Psychological Theories of Aging ¥ The biggest assumption inthe psychological theories of aging is that development does not end when a person reaches adulthood, but remains a dynamic process throughout the lfe span ¥ Thenurse, by providing holistic care, seeks fo employ strategies to enhance clients’ ality ofifeDERIKSON’S THEORY CS © Erickson’s(1963) theory identifies eight stages of developmental tasks that an individual must comfort throughout the life span: Trust versus mistrust “Autonomy versus shame and doubt “Initiative versus guilt “Industry versus inferiority “Identity versus identity confusion “Intimacy versus isolation -©Generativity versus stagnation sHIntegrity versus despair+ The last of these stages is the domain of late adulthood, but failure to achieve success in tasks earlier in life can cause problems later in life. + The stage pertaining to older adults is : Ego integrity versus Despair. + The task of this stage is acceptance of one's life as meaningful and that death is part of life, versus despair, which is failure to accept the meaningfulness of one’s life, along with fear of death.PECK’S THEORYHAVIGHURST * Havighurst’s(1968) theory details the process of aging and defines specific task for late life, including adjusting to decreased physical strength and health, adjusting to retirement and decreased income, adjusting to the loss of a spouse, establishing a relationship with one’s age group, adapting to social roles in a flexible way, and establishing satisfactory living arrangements. * Later maturity is Havighurst’s term for older adults, * The task for later maturity is disengagement. Disengagement from tasks of middle age allows involvement in new roles such as grandparent, citizen, friend.* Newman’s theory identifies the task of aging as ¥ Coping with the physical changes of aging “Redirecting energy to new activities and roles including retirement, grandparenting and widowhood v Accepting one’s own life; and Developing a point of view about death.+ Jung's theory proposes that the development continues throughout life by a process of searching, questioning and setting goals that are consistent with the individual's personality. * As individuals age, they go through a reevaluation stage at midlife, at which point they realize there are many things they have not done. * At this age they begin to question whether the decision and choices they have made were the right choices for them. This is so called “midlife crisis”, which can lead to radical career or lifestyle changes or acceptance of the self as is. * As aging continues, Jung proposes that the individual is likely to shift from an outward focus (wit concerns about success and social position) to a more inward focus. + Successful aging includes acceptance and valuing of the self without regard to the view of others.Human Needs Theory > Maslow (1954) surmised that a hierarchy of five needs motivates human behavior: physiologic, safety and security, love and belongingness, self-esteem, and self-actualization > These needs are prioritized such that more basic needs like physiological functioning or safety take precedence over personal growthNURSING THEORIES OF AGING Table 3. Nursing Theories of Aging Theory Description Functional ~ Environmental and biopsychosocial consequences impact Consequences functioning Theory - Nursing roles is risk reduction to minimize age-associated disability in order to enhance safety and quality of living Theory of Thriving | - Failure to thrive results from a discord between the individual and his or her environment or relationships. Nurses identity and modify factors that contribute to disharmony among these elements.