ed 40 40 incm3 (a) Whyis dilute hydrochloric acid preferred to dilute sulphuric acid? tt) (b) Calculate the rate of reaction after 10 seconds. (2 (c) Explain how ternperature increase and reducing the size of lumps would change t! rate of reaction. (2) {SCEICNE ~ 5124370372004)WORKED SOLUTIONS (a) The reaction of CaCO; with hydrochloric ac id runs smoothly and produces more of the desired carbon dioxide gas than the reaction with sulphuric acic TAME MOTE . When Cell rects with dite spheric ail 2 ation siptte is rocbond over Cally This sips te reasin as He aontct of sf fom Cally When Cally rents with te bybahic it se 20) 8 pratced (b) Rate of reraction “THEME ~ hess: in tpretre inzees te lies xray of renting pis whch olde rare Feely and = Radeig te ste of hrs inrewes te arte wea Ile ing te arkcg ara te Bt te sci tle (pert in 9 reection uestion 6 In the reaction between methane and oxygen, the energy given out wien new bonds are made is greater than the energy taken in to break the old bonds (a) in terms of energy change, what type of reaction takes place between methane and oxygen? [1] (b) Give an everyday application of the type of reaction in part (a). [1] “(c) Name one chemical process in which the opposite of what happens in the reaction between methane and oxygen is observed. {1} (d) Write a chemical equation for the process mentioned in part (¢). [1] [SCIENCE ~5124/3/08720003] KNOWING THE EXAMINERS’ MIND™ CHEMISTRY 2 (©2015 A Product OF initiative BusinessWORKED SOLUTIONS (a) Exothermic reaction *TAKENOTE in exateric resctin exergy & giver tan the ergy regired to bask ald bonds oot Ths bec te brain of rea bls ros are = (p) Respiration (tissue combustion) i *TAKENOTE lite methona ghonse farms (c) Photosynthesis Question S ‘A student gradually adds magnesium powder 10 dilute hydrochloric acid in a beaker to form magnesium chloride and hydrogen “The ionic equation for the reaction is given’ below. Mg (s) + 2H" (aq) > Ma (a9) + He (g), AH= -463kd/mol (@) Write down the oxidation end reduction haif-reactions for this redox reaction. [2 {b) isthe reaction between magnesiim ‘and hydrochloric acid endothermic or exothermic? Give reason for your answer.) {o) Caloulate the amount of neat enersy thet would be released to the surrounding if 8 of magnesium are reacted with excess hydrochloric acid. 2) (@) Draw the energy profile diagram for the above reaction. (2) {@) Another student notices that the reaction iin his experiment is fast. State two changes the student would make to make the reaction slower ‘when reacted. (21 (f) Dilute sulfuric acid was added to granules of zinc and the gas collected over water. Name the gas produced {1} Describe the identity test for the gas "1 Write an ionic equation, include state sy a What do you measure during the course of the determine the reaction rate? {*] mbols, to show the reaction occurring, reaction which will enable [CHEMISTRY ~ 90701P2/Q7/2008] KNOWING THE EXAMINERS" IN™ ~ CHEMISTRY 2 oe ©2015 A Product Of initiative Business 4WORKED SOLUTION Ovidation: Mg > Mg** + 2e- Reduction: 2H" + 2e-—> H, *TAKENOTE in terms of electron transis aviddtion and redection ed as hats: Uxidaton: the process of elzciron loss eg. ia wegesio és avihred by kasing two ebcns: five Iydager iS rected by accentig (gaint) or the reaction is negative. br encthermic reactions Moles of magnesium = 8g/24gmol = 0.33mol If 1mol produces 463K, of energy, then 0.33 will produce 154.33KJ of energy. € 4H - 463K s/mol Mg+2HCky Energy MgCh + Ib (e) Decreasing the concentration of the hydrochloric acid Using magnesium granules instead of powder (this reducing the surface area) () Hydrogen gas is produced Puts off a flame with a pop sound 2H’ + Zn Zn + Hy ; Time taken for the reaction to occur and the amount of product produced, KNOWING THE EXAMINERS’ MIND™ - CHEMISTRY 2 ©2015 A Product Of Initiative BusinessVv NOTE: a reactive system is S: and backward reactions system isin dynamio equiliorium concentration. VY -SHIFTING EQUILIBRIUM Le Chatelliers principle can be used © resections. The principle states that: Change in a system which is im factors in order to restore the, Factors that that influer CONCISE INFORMATION (DYNAMIC EQUILIBRIUM} aid to be in dynamic equilionum wren the rate of the foward |. This does not mean that when @ {in reversible reaction) are equa | amount or the products and reactants are present in equal Biancing of equilibrium in reversible result in change in the ‘ure wil move the position of tants will be more than erature wil - if the ‘oinermic increase in tempera equiionum fo the left ie, in 2 reversible reaction react products, (favoours endothermic reaction). However, deorease in temps ‘shift equilbrium to the right, favoring forward reaction which is exothermic. ifthe reaction Is endothermic, increasing te femperature shifts equitisnum to the nant oducts. That is, favouring the exothermic reaction (forward reaction) to favor the P to the left, favouring backward Decrease in temperature vill however, shift equilibrium reaction which is exothermic. 2, Pressure change increasing the pressure shits the equilibium fo the side with the smaller volume ( molecules) of 928: - Decreasing the pressure shifts molecules) of 92 - if there are equal increasing/decreasing the pressure equiliorium to the side with larger volume { volumes or moles of gas on both sides of the equal has no effect. 3. Change in concentration | Inorease in concentration of reactants in a reversible reaction shifts the position ‘equilibrium to the right, favounng products. Decrease in concentration of reactants shifts the position of equilibrium to the favouring the formation of reactants NOTE: change in the concentration of products will have an oP posite effects. KNOWING THE EXAMINERS m\IND™ — CHEMISTRY 2 ‘92015 A Product OF Initiative Business aa TA LUNICHAPTER 8 THE PEPIODIE TABLE Question 1 Use the periodic table to answer the following que (a) Give the symbol of; i) Anon-metal used to sterilise water. ii) An element which forms es ic s with wal Ean alkaline solution. [1] ill) An element iy) An in (b) i) Oxygen, Sulphur and Selenium are im g fi of the periodic table. At room Predict whether selenium is a liquid or solid or gas at room temperature. Gi il) The trend in group VI is similar to that of group Vil. Suggest the mest reactive element ingroup VL} SCIENCE - 51243720111 WORKED SOLUTIONS (@)’) Chlorine “TAKE MOTE Girne (used i kil germs in chinting weer (striisation) ii) Fluorine *TMEMITE A croup elements are dente (ag fering chivine éromine and iadne, ii) Sodium *TAEMITE AI gain lobrents react with wate to frm akeaine sotions iv) Oxygen *TAREMITE AI grap Welzrents reed bro ecrons in gain silly, 2s ares ty frm ins of te type X?- ‘ (b) Selenium is a solid at room temperature. *TAEMOTE fer ebrents in grap HEV te boing poit mresses dw te pon ii) Oxygen *TAENOTE b pap Wand Vk rescivity noresses up te grap _« KNOWING THE EXAMINERS MIND™ —CHEMISTRY 2 ea 92015 A Product Of initiative Business fesme one kind of each 5) The folowing terms are used for elements in the periosic table. Na type of element ‘Alkali meta it] jij Hatogen iti iv) Noble gas (1) v) Transition metal (1) 70 (0) i) The table betow shows ine three enthydrogen and on their nucieon (mass) numbers: © no. of particles ya in the three nuclides. 5) 7 ‘ The i Nr Odes a this oat fe iy Constructan equation for the reaction between 020 and Calcrm Ww onensTRY 507072722006) i) Ques! WORKED SOLUTIONS A fore si i coc ieee me annie oe (a) i) Sodium are Exams TAKE NOTE A ras lens are cle) kal metas (7:3) ii) Magnesium . era » TAKE MOTE A ro Joorents ae caled aka earth melds ii) Chlorine TE MOTE Ab arap bres ae le degen | iv) Neon L + TAKE NOTE Al group Vil erent are called note ES. y) tron igh doing ard melting pearls: TAKE NOTE Most asion etals KNOWING THE EXAMINERS’ NINO" CHEMISTRY 2 Gyo1s A Product OF Initiative Business‘Simbel [ante] Nucleonlinassy number | — Braten| neutron H | Hydrogen | 7 7 [2 | D | Deuterium {2 fi i T | Tetum 3 1 [2 * TAKE MOTE Soins are ams of te same brent having the sare ter mass motes ae abo diferent ‘ vurter of nevtrons: hence The rma used tb bal He ess mab is Neutron ng = Hass 19 - Fratan ¢ Grchary bycegen (pret) fas ern verter oe wit te btitin of a7 iste Hey fave sare atoni: nantes ht diver nen ambers face ter maton antes cnr le bind by sbtacting [fam ter mass numbers i) Cay + 2D:0» ——___5 Ca{OD)iqy) + Dag) Question 3 A forensic chemist uses specific codes to identify chemical species. The chemist uses the Periodic Table and the positions of the elements to code the elements. Example: sodium is in Group 4, Period 3, soits code is (1:3) and hence NaCl is coded (1:3) (7:3) ‘Complete the following table filing in the blank spaces. CODE “CHEMICAL FORMULA CHEMICAL NAME] @) (2:4) (6:2) (6) (43)2 (6:2) (6:2), | NaSOz © Aluminium Nitrate ISCIENCE - 5124372008) KNOWING THE EXAMINERS’ MIND™ ~CHEMISTRY2 ©2015 A Product Of initiative BusinessWORKED SOLUTIONS Suiphate {Sedum T imuniun Nitrate Rubidium are members of GrouP \ of the periodic table. Question 4 a table using the following headings, name, {a) Lithium, Sodium, Potass! ji) For these four ele ecironig, configuration and formals of oxide. ii ii) Describe! vygorously with water For this reaction state the products formed. (1 table. Explain in terms of group il of the periodic iv) Sodium reacts structure {i} Calcium is 2 metalic element in why calcium conducts elect? its solid state. 2 {¢) Calcium and chlorine react together to form calcium? chloride, anionic sols 1) Gne the formula of calcium chloride. 01) fi) Give the formula of the vo see pectin oopena iertie: FF iy Would you expect cakcium enioride to aissowve in water? GWE reason for your answer @ jonemisTRy 60702220075 qHE EXAMINERS’ RIND™ ~ CHEMISTRY 2 fot OF Initiative Business KNOWING 92015 A ProduWORKED SOLUTIONS (a) Name Chemical symbol T Atomicmass configuration [ Formula of oxide | Gitkiom | ur i 2A Ta FSodium | Ne Pa al | Nao Potassium K 2887 | KO i Rubidium Rb ji) Alkali metals “TAKE NOTE Crap (metas reset with water ip Bron metal ychowites and hybagen ges is given of (b) In its structure calcium has mobile, free electrons between the rows of its atoms which can actas charge carriers, hence, conduct eléctricity. fe) ) Caci2 * TAKE NOTE Celie bes a valecy of 2 whi citrine bas a vabrey of | terefore Heir valeces are exchanged to fd tHe friulz of caloiom chtvride as shown bey. tally ii) Ca* and cr iil) Yes, Calcium chloride dissolves in water. This is because it is an ionic compound and ionic compounds dissolve in water. KNOWING THE EXAMINERS’ MIND™ ~ CHEMISTRY 2 ©2015 A Product OF initiative BusinessCONCISE INFORM ATION (FAMILY NAMES - GROUPS OF PERIODIC TABLE) — ¥ The penodic table is a way of classifying elements and is used fo predict properties of elements, ¥ Trend in groups ¥ Trend in periods : ial names as There are eight groups in the penodic table and these are follows; © Group F Alkali metals (all of which are sof meiais) © Group if: Alkali earth metais. © Group Vil: Haiogens (which means salt produce These exist as diatomic molecules (ie. * Group O: Nobie gases (inert uestion 5 One of the groups in the periodic table contains elements which have seven (7) valency electrons, Choose one element from this group and give the following information (a) The name of this element (t] {b) The chemical formula of the element. {1} {©} The formula of the ion which this element forms. (1) (a) The group and period of this element. 11) _ a {e} The type of oxide the element forms. (1} ISCIENCE - 51241372008) (c) w KNOWING THE EXAMINERS! MIND™ - CHEMISTRY 2 ©2025 A Product Of initiative BusinessTn enninau WORKED soLuTions () Chlorine “TAKE MOTE (4) Group 7, Be A Me Ras i arabes iy abe es ea cx Fy sr e's ne atm (2) Acidic oxide “TAKE NOTE Nermetals frm ach avits when contined wit aygen (ii) What three things woulg YOU expect to see if small ‘Gropped in water in a glass trough? 3) (C) Whatis the other name for group | elements? (1) pieces of caesium were ISCIENCE- 512431092011) KNOWING THe EXAMINERS: ming™ ~ CHEMISTRY 2 (©2045 A Product OF initiative BusinessWORKED SOLUTIONS (@) Caesium, Potassium, sodium, ium TAKE NOTE grap |and & recivily of te metals restive ten the ove above it arense dwn rp, fh ted veri te rag re © @ _Cs(s) + #20 () + CsOH (a0) + #2) @ _ —‘fizzing (violent reaction) | Bubbles of a gas (hydrogen) are produced _Produetion of heat, enough to boil the water @ Question 7 Part of the periodic jit fo answer the questions that follow. A He Ta ee ee a es WiMe A tse ees | a (a) State the chemical symbol for; ’)Anelement which is a noble 998. (1) ii) The most reactive metal. (1) ii) The most reactive halogen. (1) iv) The element which supports burning.) id be formed if the element (6) i) Write the formula of the compound which wou ie number is 8. (11 whose atomic no is 13 reacted with an element whose atom! ii) State the type of bo riding which would be presentin the compoundin (b) above. (1WORKED SOLUTIONS (a) i) He * TAME MOTE Al yop Celrents are mb goes terelore nem and, =o ii) Na abe poses | “TAKE MOTE A agrap cosisting of meds (2g gap D recctvity sn itt) F “TAKE MOTE 4 rap WM (te babgens) iyo “MENTE Lyon seperts frntg (®) i) A2B3 which can be A203 * TAKE NOTE chrent whse ati: rer is IB hes 3 ebctons in ‘stelle elerent af frruly ec HA at & 5b Bets 6 ait sl 28 ee 2 oe cy ade bmts F The qpasie ins wil itrchange ty trm Ye frmalla eb; at Be A2B; Merion and Oyen asitine ints memmer brn Ade 4 astrrast Sel (283) whic ton bso tb keane 4 il) lonic Donaing, aoe Question 8 ‘The diagrams below show the electron arrangement of the outer shells of five elements A to iod 3 of the periodic table. E. All elements are from peri QOORD lements are metals and non metals. [2] (a) Put the letters A to E in the table to show which el | (6) Which element is mostlikely to be in group VI of the periodic table? {1} \ (©) Which etement will form an ion of the type 2 (d) Which element has an atomic number of 15?) [SCIENCE - 5124/P3/2004) ‘WORKED SOLUTIONS / @ Wetals Non-metals. c i D 5 E - (b) Element A * TAKE NOTE th ord ty locate the ekrent on the pork ttle ae must know tet te gop mite & onal to te mute of korons inte ater sted Therelire ebrent Alas Bebctrons inks autrmost sel (©) Element D KNOWING THe =,AMINERS* MIND™ —CHEMISTRY 2 aN SIs: A Proauet or midaive Business 967 5 ioTAKE MOTE Ebrent 0 has 2 electrons in its cutermest shell terere it is easier br it bse 2 ebcins ten gan § akcbas to atin sttilily. Therebre once it ses te byoebctans it wil frm te in of ype X. (a) Element E * TAKE NOTE Forent Fis in poritd 3 gop & tis mens thet it has F el eonfiguration wil be as Blows 285 which axtts op to 15 Question 9 ‘The table gives somepro for astatine are. Element | Atomic | Elestonie | Weng pote | Bolling point | Atami) symbol structure c c radiusiem Fluorine F 27 1220 “188 Gy Chlorine | Ci 287 “110 “35 99 ‘Bromine Br [28187 7 59 144 ‘iodine [l 128.1818 7 | 113 183 133 Astatine At L Using the above information: @ (Which halogen is a liquid at room temperature and pressure? [1] (ii) How many electrons does one atom of astatine have in its outer energy level? 11] (ii) Predict the atomic radius of astatine. (1) (iv) Predict the state and colour of astatine at room temperature and pressure. (1) (v) Predict the molecule formula for astatine. [1] (b) Complete the following table that describes what happens when aqueous chlorine is added to an aqueous metal halide. [Aqueous halide Observation Tame of products Potassium bromide | Colourless solution : turns orange = Potassium iodide [oHEmisTRY.6070722007] KNOWING THE EXAMINERS’ MIND™ -CHEMISTRY2 ©2015 A Product Of initiative Business; WORKED SOLUTIONS (@) (0 Bromine *TAKE NOTE inorder fr jt to be igi at room tepersture te haben should hove armeting port bebw tat of room terperatire ari 2 boing pont of above room enperaire Take note te stoic radius of a chemical olrent & 2 mesure of te sie of ts atoms usualy the mean or tyocal distance fon te ruckus to te bondary of te survending clad of ebxctrons (iv) black TAKE NOTE blowing the trend of colar in habgens astatine wut be expected to be nearly Heck sold whic when heated sidlimes into a dirk purplish veo: (vi) Ab *TAKENOTE. two ebctrans of At woul stare ebcrons ta frm 2 mate (b). ‘Aqueous halide ‘Observation Name of products Potassium bromide | Colourless solution tums orange | Potassium chioride and bromine Potassium iodide ‘colouless Solution turning Potassium chloride and reddish brown iodine KNOWING THE EXAMINERS’ MIND™ ~ CHEMISTRY 2 AEN ©2015 A Proguet OF Initiative Business 2 f= Y ¢ BS v TrSUMMARY (THE PERIODIC TABLE) The periodic table is a way of classifying elements. It is also described as an arrangement of all elements so that pattems in their properties are highlighted by the position of elements in the table. Vertical columns in’ the periodic table are called called periods. You will notice that metals are found are found on the right hand side of the table, groups, while horizontal rows are ff hand side while non-metals Y Groups These are the eight (8) vertical of table. the left to the right of the periodic v Trends in ag Elements have similar chemical properties Elements have same number of electrons in the outermost shell The group number is the same as the number of electrons in the outermost shell except for helium Periods These are the seven horizontal rows of elements ranging from top to bottom of the periodic table. Y Trends ina period + Elements have the same number of shells. + The periodic number is same as the number of shells each atom has KNOWING THE EXAMINERS’ MIND™ —CHEMISTRY2 ©2015 A Product Of initiative BusinessCHAPTER g | METALS reactions of these metals Question 4 Jron, calciul with cold waterand steam mand copper are metals. The table below describes the pura ick (9) if reaction will take place and a cross (0) if reaction will not take place: ® TNetal Reaction of: qretal with cold water | Reaction of Tnetal with steam | Copper T | | tacum | (ii) Place these three metals in order of chemical activity, starting with the most reactive.(1] \uminium to place it inthe above series, the surface of the yed, Why is this necessary? (7) cle metals. (2) VY. Before experimenting with al aluminium must first be scraps 1 Give two reasons why itis important fo "2°¥ [SCIENCE 81241P3122010) WORKED SOLUTIONS (@) @ Table Wetal Reaction of metal with cold water Feaction of metal with steam Copper x x ron x v calcium: v v L (i) Calcium. iron, copper examiners’ MIND” = CHEMISTRY 2 KNOWING THE Product Of Initiative Business « , 02015 A“TAKE NOTE ‘bien reaas with call water ht ron with steam terakre cokim is mre reatve tn iron Caper rests ver wit call wate mr wit stare MB. reke to the table on pap WE towing te reactivity sees freak (©) The reactiviy of aluminium is masked by inium oxide. Therefore itis necessary to scrape the surface of alumin 2 he oxide layer and allow aluminium to react. (C) Itis important to recycle metals 1. Metals are diminishing 2. Recycling (2) @) Given a piece of magnesium metal and iron (I) chioride solution, describe how you Would confirm the above statement. 2] () Write a balanced equation with state symbols for the reaction, 2 (®) Stontium is in the same group as magnesium. Is strontium more or less reactive than magnesium? [1] (c) Magnesium chloride is an ionic solid, Give the formulae ofthe particles present in the solid. (1) (A) tron and copper are metals in the same period. (Give one chemical simitarity. (1) (i) Give one physical similarity (1) (i) Name a common ore for each metal. (2} ISCIENCE ~ 51243701 1/2004) WORKED SOLUTIONS () When you put a piece of magnesium in the iron (i) chloride solution, the pale green solution will turn clearfwhite, This is a confirmation that magnesium is ‘more reactive than iron and displaces the iron metal from the salt and white/clear magnesium solution is formed. KNOWING THE EXAMINERS’ MIND™ -CHEMISTRY 2 o> ©2015 A Product Of initiative Business ‘10