Polyphase Circuits
12.1 INTRODUCTION
The instantaneous power delivered from a sinusoidal source to an impedance is
PO = VOID = Vpl,cosd + Vplp cos(2@r — 8) (ay
where Vp and Zp are the rms values of v and i, respectively, and @ is the angle between them.
The power oscillates between Vp/p(1 + cos) and Vplp(-1 + cos6). In power systems, especially at
higher levels, it is desirable to have a steady flow of power from source to load. For this reason,
polyphase systems are used. Another advantage is having more than one voltage value on the lines.
In polyphase systems, V, and /, indicate voltage and current, respectively, in a phase which may be
different from voltages and currents in other phases. This chapter deals mainly with three-phase
circuits which are the industry standard. However, examples of two-phase circuits will also be
presented.
12.2 TWO-PHASE SYSTEMS
A balanced two-phase generator has two voltage sources producing the same amplitude and frequency
but 90° or 180° out of phase. There are advantages in such a system since it gives the user the option
of two voltages and two magnetic fields. Power flow may be constant or pulsati
EXAMPLE 12.1
inne generator contains two voltage sources with voltages of the same amplitude and
| frequency, but 90° out of phase. The references of the sources are connected together to
form the generator’s reference terminal n. The system feeds two identical loads (Fig. 12.1(a)].
Find currents, voltages, the instantaneous and average powers delivered.
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Terminal voltages and currents at generator’s terminal are
volt) =Vp f2 cos at — p(t) = Vp 2 cos(wt ~ 90°) a)
inlt) = Ip V2 cos(ot- A it) = Jp 2 cos(at - 90° - A
In the phasor domain, let Z = |2| 2@ and Ip = ¥p/|Z|. Then,
Van = Vp 20 Vays Vp 290° Van = Van - Von = 2 Yp 245° (3)
yal, 2-0 Mgnt, 2-90-80 Welt lot, 2 2-45°-0
The voltage and current phasors are shown in Fig. 12.1(b).
Instantaneous powers pa(t) and pg(t) delivered by the two sources are
Do(t) = volt)ig(t) = Vplp COS B+ Vplp cos(2at ~ 8)
polt) = vs(t)ig(t) = Vol cos O- Vplp cos(2ent - 8)
4 4
(a)
(b)
Fig. 120
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The total instantaneous power p;(t) delivered by the generator ts
Prt) = Polt) + Polt) = Val cOSO% Vly cos(2est = 0) + Vol, c0s0
= Vplp 60S (2a ~ A) = 2Vply cos
Thus, PH(t) = Payg = 2Vplp O50 (4)
In the system of Fig. 12.1(a), two voltage values ¥, and J/2 ¥, are available to the load
and the power flow is constant. In addition, the 90°-phase shift between the two voltages
may be used to produce a special rotating magnetic field needed i
some applications.
12.3. THREE-PHASE SYSTEMS
Three-phase generators contain three
sources with voltages of the same frequency e
shift with respect to each other. This is realized by positioning
three coils at 120° electrical angle separations on the same
rotor. Normally, the amplitudes of the three phases are also
equal. The generator is then balanced, In Fig. 12.2, three coils
are equally distributed about the circumference of the rotor;
that is, the coils are displaced trom one another by 120
mechanical degrees. Fig. 12.2
Coil ends and slip rings are not shown; howev
in the coil sides A, B, and C passing under the pole pi Tn eA
in the order ... A-B-C-A-B-C ... Voltage polarities reverse
for each change of pole. Assuming that the pole shape and
corresponding magnetic flux density are such that the ww
induced voltages are sinusoidal, the result for the three [120~={
coils is as shown in Fig. 12.3. Voltage B is 120 electrical aaa
degrees Later than A, and C is 240° later. This is referred
10 as the ABC sequence, Changing the direction of rotation
Would result in... A-C-B-A-C-B ... , which is called the
CBA sequence,
The voltages of a balanced ABC sequence in the time and phasor domains are given in (3) and
(6), respectively. The phasor diagram for the voltige is shown in Fig, 124.
it is evident that counterclockwise rotation results
Fig. 12.3
(Vv, (2) coseor veal) = (V2) costa — 120°)
1
(vj, f2) costa ~ 240°) a
Vp 20 Vin = Vp 2-12? Via =
co)
12.4 WYE AND DELTA SYSTEMS
‘The ends of the coils can be connected in wye (also designated Y; see Section 12.8), with ends A’,
AY, and C* joined at a common point designated the neutral, Ny and with ends A, B, and C brought
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Vea = Ven~ Vin
Voe= Vin-
Fig. 12.4
e-phase system. If the neutral point is carried along
Fig, 12.5, the lines are designated by lowercase
sformer bank or a three-phase altemator, and
lances must be considered, then the current
and the phasor line voltage drop Vaa-
out to become the lines A, B, and C of the thre
with the lines, it is a three-phase, four-wire system. In
a, b, and c at the supply, which could either be a tran:
by uppercase A, B, and C at the load. If line imped:
direction through, for example, line aA would be Ta,
Load
Fig. 12.5
‘The generator coil ends can be connected as shown in Fig. 12.6, mi
aking a delta-connected (F
dc. A delta-connected set of coils has no nev!
A-connected), three-phase system with lines a, b, an
¢ use of A-Y transformers.
Point to produce a four-wire system, except through thi
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Fig. 12.6
12.5 PHASOR VOLTAGES
The selection of a phase angle for one voltage in a three-phase system fixes the angles of all other
voltages. This is tantamount to fixing the = 0 point on the horizontal axis of Fig. 12.3, which can
be done quite arbitrarily. In this chapter, an angle of zero will always be associated with the phasor
voltage of line B with respect to line C: Vac = V; 20°
Itis shown in Solved Problem 12.4 that the line-to-line voltage Vz, is 4/3 times the line-to-neutral
voltage. All ABC-sequence voltages are shown in Fig. 12.7(a) and CBA voltages in Fig. 12.7(b).
These phasor
a Vag = M2120 c Bo Vyg= ¥,2240°
Vac= V,20"
Veg = Vp 22800
Vay UNL
c B a
(@) Sequence ABC (&) Sequence CBA
Fig. 12.7
voltages, in keeping with the previous chapters, reflect maximum values. In the three-phase, four-
wire, 480-volt system, widely used for industrial loads, and the 208-volt system, common in
commercial buildings, effective values are specified. In this chapter, a line-to-line voltage in the
former system would be Vgc = 678.8 20° V, making Vac ef = 678.8 (2 = 480 V. People who
regularly work in this field use effective-valued phasors, and would write Vgc = 480 20° V.
12.6 BALANCED DELTA-CONNECTED LOAD
Three identical impedances connected as shown in Fig. 12.8 make up a balanced A-connected load.
The currents in the impedances are referred to either as phase currents or load currents, and the three
will be equal in magnitude and mutually displaced in phase by 120°. The line currents will also be
aN
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726 Electric Circuits
d from one another by 120°; by convention, they are given a
ad.
equal in magnitude and displa
direction from the source to the
EXAMPLE 12.2
effective line voltage of 120 V, has three
A three-phase, three-wire, ABC system, with an
Determine the line currents and draw the
impedances of 5.0 245° Q in a A-connection.
voltage-current phasor diagram.
The maximum line voltage is 120,/2
are:
«= 169.7 V. Referring to Fig. 12.7(a), the voltages
Vag = 169.7 2120°V Vec= 169.7 ZO°V Vcq = 169.7 2240° V
Double subscripts give the phase-current directions; for example, Izg passes through the
impedance from line A to line B. All current directions are shown in Fig. 12.8. Then the phase
currents are
Vag _ 169.7 2120°
Lip = A WOT ELEE
Zz 5 Lae
= 33.9 275° A
= 33.9 2-45° A
Vea _ 169.7 2240"
tan 5 Za
= 33.9 21957 A
Fig, 12.8
By KCL, line current I, is given by
Tye Lap # Lac = 33,9 275° = 33.9 2195" = 98,7 245" A
Similarly, Ip = 58.7 2~75° A and Ic = 58,7 2165" A,
The line-to-line voltages and all currents are shown on the phasor diagram.
Note particularly the balanced currents. After one phase current has been comput
Fig. 12.9. |
ed, all
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other currents may be obtained through the symmetry of the phasor diagram. Note also that
| 33.9 x [3 = 58.7; that is, I, = 3 Ip, for a balanced delta load.
12.7 BALANCED FOUR-WIRE, WYE- CONNECTED LOAD
‘Tree identical impedances connected as shown in Fig. 12.10 make up a balanced ‘Y-connected load.
the currents in the impedances are also the line currents; so the directions are chosen from the source
to the load, as before.
EXAMPLE 12.3
| Athree-phase, four-wite, CBA system, with an effective line voltage of 120V, has three
impedances of 20 2-30" Sin a Y-connection (Fig. 12.10). Determine the line currents and
draw the voltage-current phasor diagram.
The maximum tine voltage is 169.7 V, and the tine-to-neutrat magnitude, 169.7/ [3 =
98.0 V. From Fig, 12.7(b),
MEN
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Vay = 98.0 2-90°V Vay 98.0. 230° V Vey 98.0.2150° V
Vay, 9801.2~9
Then y= Viv = 2801.<-90"
ene 20 230°
!
{
|
|
[asia 19= 4.90 260 em 4.90 2180"
|
4.90 2-60" A
The voltage-current phasor diagram is shown in
Fig. 12.11, Note that with one line current calculated,
the other two can be obtained through the symmetry
of the phasor diagram. All three line currents return
through the neutral. Therefore, the neutral current
is the negative sum of the line currents:
| Iwe- (qty +19 =0
12.11
Since the neutral current of a balanced, Y-connected, three-phase load is always zero, the neutral
conductor may, for computation purposes, be removed, with no change in the results. In actual power
circuits, it must not be physically removed, since it carries the (small) unbalance of the currents,
carries short-circuit or fault ation of prot and prevents overvoltages
on the phases of the load. ion in Example 12.3 proceeded without difficulty, the
neutral will be included when calculating line currents in balanced loads, even when the system is
actually three-wire,
e device
12.8 EQUIVALENT Y- AND A-CONNECTIONS
Figure 12.12 shows three impedances connected in a A (delta) configuration, and three impedances
connected in a Y (wye) configuration. Let the terminals of the two connections be identified in pairs
28 indicated by the labels @% f, % Then Z; is the impedance “adjoining” terminal @ in the ¥-
connection, and Ze is the impedance “ e" terminal @ in the A-connection, and so on. Looking
into any two terminals, the two conn ivalent if corresponding input, output, and
wansfer impedances are equal. The criteria for equi are as follows:
ae. Y
f
(4) A-connection (b) Y-couneetion
Fig. 12.42
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Y-to-A Transformation A-to-Y Transformation
LiL + Dib Lyd
Zy Lytle
Ly + Duly Lyhy . Lshec
Zy 2 + Lys Le
= Lil Libs baby ae A
Z Lyt bythe
It should be noted that if the three impedances of one connection are equal, s0 are those of the
valent connection, with Za/Zy = 3.
eq
12.9 SINGLE-LINE EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT FOR BALANCED
THREE-PHASE LOADS
Figure 12.13(a) shows a balanced Y-connected load. In many cases, for instance, in power
calculations, only the common magnitude, [,, of the three line currents is needed. This may be
obtained from the single-line equivalent, Fig. 12.13(b), which represents one phase of the original
system, with the line-to-neutral voltage arbitearily given a zero phase angle. This makes I, =
1, 2-8. where @ is the impedance angle, If the actual line currents Ij, Ig, and I¢ are desired, their
phase angles may be found by adding ~@ 10 the phase angles of Vay, Vaw . and Vey as given in
Fig. 12.7. Observe that the angle on iy, gives the power factor for each phase, pf = cos @.
The method may be applied to a balanced A-connected load if the load is replaced by its Y-
equivalent, where Zy = : Zz (Section 12.8).
1, |
Vpyco? (] .
|
¥
ob)
@)
Fig. 12.13
EXAMPLE 12.4
Rework Example 12.3 by the single-tine equivalent method.
Referring to Fig. 12.14 (in which the symbol ¥ indi
original load),
5 the type of connection of the
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Electric Circuits
1240
Ze c= :
— = 4.90 230° A hae —e)
iu 20230 2
ox0z0" ¥
From Fig. 12.7(b), the phase angles of Vay, Vans
and Vey are ~90°, 30°, and 150°. Hence,
1, = 4.90 2-60°A — Ip= 4,90 260° A
Ic = 4,90 2180" A
Fig. 12.14
12.10 UNBALANCED DELTA-CONNECTED LOAD
xd delta-connected load consists in computing the phase currents and
n the line currents, The currents will be unequal and will not have the
The solution of the unbalan:
then applying KCL to obi:
symmetry of the balanced case.
EXAMPLE 12.5
A three-phase, 339.4-V, ABC system [Fig. 12.15(a)] has a A-connected load, with
Zge10ZPQ —ye=10 230° 2 Zu 152-30 Q
Obtain phase and line currents and draw the phasor diagram.
Tag = MAB = 33942120" 3394 2120° A
Zp 10.20
Similarly, Igc-= 3394 2-30° A and Iq = 22.63 2270° A. Then,
Ty = Tyg + Tye = 3394 2120° ~ 22.63 2270° = 54.72 £108.1° A |
Also, I= 6556 2—45° A and Ic = 29.93 2-169." A.
The voltage-current phasor diagram is shown in Fig. 12.15(b), with magnitudes and
angles to scale.
1,4
{020° DX 152-308 @
102302 @
Fig. 12.15
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SS a
42.11 UNBALANCED WYE-CONNECTED LOAD
Four-Wire
‘The neutral conductor carries the unbalanced current of a wye-connected load and maintains the line~
to-ncutral voltage magnitude actoys each phase of the load, The line currents are unequal and the
currents on the phasor diagram have no symmetry.
EXAMPLE 12.6
A three-phase, four-wire, 150-V, CBA system has a Y-connected load, with
MH 6L0Q y= 6230 N B= 52452
Obtain all line currents and draw the phasor diagram. See Figure 12.16(a).
Vay _ 86.6 2-90
4-2 = 14.43 2-90" A
Ip = YOM = SBE LIT 1443 LOA
- Mew - Bae 2120 = 1732 2105° A
Ty = -(14.43 2-90" + 1443 20° + 17.32 2105) = 1021 2 -167.0° A
Figure 12.16(b) gives the phasor diagram.
Fig. 1216
Three-Wire
Without the neutral conductor, the Y
Comsuderatly trom the line-to-neutral
mevted impedances will have voltages which vary
she
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Electric Circuits
}
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1
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I
i
}
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EXAMPLE 12.7
@)
it le 12.6 except that the neutral
Figure 12.17(a) shows the same system as treated in Exampl
wire is no longer present. Obtain the line currents and find the displacement neutral voltage, Voy.
Bret)
(b)
Fig. 12.17
The circuit is redrawn in Fig, 12.17(b) so as to suggest a single node-voltage equation
with Vog as the unknown,
Yoo=Vas , Vos, Yoe+ Vac _ 4
a
Ze oa
1 + 1 7 150 2240° 150 20°
430° 5 245° 620° 5 245°
from which Vog = 66.76 4~15285° V. Then,
v
Ty =~ M8 = 1113 2-285° A
2p
From Vox + Vas = Voa, Var = 1007 £81.08" V, and
y
1, =- 4 ~ 1678 2-9892° 4
Z
Similarly, Voc = Vog- Veg = 9558 2-18.58" V, and
Tc = 19.12 211649 A
Point 0 is displaced from the neutral W by a phasor voltage Voy , given by
Vow = Vor + Van = 100.7 Zex0ge 4 15
The phasor diagram, Fig. 12.18,
equilateral triangle,
0
zB 4-90" = 2024 £3953° V
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i see Solved Problem 12.13 for an alternate method.
|
|
|
Fig. 12.18
12.12 THREE-PHASE POWER
‘The powers delivered by the three phases of a balanced gensrator to three identical impedances with
phase angle 0 are
Palt) = VplpcosO + Vplpcos(2at — 8)
alt) = Vplpcos0 + Vplpcos(2ax ~ 240° 8)
eld) = Vplp C080 + Vplpcos(2ar ~ 480° ~ 8)
alt) + pelt) + Pelt)
Vplpcosd + Vplplcos(2ant ~ 0) + cos(2a — 240° - @) + cos(2an — 480° - 8]
But cos(2er - 6) + cos(2ar — 240° ~ &) + cos(2@1 — 480° - 8) = 0 for all t. Therefor,
prit) = 3 Vplpcos@ = P
‘The total instantaneous power is the same as the total average power. It may be written in terms of
line voltage Vz, and line current /,- Thus,
Jn the delta system, Vz = Vp and I, = {3 Ip. Therefore, P = 3 VilLcos 8
Ip. Therefore, P = {3 Vili cos8
pri)
In the wye system, Vi = {3 Vp and I
‘The expression 3 Vili cos 0 gives the power in a three-phase balanced system, regardless of the
connection configuration. The power factor of the three-phase system is cos@. The line voltage Vr
condustrial systems is alway’ known. If the Toad is balanced, the total power can then be computed
from the line current and power factor.
gE
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In summary, power reactive power, apparent power, and power factor in a three-phase system are
P
P= JW, 1.0080 Q= J3Vt,sind Vii, ph = 7
tive values,
Of course, all voltage and currents are effe
12.13 POWER MEASUREMENT AND THE TWO-WATTMETER METHOD
An ac wattmeter has a potential coil and a current coil and responds to the product of the effective
voltage, the effective current, and the cosine of the phase angle between them. Thus, in Fig. 12.19,
the wattmeter will indicate the average power supplied to the passive network,
P = Vesilesy cosO = Re(Vegelesr)
(see Section 11.7).
+ all (
| Passive
oa
Fig. 12.19
Two wattmeters connected in any vo lines of a three-phase, three-wire system will correctly
indicate the total three-phase power by the sum of the two meter readings. A meter will attempt to
go downscale if the phase angle between the voltage and current exceeds 90°. In this event, the
current-coil connections can be reversed and the upscale meter reading treated as negative in the sum.
In Fig. 12.20 the meters are inserted in lines A and C, with the potential-coil reference connections
in line B. Their readings will be
+ Leer 7
Fig. 12.20
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Wa = Re Vaperien) = Re (Vanenlanen) + Re (Vaserlacen)
We = Re Venesilcest) = Re (Venestlcnes) + Re Vepertlcver)
in which the KCL expressions Iy = Ig + Inc and I¢ = Icy + Icg have been used to replace line
currents by phase currents. The first term in Wa is recognized as P,y, the average power in phase
AB of the delta
load; likewise, the second term in We is Pog. Adding the two equations and recombining the middle
terms then yields
Wa + Wo = Pap + Re [(Vapert ~ Veo elicenl + Pow = Par + Pac + Pew
since, by KVL, Vag - Ves = Vac-
‘The same reasoning establishes the analogous result for a Y-connected load.
Balanced Loads
When three equal impedances Z £@ are connected in delta,
the phase current make 30° angles with their resultant line
currents. Figure 12.21 corresponds to Fig. 12.20 under the
assumption of ABC sequencing. It is seen that Vag leads I,
by 8+ 30, while Vcp leads Ic by 9 ~ 30°. Consequently,
the two wattmeters will read
Wa = Van esrla es c0s(8 + 30°)
We = Veo estlc en e0s(9 - 30°)
or, since in general we do not know the relative order in the
voltage sequence of the two lines chosen for the wattmeters,
W1 = Veestlr esr c08(8 + 30°)
We = Veettla es cos( 8 + 30°)
These expressions also hold for a balanced Y-connection.
Elimination of Vz errfz es between the two readings leads to
W.-W,
ea ( WH }
‘Thus, from the two wattmeter readings, the magnitude of the impedance angle @ can be inferred.
The sign of tan suggested by the preceding formula is meaningless, since the arbitrary subscripts
1 and 2 might just as well be interchanged. However, in the practical case, the balanced load is
usually known to be inductive (@ > 0).
Fig. 12.21
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