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Diola
CE 22: Engineering Economics
UP-Institute of Civil Engineering
2nd sem AY19-20
Objectives:
to illustrate the concepts and mechanics of depreciation
and depletion
to describe their role in Engineering Economy, particularly
on after-tax analysis
to apply different depreciation methods
1. Straight Line (SL) Method
2. Accelerated Methods
a) Declining Balance (DB) Method
b) Double Declining Balance (DDB) Method
c) Sum-of-the-Years’ Digit (SYD) Method
d) Sinking Fund Method
Depreciation
1 19,000 $6,000
beginning of year 2 16,000 3,000
3 2,000
2010 (EOY 0). 14,000
4 12,000 2,000
5 10,000 2,000
4
© M.D. Diola 2020. All Rights Reserved. 5
Depreciation of Smart Phones (2017)
Intangible
Personal property
❑Example:
A company owns an
industrial machine which
they bought for $10,000. If
the machine is to be sold for
$2,000 after 5 years,
calculate the book value of
the machine all throughout
its useful life using SL
Method. 27
Practice Problem 1 – SL Method
A new electric saw for cutting small pieces of lumber
in a furniture manufacturing plant has a cost basis of
$4,000 and a 10-year depreciable life. The estimated SV
is zero at the end of 10 years.
a) Determine the annual depreciation amounts
Ans: $400
b) Book value of the saw at the end of year 5
Ans: $2,000
❑ Formula:
SYD=1+2+3+4……+N = N(N+1)/2
N-k+1
dK = SYD (FC-SV)
FC – First Cost
SV – Salvage Value
N – Useful Life
© M.D. Diola 2020. All Rights Reserved. 29
Accelerated Method:
Sum-of-the-Years-Digits (SYD)
1. Number for each permissible year of life are listed in reverse order
2. Sum the digits of this reverse order
3. The depreciation factor for any year is the corresponding number
from the reverse order listing divided by the sum of those digits, or
the following
2 (N - k + 1 ) N–k+1
df = ----------------- = -------------
N(N+1) SYD
SYD = ½ N(N+1)
4. Depreciation for any year is the product of that year’s SYD
depreciation factor and the difference between FC and the final
estimated SV
d k = ( FC – SV ) • df
© M.D. Diola 2020. All Rights Reserved. 30
Sum-of-the-Years-Digits
The cumulative depreciation through the kth year
k(2n - k +1)
Dk = (FC - SV )
2 * SYD
Book value at the end of year k
BVk = FC - Dk
EOY Df Dep BV
0 10000.00
1 5/15 2666.67 7333.33
2 4/15 2133.33 5200.00
3 3/15 1600.00 3600.00
4 2/15 1066.67 2533.33
5 1/15 533.33 2000.00
SYD 15
32
Practice Problem 2 – SYD Method
A new electric saw for cutting small pieces of lumber
in a furniture manufacturing plant has a cost basis of
$4,000 and a 10-year depreciable life. The estimated SV
is zero at the end of 10 years.
a) Determine the depreciation at the end of year 5
Ans: $436.36
b) Book value of the saw at the end of year 5
Ans: $1,090.91
❑ Example:
❑FC = $10,000
❑S = $2,000
❑N = 5 years
Compute the annual
depreciation and BVs
using double declining
balance method
35
Practice Problem 3 – Double DB
Method
A new electric saw for cutting small pieces of lumber
in a furniture manufacturing plant has a cost basis of
$4,000 and a 10-year depreciable life. The estimated
SV is zero at the end of 10 years.
a) Determine the depreciation at the end of year 5
Ans: $327.68
b) Find the total depreciation at the end of year 5
Ans: $2,689.28
c) Book value of the saw at the end of year 5
Ans: $1,310.72
© M.D. Diola 2020. All Rights Reserved. 36
Adjustments to the DB Method
No further depreciation
after n” Given:
FC = $10,000
SV = $2,000
End of Year Depreciation Book Value
38
Declining balance with switchover to
straight line method
Used in situations where assets initially render higher
benefits but later becomes stable.
Another technical reason to use this method is that
declining balance method has a basic flaw i.e. declining
balance method can never diminish the book value to
expected residual value.
dk = BVk-1 – SV______
remaining useful life at BOY k
N-k+1
Book
n Depreciation Value
1 $4,000 $6,000
2 6,000/4 = 1,500 < 2,400 3,600
3 3,600/3 = 1,200 < 1,440 2,160
4 2,160/2 = 1,080 > 864 1,080
5 1,080/1 = 1,080 > 518 0
© M.D. Diola 2020. All Rights Reserved. 41
Practice Problem 4 – DDB with
switch-over method
A new electric saw for cutting small pieces of lumber in a
furniture manufacturing plant has a cost basis of $4,000
and a 10-year depreciable life. The estimated SV is zero at
the end of 10 years. Compute the annual depreciation and
BVs using double declining balance method (w/ switch-
over to SL method).
BVk = FC - Dk
A = sinking fund deposit
FC = First cost
n = useful life of the asset
i = interest rate
Dk = Total depreciation after k yearsMETHODS
DEPRECIATION
© M.D. Diola 2020. All Rights Reserved. BVk = Book value at the end of k years 44
Example:
A Factory is constructed at an initial cost of $160,000
and with an estimated salvage value of $10,000 at the
end of 10 years. Find the depreciation and its appraisal
value at the end of 5 years using Sinking fund method
and the interest rate is 15%.
DEPRECIATION METHODS
© M.D. Diola 2020. All Rights Reserved. 45
Example:
A Factory is constructed at an initial cost of $160,000 and
with an estimated salvage value of $10,000 at the end of 10
years. Find its appraisal value at the end of 5 years using
Sinking fund method if the interest rate is 15%.
DEPRECIATION METHODS
© M.D. Diola 2020. All Rights Reserved. 46
© M.D. Diola 2020. All Rights Reserved. 47
Summary: Reasons for Using
Accelerated Depreciation
An asset is more useful earlier in its life than later,
and the useful life may be difficult to estimate.
Depreciation expense is deductible in computing
taxable income and income taxes.
The second reason is the most common
reason for using accelerated depreciation.
❑ Formula:
I = Initial investment
S = Salvage value
50
Example - Units-of-Production Method
A truck hauling coal has an estimated net cash of $55,000,
and is expected to give service for 250,000 miles, resulting
in a $5,000 salvage value.
Compute the allowed depreciation amount for truck usage
of 30,000 miles.
Solution:
30,000
Dn = ($55,000 − $5,000)
250,000
3
= ($50,000)
25
= $6,000
51
Practice Problem 5
A piece of equipment used in a business has a basis of
$50,000 and is expected to have a $10,000 salvage value
when replaced after 30,000 hours of use.
Depletion Unit
54
Example - Cost Depletion
You bought a timber tract with land for $200,000, and the land
was worth $80,000. The tract has an estimated 1.5 million board
feet (1.5 MBF) of standing timber. If you cut 0.5 MBF of timber,
determine your depletion allowance.
$120,000
Depletion allowance = 0.5 MBF
1.5 MBF
= $40,000
55
Percentage Depletion
❑Concept: Based on a prescribed percentage of the gross income
from the property during the tax year
❑Note:
❑The total depletion on a property may exceed the total cost of
the property
❑Annual allowance under this method cannot be more than 50%
of the taxable income (before deduction of depletion allowance)
from the property.
56
Percentage depletion allowances for
mineral properties
Deposits Percentage
Oil and gas wells (only for certain domestic and gas production) 15
Sulfur and uranium (deposits from US only) 22
Asbestos, lead, zinc, nickel, mica and certain other ores and 22
minerals
Gold, silver, copper, iron ore, and oil shale (deposits from US 15
only)
Coal, lignite and sodium chloride 10
Clay and shale to be used in making sewer pipe or bricks 7.5
Clay (used for roofing tile), gravel, sand and stone 5
Most other minerals; CO2 produced from a well and metallic ores 14
$2,087,500
$2,463,750
$2,087,500
$30, 000, 000
Cost depletion = (45, 000)
300, 000
= $4,500, 000
$4,500,000