Introduction

The present-day society is information oriented. In various field, we need information in the form
of numerical figures, called data.

These data may be related to the profits of a company during last few years, the monthly wages
earned by workers in a factory, the marks obtained by the students of a class in a certain
examination, the expenditure on various heads in a five-year plan, etc.

Some Definitions:

Data: A collection of numerical figures giving some particular type of information is called data.

Example 1: The heights (In cm) of 11 players in a school are:

155, 148, 161, 144, 159, 152, 147, 163, 156, 150, 165.

We call It the data related to the heights of 11 players in a school.

Example 2: The marks obtained by 10 pupils in a class test (out of 50) are:

42, 12, 23, 08, 46, 34, 18, 29, 45, 37.

We call It the data related to the marks obtained by 10 pupils in a class test.

Raw Data: Data obtained in the original form is called raw data.

Data given in each of the above examples is a raw data.

Array: Arranging the numerical figures of a data in ascending or descending order is called its
array.

Tabulation of data: Arranging the data in a systematic form in the form of table is called
tabulation of data.

Observation: Each numerical figure in a data is called an observation.

Frequency of an observation: The number of times a particular observation occurs is called its
frequency.

Statistics: It is the subject that deals with the collection, presentation, analysis and
interpretation of numerical data.

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 Illustrative Examples
Example 1: Given below is the data showing the number of children in 20 families of a locality:

3, 1, 3, 2, 2, 2, 0, 3, 4, 2, 1, 3, 2, 4, 1, 2, 2, 3, 1, 3

Arrange the data in descending order and then prepare a frequency table.

Solution: Arranging the data in ascending order, we get

0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 4, 4

For counting purpose, we use tally marks. After 4 tally marks, we count the fifth one by putting a
cross as ||||. Thus, we count in sets of fives. Now, we prepare the frequency table of the given
data, as shown below.

Number of children Tally marks Number of families (Frequency)

0 | 1
1 |||| 4
2 |||| || 7
3 |||| | 6
4 || 2

Example 2: Given below are the heights (in cm) of 16 girls in a class:

154, 150, 152, 154, 154, 150, 148, 152, 152, 152, 154, 150, 152, 154, 152, 152.

Arrange the data in ascending order and prepare the frequency table.

Solution: Arranging the data in ascending order, we get

148, 150, 150, 150, 152, 152, 152, 152, 152, 152, 152, 154, 154, 154, 154, 154

We may now prepare the frequency table as shown below.

Height (in cm) Tally marks Number of families (Frequency)

148 | 1
150 ||| 3
152 |||| || 7
154 |||| | 5

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 Mean of Ungrouped Data:
The mean of some observations is defined as

mean = sum of the given observations/ number of the given observations

Example 3: Find the mean of the numbers

7.6, 6.8, 8.5, 9.4, 5.9, 6.4, 9.1 and 4.7.

Solution: Sum of the given numbers = (7.6 + 6.8 + 8.5 + 9.4 + 5.9 + 6.4 + 9.1 + 4.7) = 58.4

Number of the given numbers = 8

mean = sum of the given numbers/ number of the given numbers

= 58.4/ 8

= 7.3.

Hence, the mean of the given numbers is 7.3.

Example 4: The pocket-expenses of Rahul during a week are

Rs 15.40, Rs 18.00, Rs 16.50, Rs 14.75, Rs 12.60 and Rs 17.25.

Find his mean pocket-expenses per day.

Solution: Sum of pocket-expenses = Rs (15.40 + 18.00 + 16.50 + 14.75 + 12.60 + 17.25) = Rs

94.50

Total number of days = 6.

mean pocket-expenses = total pocket-expenses/ total number of days

= Rs (94.50/6) per day

= Rs 15.75 per day

Example 5: The heights of 7 players in a group are

175 cm, 158 cm, 180 cm, 164 cm, 182 cm, 160 cm and 171 cm.

Find their mean height.

Solution: Sum of the heights of the given players = (175 + 158 + 180 + 164 + 182 + 160 + 171)
cm = 1190 cm.

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 Number of the given players = 7

mean height = sum of the heights of the given player/ number of players

= 1190/ 7 cm

= 170 cm.

Hence, the mean height of the given players is 170 cm.

Mean of Tabulated Data:

Let the frequencies of n observations x 1, x2, x3, ………., xn be f1, f2, f2, ……. fn respectively.

Then, we define

Mean = (f 1 .x1 + f2. x2 + … + fn. xn)/ (f1+ f2 + … + fn)

= ∑ (f1 × x1)/ ∑f1

where ∑ (called sigma) is the Greek letter showing summation.

Example 6: The following table shows the weights of 12 workers in a factory. Find the mean
weight.

Weight (in kg) 60 63 66 69 72

No. of workers 4 3 2 2 1

Solution: For calculating the mean, we prepare the table given below.

Weight (in kg)

No. of workers (f 1) (f1 × x1)
(x1)
60 4 240
63 3 189
66 2 132
69 2 138
72 1 72
∑f1 = 12 ∑ (f1 × x1) = 771

mean weight = ∑ (f1 × x1)/ ∑f1

= 771/12 kg

= 64.250 kg

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 Example 7: The following table shows the number of misprints in various pages of a book
containing 300 pages.

No. of misprints (per page) 0 1 2 3 4 5

No. of pages 154 95 36 7 6 2

Find the mean misprints per page.

Solution: For calculating the mean, we prepare the table given below.

No. of misprints per page(x1) No. of pages (f 1) (f1 × x1)

0 154 0
1 95 95
2 36 72
3 7 21
4 6 24
5 2 10
∑f1 = 300 ∑ (f1 × x1) = 222

mean misprints per page = ∑(f1 × x1)/ ∑f1

= 222/300

= 0.74

Hence, the mean misprints per page = 0.74

Example 8: If mean of the following frequency distribution is 8, find the value of p.

Variable(x1) 3 5 7 9 11 13
Frequency (f 1) 6 8 15 p 8 4

Solution: For calculating the mean, we prepare the table given below.

Variable(x1) Frequency (f 1) (f1 × x1)

3 6 18
5 8 40
7 15 105
9 9 9p
11 8 88
13 4 52
∑f1 = (41 + p) ∑ (f1 × x1) = (303 + 9p)

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 mean = ∑ (f1 × x1)/ ∑f1

= (303 + 9p)/ (41 + p)

=8

= (303 + 9p) = (328 + 8p)

p = (328 – 303) = 25

Hence, p = 25.

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