ISC SYLLABUS

CLASS XII
There will be two papers in lhe subject.
Paper I Theory 3 hours ... 70 marks
Paper 11 : Practical 3 hours ... 15 marv.s
Project Work ... 10 marks
Practical File ... 05 marvs

PAPER- I (THEORY): 70 MARKS

Th ere will. bet no overall
r choice
f in the paper. can d'd • . •
I ates will be required to answer all questions. · w1·11 be
Internal choice
available in wo ques ions O 2 marks each, two questions of 3 marks each and all the three questions of 5 marks each .
5. No. Unit Total Weightage
1. Electrostatics
2. Current Electricity 14 Marks
3. Magnetic Effects of Current and Magnetism
4. Electromagnetic Induction and Alternating Currents 16 Marks
5. Electromagnetic Waves
6. Optics 10 18 Marks
7. Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter
1-:J
"7 }t°Marks
8. Atoms and Nuclei
9. Electronic Devices -=,- fiMarks
10. Communication Systems 2 Marks
Total 70 Marks
Note: (i) Unless otherwise specified, only S.I. Units are to be used while teaching and learning, as well as for answering
questions.
(ii) All physical quantities to be defined as and when they are introduced along with their units and dimensions.
(iii) Numerical problems are included from all topics except where they are specifically excluded or where only qualitative
treatment is required.
-) -)

1. Electrostatics Electric field due to a point charge E =F I q0 ( qo is

-)

(I) Electric Charges and Fields a test charge); Efor n group of charges (superposition
-)

Electric charges; conservation and quantisation of prillciple); a po111t charge q ill all electric field E
charge, Coulomb's law; superposition principle and -) -)

aperiences all electric force FE= q E. Intensity due to

continuous charge distribution .
Electric field, electric field due to a point charge,
electric field lines, electric dipole, electric field due
to a dipole, torque on a dipole in uniform electric
field.
Electric flux, Gauss's theorem in Electrostatics and
its applications to find field due to infinitely long
straight wire, uniformly charged infinite plane sheet
and uniformly charged thin spherical shell.
(a) Coulomb's law, S.J. unit ofcharge; pennittivity offree
space and of dielect,ic medium. Frictional electricity,
electric charges (two types); repulsion n11d attraction;
simple atomic structure -electrons and ions; co11d!1ctors
and insulators; quantization a11d conservatzo'.1 . of
electric charge; Coulomb's law in 11ectorform; _(pos1t1~11
a colltinuous distribution of charge i.e., linear, swface
and volume.
(c) Electric lines offorce : A collvenie11t wiry to visualize
the electric field; properties of lines offorce; examples
of the lines offorce due to (i) all isolated point charge
(+ve and -11e); (ii) dipole; (iii) two similar charges
at a small distance; (iv) u11ifonn field between tll'o
opposite[)' charged parallel plates.
(d) Electric dipole a11d dipole 111ome11t; derimtion of
-)
the Eat a poillt, (1) 011 the axis (end 011 position);
(2) 011 the perpelldicular bisector (equato1ial i.e.,
broad side 011 positioll) of a dipole, also for r » 21
(short dipole); dipole ill n 1tllijom1 electric field; net
-) -) ➔

coordinates r1, r2 not necessary). Companson JVtth force Zl'ro, torque 011 all electlic dipole: , = p x E and
Newton's law of gravitatio11; Superposition pri11ciple its derivation.
-) -) -) -)

(F1 =F12+F13+F14+ .. .). (e) Gauss' theorem : the j11L1: of a Fector field; Q = v A
(b) Concept of electric field and its i11te1~sity; examples _of -) -) -)

for velocity vector v 11 A, A is area vector.

different fields; gravitational, electric a11d magnetic;
 (I) 1}1dl'dl i, (11//l(tl/ll /( ( '/( ' 1/111 II '
I \
, rl fi•1 rlrr111r fi,ld E r1,.-t11r /1111 .Pi 1t'f1t/ll'I fllllllilli1•1/J1 J(
. ,j '
! , /,
IJ,
II \f/ 111/1
rl 'fl/
,inllul I
•
I
• I 1-' • A/•"" u111f,•1111 F /111 "'"'
•
1du1s of I'"I11n::t1/t11// 11 "'"" 11 in
II
r111r1II11
111
I ~
,, f. 11 A 1111, <i, , • 1111 /1,-/d •I"" I11,11111,· dm us "'"· if,,,,,,
•
/Ill I ,m ,, !ti 4- I
fii" f I ,,It\ '-1'
...
wl r,1"' /•''
1 /,·,
1111 /111 r I lt,11 g1 ~
,
tVt nfrn Iii,· t11 1Kll1,1/ /11'/,/ "'d11(rit
, rr lt/f I
Jl,r,1/ Ill it11/1 /11(11/
111 / 11t1 11111 111 h t111tl h1·1111·, 111 pt!, (VJ /, ~
0 1
1
11 Ir 11 .P1 ,, f, 1r 11·111,1111111}: 1/11 \1//111' () ( \I ( 'V· , ~; ti,,,,,,
~, \'' \'II(. ,1111/ I ' I II<, 1/ 1/u• r
11/11/f I/
). 1/If 111111/1(/t'II /VI/ II IIIt' \111/ltl' of I'll// \I 111 1
'\I
•
ll f/r(' II / (}1111,i: 111 /illr ,/, II II 11
If , , ,11111/ /'l•'I'" (II\ t1/ 11111i1,1111 \ 1 <.Ji< 0·1< ·, </ ·, .11 It/II
I/, 1
( \I /( < ) //llll'1t1n, 1111 11 fltlltt//r/ k

/•'' I ' ,/111 /1 1

u11111n/01 wtth 11 dtdn/111 111 hl'tiv1111 _ < , ,,,,,1,,,.
uf,•rmlJ 111 11p-il /( I (/ A/ti I I (/ /\/,I 1111'11 ( ' ' ,, ,1
1 1/11m• 91!,m.. d (,J/ r )
1
,,fr J C,, ,,,r,,r,,/ /or ,1 r,111111I/01 JN1tt111/lpj1/lt'tl tlu/n/111, 11111111
,1 htlT ('' 1/,-\/(d I t/r,) 111111,
Energy and
e1ectrost11t1c o en , 2. Current Electricity
(11}
Capacitance . i\111 h,111i~r11 of flrrw of < llfrt:111 i11 , 1,11 d, 1111
poll nt1al ,i1llcrtnn, i lt<llll ,\111hil11v, d11ft \dlll ii\' and II<; 11·1,1111,11 with 1 1111,"
ct o1 d1poh and 1u111111, <Jl11n \ I;1\\' a111 I JI\ prlll,I, 11·•,i~1:, 111 r
111 , IL chll111al rt \l\ll\'11\' ,u1d !11111 r, l:111t111 111 dnfl v,•!," 11 .,,
pamt ( hnig1 s l'!,·1 trom, V / d1,11,H 1cr1~1k~ /li11<•;11 ,ind 11,m.Ji 11; 111
Ill f1rld lkctri,.il t·11cri\, a11d 111,w<·r,. 1 !(tlr11.,I fl 11 ill
,md (<Jlldllr 11\11) ( :111>,,11 ll \ISl<,r\, ,,,1,,11, (tidt r,
,~.,
chnrg1 ~ ,mt!
l a1 hon rt•~1s1 ,irs, \ll It'\ ;,nd p·1r.dld l'm1b1w,1,,J/I
1clcLtnL und
, ,pac-11:uuc
,e~i\tor> 11·rnpcr,1ltm· d, puidl'nr t r,I H\J\l·u,cc ar
Tl~l\ll\'11\'
in paralld
l11te1nal n·s1\t,1me<,f ,1 tell, pollnli:il drflrrtnee nd
l rnf of cell, t ombrn,11 i1111 of I di~ 111 1.:1H \ ar,d
,1
parallel, KiH hhnfl ·s I.ms a11cJ ~impl, :1ppl1cJIJor,
rtmd potrntinl \\'hl'al ~t1111t· bndg,, llll'lrc br11li:1· 1',,1r11111,mtter
II fllVfl rt1r pnnuplc nnd 11s applic:1I HHlS 1,, 1111 a\urt porrn .
1I at a pornt dill, rL"n,1•, ,,, co111pa11 t'llll~ <JI tw" 1, II~.,,, me 1 ,ir
of I ,wd 1111, 111:1! n·\i51,mu· of ,1 t I'll
\\ IIA '{o (ti) 1,ir dt'Ctm111/11·1111• oj 11111d1<tl1011, llill'lrl/l/w11 o/Jru
.; I I ,i), rltrt,,mr, ,d,11,11,011 111111·,, rlt-rtrir rn11rttt I ()t
•to 1 r ,. for rom1pl oj dri)t ,·r/1111111 t111d da/11111 1110Jn/1ty IJ/rm
r a r, llr,11tm ltm~ (1111ml tlmsily / 1/A,' 'l'mmmtal ver,fimtlOT)
, ttnt,al d11r
g11111hs and IOJ'f, 0/111111 and 11011 olt1111r w11ducwn
ft llJ 1U1t1l
lfl

,Ill ,JT I > 21

obt,1111 tl1t 1c/11t11111 1 1d r1111 IJ, n ,,l T/IIJ nr·,·
1111d p - 11,!11/ 1 , ifjttl 1,j 1,·mpe1,1/I11r 011 re., /I ,,
dutrgt q) 111 and rtsist,111rr of c1md11r11Jr a11d lm1tw11d111t11n anJ
p tn1tral g1t1plt1 Rtsisltllltl' R \'/1, 1<'!1I /11•10• r. J:IV(n b_y
\'n) R = p I A, cow/11rr11·1ty al/II wwl11rt11mr, <Jlrm' lari
m 0) tn·o
blmg th, 11s J •= o £, ro/0111 111tl111g ,1 rrrnt1111rr
r /_ J-i.,, f.ll'rl nm/ merr•p wn 11111/'d in I 11111• I 1 1 l't V/t
Un~ U11
0
/IS/Ilg Oltm 's /a,v 1 ( ' !R)t I2Rt l'otnrtuu
v·
d,fficrow \'=PI, I'= \I I, LI,·, tnr 11own cvn umt
hrr n drpolr 111 :.t ;/
P = \'I = \' R = 1 R, rommrmal wut , tlfrtn
rom11111ptw11 t1111I lnl/111g Vt1i111tia11 11 t11UJ.1'JllalL
dm, , r1 rr. wn ~ tht ro,
cm lil/lQ,' mwhwUiau '!J lJ' I tors /11 fl'.'
= --
p • E. JJ«Ull (JI fl
11111111/cl 11mal II f.J!J. 11 11/mt1ml ,t 15101 , 11-'!B,
n11d RP= R/n ( ,1/mlatio!!!!f__!IJ11l1 fllt11/ rr t;!!!!!!.:.;J_
mued rtlllJ! 1!!J...!!LlI_ 1 Ion ( nrrn It sJ
(() 17,t wu,u of fllffg) of a wtt of emf ( u h 11 11
rel/) may bt tlmnml, 111r,l,a111rt1I. thamal
Ill nr5 nu/11111/ ~·11trgJ1 17,e , mf o) " ourrr I defined
1011 Jo, tlrr 110,l tiPm pe, 111111 1/r11rgt to Jo1rr thtm t
I Q2 to tht l11glw /101111 oj potmtwl u,0111 If ,mn,r.
!_ C\ ,,
= IQ\ = - - to ..-,r ttr111111a/ 111 ulr tlu· ull) o, I I\\ dq '
2 (
dq - ldt, dl\ - [dq I !tit I,1111t11ng total rt
donr lo the 11•orl done a,ro the f.'ltmwl n 'R
 /1/ /1 I /1 j IJ
I /,/1 I I If
i/1/11 /1
I

r IJ

I 1 11/
11111 ,,r ,,,,,,, ,
I 1/i /1 l//lf/11 /11/(I /Ill/ /1 I /1// 1

f Uri nt
Mov111g Chn,90 and Maynot1srn
' I 111 J''" 111 ti, Id I )1 r tuJ I rm 111
I I I Iv ,111tl 11 1p11l1< 1111111 Arnptll
t 11 1111 ii l 1w 111,I 11~ q•1•li1 ,11,111 111 in
IJJI hi \JI• 11 11gh1 ,111,I l•11111d.tl •ilt
1ud11111\, 1,l1l111•1111 1,,,,l 1111 1111
1111111' 11111 111.11111111 11ul tl111111 1,,Jd
J !JI I Ill I ! 1111, Ill I 111 VIII}' I 1111d1111111 I
111 11 Id 1111, l lw1w, 111 1wr1 p,11,1lld I lllfl 111-
1 lllld11,1111 d,1111111,111 1,I ,111q1t11, 11114111
,I 1,, I {11111111 l1111p Ill 111111111111 llld)'lll"III
11 1 111)1 11111 f,tl\,lllllllltlll 11 ti! 111\IIV
1 .,, . 1 111 1•,ilv 11111111, It 1 111111 ,111 11111111 It 1 ,111d 1
\11111111 I• I

(ii) M;t9no11 m and Matter

\ , 1111, 111 l1111p I~ I 111,11•111111 d1pnl,. 11~ 111.1g1t1 Ill
d1)'11l, 1111111\1 Jll, lll,lflll Ill dq111l1 111111111 Ill 111 'l
It \Phlll)' 1 I, I 111111 , 111,~111 (11 l1tld 1111111\ll\ d111• 10 I
11111•11111, d1pnl1 L11,11 11111:11, 111111 1lw 1xi:tl lin, .111d
, 'I" 111111,tl l11w 111111111• 1111 ,t 111,111 m·t11 dip11l1 11>,u
1111b11, 1) 111 11m1r;,, 111111;1~111111 11, Id, ha, 111 H'll1 t .t~
1111q111,,tl,111 ,nlt111111l, 1111g11t1ll l11ld 11111~, 1,11th\
Ill I 'Ill 11, I H Id 111d 111,1 'Ill I II tl1111t 111' I )1 llllil 'lll'lll,
r11,11n1•11111, .111d l111r1111,1 111,·11, ~nh\lrn,1, \\11h
1 \ 1111plt, I l,·1 I 1111111£111 h 11\d f.11 tnr, ,1fln 1111g_ tht II
I ti 11\'I Ii, jlt'l lll,llll'lll 111,1 ;111'1 \
1111 c>11/i 1,,,,,,,11,1/ 111(1,,,/11111011 1/111•11(/, < ,,nud\
, 1/'tllllltll/ /1\lll/'fl1 ', ,11'111/1/llllf; 111ft' llt'I
111, /i,./ri/ / /l111t ,,11·,11 t l,111 ,111,/ 111 , ,11< 1r /1 11111,
111•1•/1111111•11. .Ja,rr f/:<' 1·11•11111, 111 )1•1 fl 11) 11I
 Propert1i•s of d11111111g11,·111 parnmag11t'tir and c.1presrn111 Jo, t'Ocjficie11t of self ,nd
Jaro11111g11etir rnb.1tf111Ct 1, tli,·ir WSCt'Jllibil1ty a11d 2 urta11cc
rd11ti1•t pm11eabili!Y .1 - µoN A 2
)O eno,d L = .:....::..__ = µ n Ax[_ Of q
0
It 11 better to c.1p/11111 tl1t 11111111 d11t111ctw11, the ra11se
of m11,~111·tiz11tio11 (M) 1s t/111• to 11111g11etic dipole Mut111ll i11d11ctio11 awl mutual induct
111t1mmt (111) cif" 11/oms, iom or molerulrs bt'lllf( 0 for llllce ( A-1
t/111, > 0 but l't'1J' !;1111111 for p11m 1111d > 0 1111d large
Jiir fi'm111111g,1flir 111111,·1 ia/s, fm c,mmp/ei; /I/nm/ 111
-)
I l111kcd ~2 = Ml 1, 111ducc,l emf £ ::: ~ J, Jl11;
2
dt ::: At~
r,tmwl B, m-y sm11/I (111d11ced) 11111g11ct1z11t1011 as M = ---5.l_
<11
111 11 Defi111t1011 of M
rl1rt'rtio11 op/los1te to B
-)
di I I dt or A1,, ~
~i
III dw, s111111/ 11111g11et1z11tio11
- )
Jo, 1,
pnm/11·/ to B for pt1rn flllll /11rgl' 11111g11et1z11t1011 rorffic;e111
➔ conx;a/ .so/ ~
11t1mllel to BJo, fcn-omag11et1c matmals; this lcntis to e1I0Id
1
➔ Induced en,Jo
/111es of B becommg less cle11se, more dmse 1111d 11111ch P/Jo,1
more de11se 111 din, p11m andJeno, resp1•cti11cly; hence, changes, back emf rs set 11p, edd,Y current
11 Jl'eak repulsitm for rlw, we11k 11ttmct1011 for p11m Tmnsfonner (ideal co11p/i11g) pnuc· s,.
1111d .strong 11ttmct1011 for Jmr, 111ng11et1r matenal, d 'Pe, 11•0 t
an uses, step up and step down em
. I I,
. '~'~l
Also, a small bar suspemird i11 the ho1izo11tal . ,
11ppIrm t 1011s 111c llf mg tra11smiss1011 of •nenr,,
:v
-.; a/id
➔ losses and their mi111misation power, tnerg,
p/1111e becomes pcrpenclrmlar to the B field for dw (c) Sinusoidal vari11t1011 or V and I w,t/1 t'
➔ 'J line Jo
and pam/lel to B for pnrn nnd fen-o. De.fi11111g output from 1111 11c genemtor, time period fa I t\
eq11ntio11 H = (Blµo) M, the magnetic properties, and pl111se rlwnges, obtai11 mea 11 values' equeili)
s113tept1b1hty Xm = (M/J-f) < 0 Jo, d111 (a.s M 1.s and voltage, ob/11111 relntio11 behvee,, R.lvtf o,rre,i,
V a11d I mth peak 11a/11es i11 sim,soidt1/ cas i•alue '1
opposite H) 1111d >0 for p11m, both Pe1y ,m111/I, but . , es o11fu
(d) V11n11t1011 of volt11ge 1111d curre11t iu .:J
11e~11 /11rge forferrc1, hmce relntiPe pen11c11b1/1ty µ1 = ac nrni
consist mg of 011/y 11 resistor, 011/y 1111 iuductor lti
(I+ x.111 ) < I Jo, d111, > 1 for /lllm and » 1 (very 011[y ii cnpac1tor (phasor representation) I an,i
large) for ferro, .f11rthe1; Xm r:x 1/1 (C,cne's /ml') for a11d p/111sc lead May .app/y KirchholT:.s pl iase lag
parn, 111depe11dent of tempemture (T) for di11 and obtam s1111p - Ie diflc
, erentw I equat1011 (SHi\,J
:v mvaltd tv e
depends 011 T i11 a complimted manner for fen-o, V = ¼SIii wt, sol11t1011 I= 10 s111 wt, I 5111 (wt · P!,
011 heati11gfem1 becomes pmY1 111 Curie te111pemt11re a11d 10 sin (wt - rr/2) for pure R C
mid L nl J
4 2

Electro11111g11et its tle.fi111tw11, properties 1111d factors
effectmg the stre11gth of electromagnet, se/cct,011 of
magnetic material for tempom,y and pem11111ent
111ag11efa and core of the tmnsfonner 011 the bmis
of rete11tiJ11ty 1111d coerciJ>c force (B-J-J loop 1111d it.s
sig11ifica11ce, retentivity and coercive force 1101 to be
t•1111l11ated ,
4. Electromagnetic Induction and Alternating
Currents
(i) Electromagnetic Induction
faradav's laws, induced emf and current, Lenz's Law,
eddy currents. Self-induction and mutual induction.
Transformer.
(ii) Alternating Current
Peak value, mean value and RMS value of alternating
current/voltage, their relation m sinusoidal case;
reactance and impedance; LC oscillations (qualitative
treatment onlv), LCR series orcull, resonance, power
in AC circuits, wattless current AC generator.
(a) Electro111ag11etic 111d11ctio11, Mag11etic fho, change
111 flux, mte of cl11111gr of flu, /l/Id mduced emf,
Faraday's lmvs Lenz's lnw, a111serv11tio11 of energy;
motio11al emf E = Blv, 111ui poll'er P = (Blv/!R,
edr[J' currents (q1111/it11tive).
(b) Selfi11d11ctio11, coefficient of srlf111d11cta11cr, $ = LI
E
and L = - - henry = 110/t Sccollll//l/11pcre,
di / dt '
respectwe[y. Drmv phase (or p'hasor) ,_orru,ts
. , 1agram;
.sI1011'111g voltage and current and phme lag or lead
also sl101v111g rr.s1sta11ce R, inductm reactauce X'
(XL = wL) 111111 capac1t111e re11ctance Xe, (Xe~
1/wC). Gmph of XL a11rl X( vsf -
(e) 171e LCR senes circuit Use phasor dillgram metlwd
to obtai11 t'.171ress,011 for I 1111d V. the pd across R, L
1111d C, mu{ the 11et pl111se l11g/lmd; me thr results
of 4(e), \I lags I by rr/2 111 11 rnpac,tor, \I /rads I
by rr/2 111 an i11d11cto1; V 1111d I are III phase III a
m;istor, I is the same 111 111/ three; hence draw pir115e
di11gr11111, co111bi11e VL a111/ Ve (111 opposite phau,
pha.sors add lrke Pectors) to gi11e V = VR + \IL f Ve
(plu1sor 11dditio11) 1111d the 11111.1 J1ah1es are rtlated ~
\12111 = \12Rm + (VLm - V c,,i Jl'llen VL > Ve
S11bstituti11g pd = mn-e11t x res1sta11Ct' 01 rracta11ct,
1ve get Z 2 = R2 + (XL - Xe) 2 n11d tan $
(VLm - Vc111)IVR111 = (XL - Xc)IR gm11g
I= 1111 sm (wt - $) where 1111 = \/111 I Z etc Spena/
rases for RL a11d RC circ111ts. / J\/ay use Kin-MIClff'
law 11111/ obtam the differential rq1111tio11) Grnplr
Z11sfa11dlvsf
Powr, P 11ssocinted 1v1tl1 LCR ci1c11i
= 1 Vol Ocos $ =
2 v,,,1.1 I rm.I cos $ = Irms -' R; po11·
absorbed 1111d powrr dissip11ted; electrical reso111111c,
b111uhvidth of sig1111/s and Q J11ctor (110 dem•11tw11 )i1
osci/lntwn.s i11 1111 LC cm:11it (roo = JI ../ii)j
 /\,•crag,· 1w11•1T co11s11111<·,I n11,•m,1;r,l o,•,·1 11 .Ji,/1 ~·,,rt,·
-
P _ I V 0 10 cos (\1, I '111wTj11r
,
t11r 1·0.1 ,~ U//.. ,i.,·111 .,.,,,/
2 Sinl/1'' l'?("'"" on . H,!ylt•l1;'1 ~\ 1Jico1y of ll'fltl<'f'illg
mse or 11m· H, /_ """ ( ,'; rlio~.!' C!!.J~ !:!!.!.!.il1_tin1/
tlll.JI,
~ - X1. (0/1(10 ,\ /'11//'t'//( '"'jjj;/ l'(),11j>
p = O, 1vatth•,1·s n11Tc11t,· 1 ( ' l'irn1it, ,,1 ."'so 11 r1111 ,1,
()~ //1'//('/'
witJ, X1. - Xe, Z - 7,,,,,.
I?.. 1111,vc, ,l!'fiJJ1•11•rl to
t'irc11it ~,, tli,· S0/11'(1' Is 111,1.1i11111111, rt',\'()Wllllji ·,·,,11,·11q1
I t/trouxlt t/,/11 l,•me.1 . derive lc11.1 111(1kl'r'.1 formula
fo = 2rrJLc'
(g) Simplr• ,,.c. gc111•mt111:~ · l'ri11ri11!!', tl1•.1·cri11tio11, tlt,•orJI,
working 11wl 11s,·. Vr11 ir,1 io11 in rn1n•11t t//ul 110/Jr;gc
1vitlz time for r1.c. (IJU/ rl.,·. Basir rli.fJeu•11c1·s bc111,1·e11
a.c. 11/1(/ d .c.
Electr omagn etic Waves
Basic idea '.Jf dis . lacen:,e1_11. currl'nt. EIL'ct 1omagne t k
waves, then· c rnractcn sltcs, t 1c11· t rnnsvcrs l' nat tire
(q1.wlita tive ideas only). Comple te clcctrnm agnctic
spectru m starting from radio waves to gamma rnys :
element ary facts of electrom agnetic waves and their
uses.
Cance 11 o dis 1/r1c/'111e11t c11rre 11, q11nlitnli1 11•
c escriptions 011{y of electro111rrg11elic spertru111; co111111011
fenturcs of all regiom· of c111 spec-tn1111 including
->
transverse nature ( E and -► ->
B pripenrli rnlnr to c);
special features of the common classiflcatio11 (gr111111u1
rays, X rays, UV rays, visible light, IR, 111icrowrrvcs,
radio a11rl TV ,vrwcs) in their production (sourcl'),
detection and other properties; uses; (/pproxi111ate
ra11ge of 11. or for at least proper order of inrreasi ngf
or A..
6. Optics
(ii)
(i) Ray Optics and Optica l Instrum ents
Ray Optics : Reflecti on of ligbt by spherica l mirrors,
mirror formula , refractio n of Hgh1 at_plane surfaces ,
totaf internal reflectio n and its applicat ions, optical
fibres, refractio n at sphedca l surfaces , lenses, thin
lens formula , lens maker's formula , magnifi cation,
power of a lens, combin ation of thin lenses in con1act,
combin ation of a lens and a mirro1·, refractio n and
dispersi on of light through a prism .• Scatteri ng of
lig_h1...,_
Optical instrum ents : Microsc opes and astronom ical
telescop es (reflecti ng and refractin g) and their
magnify ing powers _and their resolvin g powers.
(a) B.eflection of light by spherical ..mirrors, Minor
]!J:anJJ]fL-it:uf_e.LiJ1atio11;..R = 2ffor spherical mirrors.
Mag,:zifim.t.iml,_
(b) Refractio n of light at a plane inte,jace, Snell's law;
total intemal reflection and critical angle; Iota/
reflecting prisms and optical fibres. _Totnl 1:eJiecting
prisms : applicati on to triangula r pnsms 1,v1th angll'
of the prism 30°, 45°, 60° and 90° respec!iJJe~1; ray
diagram s for Refractio n through a combrn11t1on of
media, 1 11 2 x 2 11 3 x 3 11 1 = 1, real depth a11d appnrent
depth. Simple applications. . .
(c) Refractio n through a prism, minimum deJ11at1on and
derivatio n of relation bet1,vee11 n, A and 8111 ; 11 • illclude
explanat ion of i-8 graph, i 1 = i 2 = _i (say) for ?'/';
from ~mmetr y r 1 = r2; refracted ray 111s1dc_the pns'.11
is parallel to the base of the equilnter al prrsm. Thlll
prism. Dispersion; Angular dispersion; dispersive
,,01110; minbo,v - l'flJ' rlir1gm111 (no rll'l'i1111tion)
,_off'.}; 11 . , 11c m 0111 11 .1 ·yi(iii/ l'l'rfil1.1h 111 J1'11rt111re o
Nit' .\/Ill /If ,\ /Ill/' It' ll/1( .\ /1// .\C( C 0/11 \ f(JIJJl'rlr W 11ft'.
( rl) R,j1r1t'/ 11111 r1 t 11 1i11gfr 111'1cr/ml .1111j~1rc; de17i1ted
d1.1r11.1.1ion of 011c ca.it· 01101 co,11,1'.l 1111w11d.1 r"rer
1111•,//11111, )or .111hl'riml .rn1Jr1rc r111d rral i111"gi:. ncrive
t/11• rl'iatio11 lil'/1\IL'l!II II I• n2, 11, JI 11111/ R . Refmctio11
((Iii/ /1•11s .for11111l11; dl'rill(lfion of m111bi11ed Jorn/
l,•11gtlt '!f t,vo thin /eme.1 111 nm tact <,om/Jin,1lio11 ef
l,·11.,es 1111rl mirron (1i/11ai11g oj !t•m exrludt•d) rmrl
lll((g11!Jicatio11 )or lens, derivation for bico1mex lens
on(y; l'Xlcnd the 11•.rnlt.s to lnro11rc111c /c11s, piano co11vc.>.
/ms n111/ ll'lls i1111111'rscrl in rr liquid, power ,if a lc111
P = !//with SJ unit dioplrr For lwsc.1 i11 i;onlr1ct
I /f = I !ft + / /f2 and P = P 1 + P2 . Lens for11111/r1,
for111r1tion of image with co111binatio11 of thin len ses
mu/ mirrors.
f Al!)' 0111• sign con11e11tio11 may be 11sed i11 wlvi11g
numerim fa].
(c) RnJI dingra111 and derivation of 11111g11/fying poiver of
r, sim[ilt' microscope with image at D (least d1stance
of distinct 11isio11) and infinity; Ray dingram and
dcriw,tio n of 111ngnifying poivrr of n compound
1111croscope wit/, image at D . On(y expressio n for
magnifyi ng poiver ,if compound microscope for final
image nl infinity.
Rt!)' rliagm111 s of rcfrncting telescope 1vith image
nt infinity as well as nt D; simple explanation;
r/eri11ntio11 of magnifyi ng p01ver: RaJ, diagram
ef rejlecling telescope 1vitl1 image nt 11ifi11ity.
Adw,ntng es, dirndvanlages mu/ uses. Resolving
power of compound microscope and tr/1•scope.
Wave Optics
Wave front and 1-luygen 's principl e. Proof of laws of
reflect ion and refractio n using f-1 uygcn's principl e.
Interfer ence, Young's double slit experim ent and
expressi on for fringe widlh (13), coheren t 5ource1. and
sustaine d interfere nce of light, Fraunho fer diffracti on
due to a single slit, width of central maximu m,
polarisa tion, plane polarise d light, Brewste r's law,
uses of plane polarise d light and Polaroid s.
(a) Huygc11 's princip/1' : wnP1fro11ts - differe11/ fypes/
shapes of 1vavcfronts; proof of lmvs of reflection llllrl
refmct/011 using Hz!.Jlgen 's tl,eo,y. [Refmcti on through
a prism and len s on the bnsi; of 1-/uygen's t'l1eory 11ot
requirer/].
(b) lnte,ferm cc of ligl,t, inte,jerence of monochromntic
light l?JI double slit. Phase of Walle 111ott0n;
superposition of irlmticn/ waves at n point, path
difference and phnse difference; coherent and
incoherent so11rces; i11te1fere11ce · co11struc/h1e a11d
destn1cti11e, ronditions for s11stni111'd i11te,jl'renc/' <!f
light n1aves [ 111rrt.he111aticnl deduction of inte1ference
from the equations of t:Jvo progressiJJe 1v111ws iv1t/, a
phase difference is not required]. Ycnn,g'~ double slit
experiment : set up, rlingmm, geometricnl deduction
of path difference /';x = d sin 0, bet1veen 1w1Pes from
the two slits; usi11g 6x = 1111. for brigl,t fri11ge and
tu= ( n + i)11. for dark fringe nnd sin 0 = fan 0
If'
l'1c , , ,,, I' 1w.l II ,11, 1111,11/ , 1/1(,1/1/ I 11 1/ I 1/ 1,1 A
J1h1 1IPt/1,t,t, 1/fl'fl I 111,1/ 111111, 11 , 1
11111 / /lfll,I'• I\'/,///, j\ I/ 1,/ Ii, I •fd/ 1/f 11/ ,/11/f //1111/1111 11I 1/11(/I.
1111/111, ,111111111111 /11 th111 11 ,11 11 ,. '' ,
,,1 1/11, 1111/1• 11·11/, 111/l'lll,11 ,/111,111,, 1 I 11•1 Ill 11111
,111,/ A/11,11, 1//1'1/!J' /1 / , ,,,. l\•111•,, ll/11,,,,, I,
(I l \/11~/, 1/// I 1,w11l11 1/, l ,/1//1,1111, 011 I• /1111, 111111 I 11(1/ 1/f I' 11 1111
l\'lf /l/11/ 111111 I I1/1 / 1//1(1 ti, 1111111// / ,, '
, IJ'},111,r/11•11 ,•11/1•) / l/(/l,11 /11111 di 11 1(11r/1 1//1 / J111•/ 111111 1111, I , ,11111r1 1'1/iu/ I It//1 1,,.,,'
' I

, 'I'•, 1111, 1t11il 1, 1 11/ 1 ,/1,11•1 ,1111, ,It// r11, /11111 1111111 1
I I1 111 I/ l//111111/ 1/11' t'l /l11/1111111 I/Iii/ I I' 'llltJ/11 l11,,
1

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,! 11•1 ,,., ,, \ II''" 11 II / ', / 1ll1tl 1, 111,//l/11111
I /1 J 1111
1ti/1111
/t,/ ,,, 1111
·,
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,,,, 1,.,111,/,111 lf/,1\illltl, 1/ ill\ ll,, ( I/ I ~)A, 'I I' l'flt llfl111 •yI/ I1/j
"I l11/1 /1/fll I/111/1111; 1•//1'1 I 111 Ill
.11111,/11,111 1•1
1/111111' I /1'/11/lt'lr//l(lr' '11111•,1•,1•1 I I/I ll'/(1,/ II/ 1 /II,, lr1,,,
I

1IIIJ:lll,11 11•,,/r/1 ·'/

, 11 1111, 111/11' 11·111, ,111,1•11/,11 ,//11111111·,
,,·11(1,1/ /111,;ht /1111,1;1
1'111 /1,1111 (11,1111 r/11' 1ot/111,/,)
•
,,If,,' 1
' of 1·11,1 111 1111111
II1/1/(1//
1111'1 11111I /111111•, /11(1•111/()1111 \' I/ 111//111 011,,'/
/\il,11/,,111, 111 11/ /1,,;l11 11/,1111 1111/11111,·, I ,./,. 1111111,1,1:111'1/r I/1 I 11•11111·111 I'), /111 n·,111' /11 , I ,,tr I ,,)II /111 I ,.,,,,,,1 11(,, 1
1111
li',11, (1 /, 111, IJ/,11 I #1/1',I /111/1• ), fllt'l/111.f1 11/ / 111/11/ /1t11/1f// , / I I
1/lf'II/I' 11 Mt J ,, l'I /u111, f'i1 1/1 X ,11,I 1r111/,1/ I111,r,' ,,,
1'/ 11.,:hr /11, 11·,1, 1 \ /,111· ,,,,1,11,111/1 I l111 ,1,,,11111 ,,J ,,,, \ 111)' /11'1/111•11, 11 (I hv),
1111 1Ill1011 I 'I,
111111 1,1111111 / ,,.,,,,('/,1111• 1
, Ir, l11•111i1,,:11, /1, 11',11', '" ,,,1111111/11/,111 ,,, t'lff'l,,:1· /111 I I 1111,,
t' \ : 111111111111/1\ IJJt't/111111 11/ X 111111 I 1Vl1v
I I
11 111 1, I,•111:II, >111111 r/v111111 1,111 , V A111\ ////,,,, ••
1
/'• 1I,'· /1, , ,,. I/It;, 1 ,,, I ,,,,,1 11, ,,,,,,,,: I/,1· ,,,// /,, I I ,1 II I I., 111' 111
I I
r '/1,11111/1·1 I11/r 11111/ 11J////11111111 x · 1111r/,.y·If., "
1 11111
11111111,• ,,, l 11111' II 1//1 1101111,,l,.·11/111 /11 , I h,v ( '/'/I II 111,, II' II 1/(I/ [ /I Ji,, 1'/lll f11rt/1•d) i, lltr/ 1 "''l'.14~
1/11,·1 1·,.r,,,, /1 11111 ,, 11,1:ht hr111,l11/ 11 1111•111, 1,1 tl,,11
B. Atom•, ,md Nuc lol
I I

I II II ,1/, 111,,: 1• 1/r11 1 11/1 11111111,11/1• ,,,·111/'11ill,11/111 (I) Ato111«

I I
/,t ,,/, /r ,1(/1, I / ,I/ , 11,//11111 I' /1g/1/, tf 1111,/ ti ,t/1' /11 ,,I/ /\ lp l\11
11111 Ii, 11· 1,1·11111 il111 1 1·~p1 ii1111•t11 I'
1111111111 111111, I I, 110111 ,•, 11t1,111i1
, ll1<1d1·I
, 11111, 1I I ,11·
11
1l/1\'!'l1,111, 111 11 11/,1111 I'• I/'' 11,//, 1d111 !ti thr 1' 1•n /111 livd101:1 11 ',Jin 1111111. , , I<·v,1
I'" lj•y
I I
1
llll/'11/11111, ,/ l\'ill"n I/ I ,111,/ (/1,11,,. II ,,/111) /1 1<111/rn /111r/'1 1111, l1'111 11//ltld 11 1 11 111111 (
J l/llf( 1Ir!)111
II "'"'J1
of 1t111/1•1/11g nrlurll'tf}, J,111,.tl , . 11,,11
1 1111
11/1111,/ '" ,, 11111:I,· 11/1111, ,111/)' ( I l,,11•1• /111n11/11I I 1
11111 "'111f.r1/
,, 1 '. 11·r A/1111,/,·11 1'\/ll'li111t•11t 1111 fl 1m/lt'IIII/''
11,1/,111 1,/ 1,,,;hr
> I
· ,r •'
I Ill it'll/I\ "1 l'l//\/'\I 11/1/1/(}(I( /, t!f (/ /J ( / 1111; c,,,
I /11 11/11111· 11111111/11111,1! I (01 H) . Ill If/' lo t/11
I

,111,I .Jh,,/ //, 1111', 11111li·111, 11/1t,1i11l'tf ii)' 1,111111 ,1 , /\K I 1

l ' lt/11111/fl If li111'tll(I' 1111/111111',/ 111• l//1' ,,, II
h.~ht ,, i1/1, 1 111//r,/ 11l,111r 1111/,1111,·il /1,;lrt / 1/,1111' 11/ 2 ~ 1r 11
I I ///lllid,· lo rt,,, tl11111g1' II/ l'l1•rt1111t11/lr ,otent'
,,,,/111 l\,t(/1111 (111111,11111 tl 11/ftl I'), /11111111111//1111 /111 1 Ill 1r11c,,
21'1'%<'
11/lr-1 r,1111, /i,,w,t,·, \
/,111• 11111 1,
1
11, 1,jr,111,•tl i\(/ 11/ tl,c ))'ll/'/11 I/J . ' , 1.1,i, . 10
/,Y

,,,,, ,, 11011md1111i,11 111 11•/l1'1/l'il 1111 1 /111 I , ,, 4m;o,i1 rn

1
'11 I I I' ')(), ,.,,,,,,,,,,,.,, 1111' Ill th,· Jllt1tl1111/,111 1111,I I /1'1111/; (l/11111/(' ~llltl'/111(', 011/y /'l'lll'll(/ ,,, ,.
' I1•11.1, 111r
,, ' I111111g
I' 11/11111/r 1111111/,ci ✓,' Nc Ill 11111/1·,
drt,·rt,,1111111,1/1•111 11/ ,,11/,11 ,,,,/ 1,.~J,1, 11(/r1•1 1111'\ / Ill\' ,, 1111011 1111111/,c,
••/ A/,,/11.1 N 11111I 1111111 1111111/ll'I A. /\ brl1" rur ,if/,· 1
I J
011111 II Offen/
IJr11~gm1111d lf'tl1//11g /11 1Jolt1 '.1 li,m, 11 of h
7. Dunt Nature ot Rmfa1tion and M,1tlor . . I
,1111·rt111111, fom111111· for 1w1vt'/1•111,1h /11 I
., !)It1roKen
JJ11111,•1; l mr/11'11, IJ111rAcrt 111/(I Pf11111/ \C'rit'\ 1/, lb ' 9. Elec1
\Vnvl' p:1111.I,· d11alil\', pl10111il11 l11t 1·1f1•11, ll,·,11 I I r, :Ylllll/1
,111d l , 11,11d\ 11h,1·1v:itu111,, I 1mtl'i11\ pho1,wl<·1 l 1it '
m11.1/1111/ /JoI11 1 111odrl 11 1 1I atom )irrx
I ( j)
rq11.1ti1111 p.111nh· 11.111111• ol llgl11 Ma111•1 wav,·~ • '.I • 11011II a/r1
(7 I); l'.\/Jrt'S.l"IUII.\ Jur orhi/11/ velociu,, ki11r11,
w.i,,· 11:111111· 111 p:uli, d1•- ll1oglh' 11·l:iti1111, I,·,, ,·111·1gy, JJU/e111ial rncrgi1, md/111 1!f /J/hir aud Iota/
umdu,11111 l1nn1 I l:l\' I\\Oll ( ;1•1111t· 1 ,·xp1·ri 1111•n1 ,·111•1Ji!' ,1 cl,•rt m11, L11c1gy frlll'I dir1111'/1111, mln,t, ·
X-rnn. ,r J' f r. 111011 (ii)
1
c'.I i\ , rcq111•111y a111/ wm1elrngtl, ,j dljjtre111 liurr
(11) l J,111al'lm1 ir 1'//l'rl, 111111111 i?t11/011 of 111d/11f/011, 11 c111is,1•i,,11 1pcr/111; 11g11•c1111•111 will, cx11cri111c11t11 /~
l',11.1/1'1111· c•q1111r11111 1 111, 11 /1v W 0; 1/11c.1/r11/,I uli1enl£'(/ 1lfli11c1. / l hc 11111 1111d 1101 Afor 1111/1 of A]
jn•11111•11n1; 11•111Aj1111rtw11, n111·1i1111·11t11/fi1rt1 ,f I frrtz (Ii) Nuclei
,111,I Lrn111d ,1111/ tht'i1 rn11d111io111, /"/11.1/ci,1 1111',/ C:ompo\i l ion and \i1<· of nudc:us, Radio:ictivity,
(ii,)
fllr111r/.. ., 1dn11 rlllrl /'\(1•111/i•rl ti lo r1111,/J1 _/i11 mrli,11/011 a lrha, b1·ta and g:11nnia part,rll'\/ray\ and 1hci,
(/,RI,/); 11/rotol'l,·1/111 1'//ffl 1w1 Ji,, ,·111lr1i11C'rl 011/JI r11i~1 it·\, ntdioart iv,• 9\'.l'.f!Y law. M:t\Hnergv
m111111111g q111111(11111 (J//111/rli-) 11111111(' 1!f mr/i11/l(III '.el.it 10~1, rna\\ l~<"f<·rl; binding <·11<·1gy per nucleon and (iv
Ortrr11111111/1t111 c!f l 'l1111rA '.1 m11.1t1111t (from //,c .llll. VLIU:JlJOJl with rna\s 11umbl'r, Nuclear r<'artion1,
111,c lt·a1 fis~ion and nudl',tr fusion
1w111h of ,top11111g putmli11/ \I, 1wn111 J,1•,111c11q1
I 1!f thl' 111c1rl111r fig/tr} M,11111·11111111 of phot~11 (11) /\111111ic 1111111e.1 r1111/ 1111clrar demit;,, l10tope1,
/I l .k ltvk /,/A. lwb1111 1111d l so/011£'.1 - r/1f111ilio11.1 ,vi(/, rx11111p/1s
1if l'fld1. U11ifled 11to111ir 111t111 /111it, symbol u, /11
(b) rl,•./3rutJir l!J'/!Oth,·1i1, 11h1•11(11111•1wn ,!f dfftru,1
rliffmr'rio11 (11w1/it11f11't' ,111/)1), \1\11/11' 1111/uu· qf
c
- 1/ 12 o/the 1/1(,/S.\ r!f 12 (l/()/11 = 1.66 x ,o-21 kg.
( .'0111po11/ io11 of 1111cl!'US, muss deject 1111d binding
m rliatio11 i.1 1•1lti/11 /1•rl /11 i11tt'fl'11'11n·, dljfmrfio11 mrrgy, llF =- (ti.111) / CmpJ, of !J[/1wleo11 vm111
1111d ;m/11ri1·rllio11; prirtir/1• 111//un• is c•.i/,ibitrtl /11 11w1.1 1111111/Jer A, s11rcial feature) • Im 13L/1111rleo11fo1
lifihl 11.1 1v,,I/ as irl'lllJI l'leml'll/1, Mirldfr orde, mort
 .,tJ1bk /~·(1 /1\,1,,,, 1111,I fu,,.111/ l11nt,111, ,1 111,11,,, 11 f, 1 1111111,1; '/,,111,/i • 11/ 111n,:} /r, rf, rl· , , 11111 ,,1,, ,1/1tl
I ·,rlnd,lf1t•11., ,d,l!1'il t,, t/11' u111,,r 11 , 11 "''"'
1•tt· .. '. l "'l'I'" 111,111, fl/' 11/" l111r, 1111111l11, "f, ,,/11rr,/ ,11,,m ,
,/,/,-. ( /•111,/111.~ I 11, 1:i;r. 11111111.1/ ,111111/11/,111,,11 11//d ,,,,,, / 111•11gltt Ir>/ r //11 I /11 /111 Ill II /11///11 drf1111/111l/ of< IIOJ:I
rl\i1lllt /Ja)1' ,f\ (hllllJ'lc·,. /,,111,/1 1•1111111· 11/ rlflldJ' 'I""''/ r111 rgy /, 1·,l r /l(llftfr,/
(hl R11,l11',l1'fl1'Jl1' 1/1,, 1'1'c'l l', '/'<,Jl!illtt't'lf' dt\lll{c~\l·,t11,,n /11• h,,m/ r•'I' , 1tllr,I J,11 /11,/,I,,, ln111d1 A 11 1dr11l,;u,/
,,, ,f~I d(,11111( 111'( I,"·' h ,ti, ,J,,. c lllt\\ltlll ,y tt pj)/ 11pr,,,11t,tt1011 of 1/11 ,11,1-,;J' h11Htf /or ,1 ru111/1u/01,

1•,111,.1.-, ,111.1 i_ ,,,,li:111,,11. '."'"IJ;::;,-:i 1,i. 1Ji,.,;;::;r;;;,,7 III\Hl,1(01 {lllt/ 1/Jll/[(Jlltf1tt1,,, 1/1111,,,1,,, '" ,
, /1111111,1/ , lt.r1~,, I\J1,l1,•,1r t11•,:--;q1, 1,ol'; ,/,, 11•, 1111 ,11 ,li/fl'11·1111<, d11t111rt1011 h1t11·c111 wwlwt,J1, 111 11lttt,11
11111/ "·111ir,111,/111 tw 011 tlrt l!n11, of r11n1;}' lmnd ,
.,;:J_'\ ~'\' , 1' ...:.,., /r!'}J_ '1J!'..J.!.tll1t./ /. ~I <1/1/, d_!.\J I ti, I(\
t •. l\'1tT1 I 111,11A, ,r~;,, 1/,i \ ,u1, /~dt1tim1 b,·tJ1·1•, ll Hlfh n,1111plr1, ,rwtl/1,1111·, '"''" w11 1111/J~ r11,,,:v
/1,'.!J. I!}_<' ( I l ,111.I ,h,i11t,'.!;1,1t1m1 ,-.,i/\tt1 11 t ('.). 111 ,-, 111 ~rlfl\ (1 \I) /11 l)'/Htlll "'',. ltllll< (1 "'""" ( n '>,;,
/y,· ( r J .i11d 11, 1,·F,11, 111 "'It/, .X.. l 11l11c£! ,om1' ,,r \111/11' r/rlinllt/ /1111/11'1 /tr, aj l'J/ll(llllc/11t111r
u,,,/ 11111111rilJ th,111:r ,arrl(J, r/a/1011,
l, f«J<Jfl/J
,,,,,1
ho/ ,
tl'llll1l1'll 1,1rl1(,,1t·tll'I' t'fc,11, Iii\. J \dlllJ'lr, ,,f ,1 /c n•
lllhl,.,, J(,l(f1t•11, l\'1(/1 11IJl\c'll"atif111 ,., " ' " " 1111111h11 111tri1111, ,11ul, llnn ", tlopi11g, /l tvpr. ,1 t1pr, d1m1JJ
1111,I thiti,.i:, (c 1lh't'/'I ,1J ti llr li(l llh' ,111,/ 1l11<p/1II ITII/IIITitll <
l 'h,111,(,, 1,1.l.i11g 11l,1t·, 11·11l1111 1/11 ,wdn,, 111 ,1 11 ,fr,I
(/J) /1111,11011 rlwrlc ,111,/ 1/l n•mll<,I, ,t.-,,lr1w11 1cg1011 and
f •; /,1tl1011,l/1,,tl th.-,,, I' <!I ex ,111,/ I' du ,q· 11 ,,1 111 ,-/u,lc,IJ 1•11t11111,,I h111nt1, J,ir1H1r,I 1111,I ILl'U c /11n 111g. l' /
\u,/,·, 11 l 11 < 1;,;r IJ,,,,,...t,r,1/ 1,111,1/,t,1ti1·,) ,,,i/1,-t11m r/1,11,1< /1 n,ti,, n11d 1111111crttnl1, Im!/ 1i111 r ,111,I "Jul/
,!f n, 1th1n111, ( 1qt/r n /, ,111· ,,1 oin;,;r J1 111"/,•, 11 l\'t11·,· 1crt,ji1 r S111111l, r11n11/ rlia,:ram 1111,I f!!tl/>h •
,,·,1,tr, 01 1. 111 /11 1 111.~ 1,,g,·th1·, 111·,, lt,,:hr 1111dn 1., f, 11711 fi111rt,011 of rat/1 wmpom·n/ 111 th,· rlr£1nr o,r,111 ,
,, hc,/1'1<'1 nu,·lt II\ ,11,,i ;,, ,,,1t11111g lro11·1• ,,,;, lr111 qu,ditatin v11!1•. I nmlce 1tcl,fin of I dwdt' n111
1, 1 j, 11111 ""'./,//,- ,,,,fr, (l,111·,·1 11111,.1 1111111[,o) 111uh 1, i11r/11dcd], rlwu nlflrJ' 11/m 011 w/01 ,ti/, plwtvdwrle
-rfor1.1·,
,., c1·1d,·11t fi-.,,11 th, ,lr111,,· ,y Hl: I'•, 1111rir<J 11 ,.,.,.., 11 , a11d hght n111t1111g ,/,o,/,• (11 V; t1, 0111 t,,11,/m/111,;
k , •eis: 111,1.,., 1111111/,0 p,1pi, l/1111t1/ntl,1t, tl1<· ,/1w,1c~1,11w11 diode\ Impo11t111u oj I LJJ ·, t1 11,q, ,11'1 r11ergJ
,·wi:;,;r (!}1 11 "lrc,1J_'l' 1111, l,·111 ( \ = 2-10) 11·11/~ BC A 1wtl1011t r,1111i111; 11/1110,phenr pol/11111m and global
ll<l(i,·,1/ -:- , .c, ,\f,·~ ,,,.,. 1wdc,111 .,,,i,1 i11t,1 111·0 ,·,111al h,1'1-n 1\'f1n111111; Loco diode. \/-/ d1ar11r/t'n,11, , r1t u11
,'i_,'l·r - 111th . I / ..!() , •.,,.,, ,mr/ BL , \ - 8.5 ,\ /,-\ 111 , ·/1• 111 ,1Jit1gn111~ a,7d J\'orJ..in_g '!} ::i·11,., dio,lc "f=" ra/tan
radius ''()() \1 \ ~· I· ·t' { l •
1) -
' ... -:- • ' • I lit~""- l\,\1(111 . .1l,p 1 0111 ft/lftl({cJII
9
rt"j!!tla~
tt> tl,,, •!I Ji.,q,,ll 1n11 ''"" C. h,1111 rct1,·t11,ll• ro11tml/c,/ 1111,/
1111,·,m/1,1/l,·,I: 1111.-lc,11 n-,1ct<J1 t1llcl 1111 .-Jc, 11 J, 0111 1, (,) /11nrtia11 t1a11sis/01, \llllf'lr ,111al,t11ti11 ,/r,1nplw11 ,!f
ftli,·a :~ /11111 p,1rt:, <'/ ,1 1111, l1·11r It'll< for 111< /11d111i; th,•11 COll1tnlflio11 - cmilto, hme t111d wlluto,. 11 I' 11 ,111,/
fz111ct1, 111, - Juel !'ic11lt'11t,. mad, ,,um. c,, 11 1uil 1,,,1,, p-11-p l)'p1, , 1•111bo/, 5hoa·1111; dirfft1011 of C11Tre111 111
,·n,·,:i.1· 10!1111t. c,1si11g, . <.n_ilt,tli(I'; uti~izath111 <"!f t·11c1gr
(l
en11tter-ba1,· rt'gio11 (1>11e arrua• onlv) b111t 11 11arr,11 •
15 ,1IlfJ'llt - ,11/ ,111,1/,t,l/11'1' <111!1• Fu'1,m, .1i111plc ,,,,1111111,·
1 r11rrr111 ga111s 111 11 tra11sr1tor. u/11t11m bttr~·a11 u
Ill
,?f -1 1 I ➔ "I-fr 11nd it:, 1111d,·111 l<'artw11 1•q 11 ,,t1,111;
13 an,/ 1111111erira/; relate,/ lo nuunt ,:11111 1 olt,~e•
lit11tir(' requires ,.,.,y
lt(~h l<'111p,.,-,11111,· - I (i' dc~ 1,·,·,. gain, 1•011·c1 p1i11 W/fl llllll ,,w1d11rtn11u, w111mw1
wmba d/ffintlt t,1 ,1chi1'I'<': l!J'dmgt11 bomb: tlll'n11,1111~d,·,11 emitte, co11figurat,011 011[1•, r/1,1r,1ctaiH1c , 111 1
, t<Jlical c11,·r1,1' 1m•d11cti1111 111 ti,,, 11111 ,111,/ star,, [ Dctml.< of
d1,li11 rt•,1(tit111 not rcquin·d]. V13£ and le. 1•5 \'< 1 11•ith tirulll d1agrn111 awl
drug,·,, 1111111,•rical,. co111mo11 ,·1111/ta 110111nt111 ,1mpltj1t r
r-l'lllrlll, 9. E ectror·c Devices
nn-11il dmgr.1111, qualitat11•e t'rplanatwn 1111!11d111
1•d/1<•nr Se1niconductor Ekctronic~ l'vlateriah, Devices
tu/at,~ and Simple Circuu~ Ene~"' band~ in conductors, amplifirt1tit111, 1w11·e fonn and plw,t r,-1•,rwl
killc'lic semiconductors :rnd in~ulators (qualitative ideas (d) Elenu11ta1y idea of ,/i,creet and 1flt1'gmtcd nrt1t1/
t t<Jta/ only) lntrrnsic and extrin5ic scmicond11etors a11alogue t111tl digital signals Logic gut,·r as ,:,i•n,
tlatio11 ( ii) Se1~,il'onductor diode . /-\·characteristics in forward !!)'mbo/1, 111p111 and 011tp11t, 800/e1111 ,·q1wt1011
t lin,·s and re,erse bias. diode as a 1ecti11er. Special t,1Je~ (Y =A -t- B etr. ), /ntth table, 1111alit11111, np/11na/r,111
1

ntal/v of junction diodes · LED, pho1odiode, ;olar cell and

Zener diode and its charactedstics, zener diode as a N01, OR, A1\/D, !\'OR, NAJ'-iD Comb111,11to11 oj
if>..]. gat,·s / Rmli::.t1t1tm oj !;fltt'> /IOI i111 /11d,·,IJ Ad, tlllltlf!N
volta~ regulator

f tiv ity
(iii) function transrstor, 11-11-11 and 11-11-p transis101,
transistor action, characteristics of a transistor
oj lntegrar,•tl Circuit\
10. Communication Systems

I
t h ei; and transistor as :m amplifier (common emitter
nergy. con11guration}. Elements of a communication "·stern (blo1..k di ,gr«m
n and (iv) Elementary idea of ,rnalogue and digital signals, only), bandwidth ol s1g;nab 1spe<·ch, f\' .,ntl d1gn.,J
rtions, Logic gates (OR, AND. NOT. NAND and NOR) data); band,,idth ol trn1v,mis~1on nwdium ,\fodt.
Combination of gates of propagation of cleCLromagnet1< ""'cs m the
f:'opes, (a) E11ergy /umds ill w/11/_,, magi• bt1lld diagrams for au11osphere through ,k, and ;pace \\aH'> ~.,tdl11c
disli11crio11 bct,w'cll cmulurtors, 111,11/aton t1lld ,rmi communication . ,\lodulation, 1vpe, Jn~4u~nn and

l3i:l;'. co11durtors - 111/ri11sir 1111d n11i11sir; elfftrc>11< t111d

holes ill se111ico11d11rton.
Elemelltfln> idca., 11bo11t c/1·,·1,ict1I ro11ductim1 ill met,tl,
amplitude). 1wed tor modulauon and d1.:modula1ion
advantag<"s of trt•quent v modulation over amplitude
~i11di11!,' modulauon Ilemenwn idea, about intnnt't, mohde

~
Jrers us [c,ysta/ stmcturr· 1101 illc/11,/cd]. Em'rgJ' /,•pe/s (,11),11 n<'twork and global pmit ionmg s; ~km ((.;)'<.;)
lt:on for l!yd rogc11 atom), Is, 2s, 2p, 3s. ,•/,·. of 1111 i1·al,H,'d c;,•/J. "'71/11J1,1t1•11 ,111 il,t,f/ 11·,· ,11,/1
r m orf a /0111 such as tha t of cuppa; tht·s,· ,pl,t, ePmt11fll/1•