Polyphase Circuits 12.1 INTRODUCTION The instantaneous power delivered from a sinusoidal source to an impedance is PO = VOID = Vpl,cosd + Vplp cos(2@r — 8) (ay where Vp and Zp are the rms values of v and i, respectively, and @ is the angle between them. The power oscillates between Vp/p(1 + cos) and Vplp(-1 + cos6). In power systems, especially at higher levels, it is desirable to have a steady flow of power from source to load. For this reason, polyphase systems are used. Another advantage is having more than one voltage value on the lines. In polyphase systems, V, and /, indicate voltage and current, respectively, in a phase which may be different from voltages and currents in other phases. This chapter deals mainly with three-phase circuits which are the industry standard. However, examples of two-phase circuits will also be presented. 12.2 TWO-PHASE SYSTEMS A balanced two-phase generator has two voltage sources producing the same amplitude and frequency but 90° or 180° out of phase. There are advantages in such a system since it gives the user the option of two voltages and two magnetic fields. Power flow may be constant or pulsati EXAMPLE 12.1 inne generator contains two voltage sources with voltages of the same amplitude and | frequency, but 90° out of phase. The references of the sources are connected together to form the generator’s reference terminal n. The system feeds two identical loads (Fig. 12.1(a)]. Find currents, voltages, the instantaneous and average powers delivered. Scanned with CamScanner12.2 Electric Circuits Terminal voltages and currents at generator’s terminal are volt) =Vp f2 cos at — p(t) = Vp 2 cos(wt ~ 90°) a) inlt) = Ip V2 cos(ot- A it) = Jp 2 cos(at - 90° - A In the phasor domain, let Z = |2| 2@ and Ip = ¥p/|Z|. Then, Van = Vp 20 Vays Vp 290° Van = Van - Von = 2 Yp 245° (3) yal, 2-0 Mgnt, 2-90-80 Welt lot, 2 2-45°-0 The voltage and current phasors are shown in Fig. 12.1(b). Instantaneous powers pa(t) and pg(t) delivered by the two sources are Do(t) = volt)ig(t) = Vplp COS B+ Vplp cos(2at ~ 8) polt) = vs(t)ig(t) = Vol cos O- Vplp cos(2ent - 8) 4 4 (a) (b) Fig. 120 Scanned with CamScannerPolyphase Circuits 12.3 The total instantaneous power p;(t) delivered by the generator ts Prt) = Polt) + Polt) = Val cOSO% Vly cos(2est = 0) + Vol, c0s0 = Vplp 60S (2a ~ A) = 2Vply cos Thus, PH(t) = Payg = 2Vplp O50 (4) In the system of Fig. 12.1(a), two voltage values ¥, and J/2 ¥, are available to the load and the power flow is constant. In addition, the 90°-phase shift between the two voltages may be used to produce a special rotating magnetic field needed i some applications. 12.3. THREE-PHASE SYSTEMS Three-phase generators contain three sources with voltages of the same frequency e shift with respect to each other. This is realized by positioning three coils at 120° electrical angle separations on the same rotor. Normally, the amplitudes of the three phases are also equal. The generator is then balanced, In Fig. 12.2, three coils are equally distributed about the circumference of the rotor; that is, the coils are displaced trom one another by 120 mechanical degrees. Fig. 12.2 Coil ends and slip rings are not shown; howev in the coil sides A, B, and C passing under the pole pi Tn eA in the order ... A-B-C-A-B-C ... Voltage polarities reverse for each change of pole. Assuming that the pole shape and corresponding magnetic flux density are such that the ww induced voltages are sinusoidal, the result for the three [120~={ coils is as shown in Fig. 12.3. Voltage B is 120 electrical aaa degrees Later than A, and C is 240° later. This is referred 10 as the ABC sequence, Changing the direction of rotation Would result in... A-C-B-A-C-B ... , which is called the CBA sequence, The voltages of a balanced ABC sequence in the time and phasor domains are given in (3) and (6), respectively. The phasor diagram for the voltige is shown in Fig, 124. it is evident that counterclockwise rotation results Fig. 12.3 (Vv, (2) coseor veal) = (V2) costa — 120°) 1 (vj, f2) costa ~ 240°) a Vp 20 Vin = Vp 2-12? Via = co) 12.4 WYE AND DELTA SYSTEMS ‘The ends of the coils can be connected in wye (also designated Y; see Section 12.8), with ends A’, AY, and C* joined at a common point designated the neutral, Ny and with ends A, B, and C brought Scanned with CamScannerElectric Circuits Vea = Ven~ Vin Voe= Vin- Fig. 12.4 e-phase system. If the neutral point is carried along Fig, 12.5, the lines are designated by lowercase sformer bank or a three-phase altemator, and lances must be considered, then the current and the phasor line voltage drop Vaa- out to become the lines A, B, and C of the thre with the lines, it is a three-phase, four-wire system. In a, b, and c at the supply, which could either be a tran: by uppercase A, B, and C at the load. If line imped: direction through, for example, line aA would be Ta, Load Fig. 12.5 ‘The generator coil ends can be connected as shown in Fig. 12.6, mi aking a delta-connected (F dc. A delta-connected set of coils has no nev! A-connected), three-phase system with lines a, b, an ¢ use of A-Y transformers. Point to produce a four-wire system, except through thi Scanned with CamScannerPolyphase Circuits 25 Fig. 12.6 12.5 PHASOR VOLTAGES The selection of a phase angle for one voltage in a three-phase system fixes the angles of all other voltages. This is tantamount to fixing the = 0 point on the horizontal axis of Fig. 12.3, which can be done quite arbitrarily. In this chapter, an angle of zero will always be associated with the phasor voltage of line B with respect to line C: Vac = V; 20° Itis shown in Solved Problem 12.4 that the line-to-line voltage Vz, is 4/3 times the line-to-neutral voltage. All ABC-sequence voltages are shown in Fig. 12.7(a) and CBA voltages in Fig. 12.7(b). These phasor a Vag = M2120 c Bo Vyg= ¥,2240° Vac= V,20" Veg = Vp 22800 Vay UNL c B a (@) Sequence ABC (&) Sequence CBA Fig. 12.7 voltages, in keeping with the previous chapters, reflect maximum values. In the three-phase, four- wire, 480-volt system, widely used for industrial loads, and the 208-volt system, common in commercial buildings, effective values are specified. In this chapter, a line-to-line voltage in the former system would be Vgc = 678.8 20° V, making Vac ef = 678.8 (2 = 480 V. People who regularly work in this field use effective-valued phasors, and would write Vgc = 480 20° V. 12.6 BALANCED DELTA-CONNECTED LOAD Three identical impedances connected as shown in Fig. 12.8 make up a balanced A-connected load. The currents in the impedances are referred to either as phase currents or load currents, and the three will be equal in magnitude and mutually displaced in phase by 120°. The line currents will also be aN Scanned with CamScannerBp eet en 726 Electric Circuits d from one another by 120°; by convention, they are given a ad. equal in magnitude and displa direction from the source to the EXAMPLE 12.2 effective line voltage of 120 V, has three A three-phase, three-wire, ABC system, with an Determine the line currents and draw the impedances of 5.0 245° Q in a A-connection. voltage-current phasor diagram. The maximum line voltage is 120,/2 are: «= 169.7 V. Referring to Fig. 12.7(a), the voltages Vag = 169.7 2120°V Vec= 169.7 ZO°V Vcq = 169.7 2240° V Double subscripts give the phase-current directions; for example, Izg passes through the impedance from line A to line B. All current directions are shown in Fig. 12.8. Then the phase currents are Vag _ 169.7 2120° Lip = A WOT ELEE Zz 5 Lae = 33.9 275° A = 33.9 2-45° A Vea _ 169.7 2240" tan 5 Za = 33.9 21957 A Fig, 12.8 By KCL, line current I, is given by Tye Lap # Lac = 33,9 275° = 33.9 2195" = 98,7 245" A Similarly, Ip = 58.7 2~75° A and Ic = 58,7 2165" A, The line-to-line voltages and all currents are shown on the phasor diagram. Note particularly the balanced currents. After one phase current has been comput Fig. 12.9. | ed, all Scanned with CamScannerPolyphase Circuits 12. other currents may be obtained through the symmetry of the phasor diagram. Note also that | 33.9 x [3 = 58.7; that is, I, = 3 Ip, for a balanced delta load. 12.7 BALANCED FOUR-WIRE, WYE- CONNECTED LOAD ‘Tree identical impedances connected as shown in Fig. 12.10 make up a balanced ‘Y-connected load. the currents in the impedances are also the line currents; so the directions are chosen from the source to the load, as before. EXAMPLE 12.3 | Athree-phase, four-wite, CBA system, with an effective line voltage of 120V, has three impedances of 20 2-30" Sin a Y-connection (Fig. 12.10). Determine the line currents and draw the voltage-current phasor diagram. The maximum tine voltage is 169.7 V, and the tine-to-neutrat magnitude, 169.7/ [3 = 98.0 V. From Fig, 12.7(b), MEN Scanned with CamScannerElectric Circuits Vay = 98.0 2-90°V Vay 98.0. 230° V Vey 98.0.2150° V Vay, 9801.2~9 Then y= Viv = 2801.<-90" ene 20 230° ! { | | [asia 19= 4.90 260 em 4.90 2180" | 4.90 2-60" A The voltage-current phasor diagram is shown in Fig. 12.11, Note that with one line current calculated, the other two can be obtained through the symmetry of the phasor diagram. All three line currents return through the neutral. Therefore, the neutral current is the negative sum of the line currents: | Iwe- (qty +19 =0 12.11 Since the neutral current of a balanced, Y-connected, three-phase load is always zero, the neutral conductor may, for computation purposes, be removed, with no change in the results. In actual power circuits, it must not be physically removed, since it carries the (small) unbalance of the currents, carries short-circuit or fault ation of prot and prevents overvoltages on the phases of the load. ion in Example 12.3 proceeded without difficulty, the neutral will be included when calculating line currents in balanced loads, even when the system is actually three-wire, e device 12.8 EQUIVALENT Y- AND A-CONNECTIONS Figure 12.12 shows three impedances connected in a A (delta) configuration, and three impedances connected in a Y (wye) configuration. Let the terminals of the two connections be identified in pairs 28 indicated by the labels @% f, % Then Z; is the impedance “adjoining” terminal @ in the ¥- connection, and Ze is the impedance “ e" terminal @ in the A-connection, and so on. Looking into any two terminals, the two conn ivalent if corresponding input, output, and wansfer impedances are equal. The criteria for equi are as follows: ae. Y f (4) A-connection (b) Y-couneetion Fig. 12.42 Scanned with CamScannerPolyphase Circuits 12.9 Y-to-A Transformation A-to-Y Transformation LiL + Dib Lyd Zy Lytle Ly + Duly Lyhy . Lshec Zy 2 + Lys Le = Lil Libs baby ae A Z Lyt bythe It should be noted that if the three impedances of one connection are equal, s0 are those of the valent connection, with Za/Zy = 3. eq 12.9 SINGLE-LINE EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT FOR BALANCED THREE-PHASE LOADS Figure 12.13(a) shows a balanced Y-connected load. In many cases, for instance, in power calculations, only the common magnitude, [,, of the three line currents is needed. This may be obtained from the single-line equivalent, Fig. 12.13(b), which represents one phase of the original system, with the line-to-neutral voltage arbitearily given a zero phase angle. This makes I, = 1, 2-8. where @ is the impedance angle, If the actual line currents Ij, Ig, and I¢ are desired, their phase angles may be found by adding ~@ 10 the phase angles of Vay, Vaw . and Vey as given in Fig. 12.7. Observe that the angle on iy, gives the power factor for each phase, pf = cos @. The method may be applied to a balanced A-connected load if the load is replaced by its Y- equivalent, where Zy = : Zz (Section 12.8). 1, | Vpyco? (] . | ¥ ob) @) Fig. 12.13 EXAMPLE 12.4 Rework Example 12.3 by the single-tine equivalent method. Referring to Fig. 12.14 (in which the symbol ¥ indi original load), 5 the type of connection of the Scanned with CamScannereae Electric Circuits 1240 Ze c= : — = 4.90 230° A hae —e) iu 20230 2 ox0z0" ¥ From Fig. 12.7(b), the phase angles of Vay, Vans and Vey are ~90°, 30°, and 150°. Hence, 1, = 4.90 2-60°A — Ip= 4,90 260° A Ic = 4,90 2180" A Fig. 12.14 12.10 UNBALANCED DELTA-CONNECTED LOAD xd delta-connected load consists in computing the phase currents and n the line currents, The currents will be unequal and will not have the The solution of the unbalan: then applying KCL to obi: symmetry of the balanced case. EXAMPLE 12.5 A three-phase, 339.4-V, ABC system [Fig. 12.15(a)] has a A-connected load, with Zge10ZPQ —ye=10 230° 2 Zu 152-30 Q Obtain phase and line currents and draw the phasor diagram. Tag = MAB = 33942120" 3394 2120° A Zp 10.20 Similarly, Igc-= 3394 2-30° A and Iq = 22.63 2270° A. Then, Ty = Tyg + Tye = 3394 2120° ~ 22.63 2270° = 54.72 £108.1° A | Also, I= 6556 2—45° A and Ic = 29.93 2-169." A. The voltage-current phasor diagram is shown in Fig. 12.15(b), with magnitudes and angles to scale. 1,4 {020° DX 152-308 @ 102302 @ Fig. 12.15 Scanned with CamScannerPolyphase Circuits ee 20 SS a 42.11 UNBALANCED WYE-CONNECTED LOAD Four-Wire ‘The neutral conductor carries the unbalanced current of a wye-connected load and maintains the line~ to-ncutral voltage magnitude actoys each phase of the load, The line currents are unequal and the currents on the phasor diagram have no symmetry. EXAMPLE 12.6 A three-phase, four-wire, 150-V, CBA system has a Y-connected load, with MH 6L0Q y= 6230 N B= 52452 Obtain all line currents and draw the phasor diagram. See Figure 12.16(a). Vay _ 86.6 2-90 4-2 = 14.43 2-90" A Ip = YOM = SBE LIT 1443 LOA - Mew - Bae 2120 = 1732 2105° A Ty = -(14.43 2-90" + 1443 20° + 17.32 2105) = 1021 2 -167.0° A Figure 12.16(b) gives the phasor diagram. Fig. 1216 Three-Wire Without the neutral conductor, the Y Comsuderatly trom the line-to-neutral mevted impedances will have voltages which vary she Scanned with CamScanner12.12 Electric Circuits } | 1 | | | | | I i } | | EXAMPLE 12.7 @) it le 12.6 except that the neutral Figure 12.17(a) shows the same system as treated in Exampl wire is no longer present. Obtain the line currents and find the displacement neutral voltage, Voy. Bret) (b) Fig. 12.17 The circuit is redrawn in Fig, 12.17(b) so as to suggest a single node-voltage equation with Vog as the unknown, Yoo=Vas , Vos, Yoe+ Vac _ 4 a Ze oa 1 + 1 7 150 2240° 150 20° 430° 5 245° 620° 5 245° from which Vog = 66.76 4~15285° V. Then, v Ty =~ M8 = 1113 2-285° A 2p From Vox + Vas = Voa, Var = 1007 £81.08" V, and y 1, =- 4 ~ 1678 2-9892° 4 Z Similarly, Voc = Vog- Veg = 9558 2-18.58" V, and Tc = 19.12 211649 A Point 0 is displaced from the neutral W by a phasor voltage Voy , given by Vow = Vor + Van = 100.7 Zex0ge 4 15 The phasor diagram, Fig. 12.18, equilateral triangle, 0 zB 4-90" = 2024 £3953° V Scanned with CamScannerPolyphase Circuits 12.13 i see Solved Problem 12.13 for an alternate method. | | | Fig. 12.18 12.12 THREE-PHASE POWER ‘The powers delivered by the three phases of a balanced gensrator to three identical impedances with phase angle 0 are Palt) = VplpcosO + Vplpcos(2at — 8) alt) = Vplpcos0 + Vplpcos(2ax ~ 240° 8) eld) = Vplp C080 + Vplpcos(2ar ~ 480° ~ 8) alt) + pelt) + Pelt) Vplpcosd + Vplplcos(2ant ~ 0) + cos(2a — 240° - @) + cos(2an — 480° - 8] But cos(2er - 6) + cos(2ar — 240° ~ &) + cos(2@1 — 480° - 8) = 0 for all t. Therefor, prit) = 3 Vplpcos@ = P ‘The total instantaneous power is the same as the total average power. It may be written in terms of line voltage Vz, and line current /,- Thus, Jn the delta system, Vz = Vp and I, = {3 Ip. Therefore, P = 3 VilLcos 8 Ip. Therefore, P = {3 Vili cos8 pri) In the wye system, Vi = {3 Vp and I ‘The expression 3 Vili cos 0 gives the power in a three-phase balanced system, regardless of the connection configuration. The power factor of the three-phase system is cos@. The line voltage Vr condustrial systems is alway’ known. If the Toad is balanced, the total power can then be computed from the line current and power factor. gE Scanned with CamScanner12.14 Electric Circuits In summary, power reactive power, apparent power, and power factor in a three-phase system are P P= JW, 1.0080 Q= J3Vt,sind Vii, ph = 7 tive values, Of course, all voltage and currents are effe 12.13 POWER MEASUREMENT AND THE TWO-WATTMETER METHOD An ac wattmeter has a potential coil and a current coil and responds to the product of the effective voltage, the effective current, and the cosine of the phase angle between them. Thus, in Fig. 12.19, the wattmeter will indicate the average power supplied to the passive network, P = Vesilesy cosO = Re(Vegelesr) (see Section 11.7). + all ( | Passive oa Fig. 12.19 Two wattmeters connected in any vo lines of a three-phase, three-wire system will correctly indicate the total three-phase power by the sum of the two meter readings. A meter will attempt to go downscale if the phase angle between the voltage and current exceeds 90°. In this event, the current-coil connections can be reversed and the upscale meter reading treated as negative in the sum. In Fig. 12.20 the meters are inserted in lines A and C, with the potential-coil reference connections in line B. Their readings will be + Leer 7 Fig. 12.20 Scanned with CamScannerPolyphase Circuits Wa = Re Vaperien) = Re (Vanenlanen) + Re (Vaserlacen) We = Re Venesilcest) = Re (Venestlcnes) + Re Vepertlcver) in which the KCL expressions Iy = Ig + Inc and I¢ = Icy + Icg have been used to replace line currents by phase currents. The first term in Wa is recognized as P,y, the average power in phase AB of the delta load; likewise, the second term in We is Pog. Adding the two equations and recombining the middle terms then yields Wa + Wo = Pap + Re [(Vapert ~ Veo elicenl + Pow = Par + Pac + Pew since, by KVL, Vag - Ves = Vac- ‘The same reasoning establishes the analogous result for a Y-connected load. Balanced Loads When three equal impedances Z £@ are connected in delta, the phase current make 30° angles with their resultant line currents. Figure 12.21 corresponds to Fig. 12.20 under the assumption of ABC sequencing. It is seen that Vag leads I, by 8+ 30, while Vcp leads Ic by 9 ~ 30°. Consequently, the two wattmeters will read Wa = Van esrla es c0s(8 + 30°) We = Veo estlc en e0s(9 - 30°) or, since in general we do not know the relative order in the voltage sequence of the two lines chosen for the wattmeters, W1 = Veestlr esr c08(8 + 30°) We = Veettla es cos( 8 + 30°) These expressions also hold for a balanced Y-connection. Elimination of Vz errfz es between the two readings leads to W.-W, ea ( WH } ‘Thus, from the two wattmeter readings, the magnitude of the impedance angle @ can be inferred. The sign of tan suggested by the preceding formula is meaningless, since the arbitrary subscripts 1 and 2 might just as well be interchanged. However, in the practical case, the balanced load is usually known to be inductive (@ > 0). Fig. 12.21 Scanned with CamScanner