Papers Links and Abstracts

S. Dehghan, N. Amjady and A.
Kazemi, "Two-Stage Robust Generation Expansion

Planning: A Mixed Integer Linear Programming Model," in IEEE Transactions on Power
Systems, vol. 29, no. 2, pp. 584-597, March 2014.
doi: 10.1109/TPWRS.2013.2287457
Abstract: This paper presents a new uncertainty handling framework for optimal
generation expansion planning (GEP) amalgamating the notions of single-stage and
two-stage robust optimization (RO). The proposed multiyear robust GEP methodology,
as a tractable mixed integer linear programming optimization problem, copes with
the inherent planning uncertainties associated with forecasted electricity load
demand, as well as estimated investment and operation costs through distribution-
free bounded intervals producing polyhedral uncertainty sets. The optimal
generation expansion plan obtained from the proposed RO approach is immunized
against worst-case planning uncertainties considering the adopted degree of
conservatism for each uncertainty set. Therefore, the proposed methodology is
capable of controlling the robustness of the optimal investment schedule regarding
the enforced planning uncertainties. Simulation results demonstrate the efficacy
and efficiency of the proposed RO framework throughout GEP studies.
keywords: {costing;integer programming;investment;linear programming;load
forecasting;power generation economics;power generation planning;power generation
scheduling;generation expansion planning;mixed integer linear programming
model;robust optimization;multiyear robust GEP methodology;electricity load demand
forecasting;investment estimation;operation cost estimation;distribution free
bounded interval;polyhedral uncertainty sets;RO approach;worst case planning
uncertainty handling;degree of conservatism;optimal investment
scheduling;Uncertainty;Planning;Investment;Robustness;Vectors;Electricity;Optimizat
ion;Generation expansion planning (GEP);investment cost;load forecast;operation
cost;robust optimization (RO);uncertainty set},
URL: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?
tp=&arnumber=6658893&isnumber=6740879
A. Khodaei, M. Shahidehpour, L. Wu and Z. Li, "Coordination of Short-Term Operation

Constraints in Multi-Area Expansion Planning," in IEEE Transactions on Power
Systems, vol. 27, no. 4, pp. 2242-2250, Nov. 2012.
doi: 10.1109/TPWRS.2012.2192507
Abstract: This paper presents a comprehensive expansion planning algorithm of
generation and transmission components in multi-area power systems. The objective
is to minimize the total system cost in the planning horizon, comprising investment
and operation costs and salvage values subject to long-term system reliability and
short-term operation constraints. The multi-area expansion planning problem is
decomposed into a planning problem and annual reliability subproblems. The planning
decisions calculated in the planning problem would also satisfy the short-term
operation constraints. A detailed model of thermal and hydro units is considered
using the mixed-integer programming (MIP) formulation. In addition, a multi-state
representation for the expansion planning of renewable energy units is explored.
The proposed approach considers customers' demand response as an option for
reducing the short-term operation costs. The planning problem solution is applied
to the annual reliability subproblems which examine system reliability indices as a
post-processor. If the reliability limit is not satisfied, additional reliability
constraints will be introduced which are based on the sensitivity of system
reliability index to investment decisions. The new reliability constraints are
added to the next iterations of the planning problem to govern the revised plan for
the optimal expansion. Numerical simulations indicate the effectiveness of the
proposed approach for solving the operation-constrained multi-area expansion
planning problem of practical power systems.
keywords: {hydroelectric power stations;integer programming;investment;iterative
methods;power generation economics;power generation planning;power generation
reliability;power transmission economics;power transmission planning;renewable
energy sources;thermal power stations;short-term operation constraint;comprehensive
expansion planning algorithm;transmission component;generation component;multiarea
power system;planning horizon;total system cost minimization;operation cost;salvage
value;investment cost;long-term system reliability;annual reliability
subproblem;planning decision calculation;thermal unit;hydro unit;mixed-integer
programming formulation;MIP formulation;renewable energy unit;demand
response;iterations planning problem;numerical simulation;operation-constrained
multiarea expansion planning problem;Power system planning;Power system
reliability;Constraint theory;Investments;Coordinated long-term and short-term
planning;coordinated transmission and generation expansion planning;demand
response;multi-area expansion planning;reliability constraints;renewable generation
planning},
F. Barati, H. Seifi, M. S. Sepasian, A. Nateghi, M. Shafie-khah and J. P. S.

Catalão, "Multi-Period Integrated Framework of Generation, Transmission, and
Natural Gas Grid Expansion Planning for Large-Scale Systems," in IEEE Transactions
on Power Systems, vol. 30, no. 5, pp. 2527-2537, Sept. 2015.
doi: 10.1109/TPWRS.2014.2365705
Abstract: In this paper, a multi-period integrated framework is developed for
generation expansion planning (GEP), transmission expansion planning (TEP), and
natural gas grid expansion planning (NGGEP) problems for large-scale systems. New
nodal generation requirements, new transmission lines, and natural gas (NG)
pipelines are simultaneously obtained in a multi-period planning horizon. In
addition, a new approach is proposed to compute NG load flow by considering grid
compressors. In order to solve the large-scale mixed integer nonlinear problem, a
framework is developed based on genetic algorithms. The proposed framework
performance is investigated by applying it to a typical electric-NG combined grid.
Moreover, in order to evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed framework for
real-world systems, it has been applied to the Iranian power and NG system,
including 98 power plants, 521 buses, 1060 transmission lines, and 92 NG pipelines.
The results indicate that the proposed framework is applicable for large-scale and
real-world systems.
keywords: {electricity supply industry;genetic algorithms;natural gas
technology;pipelines;power generation planning;power transmission planning;thermal
power stations;multiperiod integrated framework;natural gas generation;natural gas
transmission;natural gas grid expansion planning;large scale systems;generation
expansion planning;transmission expansion planning;natural gas pipelines;mixed
integer nonlinear problem;genetic algorithms;Planning;Pipelines;Natural gas;Power
generation;Vectors;Power transmission lines;Investment;Generation expansion
planning;multi-period;natural gas grid expansion planning;transmission expansion
planning},
J. L. C. Meza, M. B. Yildirim and A. S. M. Masud, "A Model for the Multiperiod

Multiobjective Power Generation Expansion Problem," in IEEE Transactions on Power
Systems, vol. 22, no. 2, pp. 871-878, May 2007.
doi: 10.1109/TPWRS.2007.895178
Abstract: A long-term multiobjective model for the power generation expansion
planning of electric systems is described and evaluated in this paper. The model
optimizes simultaneously multiple objectives (i.e., minimizes costs, environmental
impact, imported fuel and fuel price risks) and decides the location of the planned
generation units in a multiperiod planning horizon. Among the attributes considered
in the model are the investment and operation cost of the units, the environmental
impact, the amount of imported fuel, and the portfolio investment risk. The
approach to solve this problem is based on multiobjective linear programming and
the analytical hierarchy process. A case study from the Mexican Electric Power
System is used to illustrate the proposed framework
keywords: {costing;decision making;investment;linear programming;power generation
economics;power generation planning;multiperiod multiobjective model;power
generation expansion planning;multiperiod planning horizon;investment;operation
cost;multiobjective linear programming;analytical hierarchy process;Mexican
Electric Power System;Power generation;Power system planning;Power system
modeling;Power generation planning;Power generation economics;Costs;Process
planning;Fossil fuels;Investments;Optimization methods;Analytical hierarchy
process;generation expansion planning;multicriteria optimization;operations
research;optimization methods;power generation planning;transmission expansion
planning},
J. Sirikum, A. Techanitisawad and V. Kachitvichyanukul, "A New Efficient GA-

Benders' Decomposition Method: For Power Generation Expansion Planning With
Emission Controls," in IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 22, no. 3, pp.
1092-1100, Aug. 2007.
doi: 10.1109/TPWRS.2007.901092
Abstract: The power generation expansion planning (PGEP) problem is a large-scale
mixed integer nonlinear programming (MINLP) problem cited as one of the most
complex optimization problems. In this paper, an application of a new efficient
methodology for solving the power generation expansion planning problem is
presented. A comprehensive planning production simulation model is introduced
toward formulating into an MINLP model. The model evaluates the most economical
investment planning for additional thermal power generating units of the optimal
mix for long-term power generation expansion planning with emission controls,
regarding to the incorporated environmental costs, subject to the integrated
requirements of power demands, power capacities, loss of load probability (LOLP)
levels, locations, and environmental limitations for emission controls. A GA-
heuristic-based method called GA-Benders' decomposition (GA-BD) is proposed for
solving this complex problem. Finally, an application of the proposed GA-BD method
is discussed and concluded.
keywords: {genetic algorithms;integer programming;nonlinear programming;power
generation economics;power generation planning;probability;thermal power
stations;GA-Benders decomposition method;power generation expansion
planning;emission controls;PGEP problem;large-scale MINLP problem;mixed integer
nonlinear programming;optimization problems;planning production simulation
model;economical investment planning;thermal power generating units;load
probability;power demands;GA-heuristic-based method;Power generation planning;Power
generation economics;Capacity planning;Optimal control;Large-scale
systems;Production planning;Environmental economics;Investments;Thermal
expansion;Thermal loading;Benders' decomposition;emission modeling;GA-benders'
decomposition;genetic algorithms;mixed integer nonlinear programming;power
generation expansion planning},
J. L. Ceciliano Meza, M. B. Yildirim and A. S. M. Masud, "A Multiobjective

Evolutionary Programming Algorithm and Its Applications to Power Generation
Expansion Planning," in IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics - Part
A: Systems and Humans, vol. 39, no. 5, pp. 1086-1096, Sept. 2009.
doi: 10.1109/TSMCA.2009.2025868
Abstract: The generation expansion planning (GEP) problem is defined as the problem
of determining WHAT, WHEN, and WHERE new generation units should be installed over
a planning horizon to satisfy the expected energy demand. This paper presents a
framework to determine the number of new generating units (e.g., conventional steam
units, coal units, combined cycle modules, nuclear plants, gas turbines, wind
farms, and geothermal and hydro units), power generation capacity for those units,
number of new circuits on the network, the voltage phase angle at each node, and
the amount of required imported fuel for a single-period generation expansion plan.
The resulting mathematical program is a mixed-integer bilinear multiobjective GEP
model. The proposed framework includes a multiobjective evolutionary programming
algorithm to obtain an approximation of the Pareto front for the multiobjective
optimization problem and analytical hierarchy process to select the best
alternative. A Mexican power system case study is utilized to illustrate the
proposed framework. Results show coherent decisions given the objectives and
scenarios considered. Some sensitivity analysis is presented when considering
different fuel price scenarios.
keywords: {evolutionary computation;Pareto optimisation;power generation
planning;multiobjective evolutionary programming algorithm;power generation
expansion planning;power generating units;mathematical program;Pareto front
optimization;analytical hierarchy process;Mexican power system;sensitivity
analysis;fuel price;Genetic programming;Power generation planning;Geothermal power
generation;Nuclear power generation;Wind energy generation;Power
generation;Fuels;Power system modeling;Wind turbines;Hydraulic turbines;Analytical
hierarchy process (AHP);evolutionary programming;generation expansion planning
(GEP);multicriteria optimization;operations research;optimization methods;power
generation planning;transmission expansion planning},
S. Jin and S. M. Ryan, "A Tri-Level Model of Centralized Transmission and

Decentralized Generation Expansion Planning for an Electricity Market—Part I," in
IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 29, no. 1, pp. 132-141, Jan. 2014.
doi: 10.1109/TPWRS.2013.2280085
Abstract: We develop a tri-level model of transmission and generation expansion
planning in a deregulated power market environment. Due to long
planning/construction lead times and concerns for network reliability, transmission
expansion is considered in the top level as a centralized decision. In the second
level, multiple decentralized GENCOs make their own capacity expansion decisions
while anticipating a wholesale electricity market equilibrium in the third level.
The collection of bi-level games in the lower two levels forms an equilibrium
problem with equilibrium constraints (EPEC) that can be approached by either the
diagonalization method (DM) or a complementarity problem (CP) reformulation. We
propose a hybrid iterative solution algorithm that combines a CP reformulation of
the tri-level problem and DM solutions of the EPEC sub-problem.
keywords: {iterative methods;power generation planning;power generation
reliability;power markets;power transmission planning;power transmission
reliability;trilevel model;centralized transmission expansion
planning;decentralized generation expansion planning;deregulated power market
environment;planning-construction lead times;network reliability;multiple-
decentralized GENCO;capacity expansion decisions;wholesale electricity market
equilibrium;bilevel games;equilibrium problem-equilibrium
constraints;diagonalization method;DM;complementarity problem reformulation;CP
reformulation;hybrid iterative solution algorithm;EPEC
subproblem;Planning;Electricity;Games;ISO;Electricity supply industry;Power
transmission lines;Fuels;Complementarity problem;equilibrium problem with
equilibrium constraints;generation expansion planning;mathematical program with
equilibrium constraints;Nash equilibrium;transmission expansion planning},
J. Shu, L. Wu, L. Zhang and B. Han, "Spatial Power Network Expansion Planning
Considering Generation Expansion," in IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 30,
no. 4, pp. 1815-1824, July 2015.
doi: 10.1109/TPWRS.2014.2358237
Abstract: This paper introduces an efficient approach on static spatial power
network expansion planning integrated with generation expansion, while considering
complicated environments based on the raster map in geographic information systems
(GIS). Candidate plants could be built on any cell in the map, which means that
terminals of candidate lines connected to candidate plants are not fixed. This is a
remarkable difference from the literature in which the terminals of candidate lines
are fixed. The objective is to minimize the total system cost, subject to
prevailing investment and operation constraints. The model is formulated as a
mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) problem via integer algebra techniques. A
two-step approach is proposed to address the computational complexity. The first
step searches optimal electric line routes via dynamic programming, while the
second step solves a simplified MILP problem for obtaining final optimal generation
and transmission planning strategies based on optimal line routes derived from the
first step. In most cases, the proposed two-step approach would derive the same
global optimal solutions as those by solving the original formulation directly.
Thus, the proposed two-step approach can significantly improve the computational
efficiency while maintaining the solution optimality. Numerical examples
demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach.
keywords: {algebra;computational complexity;geographic information systems;integer
programming;investment;linear programming;power generation economics;power
generation planning;power transmission planning;generation expansion;static spatial
power network expansion planning;geographic information systems;GIS;system
cost;mixed-integer linear programming;MILP problem;integer algebra
techniques;computational complexity;optimal electric line routes;dynamic
programming;optimal generation;transmission planning strategies;optimal line
routes;computational efficiency;Planning;Investment;Routing;Geographic information
systems;Power systems;Indexes;Vectors;Dynamic programming;generation
expansion;geographic information systems;mixed-integer linear programming;power
network planning;routing},
A. Moreira, D. Pozo, A. Street and E. Sauma, "Reliable Renewable Generation and

Transmission Expansion Planning: Co-Optimizing System's Resources for Meeting
Renewable Targets," in IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 32, no. 4, pp.
3246-3257, July 2017.
doi: 10.1109/TPWRS.2016.2631450
Abstract: The current renewable-driven generation expansion wave, pushed by high
renewable targets, is not accompanied by the same movement in the transmission
expansion planning (TEP) side. In this context, new techniques are needed to
balance the cost of relying in expensive reserve resources and the cost of building
new lines to ensure least-cost reserve deliverability and foster new renewable
projects. The situation is worsened in the presence of contingencies, where the
interaction between the optimal reserve siting and deployment, the amount of
renewable curtailment, the construction of new lines, and the selection of
candidate renewable sites to be developed became even more complex. This paper
presents a two-stage min-max-min model for co-optimizing the expansion of the
transmission system and renewable generation capacity to meet renewable targets
under high security standards and renewable uncertainty. In order to account for
realistic reserve needs and its interaction with the expansion plan, correlations
between renewables injection as well as generation and transmission (GT) outages
are accounted for in a robust fashion. In order to ensure security within a
flexible framework, the concept of compound GT n - K security criteria is
presented. Three case studies are proposed to illustrate the applicability of the
proposed model. A case study with realistic data from the Chilean system is
presented and solutions obtained with different levels of security are tested
against a set of 10 000 simulated scenarios of renewable injections and system
component outages.
keywords: {demand side management;minimax techniques;power generation
planning;power generation reliability;power system security;power transmission
planning;power transmission reliability;renewable energy sources;Chilean system;GT
n-K security criteria;GT outages;generation and transmission outages;renewables
injection;renewable uncertainty;security standards;renewable generation
capacity;transmission system expansion co-optimization;two-stage min-max-min
model;renewable curtailment;optimal reserve deployment;optimal reserve
siting;least-cost reserve deliverability;cost balancing;TEP;renewable generation
expansion planning;transmission expansion
planning;Security;Planning;Generators;Renewable energy
sources;Reliability;Uncertainty;Power transmission lines;Generation and
transmission security criterion;renewable generation and transmission expansion
planning;renewable targets;reserve deliverability and siting;wind curtailment},
C. Unsihuay-Vila, J. W. Marangon-Lima, A. C. Z. de Souza, I. J. Perez-Arriaga and

P. P. Balestrassi, "A Model to Long-Term, Multiarea, Multistage, and Integrated
Expansion Planning of Electricity and Natural Gas Systems," in IEEE Transactions on
Power Systems, vol. 25, no. 2, pp. 1154-1168, May 2010.
doi: 10.1109/TPWRS.2009.2036797
Abstract: A long-term, multiarea, and multistage model for the
supply/interconnections expansion planning of integrated electricity and natural
gas (NG) is presented in this paper. The proposed Gas Electricity Planning (GEP)
model considers the NG value chain, i.e., from the supply to end-consumers through
NG pipelines and the electrical systems value chain, i.e., power generation and
transmission, in an integrated way. The sources of NG can be represented by NG
wells, liquefied natural gas (LNG) terminals and storages of NG and LNG. The
electricity generation may be composed by hydro plants, wind farms, or thermal
plants where the latter represent the link between the gas and the electricity
chain. The proposed model is formulated as a mixed-integer linear optimization
problem which minimizes the investment and operation costs to determine the optimal
location, technologies, and installation times of any new facilities for power
generation, power interconnections, and the complete natural gas chain value
(supply/transmission/storage) as well as the optimal dispatch of existing and new
facilities over a long range planning horizon. A didactic case study as well as the
Brazilian integrated gas/electricity system are presented to illustrate the
proposed framework.
keywords: {integer programming;linear programming;natural gas technology;power
generation economics;power generation planning;power system interconnection;thermal
power stations;natural gas systems;liquefied natural gas;integrated expansion
planning;interconnections expansion planning;gas electricity planning model;mixed-
integer linear optimization;operation costs;power generation;power
interconnections;natural gas chain value;Natural gas;Power system planning;Wind
energy generation;Liquefied natural gas;Power system modeling;Power system
interconnection;Power generation planning;Wind power generation;Pipelines;Power
generation;Electricity systems;natural gas systems;operation and expansion planning
of electricity systems;operation and expansion planning of natural gas systems},
Y. Q. He and A. K. David, "Advances in global optimisation for generation expansion

planning," in IEE Proceedings - Generation, Transmission and Distribution, vol.
142, no. 4, pp. 423-428, July 1995.
doi: 10.1049/ip-gtd:19951978
Abstract: The paper brings together several important and practically relevant
aspects of generation expansion planning in the context of restructuring and
changing emphasis in the electricity supply industry. Expert planning judgements,
consumer shortage cost differentials resulting in a need for different classes of
service and price formation, and consumer price elasticity, are given consideration
in the planning programme described. Effects of these factors on the final, or
global, optimum are explored.<>
keywords: {power system planning;electricity supply
industry;economics;tariffs;dynamic programming;electric power generation;power
systems;generation expansion planning;global optimisation;electricity supply
industry;expert planning judgements;consumer shortage cost differentials;service
classes;price formation;consumer price elasticity;power quality;Power system
planning;Power industry;Economics;Dynamic programming;Power generation},
URL: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=404153&isnumber=9091
A. Khodaei and M. Shahidehpour, "Microgrid-Based Co-Optimization of Generation and

Transmission Planning in Power Systems," in IEEE Transactions on Power Systems,
vol. 28, no. 2, pp. 1582-1590, May 2013.
doi: 10.1109/TPWRS.2012.2224676
Abstract: This paper presents an algorithm for the microgrid planning as an
alternative to the co-optimization of generation and transmission expansion
planning in electric power systems. The integration of microgrids in distribution
systems will offer a decentralized control of local resources for satisfying the
network reliability and the power quality required by local loads. The objective in
this paper is to minimize the total system planning cost comprising investment and
operation costs of local microgrids, the co-optimized planning of large generating
units and transmission lines, and the expected cost of unserved energy. The cost of
unserved energy reflects the cost of load shedding which is added to the objective
function for reliability considerations. The microgrid-based co-optimization
planning problem is decomposed into a planning problem and annual reliability
subproblem. The optimal integer planning decisions calculated in the planning
problem will be examined against the system reliability limits in the subproblem
and the planning decisions will be revised using proper feasibility cuts if the
annual reliability limits are violated. Numerical simulations demonstrate the
effectiveness of the proposed microgrid-based co-optimization planning in power
systems and explore the economic and reliability merits of microgrid planning as
compared to grid-based generation and transmission upgrades.
keywords: {cost reduction;distributed power generation;integer programming;load
shedding;power generation economics;power generation planning;power generation
reliability;power supply quality;power transmission economics;power transmission
planning;power transmission reliability;microgrid-based cooptimization planning
problem;generation expansion planning;transmission expansion planning;electric
power systems;microgrid integration;distribution systems;local resource
decentralized control;network reliability;power quality;local load;total system
planning cost minimization;investment cost;operation cost;local
microgrids;transmission lines;generating units;unserved energy expected cost;load
shedding cost;objective function;reliability consideration;annual reliability
subproblem;optimal integer planning decisions;economic merit;grid-based generation-
transmission upgrades;Planning;Power transmission
lines;Investments;Reliability;Power system reliability;Indexes;Annual
reliability;co-optimization of transmission and generation
planning;microgrids;power system expansion planning},
R. S. C. Camargos, R. A. Shayani and M. A. G. de Oliveira, "Evaluation whether

photovoltaic distributed generation postpones or anticipates reinforcements
detected by distribution network expansion planning," in IET Generation,
Transmission & Distribution, vol. 13, no. 7, pp. 1036-1048, 9 4 2019.
doi: 10.1049/iet-gtd.2018.6316
Abstract: There is a growth of distributed generation (DG) impacting the network.
There are several studies which focus on defining the location and size of DG to
optimise network performance. However, this approach is only possible in a market
regulation where utilities can control the DG. Otherwise, this information depends
on the consumer and not on the utilities. In this case, the optimisation studies do
not make sense anymore. This work aims to identify if the distribution network
expansion planning (DNEP) will be changed by the DG integration in a scenario where
DG is not controlled by the utilities. The method consists of performing load flows
in the feeder considering the load growth during the planning horizon to calculate
voltage levels, currents and technical losses. Then, the procedures are repeated
considering DG integration in many penetration levels, after that, the results are
compared. The results showed that, for the feeder under study, the critical hours
do not necessarily occur at the period of peak load, but in the moments with
greater generation and smaller load. Therefore, the focus of the DNEP should be
changed when considering DG integration.
keywords: {distributed power generation;distribution networks;load
flow;optimisation;photovoltaic power systems;power distribution planning;power
transmission planning;utilities;optimisation studies;distribution network expansion
planning;load growth;planning horizon;considering DG integration;greater
generation;photovoltaic distributed generation postpones;network performance},
S. Haffner, L. F. A. Pereira, L. A. Pereira and L. S. Barreto, "Multistage Model

for Distribution Expansion Planning with Distributed Generation—Part II: Numerical
Results," in IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, vol. 23, no. 2, pp. 924-929,
April 2008.
doi: 10.1109/TPWRD.2008.917911
Abstract: This paper presents the computer simulation of the multistage model for
distribution expansion planning with distributed generation, as described in Part
I. The simulations deal with the planning of an electrical power distribution
network in three stages, in five different situations: 1. each of the three stages
planned independently; 2. multistage planning; 3. multistage planning with
distributed generation; 4. multistage planning with distributed generation and
constraints on investment; and 5. multistage planning with distributed generation
considering three load levels. The influence of additional constraints is analyzed
in terms of the computational effort required to find the optimum solution to the
problem.
keywords: {distributed power generation;power distribution planning;power
engineering computing;distribution expansion planning multistage model;distributed
generation;electrical power distribution network;Distributed control;Power
distribution;Power generation;Computer simulation;Investments;Optimization
methods;Mathematical model;Network topology;Substations;Computational
modeling;Distributed generation (DG);power distribution;power distribution
economics;power distribution planning},
Y. Gu, J. D. McCalley and M. Ni, "Coordinating Large-Scale Wind Integration and

Transmission Planning," in IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy, vol. 3, no. 4,
pp. 652-659, Oct. 2012.
doi: 10.1109/TSTE.2012.2204069
Abstract: In this paper, a generation expansion planning model and a transmission
expansion planning model are proposed to inform investment decisions from the
perspectives of generation companies and ISOs, respectively. Interactions between
large-scale wind integration and transmission system planning are analyzed, and a
new computational procedure of system expansion planning that coordinates
generation and transmission investment is presented. The cooptimization of energy
and ancillary services markets is considered to capture the impacts of wind power
on the operation of the electric system. Benders decomposition is employed to
reduce the overall computation time.
keywords: {investment;power generation economics;power generation planning;power
markets;power transmission economics;power transmission planning;wind power
plants;generation expansion planning model;transmission expansion planning
model;ISO;large-scale wind integration;transmission investment decision;ancillary
service market;wind power;energy cooptimization;Investments;Wind power
generation;Computational modeling;Power system planning;Power generation
planning;Benders decomposition;contingency reserve;cooptimization;generation
expansion planning;transmission expansion planning;wind integration},
S. Jin and S. M. Ryan, "A Tri-Level Model of Centralized Transmission and

Decentralized Generation Expansion Planning for an Electricity Market—Part II," in
IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 29, no. 1, pp. 142-148, Jan. 2014.
doi: 10.1109/TPWRS.2013.2280082
Abstract: We study a tri-level integrated transmission and generation expansion
planning problem in a deregulated power market environment. The collection of bi-
level sub-problems in the lower two levels is an equilibrium problem with
equilibrium constraints (EPEC) that can be approached by either the diagonalization
method (DM) or a complementarity problem (CP) reformulation. This paper is a
continuation of its Part I, in which a hybrid iterative algorithm is proposed to
solve the tri-level problem by iteratively applying the CP reformulation of the
tri-level problem to propose solutions and evaluating them in the EPEC sub-problem
by DM. It focuses on the numerical results obtained by the hybrid algorithm for a
6-bus system, a modified IEEE 30-bus system, and an IEEE 118-bus system. In the
numerical instances, the (approximate) Nash equilibrium point for the sub-problem
can be verified by examining local concavity.
keywords: {iterative methods;power generation economics;power generation
planning;power markets;power transmission economics;power transmission
planning;trilevel model;centralized transmission expansion planning;local
concavity;Nash equilibrium point;modified IEEE bus system;hybrid iterative
algorithm;DM;diagonalization method;CP;complementarity problem
reformulation;EPEC;equilibrium problem with equilibrium constraints;bilevel
subproblems;deregulated power market environment;electricity market;decentralized
generation expansion planning;Planning;Power transmission
lines;Buildings;Games;ISO;Modeling;Linear programming;Complementarity
problem;equilibrium problem with equilibrium constraints;generation expansion
planning;mathematical program with equilibrium constraints;Nash
equilibrium;transmission expansion planning},
M. S. Sepasian, H. Seifi, A. Akbari Foroud and A. R. Hatami, "A Multiyear Security

Constrained Hybrid Generation-Transmission Expansion Planning Algorithm Including
Fuel Supply Costs," in IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 24, no. 3, pp.
1609-1618, Aug. 2009.
doi: 10.1109/TPWRS.2009.2021218
Abstract: This paper addresses the problem of a multiyear security constrained
hybrid generation-transmission expansion planning. It is assumed that the overall
generation requirements of a network are known along the planning horizon, but
their allocations are unknown. Moreover the fuel cost throughout the network is not
uniform. By allocating the overall generation capacity among the grid nodes, and
determining the new transmission element additions along the planning horizon, the
overall cost of the system is minimized. The problem is formulated as a mixed
integer nonlinear programming problem, which for a large-scale system is very
difficult to solve. In this paper a new constructive heuristic approach is
proposed, so that the problem can be readily solved. To assess the capabilities of
the proposed approach, two networks are studied: the Garver test grid as a small
grid and the Iranian power grid as a large-scale grid.
keywords: {integer programming;nonlinear programming;power generation
planning;power grids;power transmission planning;multiyear security constrained
hybrid generation-transmission expansion planning algorithm;fuel supply
costs;overall generation requirements;overall generation capacity;grid
nodes;transmission element additions;planning horizon;mixed integer nonlinear
programming problem;large-scale system;constructive heuristic approach;Garver test
grid;Iranian power grid;Security;Hybrid power systems;Fuels;Costs;Power system
planning;Power generation;Large-scale systems;Mesh generation;Capacity
planning;Testing;Fuel supply cost;generation-transmission expansion planning;mixed
integer nonlinear programming},
Y. Zhan, Q. P. Zheng, J. Wang and P. Pinson, "Generation Expansion Planning With

Large Amounts of Wind Power via Decision-Dependent Stochastic Programming," in IEEE
Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 32, no. 4, pp. 3015-3026, July 2017.
doi: 10.1109/TPWRS.2016.2626958
Abstract: Power generation expansion planning needs to deal with future
uncertainties carefully, given that the invested generation assets will be in
operation for a long time. Many stochastic programming models have been proposed to
tackle this challenge. However, most previous works assume predetermined future
uncertainties (i.e., fixed random outcomes with given probabilities). In several
recent studies of generation assets' planning (e.g., thermal versus renewable), new
findings show that the investment decisions could affect the future uncertainties
as well. To this end, this paper proposes a multistage decision-dependent
stochastic optimization model for long-term large-scale generation expansion
planning, where large amounts of wind power are involved. In the decision-dependent
model, the future uncertainties are not only affecting but also affected by the
current decisions. In particular, the probability distribution function is
determined by not only input parameters but also decision variables. To deal with
the nonlinear constraints in our model, a quasi-exact solution approach is then
introduced to reformulate the multistage stochastic investment model to a mixed-
integer linear programming model. The wind penetration, investment decisions, and
the optimality of the decision-dependent model are evaluated in a series of
multistage case studies. The results show that the proposed decision-dependent
model provides effective optimization solutions for long-term generation expansion
planning.
keywords: {integer programming;investment;linear programming;power generation
economics;power generation planning;statistical distributions;stochastic
programming;wind power plants;wind penetration;mixed-integer linear programming
model;multistage stochastic investment model;quasiexact solution approach;nonlinear
constraints;probability distribution function;long-term large-scale generation
expansion planning;multistage decision-dependent stochastic optimization
model;investment decisions;generation asset planning;power generation expansion
planning;decision-dependent stochastic programming;wind
power;Planning;Uncertainty;Investment;Wind power generation;Stochastic
processes;Programming;Optimization;Decision-dependent;endogenous
uncertainties;expansion planning;long-term;mixed integer programming;power
generation;stochastic;wind},
H. Mavalizadeh, A. Ahmadi, F. H. Gandoman, P. Siano and H. A. Shayanfar,

"Multiobjective Robust Power System Expansion Planning Considering Generation Units
Retirement," in IEEE Systems Journal, vol. 12, no. 3, pp. 2664-2675, Sept. 2018.
doi: 10.1109/JSYST.2017.2672694
Abstract: This paper presents a mixed-integer linear robust multiobjective model
for the expansion planning of an electric power system. An information-gap decision
theory-based framework is proposed to take into account the uncertainties in
electrical demand and new power system elements prices. The model is intended to
increase the power system resistance against the uncertainties caused by forecast
errors. The normal boundary intersection method is used to obtain the Pareto front
of the multiobjective problem. Since the planning problem is a large-scale problem,
the model is kept linear using the Big M linearization technique that is able to
significantly decrease the computational burden. The fuel transportation and
availability constraints are taken into account. The model also enables the system
planner to build new fuel transportation routes whenever it is necessary. The
generating units' retirement is also incorporated into the model, and the
simulation results are showed to the advantages of incorporating units' retirement
in the power system expansion planning model instead of considering it separately.
The proposed multiobjective method is applied to the Garver 6-bus, IEEE 24-bus, and
IEEE 118-bus test systems, and the results are compared with the well-known
epsilon-constraint method.
keywords: {decision theory;integer programming;linear programming;Pareto
optimisation;power generation planning;power markets;power transmission
economics;power transmission planning;electrical demand;power system elements
prices;power system resistance;normal boundary intersection method;multiobjective
problem;planning problem;large-scale problem;Big M linearization technique;fuel
transportation;availability constraints;system planner;generating units;power
system expansion planning model;multiobjective method;IEEE 118-bus test
systems;multiobjective robust power system expansion planning considering
generation units retirement;mixed-integer linear robust multiobjective
model;electric power system;information-gap decision theory-based
framework;Fuels;Planning;Power transmission
lines;Transportation;Uncertainty;Indexes;Generation expansion planning;information-
gap decision theory;mixed-integer linear programming;normal boundary
intersection;transmission expansion planning},
P. J. Ramírez, D. Papadaskalopoulos and G. Strbac, "Co-Optimization of Generation

Expansion Planning and Electric Vehicles Flexibility," in IEEE Transactions on
Smart Grid, vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 1609-1619, May 2016.
doi: 10.1109/TSG.2015.2506003
Abstract: The envisaged de-carbonization of power systems poses unprecedented
challenges enhancing the potential of flexible demand. However, the incorporation
of the latter in system planning has yet to be comprehensively investigated. This
paper proposes a novel planning model that allows co-optimizing the investment and
operating costs of conventional generation assets and demand flexibility, in the
form of smart-charging/discharging electric vehicles (EV). The model includes a
detailed representation of EV operational constraints along with the generation
technical characteristics, and accounts for the costs required to enable demand
flexibility. Computational tractability is achieved through clustering generation
units and EV, which allows massively reducing the number of decision variables and
constraints, and avoiding non-linearities. Case studies in the context of the U.K.
demonstrate the economic value of EV flexibility in reducing peak demand levels and
absorbing wind generation variability, and the dependence of this value on the
required enabling cost and users' traveling patterns.
keywords: {electric vehicles;integer programming;investment;linear
programming;power generation economics;power generation planning;mixed integer
linear programming;traveling patterns;electric vehicle operational
constraints;electric vehicle smart discharging;electric vehicle smart
charging;demand flexibility;conventional generation assets;operating cost
optimization;investment optimization;electric vehicles flexibility;generation
expansion planning;Batteries;Spinning;Heating;Planning;Electric
vehicles;Computational modeling;Investment;Demand flexibility;electric
vehicles;generation expansion planning;mixed-integer programming;unit
commitment;vehicle-to-grid;Demand flexibility;electric vehicles;generation
expansion planning;mixed-integer programming;unit commitment;vehicle-to-grid},
J. Li et al., "Robust Coordinated Transmission and Generation Expansion Planning

Considering Ramping Requirements and Construction Periods," in IEEE Transactions on
Power Systems, vol. 33, no. 1, pp. 268-280, Jan. 2018.
doi: 10.1109/TPWRS.2017.2687318
Abstract: Two critical issues have arisen in transmission expansion planning with
the rapid growth of wind power generation. First, severe power ramping events in
daily operation due to the high variability of wind power generation pose great
challenges to multi-year planning decision making. Second, the long construction
periods of transmission lines may not be able to keep pace with the fast growing
uncertainty due to the increasing integration of wind power generation. To address
such issues, we propose a comprehensive robust planning model considering different
resources, namely, transmission lines, generators, and FACTS devices. Various
factors are taken into account, including flexibility requirements, construction
period, and cost. We construct the hourly net load ramping uncertainty (HLRU) set
to characterize the variation of hourly net load including wind power generation,
and the annual net load duration curve uncertainty (LDCU) set for the uncertainty
of normal annual net load duration curve. This results in a two-stage robust
optimization model with two different types of uncertainty sets, which are
decoupled into two different sets of subproblems to make the entire solution
process tractable. Numerical simulations with real-world data show that the
proposed model and solution method are effective in coordinating different flexible
resources and rendering robust expansion planning strategies.
keywords: {decision making;flexible AC transmission systems;optimisation;power
generation dispatch;power generation economics;power generation planning;power
transmission economics;power transmission lines;power transmission
planning;turbogenerators;wind power plants;normal annual net load duration
curve;two-stage robust optimization model;multiyear planning decision
making;transmission lines;comprehensive robust planning
model;generators;construction period;hourly net load ramping uncertainty;annual net
load duration curve uncertainty;robust coordinated transmission expansion
planning;robust coordinated generation expansion planning;ramping
requirements;construction periods;severe power ramping events;FACTS
devices;HLRU;hourly net load-including-wind power generation;LDCU;uncertainty
sets;Uncertainty;Planning;Load modeling;Wind power
generation;Generators;Robustness;Power transmission lines;FACTS;power system
planning;ramping requirements;robust optimization;wind power},
T. P. Hadjicostas and R. N. Adams, "The flexible rolling schedule for infinite-

horizon optimality in generation expansion planning," in IEEE Transactions on Power
Systems, vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 1182-1188, Aug. 1992.
doi: 10.1109/59.207332
Abstract: Prevailing approaches for reducing end effects in finite-horizon
generation expansion planning (i.e. truncated, static post-horizon, salvage value,
dual equilibrium, and rolling schedule) are compared, and the computationally
efficient flexible rolling schedule introduced. The flexible rolling schedule is a
general system-specific heuristic approximation for infinite-horizon optimal
solutions. The significance of the baseload construction rate for infinite-horizon
optimality is identified.<>
keywords: {approximation theory;electric power generation;optimisation;power system
planning;scheduling;power system planning;optimisation;flexible rolling
schedule;infinite-horizon optimality;generation expansion;end effects;heuristic
approximation;baseload construction rate;Power system planning;Job shop
scheduling;Processor scheduling;Investments;Power generation;Power system
modeling;Meeting planning;Decision making;Power generation economics;Capacity
planning},
Y. Tohidi, M. R. Hesamzadeh and F. Regairaz, "Sequential Coordination of

Transmission Expansion Planning With Strategic Generation Investments," in IEEE
Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 32, no. 4, pp. 2521-2534, July 2017.
doi: 10.1109/TPWRS.2016.2616372
Abstract: This paper proposes mathematical models for sequential coordination of
transmission expansion planning with strategic generation investments. The
proactive and reactive coordinations are modeled and studied. The interaction
between transmission company (Transco) and strategic generation companies (Gencos)
is modeled using the sequential-move game. This is while the interaction between
the strategic Gencos is modeled as a simultaneous-move game. In the proactive
coordination, the Transco expands its future transmission capacities taking into
account the strategic investments by Gencos. In the reactive coordination,
strategic Gencos move first and expand their future generation capacities and then
Transco expands the transmission capacity. The proactive coordination is modeled as
a mixed-integer bilevel linear program (MIBLP) and the reactive coordination is
modeled as a mixed-integer linear program (MILP). The MIBLP has binary variables in
both upper and lower levels. The Moore-Bard algorithm is parallelized and used to
solve the MIBLP. The mathematical models and the parallelized Moore-Bard algorithm
are tested on 3-bus and 6-bus example systems and the modified IEEE-RTS96. Also,
the IEEE 118-bus test system is studied using a heuristic version of the Moore-Bard
algorithm.
keywords: {electricity supply industry;game theory;integer
programming;investment;linear programming;power generation economics;power
generation planning;power transmission economics;power transmission
planning;strategic generation companies;Gencos;sequential-move game;simultaneous-
move game;transmission capacity;mixed-integer bilevel linear program;MIBLP;mixed-
integer linear program;MILP;binary variables;parallelized Moore-Bard algorithm
heuristic version;6-bus example systems;3-bus example systems;IEEE-
RTS96;Transco;transmission company;proactive coordinations;reactive
coordinations;mathematical models;strategic generation investment;transmission
expansion planning sequential coordination;Mathematical model;Investment;Capacity
planning;Planning;Wind power generation;Indexes;Uncertainty;Sequential
coordination;strategic generation investment;transmission expansion planning},
M. A. Alotaibi and M. M. A. Salama, "An Incentive-Based Multistage Expansion

Planning Model for Smart Distribution Systems," in IEEE Transactions on Power
Systems, vol. 33, no. 5, pp. 5469-5485, Sept. 2018.
doi: 10.1109/TPWRS.2018.2805322
Abstract: The deployment of smart grids has facilitated the integration of a
variety of investor assets into power distribution systems, giving rise to the
consequent necessity for positive and active interaction between those investors
and local distribution companies (LDCs). This paper proposes a novel incentive-
based distribution system expansion planning model that enables an LDC and
distributed generation (DG) investors to work in a collaborative way for their
mutual benefit. Using the proposed model, the LDC would establish a bus-wise
incentive program based on long-term contracts, which would encourage DG investors
to integrate their projects at specific system buses that would benefit both
parties. The model guarantees that the LDC will incur minimum expansion and
operation costs while concurrently ensuring the feasibility of DG investors'
projects. To derive appropriate incentives for each project, the model enforces
several economic metrics including internal rate of return, profit investment
ratio, and discounted payback period. All investment plans committed to by the LDC
and the DG investors for the full extent of the planning period are then
coordinated accordingly. Several linearization approaches are applied to convert
the proposed model into an MILP model. The intermittent nature of both system
demand and wind- and PV-based DG output power is handled probabilistically, and a
number of DG technologies are taken into account. Case study results have
demonstrated the value of the proposed model.
keywords: {distributed power generation;incentive schemes;integer
programming;investment;linear programming;photovoltaic power systems;power
distribution economics;power distribution planning;power generation
planning;probability;smart power grids;wind power plants;smart distribution
systems;smart grids;investor assets;power distribution systems;local distribution
companies;distributed generation;bus-wise incentive program;DG investors;operation
costs;MILP model;PV-based DG output power;multistage expansion planning
model;distribution system expansion planning model;wind-based DG output power;Power
system planning;Substations;Distributed power generation;Uncertainty;Reactive
power;Load flow;Mixed integer linear programming;Distributed generation
planning;distribution system expansion planning;DG uncertainty
modeling;incentives},
S. Hong, H. Cheng and P. Zeng, "N-K Constrained Composite Generation and

Transmission Expansion Planning With Interval Load," in IEEE Access, vol. 5, pp.
2779-2789, 2017.
doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2017.2664804
Abstract: The uncertainties of the predicted load demand and N-K contingencies are
very significant aspects to composite generation and transmission expansion
planning (CGTEP). In this paper, multi-contingency constrained CGTEP with load
uncertainty was analyzed from stringent mathematical view and formulated as a tri-
level optimization model. To effectively solve the tri-level optimization, the
entire problem is formulated as two problems using Benders' decomposition: master
problem with expansion planning and the sub-problem with the worst case load
shedding. The sub-problem is a bi-level optimization problem which can be solved
mathematically using strong duality theory and linearization method. CGTEP with the
tri-level optimization can endure the disturbances of interval load and N-K
contingencies. A benchmark test system is simulated to validate the effectiveness
of the proposed approach. Furthermore, for Bender's decomposition with many sub-
problems of worst load shedding, the numerically comparable results of a special
case demonstrate that all sub-problems of composite contingencies must be validated
at each iteration even if certain contingency meets the standard of load shedding
at the previous iteration.
keywords: {decomposition;duality (mathematics);iterative methods;linearisation
techniques;load shedding;optimisation;power generation planning;power transmission
planning;N-K constrained composite generation;predicted load demand
uncertainty;composite generation and transmission expansion
planning;multicontingency constrained CGTEP;stringent mathematical view;trilevel
optimization model;Benders decomposition;load shedding;bilevel optimization
problem;duality theory;linearization method;benchmark test system;iteration
method;Planning;Uncertainty;Mathematical model;Load
modeling;Optimization;Analytical models;Generators;Benders’
decomposition;generation and transmission expansion planning;interval load;minimum
load shedding;N-K contingency;transmission expansion planning},
M. Shivaie and M. T. Ameli, "Risk-constrained multi-level framework for

coordination of generation and transmission expansion planning in liberalised
environments – part I: theory and formulation," in IET Generation, Transmission &
Distribution, vol. 10, no. 13, pp. 3183-3190, 6 10 2016.
doi: 10.1049/iet-gtd.2015.1239
Abstract: In this two-article set, a new multi-level framework is presented for
coordination of generation and transmission expansion planning (G&TEP) in
liberalised electricity markets. Part I is mainly dedicated to mathematical
modelling of the G&TEP problem. The main aims of the proposed framework are not
only to develop a holistic model for the G&TEP problem, but also to evaluate
impacts of expansion plans on market participants' strategic behaviours. To do so,
the proposed methodology is decomposed into a planning master problem and an
operating slave problem. In the slave problem, the first level indicates market
participants' strategic interactions and the second level represents a pool-based
electricity market. In the master problem, an independent system operator model is
described to coordinate decentralised generation expansion planning in the third
level with centralised transmission expansion planning in the fourth level. In
addition, the offered framework uses a well-founded information-gap decision theory
to minimise risks of planning arising from severe uncertainties. The newly
developed framework is formulated as a non-convex mixed-integer non-linear
optimisation problem. Hence, a novel two-stage multi-dimensional melody search
algorithm is widely employed to determine the best solution. The profitableness of
the developed framework is illustrated in part II of this two-article set.
keywords: {concave programming;decision theory;integer programming;nonlinear
programming;power generation economics;power generation planning;power
markets;power transmission economics;power transmission planning;risk
analysis;search problems;two-stage multidimensional melody search
algorithm;nonconvex mixed-integer nonlinear optimisation problem;planning risk
minimization;information-gap decision theory;centralised transmission expansion
planning;decentralised generation expansion planning;independent system operator
model;pool-based electricity market;operating slave problem;planning master
problem;market participant strategic behaviours;mathematical modelling;liberalised
electricity markets;G&TEP;coordination of generation and transmission expansion
planning;liberalised environments;risk-constrained multilevel framework},
J. Aghaei, N. Amjady, A. Baharvandi and M. Akbari, "Generation and Transmission

Expansion Planning: MILP–Based Probabilistic Model," in IEEE Transactions on Power
Systems, vol. 29, no. 4, pp. 1592-1601, July 2014.
doi: 10.1109/TPWRS.2013.2296352
Abstract: This paper describes a new probabilistic model for generation and
transmission expansion planning (G&TEP) problem considering reliability criteria.
Probabilistic reliability criteria accounts for random generator or line outages
with known historical forced outage rates (FOR). The resultant model considers the
installation and operation costs as well as the cost of expected energy not
supplied (EENS) to optimally determine the number and location of new generating
units and circuits in the network, power generation capacity for those units and
the voltage phase angle at each node. Also, efficient linear formulations are
introduced in this paper to deal with the nonlinear nature of the problem including
objective functions and constraints. Modified 6-bus test system, IEEE 24-bus RTS
and IEEE 118-bus test system are utilized to illustrate the effectiveness of the
proposed framework.
keywords: {fault diagnosis;integer programming;linear programming;power generation
planning;power generation reliability;power transmission planning;power
transmission reliability;probability;transmission expansion planning;generation
expansion planning;MILP-based probabilistic model;reliability criteria;random
generator;line outages;historical forced outage rates;FOR;installation
costs;operation costs;expected energy not supplied;EENS;generating units;generating
circuits;power generation capacity;voltage phase angle;linear
formulations;objective functions;objective constraints;modified 6-bus test
system;IEEE 24-bus RTS test system;IEEE 118-bus test system;mixed integer linear
programming;Planning;Reliability;Probabilistic logic;Power system
reliability;Linear programming;Investment;Power transmission lines;Expected energy
not supplied (EENS);generation and transmission expansion planning (G&TEP);loss of
load probability (LOEP);mixed integer linear programming (MILP);mixed integer
nonlinear programming (MINLP)},
Q. Chen, C. Kang, Q. Xia and J. Zhong, "Power Generation Expansion Planning Model
Towards Low-Carbon Economy and Its Application in China," in IEEE Transactions on
doi: 10.1109/TPWRS.2009.2036925
Abstract: Climate change poses a huge threat to human welfare. Hence, developing a
low-carbon economy has become a prevailing and inevitable trend. Decarbonization of
power generation, especially converting the current power mix into a low-carbon
structure, will be a critical option for CO2 emission mitigation. In this paper, an
integrated power generation expansion (PGE) planning model towards low-carbon
economy is proposed, which properly integrates and formulates the impacts of
various low-carbon factors on PGE models. In order to adapt to the characteristics
of PGE models based on low-carbon scenario, a compromised modeling approach is
presented, which reasonably decreases complexities of the model, while properly
keeping the significant elements and maintaining moderate precision degree. In
order to illustrate the proposed model and approach, a numerical case is studied
based on the background of China's power sector, making decisions on the optimal
PGE plans and revealing the prospects and potentials for CO2 emission reduction.
keywords: {climatology;power generation economics;power generation planning;power
generation expansion planning model;low-carbon economy;decarbonization;Power
generation planning;Power generation economics;Power generation;Carbon
dioxide;Carbon tax;Humans;Global warming;Power systems;Large-scale systems;Power
system planning;Carbon capture and storage;CO$_{2}$ emission;global climate
change;low-carbon economy;modeling approach;power generation expansion planning
model},
H. Ghasemi, J. Aghaei, G. B. Gharehpetian and A. Safdarian, "MILP model for

integrated expansion planning of multi-carrier active energy systems," in IET
Generation, Transmission & Distribution, vol. 13, no. 7, pp. 1177-1189, 9 4 2019.
doi: 10.1049/iet-gtd.2018.6328
Abstract: In growing economic energy systems, the interdependency of various energy
infrastructures has led to a change in countries' policies in their expansion
planning of energy networks. In this study, a mixed-integer non-linear programming
(MINLP) model is proposed for expansion planning of the multi-carrier systems
including electricity and gas distribution networks. The optimal planning
determines the best location, time, and alternative for network assets in order to
minimise investment costs and reduce losses. Also, as another distinctive feature
of this study, given the integration of electricity and gas distribution networks
and the complexity of the problem, a new MILP model using linearisation methods is
presented. In this planning model, several types of alternative plans and a set of
candidates for the new placements or increase of the capacity of transformers,
feeders, distributed generation, gas pipelines, and city gate stations are
considered. The proposed MILP model provides the convergence of the problem to a
global optimum response using the powerful commercial software. In addition, a
solution based on Benders decomposition algorithm is finally proposed to reduce the
solution time of the problem. Finally, the efficiency of the proposed model is
evaluated by means of some simulation results.
keywords: {distribution networks;integer programming;investment;linear
programming;natural gas technology;nonlinear programming;pipelines;power generation
planning;power transmission planning;energy infrastructures;countries;energy
networks;mixed-integer nonlinear programming;gas distribution networks;optimal
planning;network assets;electricity;MILP model;planning model;alternative
plans;distributed generation;gas pipelines;integrated expansion
planning;multicarrier active energy systems;economic energy systems},
H. Hamidpour, J. Aghaei, S. Dehghan, S. Pirouzi and T. Niknam, "Integrated resource
expansion planning of wind integrated power systems considering demand response
programmes," in IET Renewable Power Generation, vol. 13, no. 4, pp. 519-529, 18 3
2019.
doi: 10.1049/iet-rpg.2018.5835
Abstract: Here, an optimisation framework is proposed for integrated resource
expansion planning (IREP) including conventional generation units, wind generation
units, and transmission lines while taking into account the role of demand response
program (DRP) aggregators. This problem is a bi-level optimisation problem. In the
upper-level problem, the objective function is to maximise the profit for each
resource, that is, the generation company (GENCO), wind generation company
(WINDCO), and transmission company (TRANSCO) as well as the DRP aggregator. Also,
the lower-level problem considers a market model with the participation of private
GENCOs, WINDCOs, TRANSCOs, and DRP aggregators. The lower-level problem minimises
energy cost subject to AC power flow (PF) equations, power network limitations,
pollution constraint, GENCO, WINDCO, TRANSCO constraints, and technical limitations
of DRPs. Here, the lower-level problem is non-linear and non-convex. Accordingly,
to facilitate the solution of the proposed bi-level optimisation problem, a linear
model is proposed. Then, the proposed bilevel optimisation problem is converted
into an integrated single-level one using the Karush-Kuhn-Tucker (KKT) conditions.
Eventually, a mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) model is proposed. The
proposed method is applied to the IEEE 6-bus and the IEEE 30-bus test systems, and
finally, the capabilities of the proposed scheme are evaluated.
keywords: {concave programming;demand side management;integer programming;linear
programming;load flow;power generation economics;power generation planning;power
markets;power transmission economics;power transmission lines;power transmission
planning;wind power plants;WINDCO;integrated resource expansion planning;wind
integrated power systems;demand response programmes;wind generation units;demand
response program aggregators;GENCO;wind generation company;DRP aggregator;AC power
flow equations;power system network limitations;energy cost;transmission
company;TRANSCO;IREP;Karush-Kuhn-Tucker conditions;KKT conditions;mixed-integer
linear programming;MILP model;IEEE 6-bus test systems;IEEE 30-bus test
systems;CPLEX solver;GAMS optimisation package;transmission lines},
S. Kannan, S. M. Raja Slochanal, S. Baskar and P. Murugan, "Application and

comparison of metaheuristic techniques to generation expansion planning in the
partially deregulated environment," in IET Generation, Transmission & Distribution,
vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 111-118, January 2007.
doi: 10.1049/iet-gtd:20050271
Abstract: The deregulation of the electric utility industry is an on-going process
in many developing countries. A novel generation expansion planning (GEP) model is
proposed that is suitable for developing countries such as India in a partially
deregulated environment. In a partially deregulated/restructured environment, both
utilities and independent power producers (IPPs) participate in the generation
market. In this model, the utility purchases electric power from the IPPs and sells
it to the consumer. The utility maximises its profit and ensures profits for all
the participating IPPs. In addition, the utility checks under/over investment and
considers system security, national security (fuel-mix ratio), social welfare and
reliability simultaneously. The budget constraints of the utility are to be taken
into consideration during the expansion plan. Metaheuristic techniques, such as
genetic algorithms, differential evolution, evolutionary programming, evolutionary
strategy, particle swarm optimisation, tabu search, simulated annealing, and the
hybrid approach are used to solve the restructured GEP problem, and their
performances are evaluated and validated against the dynamic programming (DP)
method for a synthetic test system having five types of candidate plant for the
utility and three types of candidate plant for IPP, with a 6 year planning horizon.
The effectiveness of the proposed modifications and techniques is also addressed.
keywords: {dynamic programming;electricity supply industry
deregulation;evolutionary computation;genetic algorithms;heuristic
programming;particle swarm optimisation;power generation planning;power system
reliability;power system security;search problems;simulated annealing;metaheuristic
techniques;generation expansion planning model;partially deregulated
environment;electric utility industry deregulation;developing
countries;India;independent power producers;under/over investment;system
security;national security;fuel-mix ratio;social welfare;reliability;budget
constraints;genetic algorithms;differential evolution;evolutionary
programming;evolutionary strategy;particle swarm optimisation;tabu search;simulated
annealing;dynamic programming},
S. Pineda and J. M. Morales, "Chronological Time-Period Clustering for Optimal

Capacity Expansion Planning With Storage," in IEEE Transactions on Power Systems,
vol. 33, no. 6, pp. 7162-7170, Nov. 2018.
doi: 10.1109/TPWRS.2018.2842093
Abstract: To reduce the computational burden of capacity expansion models, power
system operations are commonly accounted for in these models using representative
time periods of the planning horizon such as hours, days, or weeks. However, the
validity of these time-period aggregation approaches to determine the capacity
expansion plan of future power systems is arguable, as they fail to capture
properly the mid-terms dynamics of renewable power generation and to model
accurately the operation of electricity storage. In this paper, we propose a new
time-period clustering method that overcomes the aforementioned drawbacks by
maintaining the chronology of the input time series throughout the whole planning
horizon. Thus, the proposed method can correctly assess the economic value of
combining renewable power generation with interday storage devices. Numerical
results from a test case based on the European electricity network show that our
method provides more efficient capacity expansion plans than existing methods while
requiring similar computational needs.
keywords: {optimisation;power generation economics;power generation
planning;renewable energy sources;time series;capacity expansion plan;future power
systems;mid-terms dynamics;interday storage device;chronological time-period
clustering method;European electricity network;time-period
aggregation;representative time periods;power system operations;capacity expansion
models;computational burden;optimal capacity expansion planning;efficient capacity
expansion plans;interday storage devices;planning horizon;input time
series;chronology;electricity storage;renewable power generation;Power system
planning;Capacity planning;Energy storage;Investment;Power generation;Data
aggregation;Time-period aggregation;capacity expansion;clustering techniques;energy
storage;renewable power generation},
A. Khodaei, M. Shahidehpour and S. Kamalinia, "Transmission Switching in Expansion

Planning," in IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 25, no. 3, pp. 1722-1733,
Aug. 2010.
doi: 10.1109/TPWRS.2009.2039946
Abstract: Transmission switching (TS) is introduced to add flexibility to the
transmission and generation capacity expansion planning problem. TS could improve
the performance of the capacity expansion planning model and reduce the total
planning cost. The capacity expansion planning problem is decomposed into a master
problem and two subproblems. The master problem utilizes the candidate set for
additional generating unit and transmission capacity investments to find the
optimal plan throughout the planning horizon. The subproblems use the optimal plan,
apply transmission switching to relieve any transmission flow violations, and
calculate the optimal dispatch of generating units. The transmission network
contingencies are also considered in the subproblems. The case studies exhibit the
effectiveness of the proposed expansion planning approach.
keywords: {power generation planning;power transmission planning;transmission
switching;generation capacity expansion planning;transmission capacity expansion
planning;transmission capacity investments;transmission flow violations;generating
units;Power transmission lines;Costs;Investments;Capacity planning;Transmission
lines;Power system security;Power system planning;Power system economics;Power
generation economics;Power system modeling;Benders decomposition;mixed integer
linear programming;transmission and generation capacity expansion
planning;transmission switching},
M. Jenabi, S. M. T. Fatemi Ghomi and Y. Smeers, "Bi-Level Game Approaches for

Coordination of Generation and Transmission Expansion Planning Within a Market
Environment," in IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 28, no. 3, pp. 2639-2650,
Aug. 2013.
doi: 10.1109/TPWRS.2012.2236110
Abstract: The main purpose of this paper is to develop methodologies for
simultaneous generation and transmission expansion planning problem of power
networks while investigating interactions between these two important sections. In
the proposed methodologies, a transmission operator (TO) operating under different
incentives decides about investment in transmission network while anticipating the
outcome of a purely competitive electricity market where several rival generation
firms complete with each other to determine operating level of their generators,
amount of their sales and amount of their investment in generation capacity. The
proposed methodologies rely on bi-level programming models whose upper level model
represent the problem of investment in transmission by TO and the lower level
problems represent market outcomes obtained from clearing the market. These bi-
level models are reduced to mixed-integer linear and nonlinear programming using
the duality theory and Karush-Kuhn-Tucker (KKT) optimality conditions. The results
of the proposed models are analyzed and compared using two illustrative examples.
keywords: {AC generators;game theory;integer programming;investment;linear
programming;nonlinear programming;power generation planning;power markets;power
transmission planning;sales management;bi-level game approach;simultaneous
generation expansion planning;market environment;simultaneous transmission
expansion planning;power networks;transmission operator;investment;competitive
electricity market;generation firms;generators;sales;generation capacity;bi-level
programming model;market clearing;mixed-integer linear-nonlinear
programming;duality theory;Karush-Kuhn-Tucker optimality condition;KKT optimality
condition;Investments;Biological system modeling;Planning;Electricity supply
industry;Mathematical model;Games;Programming;Bi-level programming;competitive
electricity market;equilibrium;integrated generation and transmission expansion
planning;transmission congestion},
C. Batlle and P. Rodilla, "An Enhanced Screening Curves Method for Considering
Thermal Cycling Operation Costs in Generation Expansion Planning," in IEEE
Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 28, no. 4, pp. 3683-3691, Nov. 2013.
doi: 10.1109/TPWRS.2013.2249540
Abstract: Generation capacity expansion trends have clearly evolved in the last
decades. In the present context, renewable generation technologies are expected to
reach large penetration levels. Among other effects, these technologies are
changing the scheduling regime (and thus the unit-commitment costs) of the rest of
the generating facilities, increasing for instance the need of cycling conventional
thermal generation. In this paper we further develop the traditional screening
curves technique so as to incorporate a sound representation of the cycling
operation of thermal units. The so-resulting approach provides a more comprehensive
representation of thermal operation while keeping the screening curves well-known
capability to provide valuable analytic insights on the capacity expansion problem.
keywords: {power generation dispatch;power generation economics;power generation
planning;renewable energy sources;enhanced screening curves method;thermal cycling
operation costs;generation expansion planning;generation capacity
expansion;renewable generation technologies;unit commitment costs;thermal
operation;capacity expansion problem;Renewable energy sources;Power generation
dispatch;Cycling operation costs;generation capacity expansion;power generation
dispatch;renewable energy},
H. Cong, X. Wang and C. Jiang, "Two-stage nested bilevel model for generation
expansion planning in combined electricity and gas markets," in IET Generation,
doi: 10.1049/iet-gtd.2019.0293
Abstract: The growing utilisation of natural gas and renewable energy resources
brings more challenges to generation expansion planning problems. Short-term
operational constraints are equally important for long-term capacity planning. This
work studies the interdependence between electricity and natural gas systems and
presents a combined market mechanism that allows two-stage energy trading and
planning based on asynchronous electricity and gas markets. In the first stage, the
gas market is cleared with the objective of maximum social welfare (lower level),
at the same time obtaining the optimal strategies offered by gas producers and gas-
fired units (upper level). In the second stage, generation companies and consumer
companies aim to maximise their corresponding profits in the planning horizon
(upper level), and electricity market is cleared on principle of maximum social
welfare (lower level). Then, the authors develop a modified alternative direction
method of multiplier algorithm to solve the two-stage nested bilevel model. To
improve operational flexibility of expansion plans, uncertainties of renewable
energy generation and integrated demand response are also included and analysed in
different risk scenarios. Case studies validate the effectiveness of the proposed
methodology.
keywords: {power generation planning;power markets;capacity planning
(manufacturing);optimisation;profitability;power generation economics;renewable
energy sources;long-term capacity planning;natural gas;combined market
mechanism;two-stage energy trading;asynchronous electricity;gas markets;gas
market;maximum social welfare;gas producers;upper level;generation
companies;planning horizon;electricity market;two-stage nested bilevel
model;expansion plans;renewable energy generation;combined electricity;growing
utilisation;renewable energy resources;generation expansion planning
problems;short-term operational constraints},
R. Mínguez, R. García-Bertrand, J. M. Arroyo and N. Alguacil, "On the Solution of

Large-Scale Robust Transmission Network Expansion Planning Under Uncertain Demand
and Generation Capacity," in IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 33, no. 2,
pp. 1242-1251, March 2018.
doi: 10.1109/TPWRS.2017.2734562
Abstract: Two-stage robust optimization has emerged as a relevant approach to deal
with uncertain demand and generation capacity in the transmission network expansion
planning problem. Unfortunately, the solution of practical large-scale instances
remains a challenge. In order to address this issue, this paper presents an
alternative column-and-constraint generation algorithm wherein the max-min problem
associated with the second stage is solved by a block coordinate descent method. As
a major salient feature, the proposed approach does not rely on the transformation
of the second-stage problem to a single-level equivalent. As a consequence,
bilinear terms involving dual variables or Lagrange multipliers do not arise,
thereby precluding the use of computationally expensive big-M-based linearization
schemes. Thus, not only is the computational effort reduced, but also the typically
overlooked case-dependent, nontrivial, and time-consuming tuning of bounding
parameters for dual variables or Lagrange multipliers is avoided. The practical
applicability of the proposed methodology is confirmed by numerical testing on
several benchmarks including a case based on the Polish 2383-bus system, which is
well beyond the capability of the robust methods available in the literature.
keywords: {minimax techniques;numerical analysis;power generation planning;power
transmission planning;max-min problem;large-scale two-stage robust transmission
network expansion planning;alternative column-and-constraint generation
algorithm;block coordinate descent method;single-level equivalent;numerical
testing;Polish 2383-bus system;computationally expensive big-M-based linearization
schemes;Lagrange multipliers;second-stage problem;transmission network expansion
planning problem;Uncertainty;Robustness;Planning;Optimization;Indexes;Capacity
planning;Investment;Block coordinate descent method;column-and-constraint
generation algorithm;transmission network expansion planning;two-stage robust
optimization;uncertainty},
M. Asensio, P. Meneses de Quevedo, G. Muñoz-Delgado and J. Contreras, "Joint

Distribution Network and Renewable Energy Expansion Planning Considering Demand
Response and Energy Storage—Part II: Numerical Results," in IEEE Transactions on
Smart Grid, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 667-675, March 2018.
doi: 10.1109/TSG.2016.2560341
Abstract: The second part of this two-paper series analyzes the incorporation of
demand response (DR) and energy storage systems (ESSs) in the joint distribution
and generation expansion planning for the isolated system of La Graciosa, Canary
Islands, Spain. Based on the stochastic programming model developed in its
companion paper, the impact of DR and ESS on the location and size of new
generation and storage units and the distribution assets to be installed,
reinforced, or replaced are defined. Numerical results illustrate the effective
performance of the proposed approach. Additionally, a set of metrics showing the
welfare achieved by the different stakeholders has been implemented.
keywords: {distributed power generation;energy storage;power distribution
planning;power generation planning;renewable energy sources;stochastic
programming;joint distribution network;demand response;DR;energy storage
systems;generation expansion planning;isolated system;Canary Islands;stochastic
programming model;companion paper;storage units;distribution assets;ESS;renewable
energy expansion
planning;Planning;Investment;Substations;Aggregates;Generators;Load
management;Measurement;DR;RES (renewable energy sources) expansion
planning;distribution network expansion planning;ESS;distribution systems},
V. F. Martins and C. L. T. Borges, "Active Distribution Network Integrated Planning

Incorporating Distributed Generation and Load Response Uncertainties," in IEEE
doi: 10.1109/TPWRS.2011.2122347
Abstract: This paper presents a model for active distribution systems expansion
planning based on genetic algorithms, where distributed generation (DG) integration
is considered together with conventional alternatives for expansion, such as
rewiring, network reconfiguration, installation of new protection devices, etc. The
novel approach of planning DG integration together with network expansion is a
requirement for the modern active distribution network. However, the uncertainties
related to DG power generation and load response growth must be taken into account
in order to plan a safe system at a minimum cost. Thus, two different methodologies
for uncertainties incorporation through the use of multiple scenarios analysis are
proposed and compared. The multiple objectives optimization algorithm applied in
the model takes into account the costs of reliability, losses, power imported from
transmission, and network investments.
keywords: {distributed power generation;genetic algorithms;power distribution
planning;power distribution reliability;power generation planning;power generation
reliability;active distribution network;integrated planning;distributed
generation;load response uncertainties;expansion planning;genetic
algorithms;rewiring;network reconfiguration;installation;protection devices;DG
power generation;multiple objectives optimization;reliability;network
investments;Power system planning;Uncertainty;Power system reliability;Genetic
algorithms;Distributed power generation;Active distribution network;distributed
generation;expansion planning;genetic algorithms;load response;uncertainty
representation},
K. Saxena and R. Bhakar, "Impact of LRIC pricing and demand response on generation
and transmission expansion planning," in IET Generation, Transmission &
doi: 10.1049/iet-gtd.2018.5328
Abstract: Traditional expansion planning models reflect usage-based practices and
do not consider the complete utilisation of existing resources. This problem arises
due to non-inclusion of price-based incentives provided to the consumers who incur
additional network reinforcement or expansion cost. The paper proposes a generation
and transmission expansion planning framework that includes price-based incentives
to define the future nodal load growth. The framework implements long-run
incremental cost (LRIC)-based pricing signals for economically distributed demand
to minimise consumer usage charges as well as network investment. Peak demand
conditions by consumers are further minimised by the time-of-use-based demand
response mechanism. The combined effects of price-based response and demand
response are reflected in the future demand which serves as the basis for combined
generation and transmission expansion planning. The case studies highlight the
drawbacks of the conventional approaches which does not maximise the utilisation of
existing grid resources while the proposed framework results in delayed investment
strategies as a collective effort of the users and planner to optimise grid
resources and the cost of assessing the electricity.
keywords: {costing;demand side management;investment;optimisation;power generation
planning;power transmission economics;power transmission planning;power
transmission reliability;pricing;resource allocation;LRIC pricing;traditional
expansion planning models;usage-based practices;complete utilisation;existing
resources;price-based incentives;consumers;expansion cost;transmission expansion
planning framework;future nodal load growth;incremental cost-based pricing
signals;economically distributed demand;consumer usage charges;network
investment;financially beneficial framework;peak demand conditions;time-of-use-
based demand response mechanism;price-based response;future demand;combined
generation;proposed expansion planning models;grid resources;network
reinforcement;generation expansion planning},
H. Saboori and R. Hemmati, "Considering Carbon Capture and Storage in Electricity

Generation Expansion Planning," in IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy, vol. 7,
no. 4, pp. 1371-1378, Oct. 2016.
doi: 10.1109/TSTE.2016.2547911
Abstract: Nowadays, CO2 is the primary greenhouse gas pollutant and fossil fuel-
fired electrical power plants are the major producer of CO2. In this regard, it is
required to equip the electrical power plants with carbon capture and storage (CCS)
systems. This paper addresses a multistage generation expansion planning (GEP)
including nuclear units, renewable energy units, and different fossil fuel-fired
units equipped with CCS. The proposed GEP minimizes the planning costs and CO2 at
the same time, while it considers CCS cost and revenue. The problem is
mathematically expressed as a constrained, mixed-integer, and nonlinear
optimization problem and solved using particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm.
The problem considers all practical constraints including security constraints of
the network, and the generating units constraints of operation. Simulation results
demonstrate that utilizing CCS significantly impacts on the planning output.
Eventually, a comprehensive sensitivity analysis is carried out based on the CCS
cost and revenue.
keywords: {air pollution;carbon capture and storage;integer
programming;minimisation;nonlinear programming;nuclear power stations;particle
swarm optimisation;power generation planning;power system security;sensitivity
analysis;steam power stations;carbon capture and storage;electricity generation
expansion planning;greenhouse gas pollutant;fossil fuel-fired electrical power
plant;CCS system;multistage generation expansion planning;GEP;nuclear
unit;renewable energy unit;planning cost minimization;constrained mixed-integer
nonlinear optimization problem;particle swarm optimization algorithm;PSO
algorithm;network security constraint;sensitivity analysis;Power
generation;Planning;Pollution;Carbon dioxide;Natural gas;Combustion;Carbon capture
and storage;environmental pollution;generation expansion planning;particle swarm
optimization;reliability},
G. Muñoz-Delgado, J. Contreras and J. M. Arroyo, "Multistage Generation and Network

Expansion Planning in Distribution Systems Considering Uncertainty and
Reliability," in IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 31, no. 5, pp. 3715-3728,
Sept. 2016.
doi: 10.1109/TPWRS.2015.2503604
Abstract: This paper describes the incorporation of uncertainty and reliability in
the dynamic expansion planning of distribution network assets and distributed
generation. Several alternatives for the installation of feeders, transformers, and
distributed generation are considered. Thus, the optimal expansion plan identifies
the best alternative, location, and installation time for the candidate assets
under the uncertainty related to demand and renewable energy sources. To that end,
an iterative algorithm is devised to yield a pool of high-quality candidate
solutions in terms of total investment and operational costs. Each candidate
solution results from a stochastic-programming-based model driven by the
minimization of the expected investment and operational costs. The associated
scenario-based deterministic equivalent is formulated as a mixed-integer linear
program for which finite convergence to optimality is guaranteed and efficient off-
the-shelf software is available. Standard metrics are subsequently applied to each
candidate solution to characterize its reliability so that valuable information is
provided to the distribution system planner. Numerical results illustrate the
effective performance of the proposed approach.
keywords: {distributed power generation;integer programming;investment;iterative
methods;linear programming;power distribution planning;power distribution
reliability;power system economics;renewable energy sources;multistage
generation;network expansion planning;dynamic expansion planning;distribution
network assets;distributed generation;optimal expansion plan;renewable energy
sources;iterative algorithm;operational costs;stochastic-programming-based
model;associated scenario-based deterministic equivalent;mixed-integer linear
program;finite convergence;distribution system
planner;Planning;Reliability;Uncertainty;Interrupters;Indexes;Power system
reliability;Investment;Distributed generation;distribution system
planning;multistage;network expansion;reliability;stochastic
programming;uncertainty},
B. Alizadeh and S. Jadid, "Reliability constrained coordination of generation and
transmission expansion planning in power systems using mixed integer programming,"
in IET Generation, Transmission & Distribution, vol. 5, no. 9, pp. 948-960,
September 2011.
doi: 10.1049/iet-gtd.2011.0122
Abstract: This paper presents a new approach on expansion planning problem in power
systems. The simultaneous expansion of generation and transmission subsystems has
been formulated as a mixed integer programming problem to cover different
constraints. The method introduces a static planning method which models the least
cost deviation from the initial point (pre-expansion condition) in a manner that
matches the peak load requirements of the planning horizon (post-expansion
condition). The DC power flow model is used to reflect transmission flow constraint
in a framework that automatically eliminates disconnected bus problem. Instead of
considering just one candidate design for a corridor, different types of designs
have been included in the model. This fact makes the model more practical in the
transmission expansion planning section. Environmental constraints and fuel supply
limitations have been also included for thermal units. Besides, a heuristic
algorithm has been proposed to assure the required amount of reliability at
hierarchical level II. The algorithm is based on reinforcing the economically
optimal plan to upgrade its reliability level to any desired value. The scheme is
capable of suggesting an economical level of reliability for a given system by
reflecting cost and worth of reinforcements. To numerically evaluate the efficiency
of the proposed method, simulation results on the modified Garver6-bus and IEEE 30-
bus systems are provided. In spite of huge computation burden at hierarchical level
II (HLII) reliability assessment, the results indicate high efficiency of the
proposed method.
keywords: {integer programming;load flow;power generation economics;power
generation planning;power generation reliability;power transmission planning;power
transmission reliability;thermal power stations;reliability constrained
coordination;transmission expansion planning;generation expansion planning;power
system planning;mixed integer programming problem;static planning method;peak load
requirement;DC power flow model;transmission flow constraint;disconnected bus
problem elimination;fuel supply limitation;thermal units;Garver6-bus system;IEEE
30-bus system},
M. Asensio, P. Meneses de Quevedo, G. Muñoz-Delgado and J. Contreras, "Joint

Distribution Network and Renewable Energy Expansion Planning Considering Demand
Response and Energy Storage—Part I: Stochastic Programming Model," in IEEE
Transactions on Smart Grid, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 655-666, March 2018.
doi: 10.1109/TSG.2016.2560339
Abstract: The first part of this two-paper series describes the incorporation of
demand response (DR) and energy storage systems (ESSs) in the joint distribution
and generation expansion planning for isolated systems. The role of DR and ESS has
recently attracted an increasing interest in power systems. However, previous
models have not been completely adapted in order to treat DR and ESS on an equal
footing. The model presented includes DR and ESS in the planning of insular
distribution systems. Hence, this paper presents a novel model to decide the joint
expansion planning of distributed generation and the distribution network
considering the impact of ESS and price-dependent DR programs. The problem is
formulated as a stochastic-programming-based model driven by the maximization of
the net social benefit. The associated deterministic equivalent is formulated as a
mixed-integer linear program suitable for commercially available software. The
outcomes of the model are the location and size of new generation and storage units
and the distribution assets to be installed, reinforced or replaced. In the second
companion paper, an insular case study (La Graciosa, Canary Islands, Spain) is
provided illustrating the effects of DR and ESS on social welfare.
keywords: {distributed power generation;energy storage;integer programming;linear
programming;power distribution planning;pricing;renewable energy sources;stochastic
programming;stochastic programming model;energy storage systems;generation
expansion planning;isolated systems;ESS;power systems;insular distribution
systems;joint expansion planning;distributed generation;price-dependent DR
programs;mixed-integer linear program;storage units;distribution assets;joint
distribution network;renewable energy expansion planning considering demand
response;Substations;Investment;Generators;Planning;Indexes;Adaptation
models;DR;renewable energy sources (RES) expansion planning;distribution network
expansion planning;ESS;distribution systems},
G. Moon, J. Lee and S. Joo, "Integrated Generation Capacity and Transmission

Network Expansion Planning With Superconducting Fault Current Limiter (SFCL)," in
IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity, vol. 23, no. 3, pp. 5000510-
5000510, June 2013, Art no. 5000510.
doi: 10.1109/TASC.2013.2241815
Abstract: As the size of a power system continues to expand, generation capacity
and transmission network expansion may be restricted by the fault current limit.
Superconducting fault current limiters (SFCLs) are one of the promising fault
current limiting technologies that could have potential for greater use in power
systems. The installation of SFCLs in a power system is expected to help reduce the
fault current levels. This paper presents a fault current constrained planning
method for integrated generation and transmission expansion considering SFCLs. In
this paper, the fault current constrained planning problem of the integrated
generation and transmission expansion is formulated as a co-optimization problem
considering SFCLs. Results of a numerical simulation are presented to show the
effectiveness of the proposed integrated generation and transmission expansion
planning method considering SFCLs.
keywords: {numerical analysis;optimisation;power transmission
planning;superconducting fault current limiters;integrated generation capacity
planning;transmission network expansion planning;power system size;fault current
limiting technologies;superconducting fault current limiter installation;fault
current levels;fault current constrained planning method;fault current constrained
planning problem;co-optimization problem;numerical simulation;integrated generation
planning method;transmission expansion planning method;Fault
currents;Planning;Investments;Capacity planning;Power transmission
lines;Impedance;Integrated generation and transmission planning;superconducting
electric power;superconducting fault current limiter;system studies for
superconducting devices},
G. Muñoz-Delgado, J. Contreras and J. M. Arroyo, "Joint Expansion Planning of

Distributed Generation and Distribution Networks," in IEEE Transactions on Power
Systems, vol. 30, no. 5, pp. 2579-2590, Sept. 2015.
doi: 10.1109/TPWRS.2014.2364960
Abstract: This paper addresses the multistage expansion planning problem of a
distribution system where investments in the distribution network and in
distributed generation are jointly considered. Network expansion comprises several
alternatives for feeders and transformers. Analogously, the installation of
distributed generation takes into account several alternatives for conventional and
wind generators. Unlike what is customarily done, a set of candidate nodes for
generator installation is considered. Thus, the optimal expansion plan identifies
the best alternative, location, and installation time for the candidate assets. The
model is driven by the minimization of the net present value of the total cost
including the costs related to investment, maintenance, production, losses, and
unserved energy. The costs of energy losses are modeled by a piecewise linear
approximation. As another distinctive feature, radiality conditions are
specifically tailored to accommodate the presence of distributed generation in
order to avoid the isolation of distributed generators and the issues associated
with transfer nodes. The resulting optimization problem is a mixed-integer linear
program for which finite convergence to optimality is guaranteed and efficient off-
the-shelf software is available. Numerical results illustrate the effective
performance of the proposed approach.
keywords: {approximation theory;distributed power generation;integer
programming;linear programming;piecewise linear techniques;power distribution
planning;joint expansion planning;distributed generation;distribution
networks;multistage expansion planning problem;distribution network;wind
generators;generator installation;net present value;energy losses;piecewise linear
approximation;mixed-integer linear
program;Investment;Planning;Generators;Distributed power generation;Energy
loss;Substations;Joints;Distributed generation;distribution system
planning;multistage;network expansion;radiality},
R. Gholizadeh-Roshanagh and K. Zare, "Electric power distribution system expansion

planning considering cost elasticity of demand," in IET Generation, Transmission &
doi: 10.1049/iet-gtd.2018.6740
Abstract: Demand side participation is a fundamental property of modern power
distribution networks. Time-of-use pricing is a common strategy to persuade
customers to shift a part of their consumption to low consumption hours. In flat
time-of-use pricing, it is not the price that changes over a period, it is the cost
of energy. The aim of this paper was to quantify impact of cost elasticity of
demand on investment plans over a multi-stage horizon, where the time-of-use
pricing was taken into account. On one hand, time-of-use pricing was modeled with
three load levels as peak, medium-peak and off-peak. On the other hand, the
tendency of customers to participate in reduction of demand was modeled where it
shows rate of response of customers to change in cost of energy and it determines
maximum demand response penetration. So, it was examined how time-of-use pricing
and responsive customers can postpone the investments. Mixed integer linear
programming method was utilized to solve the optimal distribution expansion
planning problem. Simulations were performed on an 18-node distribution network.
Results revealed effectiveness of the proposed model and showed that consideration
of cost elasticity of demand in expansion planning, changes optimal configuration
of network and significantly influences total costs.
keywords: {distribution networks;power distribution planning;pricing;linear
programming;demand side management;power distribution economics;investment;integer
programming;power generation economics;cost elasticity;expansion planning problem
changes;electric power distribution system expansion planning;demand-side
participation;main property;fundamental property;modern power distribution
networks;time-of-use pricing;peak hours;low consumption hours;flat ToU-based
pricing;distribution network investment plans;multistage horizon;ToU
pricing;medium-peak;off-peak periods;maximum demand response penetration;responsive
customers;multistage distribution system expansion planning problem;18-node primary
distribution network},
H. Hamidpour, J. Aghaei, S. Pirouzi, S. Dehghan and T. Niknam, "Flexible, reliable,

and renewable power system resource expansion planning considering energy storage
systems and demand response programs," in IET Renewable Power Generation, vol. 13,
no. 11, pp. 1862-1872, 19 8 2019.
doi: 10.1049/iet-rpg.2019.0020
Abstract: This study presents a flexible, reliable, and renewable power system
resource planning approach to coordinate generation, transmission, and energy
storage (ES) expansion planning in the presence of demand response (DR). The
flexibility and reliability of the optimal resource expansion planning are ensured
by means of appropriate constraints incorporated into the proposed planning tool
where thermal generation units, ES systems, and DR programs are considered as
flexibility resources. The proposed planning tool is a mixed-integer non-linear
programming (MINLP) problem due to the non-linear and non-convex constraints of AC
power flow equations. Accordingly, to linearise the proposed MINLP problem, the AC
nodal power balance constraints are linearised by means of the first-order
expansion of Taylor's series and the line flow equations are linearised by means of
a polygon. Additionally, the stochastic programming is used to characterise the
uncertainty of loads, a maximum available power of wind farms, forecasted energy
price, and availability/unavailability of generation units and transmission lines
by means of a sufficient number of scenarios. The proposed planning tool is
implemented on the IEEE 6-bus and the IEEE 30-bus test systems under different
conditions. Case studies illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach
based on both flexibility and reliability criteria.
keywords: {concave programming;demand side management;energy storage;integer
programming;load flow;nonlinear programming;power generation economics;power
generation planning;power transmission economics;power transmission lines;power
transmission planning;stochastic programming;thermal power stations;wind power
plants;AC power flow equations;AC nodal power balance constraints;first-order
expansion;stochastic programming;maximum available power;planning tool;IEEE 30-bus
test systems;reliability criteria;flexible power system resource expansion
planning;renewable power system resource expansion planning;energy storage
systems;energy storage expansion planning;demand response;optimal resource
expansion planning;thermal generation units;ES systems;DR programs;flexibility
resources;mixed-integer nonlinear programming;nonconvex constraints;demand response
programs;reliable power system resource expansion planning},
N. R. Romero, L. K. Nozick, I. D. Dobson, N. Xu and D. A. Jones, "Transmission and

Generation Expansion to Mitigate Seismic Risk," in IEEE Transactions on Power
doi: 10.1109/TPWRS.2013.2265853
Abstract: This paper develops a two-stage stochastic program and solution procedure
to optimize the selection of capacity enhancement strategies to increase the
resilience of electric power systems to earthquakes. The model explicitly considers
the range of earthquake events that are possible and, for each, an approximation of
the distribution of damage to be experienced. This is important because electric
power systems are spatially distributed; hence their performance is driven by the
distribution of damage to the components. We test this solution procedure against
the nonlinear integer solver in LINGO 13 and apply the formulation and solution
strategy to the Eastern Interconnect where the seismic hazard primarily stems from
the New Madrid Seismic Zone. We show the feasibility of optimized capacity
expansion to improve the resilience of large-scale power systems with respect to
large earthquakes.
keywords: {earthquakes;hazards;power generation planning;power transmission
planning;seismology;stochastic programming;seismic risk mitigation;power eneration
expansion;power transmission expansion;two-stage stochastic programming;capacity
enhancement strategy;electric power system resilience;earthquake events;Eastern
interconnect;seismic hazard;New Madrid seismic zone;optimized capacity
expansion;power generation planning;power transmission planning;nonlinear integer
solver;Earthquakes;Optimization methods;Power generation planning;Strategic
planning;Systems engineering and theory;Earthquakes;optimization methods;power
generation planning;power transmission planning;strategic planning;systems
engineering},
A. Baharvandi, J. Aghaei, T. Niknam, M. Shafie-Khah, R. Godina and J. P. S.

Catalão, "Bundled Generation and Transmission Planning Under Demand and Wind
Generation Uncertainty Based on a Combination of Robust and Stochastic
Optimization," in IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy, vol. 9, no. 3, pp. 1477-
1486, July 2018.
doi: 10.1109/TSTE.2018.2789398
Abstract: Bundled generation and transmission expansion planning (BGTEP) aims to
solve problems related to ascendant demand of power systems. A BGTEP model is
considered in this paper and the optimal planning for a long-term period is
obtained such that the cost of installation and operation would be minimized. Also,
due to the recent orientation toward renewable energy sources, the influence of
wind farms is involved in the methodology. An important aspect of load and wind
power is their uncertain nature and the characteristic of being unforeseen. This
matter is under consideration by a bounded and symmetric uncertainty optimization
approach. In fact, the combination of two uncertainty methods, i.e., robust and
stochastic optimization approaches are utilized and formulated in this paper.
Besides, to cope with this uncertainty, Weibull distribution (WD) is considered as
wind distribution, while load distribution is counted by a normal distribution
(ND). A unique approximation approach for WD to be considered as ND is presented.
In addition, a linear formulation is obtained by alternative constraints in order
to drastically reduce the level of complexity of the formulation. Accordingly, a
mixed-integer linear programming formulation is proposed to solve the BGTEP
problem. The modified 6-bus and IEEE 24-bus RTS test systems are used to prove the
applicability of the proposed method.
keywords: {approximation theory;integer programming;linear programming;normal
distribution;power generation planning;power transmission planning;stochastic
programming;Weibull distribution;wind power plants;uncertainty methods;robust
optimization approaches;stochastic optimization approaches;Weibull
distribution;wind distribution;load distribution;normal distribution;ND;unique
approximation approach;linear formulation;mixed-integer linear programming
formulation;BGTEP problem;wind generation uncertainty;ascendant demand;power
systems;BGTEP model;optimal planning;renewable energy sources;wind farms;wind
power;bounded uncertainty optimization approach;symmetric uncertainty optimization
approach;bundled generation and transmission expansion
planning;Uncertainty;Planning;Wind power
generation;Optimization;Investment;Robustness;Stochastic processes;Bundled
generation and transmission expansion planning (BGTEP);bounded symmetric
optimization (BSO);mixed integer linear programming (MILP);robust optimization
(RO);normal distribution (ND);Weibull distribution (WD)},
P. Kaymaz, J. Valenzuela and C. S. Park, "Transmission Congestion and Competition

on Power Generation Expansion," in IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 22, no.
1, pp. 156-163, Feb. 2007.
doi: 10.1109/TPWRS.2006.887960
Abstract: Generation expansion planning involves decisions on location and capacity
of new generation, which may lead to adding or relieving congestion in transmission
lines and to increasing or reducing competition in deregulated markets. Generation
expansion may encounter congestion in the transmission network by constrained
single-line flows as well as flowgate transfer capabilities. In this paper, a model
to study the interaction between competition and transmission congestion on power
generation expansion is proposed. The generation expansion problem is modeled as a
Cournot competition game. Network transmission constraints are included in the
optimal generation expansion problem to comply with power flow limits. Results from
a five-bus power network and the IEEE 24-bus system are presented and discussed
keywords: {load flow;power generation economics;power generation planning;power
transmission lines;transmission congestion;power generation expansion;expansion
planning;transmission lines;deregulated markets;constrained single-line
flows;Cournot competition game;power flow limits;five-bus power network;IEEE 24-bus
system;Power generation;Investments;Production;Costs;Power generation
planning;Capacity planning;Power transmission lines;Power system modeling;Power
markets;Electricity supply industry;Cournot competition;power generation
expansion;transmission congestion;transmission constraints},
J. H. Roh, M. Shahidehpour and Y. Fu, "Market-Based Coordination of Transmission

and Generation Capacity Planning," in IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 22,
no. 4, pp. 1406-1419, Nov. 2007.
doi: 10.1109/TPWRS.2007.907894
Abstract: We propose an ISO model for coordinating transmission expansion planning
with competitive generation capacity planning in electricity markets. The purpose
of the model is a holistic simulation of generation and transmission capacity
expansion in the market environment. The solution represents an iterative process
for simulating the interactions among GENCOs, TRANSCOs, and the ISO, which might be
terminated by the ISO based on a pre-specified stopping criterion. The proposed
model adopts a joint energy and transmission auction market and a capacity
mechanism. The joint auction market enables competition to occur among generation
and transmission resources. The capacity mechanism offers incentives for market
participant investments that reflect the locational values of additional capacity.
Transmission capacity expansion decisions are made by merchant transmission lines
that recover their capacity investments through transmission marginal pricing and
capacity payments. Transmission network security is reflected in the proposed
competitive resource planning model. The examples illustrate a coordinated planning
of generation and transmission in restructured power systems.
keywords: {investment;iterative methods;power generation planning;power
markets;power system security;power transmission economics;power transmission
lines;power transmission planning;pricing;market-based coordination;transmission
expansion planning;competitive generation capacity planning;electricity markets;ISO
model;holistic simulation;iterative process;GENCO;TRANSCO;joint energy-transmission
auction market;merchant transmission lines;investments;transmission marginal
pricing;transmission network security;competitive resource planning model;Capacity
planning;ISO;Power system planning;Power generation;Investments;Power system
security;Power system modeling;Electricity supply industry;Power transmission
lines;Pricing;Benders decomposition;competitive electricity markets;generation
capacity planning;Lagrangian relaxation;merchant transmission;mixed integer
programming;transmission network security;transmission planning},
S. A. Rashidaee, T. Amraee and M. Fotuhi-Firuzabad, "A Linear Model for Dynamic

Generation Expansion Planning Considering Loss of Load Probability," in IEEE
doi: 10.1109/TPWRS.2018.2850822
Abstract: Computation of Loss of Load Probability (LOLP) is a challenge in
Generation Expansion Planning (GEP) problem. This paper presents a dynamic GEP
model considering LOLP as a reliability criterion. The objective function of the
proposed dynamic GEP model includes the discounted total costs of investment cost,
operation cost, and maintenance cost. The proposed LOLP constrained GEP problem is
formulated as a mixed integer nonlinear programming (MINLP) problem. The MINLP
formulation of GEP problem is then converted to a mixed integer linear programming
(MIP) problem by applying several approximations to LOLP constraint. The utilized
approximations are divided into two clusters for low and high order outages. A test
case containing 12 types of installed and 5 types of candidate plants with a 14-
year planning horizon is used to validate the efficiency of the proposed dynamic
GEP problem. The developed MIP-based GEP model is solved using CPLEX solver and the
obtained results are compared with the conventional LOLP-constrained GEP model.
keywords: {integer programming;linear programming;nonlinear programming;power
generation economics;power generation planning;probability;mixed integer nonlinear
programming problem;MINLP formulation;mixed integer linear programming problem;14-
year planning horizon;dynamic GEP problem;developed MIP-based GEP
model;conventional LOLP-constrained GEP model;linear model;dynamic GEP
model;discounted total costs;investment cost;operation cost;maintenance cost;loss
of load probability;dynamic generation expansion planning problem;CPLEX
solver;Power system reliability;Power generation planning;Load modeling;Power
system dynamics;Optimization;Linear programming;Capacity outage;generation
expansion planning;loss of load probability;optimization;reliability},
P. Cerda, M. Larrain and H. Rudnick, "Identification of Generation Expansion Plans

in Competitive Markets," in IEEE Latin America Transactions, vol. 9, no. 5, pp.
774-784, Sept. 2011.
doi: 10.1109/TLA.2011.6030989
Abstract: Generation expansion planning plays a key role in the development of a
power system. This paper contributes by developing a heuristic based on the results
of a simulation model of the Central Interconnected System (SIC), which iteratively
optimizes the number of expansion units necessary to accomplish certain assumptions
and restrictions that a competitive market must meet in the long term. The first
approach is from the theoretical perspective, through a review of the available
literature on the subject, and the analysis of the historical development that the
generation segment has at SIC, from the private and regulator perspectives.
Additionally, a discussion of concepts related to the structure and assumptions
that must be met in a competitive market is achieved, allowing the definition of
the rules that must be followed by the heuristic. The heuristic uses a model
developed by Endesa Chile, called MHT, which simulates the economic dispatch of a
hidro-thermal system. The disadvantage of MHT is the massive use of computer
resources, employing extensive time to run. Therefore, a number of simplifications
on the input data are proposed, to reduce the simulation time; however, they
produce significant distortion on the results. The heuristic is applied to a
significant number of cases with different initial conditions, demonstrating a
satisfactory performance under all the scenarios, which is verified by the fact
that investment in new generation capacity reaches the expected levels.
keywords: {power generation dispatch;power generation planning;power markets;power
system interconnection;generation expansion plans;competitive markets;central
interconnected system;economic dispatch;hidro-thermal system;Silicon
carbide;Silicon;Computational modeling;Investments;Planning;Manuals;Competitive
markets;generation expansion planning;generation investment;heuristic;hidro-thermal
systems simulation},
R. S. Pinto, C. Unsihuay-Vila and T. S. P. Fernandes, "Multi-objective and multi-

period distribution expansion planning considering reliability, distributed
generation and self-healing," in IET Generation, Transmission & Distribution, vol.
13, no. 2, pp. 219-228, 22 1 2019.
doi: 10.1049/iet-gtd.2018.5037
Abstract: This study describes a methodology to solve the multi-period distribution
expansion planning problem considering reliability, distributed generation (DG),
capacitor and switch placement in the context of smart grids. The developed
computational model is formulated as a mixed integer nonlinear optimisation problem
and solved through the combination of meta-heuristics, stochastic simulation
methods (Monte-Carlo simulation), and application of optimal power flow. The main
objectives of this optimisation problem are defining the best choice to install
power system components and determining the installation period and size of
components to minimise investment cost while maximising system reliability. The
proposed method was implemented in a modified version of the IEEE-RBTS bus 2 and in
a 90-bus test system. The obtained results show a reduction of >20% of the
operating cost and >70% of the average interruption time. In addition, it was
performed scenarios not including DG, self-healing, and reliability analysis,
individually. The analyses show the impact in the results by including a new
variable in the expansion planning, increasing up to 40% in the fitness function
value. Furthermore, it is presented with a discussion of the impact of the method
to estimate the reliability indexes on the optimisation process.
keywords: {distributed power generation;integer programming;load flow;load
shedding;minimisation;Monte Carlo methods;nonlinear programming;power distribution
economics;power distribution planning;power distribution reliability;power
generation economics;power generation planning;power generation reliability;smart
power grids;reliability index estimation;fitness function value;reliability
analysis;IEEE-RBTS 90-bus test system;IEEE-RBTS bus 2test system;system reliability
maximisation;investment cost minimisation;installation period;power system
components;loading shedding;optimal power flow;Monte-Carlo simulation;stochastic
simulation methods;mixed integer nonlinear optimisation problem;computational
model;smart grids;self-healing;distributed generation;multiperiod distribution
expansion planning;multiobjective distribution expansion planning},
S. Qaeini, M. Setayesh Nazar, M. Yousefian, A. Heidari, M. Shafie-khah and J. P. S.

Catalão, "Optimal expansion planning of active distribution system considering
coordinated bidding of downward active microgrids and demand response providers,"
in IET Renewable Power Generation, vol. 13, no. 8, pp. 1291-1303, 10 6 2019.
doi: 10.1049/iet-rpg.2018.6006
Abstract: This paper addresses a framework for expansion planning of an active
distribution network (ADS) that supplies its downward active microgrids (AMGs) and
it participates in the upward wholesale market to sell its surplus electricity. The
proposed novel model considers the impact of coordinated and uncoordinated bidding
of AMGs and demand response providers (DRPs) on the optimal expansion planning. The
problem has six sources of uncertainty: upward electricity market prices, AMGs
location and time of installation, AMGs power generation/consumption, ADS
intermittent power generations, DRP biddings, and the ADS system contingencies. The
model uses the conditional value at risk (CVaR) criterion in order to handle the
trading risks of ADS with the wholesale market. The proposed formulation integrates
the deterministic and stochastic parameters of the risk-based expansion planning of
ADS that is rare in the literature on this field. The introduced method uses a
four-stage optimisation algorithm that uses genetic algorithm, CPLEX and DICOPT
solvers. The proposed method is applied to the 18-bus and 33-bus test systems to
assess the proposed algorithm. The proposed method reduces the aggregated expansion
planning costs for the 18-bus and 33-bus system about 44.04% and 11.82% with
respect to the uncoordinated bidding of AMGs/DRPs costs, respectively.
keywords: {power generation economics;power distribution economics;distributed
power generation;genetic algorithms;pricing;power distribution planning;power
generation planning;demand side management;power consumption;stochastic
processes;optimal expansion planning;active distribution system;coordinated
bidding;downward active microgrids;demand response providers;upward wholesale
market;surplus electricity;uncoordinated bidding;upward electricity market
prices;ADS intermittent power generations;DRP biddings;risk-based expansion
planning;33-bus test systems;aggregated expansion planning costs;CPLEX solvers;AMG
power generation-consumption;AMG-DRP costing;CVaR criterion;conditional value at
risk criterion;stochastic parameters;four-stage optimisation algorithm;genetic
algorithm;DICOPT solvers;18-bus test systems},
A. S. Chuang, F. Wu and P. Varaiya, "A game-theoretic model for generation
expansion planning: problem formulation and numerical comparisons," in IEEE
doi: 10.1109/59.962441
Abstract: This paper presents an application of noncooperative game theory to
generation expansion planning (GEP) in a competitive electricity industry. The
authors apply the Cournot model of oligopoly behavior to formulate a GEP model that
may characterize expansion planning in a competitive regime, particularly in pool-
dominated generation supply industries. Numerical experiments are conducted on a
test system to analyze generation investment and market participation decisions of
candidate expansion units that vary in costs and forced outage rates. The numerical
results point to: (1) greater industry expansion and system reliability, under
Cournot competition than under centralized expansion planning; and (2) higher
probabilistic measures of reliability from multi-player expansion than from
expansion by a traditional monopolist with an equivalent reserve margin
requirement. Furthermore, the authors summarize analytical results involving a
simplified version of the GEP game.
keywords: {power generation planning;electricity supply industry;game theory;power
generation economics;power generation reliability;probability;power generation
expansion planning;game-theoretic model;problem formulation;numerical
comparisons;noncooperative game theory;competitive electricity industry;Cournot
model;oligopoly behavior;pool-dominated generation supply industries;generation
investment;market participation decisions;industry expansion;power system
reliability;probabilistic reliability measures;multi-player expansion;Electricity
supply industry;Game theory;Power generation;Toy industry;Oligopoly;Character
generation;System testing;Investments;Costs;Reliability},
E. A. Martínez Ceseña, T. Capuder and P. Mancarella, "Flexible Distributed

Multienergy Generation System Expansion Planning Under Uncertainty," in IEEE
Transactions on Smart Grid, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 348-357, Jan. 2016.
doi: 10.1109/TSG.2015.2411392
Abstract: A key feature of smart grids is the use of demand side resources to
provide flexibility to the energy system and thus increase its efficiency.
Multienergy systems where different energy vectors such as gas, electricity, and
heat are optimized simultaneously prove to be a valuable source of demand side
flexibility. However, planning of such systems may be extremely challenging,
particularly in the presence of long-term price uncertainty in the underlying
energy vectors. In this light, this paper proposes a unified operation and planning
optimization methodology for distributed multienergy generation (DMG) systems with
the aim of assessing flexibility embedded in both operation and investment stages
subject to long-term uncertainties. The proposed approach reflects real options
thinking borrowed from finance, and is cast as a stochastic mixed integer linear
program. The methodology is illustrated through a realistic U.K.-based DMG case
study for district energy systems, with combined heat and power plant, electric
heat pumps, and thermal energy storage. The results show that the proposed approach
allows reduction in both expected cost and risk relative to other less flexible
planning methods, thus potentially enhancing the business case of flexible DMG
systems.
keywords: {demand side management;distributed power generation;integer
programming;linear programming;power generation economics;power generation
planning;smart power grids;stochastic programming;uncertain systems;distributed
multienergy generation system;uncertainty expansion planning;smart grids;demand
side resources flexibility;optimization methodology;flexible DMG systems;stochastic
mixed integer linear
program;Investment;Cogeneration;Planning;Uncertainty;Electricity;Resistance
heating;Vectors;Distributed generation;flexibility;multienergy systems;planning
under uncertainty;real options (ROs);risk;storage;Distributed
generation;flexibility;multienergy systems;planning under uncertainty;real options
(ROs);risk;storage},
N. Hajia, B. Venkatesh and M. A. Awadallah, "Optimal Asset Expansion in

Distribution Networks Considering Battery Nonlinear Characteristics Expansion
optimale des actifs dans les réseaux de distribution en tenant compte des
caractéristiques non linéaires des batteries," in Canadian Journal of Electrical
and Computer Engineering, vol. 41, no. 4, pp. 191-199, Fall 2018.
doi: 10.1109/CJECE.2018.2878282
Abstract: Asset expansion planning in distribution systems is vital and should be
extended to consider utility-scale energy storage systems such as batteries. Unlike
other assets, usage parameters such as number of storage cycles and depth of
discharge (DOD) have a dramatic nonlinear effect on the lifetime of battery energy
storage systems (BESSs). Hence, it is imperative to include the relationship
between lifetime, number of storage cycles, and DOD of BESS in the optimal asset
planning formulation. This paper presents a new formulation and solution for the
optimization problem of asset expansion planning in power distribution systems. The
research considers adding new BESS units to existing distribution grids. The
nonlinear life-cycling-usage relationship of BESS has been modeled for the first
time in the context of asset expansion planning in power systems. The formulation
aims at minimizing the annualized cost of the expansion plan while satisfying
forecasted demand and other distribution system requirements. The methodology is
used to optimally plan for the expansion of 6-bus and 33-bus distribution networks.
The results show the effect of considering the life-cycling-usage relationship of
BESS on optimal asset expansion plans including the optimal size and capacity of
the assets. In addition, the impact of the ratio of off-peak load to peak load on
total asset cost is analyzed and reported. It is shown that an annual cost saving
of 51.79% is possible via the proposed approach. Findings of this paper will
capture the attention of planning and asset management departments of electric
distribution utilities.
keywords: {battery storage plants;energy storage;optimisation;power distribution
economics;power distribution planning;power generation economics;power generation
planning;power grids;power system management;secondary cells;battery nonlinear
characteristics;nonlinear effect;distribution grids;number-of-storage cycles;depth-
of-discharge;battery energy storage system lifetime;asset expansion planning
problem;nonlinear life-cycling-usage relationship;annual cost saving;off-peak load-
to-peak load-ratio;electric distribution utilities;asset management
departments;total asset cost;optimal asset expansion plans;33-bus distribution
networks;distribution system requirements;power distribution systems;optimal asset
planning formulation;BESS;utility-scale energy storage
systems;Batteries;Planning;US Department of
Defense;Optimization;Economics;Generators;Asset expansion;distribution
networks;optimization;system planning},
B. Hua, R. Baldick and J. Wang, "Representing Operational Flexibility in Generation

Expansion Planning Through Convex Relaxation of Unit Commitment," in IEEE
Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 33, no. 2, pp. 2272-2281, March 2018.
doi: 10.1109/TPWRS.2017.2735026
Abstract: Large shares of renewable generation in electric power systems increase
the need for operational flexibility. Consideration of operational flexibility in
generation expansion planning (GEP) necessitates the modeling of unit commitment
(UC) in system operations. However, the UC problem itself is computationally
challenging. We present a GEP model in which the embedded operational problem is a
convex relaxation of the UC problem. Through a large-scale example based on the
Texas system, we show the tightness and tractability of our relaxation, as well as
the impact of operational flexibility on GEP.
keywords: {power generation dispatch;power generation planning;power generation
scheduling;relaxation theory;generation expansion planning;convex relaxation;unit
commitment;renewable generation;electric power systems;UC problem;embedded
operational problem;operational flexibility representation;GEP model;Texas
system;Computational modeling;Load modeling;Planning;Cost
function;Investment;Mathematical model;Convex optimization;generation expansion
planning;Lagrangian relaxation;operational flexibility;unit commitment},
I. Das, K. Bhattacharya and C. Cañizares, "Optimal Incentive Design for Targeted

Penetration of Renewable Energy Sources," in IEEE Transactions on Sustainable
Energy, vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 1213-1225, Oct. 2014.
doi: 10.1109/TSTE.2014.2339172
Abstract: Environmental concerns arising from fossil-fuel-based generation have
propelled the integration of less-polluting energy sources in the generation
portfolio and simultaneously have motivated increased energy conservation programs.
In today's deregulated electricity market, most participants [e.g., GENCOs and
local distribution companies (LDCs)] focus on maximizing their profits, and thus
they need to be incentivized to invest in renewable generation and energy
conservation, which are otherwise not profitable ventures. Therefore, this paper
proposes a novel holistic generation expansion plan (GEP) model that enables the
central planning authority (CPA) to design optimal incentive rates for renewable
integration and energy conservation targets, considering the investor interests and
constraints. The model also determines the siting, sizing, timing, and technology
required to adequately supply the projected demand over the planning horizon. The
model is applied to the generation planning of Ontario, Canada, based on realistic
data, to determine appropriate incentives for investors in renewable generation and
energy conservation by LDCs. The obtained optimal incentives are shown to be
similar to the ones currently in place in Ontario, with a slightly shorter payback
period for investors. The effect of uncertainties associated with solar and wind
energy availability on the GEP model is also examined using Monte Carlo
simulations.
keywords: {energy conservation;Monte Carlo methods;power generation economics;power
generation planning;solar power stations;wind power plants;optimal incentive
design;targeted penetration;renewable energy source;environmental concern;fossil-
fuel-based generation;less-polluting energy source integration;energy conservation
program;deregulated electricity market;GENCO;local distribution company;LDC;profit
maximization;renewable generation;generation expansion plan;GEP;central planning
authority;CPA;Ontario Canada;solar energy availability;wind energy
availability;Monte Carlo simulation;Energy conservation;Investment;Power
generation;Renewable energy sources;Power system planning;Incentive schemes;Energy
conservation;optimal generation expansion planning;optimal incentives;renewable
energy integration;Energy conservation;optimal generation expansion
planning;optimal incentives;renewable energy integration},
B. S. Palmintier and M. D. Webster, "Impact of Operational Flexibility on

Electricity Generation Planning With Renewable and Carbon Targets," in IEEE
Transactions on Sustainable Energy, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 672-684, April 2016.
doi: 10.1109/TSTE.2015.2498640
Abstract: Recent work on operational flexibility-a power system's ability to
respond to variations in demand and supply-has focused on the impact of large
penetration of renewable generation on existing power systems. Operational
flexibility is equally important for long-term capacity expansion planning. Future
systems with larger shares of renewable generation, and/or carbon emission limits,
will require flexible generation mixes; yet, flexibility is rarely fully considered
in capacity planning models because of the computational demands of including mixed
integer unit commitment within capacity expansion. We present a computationally
efficient unit commitment/maintenance/capacity planning formulation that includes
the critical operating constraints. An example of capacity planning for a Texas-
like system in 2035 with hypothetical RPS and carbon policies shows how considering
flexibility results in different capacity and energy mixes and emissions, and that
the omission of flexibility can lead to a system that is unable to simultaneously
meet demand, carbon, and RPS requirements.
keywords: {carbon;environmental economics;maintenance engineering;power generation
dispatch;power generation planning;power generation scheduling;carbon policy;AD
2035;Texas-like system;capacity planning formulation;maintenance formulation;mixed
integer unit commitment;carbon emission;long-term capacity expansion
planning;renewable generation;carbon targets;renewable targets;electricity
generation planning;operational flexibility;C;Planning;Carbon dioxide;Computational
modeling;Maintenance engineering;Capacity planning;Load modeling;Power
systems;Flexibility;capacity expansion;renewables;unit commitment;integer
programming;carbon policy;Flexibility;capacity expansion;renewables;unit
commitment;integer programming;carbon policy},
M. S. Javadi, M. Saniei, H. R. Mashhadi and G. Gutiérrez-Alcaraz, "Multi-objective

expansion planning approach: distant wind farms and limited energy resources
integration," in IET Renewable Power Generation, vol. 7, no. 6, pp. 652-668, Nov.
2013.
doi: 10.1049/iet-rpg.2012.0218
Abstract: This study presents a multi-objective framework to evaluate the
integration of distant wind farms with associated transmission network upgrades on
optimal power system planning. The presented approach also extends the technique to
include the consideration of energy limitations associated with the installed hydro
generation facilities. This study attempts to emphasise on the reliability
implications rather than the production cost evaluation aspects. The decision
making is based on hierarchal level II (HL-II) Expected Energy Not Served as an
entire power system reliability assurance, and capital cost plus annual operational
cost as an economical index. Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm is adopted to
achieve the Pareto front of the aforementioned multi-objective problem. A fuzzy
satisfying method, designated as the distance metric, is used to represents a
trade-off between different objectives. To numerically evaluate the efficiency of
the proposed method, simulation results on three case studies are provided. In
spite of huge computation burden at HL-II reliability assessment, the results
indicate high efficiency of the proposed method.
keywords: {fuzzy set theory;genetic algorithms;hydroelectric power stations;power
generation economics;power generation planning;power generation reliability;power
transmission economics;power transmission planning;power transmission
reliability;resource allocation;wind power plants;HL-II reliability
assessment;distance metric;fuzzy satisfying method;Pareto front;nondominated
sorting genetic algorithm;economical index;annual operational cost;capital
cost;power system reliability assurance;hierarchal level II expected
energy;decision making;production cost evaluation aspects;reliability
implications;installed hydrogeneration facilities;energy limitations;optimal power
system planning;associated transmission network;distant wind farms
integration;limited energy resources integration;distant wind farms;multiobjective
expansion planning approach},
P. Murugan, S. Kannan and S. Baskar, "Application of NSGA-II Algorithm to Single-

Objective Transmission Constrained Generation Expansion Planning," in IEEE
doi: 10.1109/TPWRS.2009.2030428
Abstract: This paper presents an application of elitist nondominated sorting
genetic algorithm version II (NSGA-II), a multiobjective algorithm to a constrained
single objective optimization problem, the transmission constrained generation
expansion planning (TC-GEP) problem. The TC-GEP problem is a large scale and
challenging problem for the decision makers (to decide upon site, capacity, type of
fuel, etc.) as there exist a large number of combinations. Normally the TC-GEP
problem has an objective and a set of constraints. To use NSGA-II, the problem is
treated as a two-objective problem. The first objective is the minimization of cost
and the second objective is to minimize the sum of normalized soft constraints
violation. The hard constraints (must satisfy constraints) are treated as
constraints only. To improve the performance of the NSGA-II, two modifications are
proposed. In problem formulation the modification is virtual mapping procedure
(VMP), and in NSGA-II algorithm, controlled elitism is introduced. The NSGA-II is
applied to solve TC-GEP problem for modified IEEE 30-bus test system for a planning
horizon of six years. The results obtained by NSGA-II are compared and validated
against single-objective genetic algorithm and dynamic programming. The
effectiveness of each proposed approach has also been discussed in detail.
keywords: {decision making;genetic algorithms;power generation planning;power
transmission planning;NSGA-II algorithm;nondominated sorting genetic
algorithm;virtual mapping procedure;TC-GEP;transmission constrained generation
expansion planning;IEEE 30-bus test system;decision maker;Power system
planning;Power generation;Genetic algorithms;Constraint optimization;Power system
modeling;Sorting;Dynamic programming;Power system economics;Economic
forecasting;Power system reliability;Combinatorial optimization;dynamic
programming;multiobjective;nondominated sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA-II);single-
objective genetic algorithm;success rate;transmission constrained generation
expansion planning;virtual mapping procedure},
F. Verástegui, Á. Lorca, D. E. Olivares, M. Negrete-Pincetic and P. Gazmuri, "An

Adaptive Robust Optimization Model for Power Systems Planning With Operational
Uncertainty," in IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 34, no. 6, pp. 4606-4616,
Nov. 2019.
doi: 10.1109/TPWRS.2019.2917854
Abstract: There is an increasing necessity for new long-term planning models to
adequately assess the flexibility requirements of significant levels of short-term
operational uncertainty in power systems with large shares of variable renewable
energy. In this context, this paper proposes an adaptive robust optimization model
for the generation and transmission expansion planning problem. The proposed model
has a two-stage structure that separates investment and operational decisions, over
a given planning horizon. The key attribute of this model is the representation of
daily operational uncertainty through the concept of representative days and the
design of uncertainty sets that determine load and renewable power over such days.
This setup allows an effective representation of the flexibility requirements of a
system with large shares of variable renewable energy, and the consideration of a
broad range of operational conditions. To efficiently solve the problem, the column
and constraint generation method is employed. Extensive computational experiments
on a 20-bus and a 149-bus representation of the Chilean power system over a 20-year
horizon show the computational efficiency of the proposed approach, and the
advantages as compared to a deterministic model with representative days, due to an
effective spatial placement of both variable resources and flexible resources.
keywords: {optimisation;power generation planning;power system management;power
transmission planning;flexible resources;variable resources;generation expansion
planning problem;transmission expansion planning problem;variable renewable
energy;short-term operational uncertainty;power systems planning;adaptive robust
optimization model;Power system planning;Uncertainty;Investment;Load
modeling;Optimization;Renewable energy sources;Generation expansion
planning;renewable energy;robust optimization;transmission expansion planning},
M. S. Kandil, S. M. El-Debeiky and N. E. Hasanien, "Rule-based system for

determining unit locations of a developed generation expansion plan for
transmission planning," in IEE Proceedings - Generation, Transmission and
Distribution, vol. 147, no. 1, pp. 62-68, Jan. 2000.
doi: 10.1049/ip-gtd:20000023
Abstract: A rule-based expert system (ES) for determining the realistic location
alternatives of a developed generation expansion plan and the initial transmission
expansion scheme of a typical fast development power system is described. In the
proposed ES, the key variables that affect generating unit location are first
identified. So, a multitude of technical, economical, environmental and feasible
siting constraints are established by system planning engineers for different areas
over the planning horizon. A set of decision rules relating these key variables are
then established and stored in the knowledge base. With the knowledge base at hand,
a list of realistic location alternatives of the new generating units is defined.
However, to determine the optimal and sub-optimal location from this list, the
system operating cost and the capacity of the tielines among different areas, as
well as its investment, should be taken into consideration. Therefore, the
electrical network is simplified as a generalised network programming (GNP)
formulation, to optimise the location for new generation and its initial
transmission expansion scheme simultaneously for each alternative. The optimum and
sub-optimum alternatives that will minimise the overall system cost function and
satisfy the demand requirements under normal operation and the contingency
condition are obtained. The outcome of the proposed method will provide the first
step on which the subsequent steps of transmission planning are based. The proposed
method would be appropriate for an electric utility in which there is a central
planning organisation.
keywords: {power generation planning;unit locations;generation expansion
plan;transmission planning;rule-based expert system;fast development power
system;generating unit location;siting constraints;economical constraints;technical
constraints;environmental constraints;decision rules;sub-optimal location;optimal
location;system operating cost;tieline capacity;generalised network
programming;transmission expansion scheme;cost function minimisation;electric
utility;central planning organisation},
M. Mazadi, W. D. Rosehart, O. P. Malik and J. A. Aguado, "Modified Chance-

Constrained Optimization Applied to the Generation Expansion Problem," in IEEE
Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 24, no. 3, pp. 1635-1636, Aug. 2009.
doi: 10.1109/TPWRS.2009.2021198
Abstract: A modified chance-constrained solution approach applied to the generation
expansion problem is presented.
keywords: {power generation economics;power generation planning;stochastic
programming;modified chance-constrained optimization;generation expansion
problem;Power generation;Costs;Uncertainty;Stochastic processes;Investments;Load
forecasting;Demand forecasting;Stochastic systems;Constraint optimization;Flow
production systems;Chance-constrained;generation expansion},
J. Wang, M. Shahidehpour, Z. Li and A. Botterud, "Strategic Generation Capacity

Expansion Planning With Incomplete Information," in IEEE Transactions on Power
doi: 10.1109/TPWRS.2009.2017435
Abstract: To study the competitive behavior among individual generating companies
(GENCOs), an incomplete information game model is proposed in this paper in which
each GENCO is modeled as an agent. Each agent makes strategic generation capacity
expansion decisions based on its incomplete information on other GENCOs. The
formation of this game model falls into a bi-level optimization problem. The upper
level of this problem is the GENCOs' own decision on optimal planning strategies
and energy/reserve bidding strategies. The lower-level problem is the ISO's market
clearing problem that minimizes the cost to supply the load, which yields price
signals for GENCOs to calculate their own payoffs. A co-evolutionary algorithm
combined with pattern search is proposed to optimize the search for the Nash
equilibrium of the competition game with incomplete information. The Nash
equilibrium is obtained if all GENCOs reach their maximum expected payoff assuming
the planning strategies of other GENCOs' remain unchanged. The physical withholding
of capacity is considered in the energy market and the Herfindahl-Hirschman index
is utilized to measure the market concentration. The competitive behaviors are
analyzed in three policy scenarios based on different market rules for reserve
procurement and compensation.
keywords: {evolutionary computation;game theory;power generation planning;power
markets;generation capacity expansion planning strategy;GENCO;incomplete
information game model;bilevel optimization problem;energy-reserve bidding
strategies;market clearing problem;coevolutionary algorithm;pattern search;Nash
equilibrium;energy market;Herfindahl-Hirschman index;Capacity planning;Strategic
planning;Power generation;Costs;Nash equilibrium;Transmission line matrix
methods;Electricity supply industry;Energy measurement;Procurement;Power system
modeling;agent modeling;generation expansion;market design;market
power;noncooperative game;physical withholding;power system planning},
A. Arabali, M. Ghofrani, M. Etezadi-Amoli, M. S. Fadali and M. Moeini-Aghtaie, "A

Multi-Objective Transmission Expansion Planning Framework in Deregulated Power
Systems With Wind Generation," in IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 29, no.
6, pp. 3003-3011, Nov. 2014.
doi: 10.1109/TPWRS.2014.2316529
Abstract: Integration of renewable energy resources into the power system has
increased the financial and technical concerns for the market-based transmission
expansion planning. This paper proposes a stochastic framework for transmission
grid reinforcement studies in a power system with wind generation. A multi-stage
multi-objective transmission network expansion planning (TNEP) methodology is
developed which considers the investment cost, absorption of private investment and
reliability of the system as the objective functions. A non-dominated sorting
genetic algorithm (NSGA II) optimization approach is used in combination with a
probabilistic optimal power flow (POPF) to determine the Pareto optimal solutions
considering the power system uncertainties. Using a compromise-solution method, the
best final plan is then realized based on the decision-maker preferences. The
proposed methodology is applied to the IEEE 24-bus Reliability Tests System (RTS)
to evaluate the feasibility and practicality of the developed planning strategy.
keywords: {genetic algorithms;load flow;Pareto optimisation;power generation
reliability;power markets;power transmission planning;power transmission
reliability;wind power plants;multiobjective transmission expansion planning
framework;deregulated power systems;wind generation;renewable energy
resources;market-based transmission expansion planning;stochastic
framework;transmission grid reinforcement study;multistage multiobjective
transmission network expansion planning;multistage multiobjective TNEP
methodology;investment cost;private investment absorption;system
reliability;nondominated sorting genetic algorithm optimization approach;NSGA II
optimization approach;probabilistic optimal power flow;POPF;Pareto optimal
solution;power system uncertainties;compromise-solution method;decision-maker
preference;IEEE 24-bus reliability test system;IEEE 24-bus RTS;Investment;Power
system planning;Power system reliability;Linear programming;Power transmission
lines;Electricity supply industry deregulation;Attractive lines;deregulated
market;multi-objective optimization;NSGA II;private investment;transmission network
expansion planning},
A. Bagheri, J. Wang and C. Zhao, "Data-Driven Stochastic Transmission Expansion

Sept. 2017.
doi: 10.1109/TPWRS.2016.2635098
Abstract: Due to the significant improvements of power generation technologies and
the trend of replacing traditional power plants with renewable generation
resources, the generation portfolio will experience dramatic changes in the near
future. The uncertainty and variability of renewable energy and their sitting call
for strategic and economic plans for expanding the transmission capacities. In this
study, we develop a data-driven two-stage stochastic transmission expansion
planning with uncertainties. In the proposed approach, purely by learning from the
historical data, we first construct a confidence set for the unknown distribution
of the uncertain parameters. Then, we develop a two-stage data-driven transmission
expansion framework, by considering the worst-case distribution within the
constructed confidence set, so as to provide a reliable while economic transmission
planning decision. Furthermore, to tackle the model complexity, we propose a
decomposition framework embedded with Benders' and Column-and-Constraint generation
methods. We implement our approach on 6-bus and 118-bus systems to test its
effectiveness. Finally, we show as the amount of historical data grows, the
conservativeness of the model decreases.
keywords: {investment;power transmission economics;power transmission
planning;power transmission reliability;stochastic programming;strategic
planning;data-driven two-stage stochastic transmission expansion planning;power
generation technologies;generation portfolio;renewable energy uncertainty;renewable
energy variability;strategic plans;economic plans;unknown uncertain parameter
distribution;worst-case distribution;confidence set;model complexity;decomposition
framework;Benders generation method;column-and-constraint generation method;6-bus
system;118-bus system;stochastic programming;Uncertainty;Optimization;Stochastic
processes;Robustness;Planning;Power transmission lines;Indexes;Benders’
decomposition;column-and-constraint generation;data driven;stochastic
programming;transmission expansion planning},
M. Samper, D. Flores and A. Vargas, "Investment Valuation of Energy Storage Systems

in Distribution Networks considering Distributed Solar Generation," in IEEE Latin
America Transactions, vol. 14, no. 4, pp. 1774-1779, April 2016.
doi: 10.1109/TLA.2016.7483514
Abstract: Due to growing global awareness of climate change, increasing penetration
of distributed solar generation is to be expected worldwide. When the grid
integration of these intermittent renewable technologies reaches a high penetration
level, technical adaptation, such as generation back-up capacity or distribution
network capacity, is required. In this sense, electrical energy storage systems
(ESS) offsets variations in renewable electricity production and plays a vital role
in integrating these variable generation resources into the grid. In turn, ESS can
be used to store excess electricity generated during off-peak demand periods for
discharge at peak hours that is known as load peak-shaving, thus saving the
system's power for when it is most needed. This paper presents a comprehensive
methodology for valuing investments of ESS in distribution networks with high
penetration of photovoltaic distributed generation. Specifically, it is focused on
the integral assessment of ESS as a flexible option for investment deferral into
the expansion planning of the power grid, considering both economic and technical
constraints and mainly using the ESS for load peak-shaving. The propoArgentinsed
methodology is tested on a typical Latin American distribution network,
particularly from the San Juan Province in Argentina. For this, two expansion
planning valuation are performed: one, taking into account traditional expansion
alternatives and, the other, considering ESS as flexible expansion options. Results
show that the greatest contribution of ESS lies in the flexibility it gives to
distribution expansion planning, mainly by deferring network reinforcements.
keywords: {climatology;distributed power generation;energy
storage;investment;photovoltaic power systems;power distribution economics;power
distribution planning;power generation economics;power generation planning;power
grids;solar power stations;investment valuation;electrical energy storage systems
offsets variations;Latin American distribution network capacity;distributed solar
generation;climate change global awareness;grid integration;intermittent renewable
technologies;penetration level;technical adaptation;generation back-up
capacity;renewable electricity production;variable generation resources;load peak-
shaving;photovoltaic distributed generation;integral ESS assessment;power grid
expansion planning;economic constraint;technical constraint;San Juan
Province;Argentina;distribution expansion planning;Investment;Cost
accounting;Planning;Energy storage;Photovoltaic systems;Adaptation
models;Distribution Planning;Energy Storage;Investment Deferral;Photovoltaic
Generation;Smart Grids},
M. Moeini-Aghtaie, A. Abbaspour and M. Fotuhi-Firuzabad, "Incorporating Large-Scale

Distant Wind Farms in Probabilistic Transmission Expansion Planning—Part II: Case
Studies," in IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 27, no. 3, pp. 1594-1601,
Aug. 2012.
doi: 10.1109/TPWRS.2011.2182364
Abstract: This paper is the second part of a two-paper set which comprehensively
sets forth an innovative approach in transmission grid reinforcement studies in the
presence of wind energy. Part I thoroughly defined the theory and algorithms. Here,
to trace the feasibility of the proposed algorithm, three different case studies
are implemented on the 24-Bus IEEE Reliability Test System (IEEE-RTS). The optimal
solutions in Pareto fronts of different cases are reached, analyzed, and the final
solution (optimal plan) of each case is obtained using the fuzzy decision making
method. Moreover, in order to analyze the effects of variations in the large-scale
wind farm generation on the transmission expansion planning (TEP) studies, the
methodology is applied to the Iran 400-kV transmission grid. Two different
generation expansion strategies are considered to investigate the impacts of
various renewable energy policies on the TEP results. The wind energy-imposed costs
of these two strategies are addressed, discussed, and compared to introduce some
recommendations for wind integration policies.
keywords: {decision making;fuzzy set theory;government policies;IEEE
standards;Pareto optimisation;power generation planning;power generation
reliability;power grids;power transmission planning;power transmission
reliability;probability;renewable energy sources;wind power plants;large-scale
distant wind farm generation;probabilistic transmission expansion
planning;transmission grid reinforcement study;24-bus IEEE reliability test
system;24-bus IEEE-RTS;Pareto front optimal solution;fuzzy decision making
method;probabilistic TEP;Iran transmission grid;generation expansion
strategy;renewable energy policy;wind energy-imposed cost;wind integration
policy;voltage 400 kV;Wind farms;Investments;Wind speed;Wind energy;Planning;Power
transmission lines;Computer aided software engineering;IEEE-RTS;Non-Dominated
Sorting Genetic Algorithm II (NSGA II);Point Estimation Method (PEM);transmission
expansion planning (TEP);wind farm},
A. P. Agalgaonkar, S. V. Kulkarni and S. A. Khaparde, "Evaluation of configuration

plans for DGs in developing countries using advanced planning techniques," in IEEE
Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 21, no. 2, pp. 973-981, May 2006.
doi: 10.1109/TPWRS.2006.873420
Abstract: Many developing countries have emphasis on distributed generation (DG)
technology for their generation expansion planning. The planning considerations and
judicious choice of attributes are dictated by prevailing conditions. The
attributes considered are capital costs, energy not served per annum, and profits
from injecting power into the grid at peak load, all of which are important for a
developing country. The uncertain futures considered are three possible loading
conditions, which can be low, medium and high. Different scenarios (plans) are
generated by various combinations of configurations. DGs can be configured as
stand-alone mode, hybrid operation, or micro-grid formation with or without grid
connection. With the increased complexities in DG planning options along with the
multiple attributes to be accounted, more sophisticated techniques other than
conventional economic analysis are needed to arrive at correct decisions by
decision makers. The analytical hierarchy process (AHP) is used for obtaining
relative weights in an objective way. Further, the statistical method like
interval-based multi-attribute decision making with tradeoff analysis is used for
shortlisting the feasible plans and identifying the most appropriate plan. It is
proposed to use the weights obtained from AHP for finding the performance
efficiencies in data envelopment analysis (DEA) for evaluating the plans. A new
composite utility function is proposed to resolve cases where performance
efficiency is insufficient for evaluation in DEA application. The sample system is
derived with reference to a rural electrification scheme in India. The assessment
of plans is presented and discussed. The comparative strengths and weaknesses of
the methods are reported on the basis of the results obtained.
generation planning;power grids;power system economics;statistical analysis;data
envelopment analysis;decision making;distributed generation expansion
planning;advanced planning techniques;power grid;stand-alone mode;hybrid
operation;microgrid formation;economic analysis;analytical hierarchy
process;statistical method;interval-based multiattribute decision making;tradeoff
analysis;data envelopment analysis;rural electrification scheme;Data envelopment
analysis;Technology planning;Distributed control;Distributed power generation;Power
system reliability;Statistical analysis;Decision making;Power system
planning;Hybrid power systems;Strategic planning;Data envelopment analysis
(DEA);decision support system;distributed generation (DG);hybrid operation;micro-
grid;tradeoff/frontier analysis},
L. Baringo and A. Baringo, "A Stochastic Adaptive Robust Optimization Approach for
the Generation and Transmission Expansion Planning," in IEEE Transactions on Power
Systems, vol. 33, no. 1, pp. 792-802, Jan. 2018.
doi: 10.1109/TPWRS.2017.2713486
Abstract: This paper proposes a stochastic adaptive robust optimization approach
for the generation and transmission expansion planning problem. The problem is
formulated under the perspective of a central planner, e.g., the transmission
system operator, that aims at determining the generation and transmission expansion
plans that minimize both the expansion and operation costs. This central planner
builds the transmission facilities and promotes the building of the most suitable
generating units among private profit-oriented investors. Uncertainties in the
future peak demand and the future generation (fuel) cost are modeled using
confidence bounds, while uncertainties in the demand variability and the production
of stochastic units are modeled using a number of operating conditions. Results of
an illustrative example and a case study based on the IEEE 118-bus test system show
the effectiveness of the proposed approach.
keywords: {optimisation;power generation planning;power transmission
planning;stochastic processes;stochastic adaptive robust optimization
approach;transmission expansion planning problem;central planner;transmission
system operator;transmission facilities;stochastic units;Uncertainty;Stochastic
processes;Production;Investment;Planning;Programming;Power transmission
lines;Generation expansion;robust optimization;stochastic programming;transmission
expansion;uncertainty},
R. Bent, G. L. Toole and A. Berscheid, "Transmission Network Expansion Planning

With Complex Power Flow Models," in IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 27,
no. 2, pp. 904-912, May 2012.
doi: 10.1109/TPWRS.2011.2169994
Abstract: In recent years, the transmission network expansion planning (TNEP)
problem has become increasingly complex. As this problem is a nonlinear and
nonconvex optimization problem, researchers have traditionally focused on
approximate models of power flows to solve the TNEP problem. Until recently, these
approximations have produced results that are straightforward to adapt to the more
complex problem. However, the power grid is evolving towards a state where the
adaptations are no longer as easy (e.g., large amounts of limited control,
renewable generation), necessitating new approaches. In this paper, we propose a
discrepancy-bounded local search (DBLS) that encapsulates the complexity of power
flow modeling in a black box that may be queried for information about the quality
of a proposed expansion. This allows the development of an optimization algorithm
that is decoupled from the details of the underlying power model. Case studies are
presented to demonstrate cost differences in plans developed under different power
flow models.
keywords: {concave programming;load flow;power transmission planning;search
problems;transmission network expansion planning problem;complex power flow
models;TNEP problem;nonconvex optimization problem;discrepancy-bounded local
search;DBLS;Planning;Biological system modeling;Adaptation models;Load
modeling;Optimization;Benchmark testing;Load flow;Local search;nonlinear
optimization;simulation optimization;transmission network expansion planning
(TNEP)},
Y. Tohidi, L. Olmos, M. Rivier and M. R. Hesamzadeh, "Coordination of Generation

and Transmission Development Through Generation Transmission Charges—A Game
Theoretical Approach," in IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 32, no. 2, pp.
1103-1114, March 2017.
doi: 10.1109/TPWRS.2016.2581218
Abstract: Transmission charges aim to recover the cost of transmission network
investments and provide efficient locational signals to new generators. In this
paper, we investigate the effect of these charges on the development of new
generation capacities in the system. Generation expansion planning is decided by
strategic generation planners (SGPs) trying to maximize their profits, while
transmission line investments are planned by a central planner and regulatory body
aimed at minimizing the overall operation and network investment costs of the
system. Regulatory transmission charges (RTCs) are calculated according to the
marginal responsibility of generation investment on transmission network investment
costs. An iterative algorithm is proposed to model the interaction taking place
between the central planner and SGPs. The developed methodology is applied to a 2-
node illustrative example and the IEEE-RTS96, and effects of RTCs on investment
decisions of SGPs are analyzed.
keywords: {game theory;iterative methods;power generation economics;power
generation planning;power transmission economics;power transmission lines;power
transmission planning;generation development coordination;transmission development
coordination;generation transmission charges;game theoretical approach;transmission
network investments;locational signals;generation expansion planning;strategic
generation planners;SGP;profit maximization;transmission line investments;overall
operation cost minimization;network investment cost minimization;regulatory
transmission charges;RTC;iterative algorithm;IEEE-RTS96;Investment;Generators;Power
transmission lines;Indexes;Companies;Resource management;Pricing;Generation
expansion planning;game theory;marginal transmission charges},
M. Moeini-Aghtaie, A. Abbaspour and M. Fotuhi-Firuzabad, "Incorporating Large-Scale

Distant Wind Farms in Probabilistic Transmission Expansion Planning—Part I: Theory
and Algorithm," in IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 27, no. 3, pp. 1585-
1593, Aug. 2012.
doi: 10.1109/TPWRS.2011.2182363
Abstract: With increment in the penetration of wind energy in power systems, the
necessity of considering its impacts on transmission expansion planning (TEP)
studies, especially for large scale wind farms, is inevitable. A new multi-
objective (MO) optimization transmission expansion planning algorithm considering
wind farm generation is presented in this two-paper set. Part I is mainly devoted
to derivation of the theory and algorithm. The objective functions used in the TEP
studies take into account investment cost, risk cost and congestion cost. The
combination of Monte Carlo simulation (MCS) and Point Estimation Method (PEM) is
implemented to investigate the effects of network uncertainties. Due to its
comparative assessment potential and good handling of the non-convex problems and
non-commensurable objective functions, the Non-Dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm
II (NSGA II) is widely used for evaluating the MO optimization problem. Eventually,
for selecting the final optimal solution, a Fuzzy decision making approach is
applied based on decision maker preferences.
keywords: {concave programming;decision making;estimation theory;fuzzy set
theory;genetic algorithms;Monte Carlo methods;power generation economics;power
generation planning;power transmission economics;power transmission
planning;probability;wind power plants;large-scale distant wind farm
generation;probabilistic transmission expansion planning;wind energy;power
system;probabilistic TEP;multiobjective optimization transmission expansion
planning algorithm;MO optimization transmission expansion planning
algorithm;congestion cost;risk cost;Monte Carlo simulation;MCS;point estimation
method;PEM;comparative assessment;nonconvex problem;noncommensurable objective
function;nondominated sorting genetic algorithm II;NSGA II;fuzzy decision making
approach;decision maker preference;account investment cost;Wind farms;Power
systems;Probabilistic logic;Production;Decision making;Random variables;Wind
turbines;Multi-objective;Non-Dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II (NSGA II);Point
Estimation Method (PEM);transmission expansion planning (TEP);wind farm},
A. Khayatian, M. Barati and G. J. Lim, "Integrated Microgrid Expansion Planning in

Electricity Market With Uncertainty," in IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol.
33, no. 4, pp. 3634-3643, July 2018.
doi: 10.1109/TPWRS.2017.2768302
Abstract: This paper addresses the microgrid expansion planning problem. In such a
competitive electricity market, it will assist community microgrid (COMG) companies
in deciding whether or not they should invest in microgrid installation. A two-
stage stochastic optimization approach is proposed to eliminate the traditional
centralized planning, which has led to competition among COMGs, generation
companies (GENCOs), and transmission companies (TRANSCOs) for power delivery. The
objective of the two-stage stochastic programming model is to maximize the expected
revenue from these three power companies while ensuring the cost-effectiveness and
reliability of the power system under uncertain factors, such as load growth and
component outages. The proposed model is solved by decomposing the planning problem
into two stages. The goal of the first stage is to maximize the profits of COMGs,
GENCOs, and TRANSCOs; the goal of second stage is to minimize short-term operation
cost considering uncertainty to enhance the reliability of the system.
Computational results from two IEEE test systems are presented to analyze the
effectiveness of the proposed approach.
keywords: {distributed power generation;investment;optimisation;power generation
economics;power generation planning;power markets;power transmission
planning;stochastic processes;stochastic programming;power system;integrated
microgrid expansion planning;microgrid expansion planning problem;competitive
electricity market;microgrid installation;two-stage stochastic optimization
approach;power delivery;two-stage stochastic programming
model;Planning;Microgrids;Reliability;Indexes;Investment;Electricity supply
industry;Load modeling;Benders decomposition;component outages
uncertainty;electricity market;microgrid expansion planning;rural
electrification;two-stage stochastic mixed-integer programming},
R. Chatthaworn and S. Chaitusaney, "Improving method of robust transmission network

expansion planning considering intermittent renewable energy generation and loads,"
in IET Generation, Transmission & Distribution, vol. 9, no. 13, pp. 1621-1627, 1 10
2015.
doi: 10.1049/iet-gtd.2015.0363
Abstract: This study presents a novel method for robust transmission network
expansion planning (RTNEP) considering intermittent renewable energy generation and
loads. The investment cost of transmission line and operating cost are considered
as the objective function of the planning. This study proposes to select the
suitable scenarios to make the robust expansion plan for all possible scenarios
based on intermittent renewable energy generation and loads data in a year. Meta-
heuristic algorithm called adaptive tabu search (ATS) is employed in the proposed
RTNEP. ATS iterates between the main problem, which minimises the investment cost
and operation cost and the subproblem, which minimises the total power generation
of conventional generators and curtailments of renewable energy generation and
loads. This study uses AC load flow based on Newton-Raphson method and non-linear
programming (NLP) based on interior point method for solving the main problem and
the subproblem, respectively. IEEE Reliability Test System 79 (RTS 79) is used for
testing the proposed method. The results show that the proposed expansion plan is
more robust than the solutions from other research works.
keywords: {cost reduction;investment;load flow;Newton-Raphson method;nonlinear
programming;power generation economics;power generation planning;power generation
reliability;power transmission economics;power transmission lines;power
transmission planning;power transmission reliability;search problems;intermittent
renewable energy generation;RTNEP;robust transmission network expansion
planning;investment cost;transmission line;metaheuristic algorithm;adaptive tabu
search;ATS;AC load flow;Newton-Raphson method;nonlinear programming;NLP;interior
point method;IEEE Reliability Test System 79;RTS 79},
J. Choi, T. D. Mount, R. J. Thomas and R. Billinton, "Probabilistic reliability

criterion for planning transmission system expansions," in IEE Proceedings -
Generation, Transmission and Distribution, vol. 153, no. 6, pp. 719-727, November
2006.
doi: 10.1049/ip-gtd:20050205
Abstract: Probabilistic reliability criteria, such as LOLP, LOLE, EENS etc., have
been used extensively for generation expansion planning throughout the world.
Typically, only deterministic reliability criteria, such as (N-1) or (N-2)
contingencies, have been used for grid expansion planning until now. The main
reason is the difficulty in determining the optimum design of a grid expansion plan
using probabilistic reliability criteria and in developing the appropriate
mathematical model that incorporates the chosen reliability criterion for the
transmission system. Optimum design in grid expansion planning is still an
important element of overall electric power system planning in deregulated
electricity markets. One of the potential improvements in generation and grid
expansion planning comes from the use of a more realistic reliability level as a
criterion to constrain the form of the optimum expansion problem. A methodology is
proposed that uses a probabilistic reliability criterion to determine an optimum
plan for transmission system expansion using a criterion that minimises the
expected cost, which includes both construction and outage costs, using a
probabilistic reliability criterion loss of load expectation RLOLE. The optimum
value of the reliability criterion RLOLE* is determined at the minimum value of the
combined total of the cost of constructing new transmission and the customer outage
cost associated with supply interruptions. The characteristics and effectiveness of
this methodology are illustrated by a case study using a 21-busbar test system
keywords: {power transmission economics;power transmission planning;reliability
theory;probabilistic reliability criterion;transmission network expansion
planning;optimum expansion problem;expected cost minimisation;construction
costs;power outage costs;LOLE},
S. Majumdar and D. Chattopadhyay, "A model for integrated analysis of generation

capacity expansion and financial planning," in IEEE Transactions on Power Systems,
vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 466-471, May 1999.
doi: 10.1109/59.761867
Abstract: This paper discusses the need for an integrated analysis of investment
and financing decisions in the context of electricity generation capacity addition
planning. The traditional mathematical programming model for investment planning
and its potential enhancement to encompass financing decisions in a unified
framework have been discussed. The integrated investment-finance model for a power
system is formulated. The model is implemented for a well-known investment planning
case study and the various investment-financing interactions have been discussed.
The results indicate that the interaction of financing and investment decisions
could be very significant and needs to be accounted for in capacity planning
optimization exercises. This is particularly relevant for utilities in a
competitive environment.
keywords: {power generation planning;power generation
economics;investment;mathematical programming;integrated analysis model;generation
capacity expansion;financial planning;investment;electricity generation capacity
addition planning;mathematical programming model;investment planning;financing
decisions;integrated investment-finance model;investment-financing
interactions;competitive power industry environment;Capacity planning;Financial
management;Investments;Power system planning;Power system modeling;Mathematical
model;Linear programming;Cost function;Power generation;Power system analysis
computing},
A. Moreira, G. Strbac, R. Moreno, A. Street and I. Konstantelos, "A Five-Level MILP

Model for Flexible Transmission Network Planning Under Uncertainty: A Min–Max
Regret Approach," in IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 33, no. 1, pp. 486-
501, Jan. 2018.
doi: 10.1109/TPWRS.2017.2710637
Abstract: The benefits of new transmission investment significantly depend on
deployment patterns of renewable electricity generation that are characterized by
severe uncertainty. In this context, this paper presents a novel methodology to
solve the transmission expansion planning problem under generation expansion
uncertainty in a min-max regret fashion, when considering flexible network options
and $n-1$ security criterion. To do so, we propose a five-level mixed integer
linear programming (MILP) based model that comprises: (i) the optimal network
investment plan (including phase shifters), (ii) the realization of generation
expansion, (iii) the co-optimization of energy and reserves given transmission and
generation expansions, (iv) the realization of system outages, and (v) the decision
on optimal post-contingency corrective control. In order to solve the five-level
model, we present a cutting plane algorithm that ultimately identifies the optimal
min-max regret flexible transmission plan in a finite number of steps. The
numerical studies carried out demonstrate: (a) the significant benefits associated
with flexible network investment options to hedge transmission expansion plans
against generation expansion uncertainty and system outages, (b) strategic
planning-under-uncertainty uncovers the full benefit of flexible options which may
remain undetected under deterministic, perfect information methods, and (c) the
computational scalability of the proposed approach.
keywords: {integer programming;investment;linear programming;minimax
techniques;power generation economics;power generation planning;power generation
reliability;power markets;power system security;power transmission economics;power
transmission planning;power transmission reliability;flexible transmission network
planning;transmission investment;renewable electricity generation;transmission
expansion planning problem;generation expansion uncertainty;five-level mixed
integer linear programming based model;optimal network investment plan;optimal
post-contingency corrective control;flexible network investment options;five-level
MILP model;phase shifters;optimal min-max regret flexible transmission
plan;cooptimization;system outage realization;cutting plane algorithm;strategic
planning;perfect information method;computational
scalability;Generators;Uncertainty;Planning;Security;Investment;Power transmission
lines;Context;Multi-level optimization;network security;power systems
economics;transmission expansion planing under uncertainty},
H. Teixeira Firmo and L. F. Loureiro Legey, "Generation expansion planning: an

iterative genetic algorithm approach," in IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol.
17, no. 3, pp. 901-906, Aug. 2002.
doi: 10.1109/TPWRS.2002.801036
Abstract: The generation expansion-planning problem (GEP) is a large-scale
stochastic nonlinear optimization problem. To handle the problem complexity,
decomposition schemes have been used. Usually, such schemes divide the expansion
problem into two subproblems: one related to the construction of new plants
(investment subproblem) and another dealing with the task of operating the system
(operation subproblem). This paper proposes an iterative genetic algorithm (IGA) to
solve the investment subproblem. The basic idea is to use a special type of
chromosome, christened pointer-based chromosome (PBC), and the particular structure
of that subproblem, to transform an integer constrained problem into an
unconstrained one. IGA's results were compared to those of a branch and bound (B&B)
algorithm-provided by a commercial package-in three different case studies of
growing complexity, respectively, containing 144, 462, and 1845 decision variables.
These results indicate that the IGA is an effective alternative to the solution of
the investment subproblem.
keywords: {power generation planning;power generation
economics;investment;iterative methods;genetic algorithms;integer
programming;stochastic processes;generation expansion planning;power
systems;uncertainty;genetic algorithms;large-scale stochastic nonlinear
optimization;operation subproblem;investment subproblem;iterative genetic
algorithm;pointer-based chromosome;integer constrained problem;unconstrained
problem;branch and bound algorithm;integer programming;optimization
methods;Iterative methods;Genetic algorithms;Linear programming;Large-scale
systems;Investments;Biological cells;Power system planning;Uncertainty;Power system
reliability;Power generation},
J. Carvallo, J. Taneja, D. Callaway and D. M. Kammen, "Distributed Resources Shift

Paradigms on Power System Design, Planning, and Operation: An Application of the
GAP Model," in Proceedings of the IEEE, vol. 107, no. 9, pp. 1906-1922, Sept. 2019.
doi: 10.1109/JPROC.2019.2925759
Abstract: Power systems have evolved following a century-old paradigm of planning
and operating a grid based on large central generation plants connected to load
centers through a transmission grid and distribution lines with radial flows. This
paradigm is being challenged by the development and diffusion of modular generation
and storage technologies. We use a novel approach to assess the sequencing and
pacing of centralized, distributed, and off-grid electrification strategies by
developing and employing the grid and access planning (GAP) model. GAP is a
capacity expansion model to jointly assess operation and investment in utility-
scale generation, transmission, distribution, and demand-side resources. This paper
conceptually studies the investment and operation decisions for a power system with
and without distributed resources. Contrary to the current practice, we find hybrid
systems that pair grid connections with distributed energy resources (DERs) are the
preferred mode of electricity supply for greenfield expansion under conservative
reductions in photovoltaic panel (PV) and energy storage prices. We also find that
when distributed PV and storage are employed in power system expansion, there are
savings of 15%-20% mostly in capital deferment and reduced diesel use. Results show
that enhanced financing mechanisms for DER PV and storage could enable 50%-60% of
additional deployment and save 15 $/MWh in system costs. These results have
important implications to reform current utility business models in developed power
systems and to guide the development of electrification strategies in
underdeveloped grids.
keywords: {cost reduction;distributed power generation;investment;photovoltaic
power systems;power distribution economics;power distribution lines;power
grids;power transmission economics;power transmission planning;pricing;solar cell
arrays;distributed resources shift paradigms;power system design;GAP model;central
generation plants;load centers;transmission grid;distribution lines;radial
flows;modular generation;storage technologies;off-grid electrification
strategies;capacity expansion model;investment;utility-scale generation;demand-side
resources;distributed energy resources;greenfield expansion;energy storage
prices;power system expansion;current utility business models;hybrid systems;grid
access planning model;power system operation;power system planning;utility-scale
transmission;utility-scale distribution;electricity supply;photovoltaic
panel;distributed PV;financing mechanisms;DER;Power system
planning;Investment;Analytical models;Computational modeling;Load modeling;Power
transmission lines;Power system economics;Electricity supply industry;Energy
management;Capacity expansion;distributed resources;electrification;power system
modeling},
H. Mavalizadeh, A. Ahmadi and A. Heidari, "Probabilistic multi-objective generation

and transmission expansion planning problem using normal boundary intersection," in
IET Generation, Transmission & Distribution, vol. 9, no. 6, pp. 560-570, 20 4 2015.
doi: 10.1049/iet-gtd.2014.0278
Abstract: This study presents a model of coordinated generation and transmission
expansion planning (TEP). The proposed model simultaneously minimises total cost,
including planning and total fuel cost, environmental impact in terms of SO2 and
NOx emission and fuel price risk while maximising the system reliability. Owing to
intermittent behaviour of loads and fuel prices, the expansion planning problem
should be analysed using probabilistic approaches instead of deterministic ones.
Therefore, a new approach is proposed to solve the multi-objective probabilistic
coordinated generation and TEP problem. The point estimate method is used to take
into account the effect of uncertainty in fuel prices and system demand. The normal
boundary intersection (NBI) method is used to obtain the Pareto-optimal solutions.
Moreover, fuzzy decision-making process is employed to select one of the Pareto-
optimal solutions as the most preferred solution. The proposed model is implemented
on the modified Garver6-bus system to evaluate its efficiency. Finally, the results
of the NBI method are compared with the classical weighted sum method.
Additionally, the model is implemented on the IEEE 24-bus reliability test system,
and the results are compared with the virtual database-supported non-dominated
sorting genetic algorithm II (VDS-NSGA II) and NSGA II methods.
keywords: {decision making;environmental factors;fuzzy set theory;nitrogen
compounds;Pareto optimisation;power generation planning;power generation
reliability;power transmission planning;power transmission
reliability;probability;silicon compounds;probabilistic multiobjective coordinated
generation planning;transmission expansion planning;TEP;total fuel
cost;environmental impact;fuel price risk;system reliability;probabilistic
approaches;normal boundary intersection;NBI method;Pareto-optimal solutions;fuzzy
decision-making process;modified Garver6-bus system;weighted sum method;IEEE 24-bus
reliability test system;virtual database-supported nondominated sorting genetic
algorithm II;VDS-NSGA II method;NSGA II methods;SO2;NOx},
K. Poncelet, H. Höschle, E. Delarue, A. Virag and W. D’haeseleer, "Selecting

Representative Days for Capturing the Implications of Integrating Intermittent
Renewables in Generation Expansion Planning Problems," in IEEE Transactions on
doi: 10.1109/TPWRS.2016.2596803
Abstract: Due to computational restrictions, energy-system optimization models
(ESOMs) and generation expansion planning models (GEPMs) frequently represent
intraannual variations in demand and supply by using the data of a limited number
of representative historical days. The vast majority of the current approaches to
select a representative set of days relies on either simple heuristics or
clustering algorithms and comparison of different approaches is restricted to
different clustering algorithms. This paper contributes by: i) proposing criteria
and metrics for evaluating representativeness, ii) providing a novel optimization-
based approach to select a representative set of days, and iii) evaluating and
comparing the developed approach to multiple approaches available from the
literature. The developed optimization-based approach is shown to achieve more
accurate results than the approaches available from the literature. As a
consequence, by applying this approach to select a representative set of days, the
accuracy of ESOMs/GEPMs can be improved without increasing the computational cost.
The main disadvantage is that the approach is computationally costly and requires
an implementation effort.
keywords: {optimisation;power generation planning;renewable energy
sources;intermittent renewables;energy-system optimization models;ESOM;generation
expansion planning models;GEPM;heuristics algorithms;clustering
algorithms;Computational modeling;Clustering algorithms;Planning;Partitioning
algorithms;Indexes;Time series analysis;Load modeling;Energy-system
planning;generation expansion planning;power system economics;power system
modeling;wind energy integration},
D. Pozo, E. E. Sauma and J. Contreras, "A Three-Level Static MILP Model for
Generation and Transmission Expansion Planning," in IEEE Transactions on Power
Systems, vol. 28, no. 1, pp. 202-210, Feb. 2013.
doi: 10.1109/TPWRS.2012.2204073
Abstract: We present a three-level equilibrium model for the expansion of an
electric network. The lower-level model represents the equilibrium of a pool-based
market; the intermediate level represents the Nash equilibrium in generation
capacity expansion, taking into account the outcomes on the spot market; and the
upper-level model represents the anticipation of transmission expansion planning to
the investment in generation capacity and the pool-based market equilibrium. The
demand has been considered as exogenous and locational marginal prices are obtained
as endogenous variables of the model. The three-level model is formulated as a
mixed integer linear programming (MILP) problem. The model is applied to a
realistic power system in Chile to illustrate the methodology and proper
conclusions are reached.
keywords: {game theory;integer programming;linear programming;power generation
planning;power transmission planning;three-level static MILP model;transmission
expansion planning;generation expansion planning;three-level equilibrium
model;electric network;lower-level model;pool-based market;Nash equilibrium;upper-
level model;locational marginal price;exogenous marginal price;mixed integer linear
programming problem;power system;Chile;Investments;Planning;Mathematical
model;Companies;Generators;Nash equilibrium;Indexes;Equilibrium problem subject to
equilibrium constraints (EPEC);mathematical program subject to equilibrium
constraints (MPEC);Nash equilibrium;power systems economics;power transmission
planning},
P. Xiong and C. Singh, "Optimal Planning of Storage in Power Systems Integrated

With Wind Power Generation," in IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy, vol. 7,
no. 1, pp. 232-240, Jan. 2016.
doi: 10.1109/TSTE.2015.2482939
Abstract: This paper proposes an approach for determining the optimal location and
size of an energy storage system (ESS) in a power system network integrated with
uncertain wind power generation. The uncertainty of wind power output is
represented by a scenario tree model, so that the nonanticipative behavior of
operating decisions under system uncertainties can be properly addressed. The
proposed formulation is too huge to be solved directly, so a Benders decomposition
algorithm is applied to reduce the computational burden. Case studies are conducted
to illustrate the influence of ESS on power system operation. It is shown that
increasing the capital investment on ESS can reduce the daily operating cost of the
power system. A capital/operating cost frontier is presented in this paper to
demonstrate the tradeoff between ESS capital investment and daily operating cost,
and to show how ESS planning decisions are affected by the budget for investment.
keywords: {energy storage;investment;power generation planning;wind power;optimal
planning;wind power generation;optimal location;energy storage system;ESS;power
system network;scenario tree model;benders decomposition;power system
operation;capital investment;capital-operating cost frontier;Wind power
generation;Planning;Uncertainty;Generators;Power systems;Investment;Wind
forecasting;Decomposition algorithm;energy storage system (ESS);expansion
planning;wind power generation;Decomposition algorithm;energy storage system
(ESS);expansion planning;wind power generation},
C. Dai, L. Wu, B. Zeng and C. Liu, "System state model based multi-period robust
generation, transmission, and demand side resource co-optimisation planning," in
IET Generation, Transmission & Distribution, vol. 13, no. 3, pp. 345-354, 12 2
2019.
doi: 10.1049/iet-gtd.2018.5936
Abstract: This study discusses a multi-period co-optimised generation and
transmission expansion planning (GTEP) problem while considering a proliferation of
demand side resources (DSR). Uncertain renewable energy variations and load
fluctuations in the long-term planning horizon are addressed, and a system state
model derived via k-means clustering algorithm is adopted to capture temporal
operation features. The problem is formulated as a two-stage robust optimisation
model with mixed-integer recourse, in which annual investment decisions of
generation, transmission, and DSR assets are determined in the first stage and
short-term operation decisions of individual system states are made in the second
stage. In recognising that considering DSR deployment and the system state model
brings significant computational complexity, an extended column-and-constraint-
generation algorithm is adopted to effectively solve the proposed planning problem.
Numerical studies show that integrating DSRs into multi-period GTEP could
effectively postpone or even avoid expensive generation/transmission investment in
the planning stage, and improve economic efficiency in the operation stage.
keywords: {computational complexity;integer programming;investment;numerical
analysis;pattern clustering;power generation economics;power generation
planning;power transmission economics;power transmission planning;extended column-
and-constraint-generation algorithm;computational complexity;investment
decision;mixed-integer recourse;multiperiod cooptimised generation and transmission
expansion planning problem;k-means clustering algorithm;multiperiod GTEP
problem;multiperiod robust transmission;generation-transmission investment;demand
side resource cooptimisation planning;DSR deployment;short-term operation
decisions;two-stage robust optimisation model;temporal operation features;long-term
planning horizon;uncertain renewable energy variations;multiperiod robust
generation;system state model;planning stage},
H. Rudnick, R. Palma, E. L. da Silva, H. A. Gil and J. M. Areiza, "Transmission

network expansion planning under an improved genetic algorithm [discussion and
closure]," in IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 16, no. 4, pp. 930-931, Nov.
2001.
doi: 10.1109/59.962451
Abstract: The authors congratulate the authors of the original paper (see ibid.,
Vol.18, no.3, p.1168-75, 2000) for their excellent contribution in the field of
transmission expansion planning. The successful application of an improved GA (IGA)
for the solution of the static transmission network expansion-planning problem is
presented. In their opinion, the main contributions of this paper are the proposed
and proved ideas for the IGA, related to: representation; initial population
construction; crossover; and mutation mechanism. They explored these topics in the
context of the dynamic transmission network expansion planning. They confirmed the
importance of adequate representation of individuals that avoid invalid solutions,
of an initial population based on sensitivity analysis of an initial expansion
plan, and a crossover based on a decimal representation. The response of the
original authors to this discussion is also included.
keywords: {power transmission planning;genetic algorithms;sensitivity
analysis;transmission network expansion planning;improved genetic algorithm;static
transmission network expansion planning problem;representation;initial population
construction;crossover;mutation mechanism;sensitivity analysis;decimal
representation;Genetic algorithms;Power system planning;Power generation
economics;Power system economics;Power system simulation;Gas insulated transmission
lines;Power system modeling;Genetic mutations;Power system analysis
computing;Sensitivity analysis},
Jong-Bae Park, Young-Moon Park, Jong-Ryul Won and K. Y. Lee, "An improved genetic
algorithm for generation expansion planning," in IEEE Transactions on Power
doi: 10.1109/59.871713
Abstract: This paper presents a development of an improved genetic algorithm (IGA)
and its application to a least-cost generation expansion planning (GEP) problem.
Least-cost GEP problem is concerned with a highly constrained nonlinear dynamic
optimization problem that can only be fully solved by complete enumeration, a
process which is computationally impossible in a real-world GEP problem. In this
paper, an improved genetic algorithm incorporating a stochastic crossover technique
and an artificial initial population scheme is developed to provide a faster search
mechanism. The main advantage of the IGA approach is that the "curse of
dimensionality" and a local optimal trap inherent in mathematical programming
methods can be simultaneously overcome. The IGA approach is applied to two test
systems, one with 15 existing power plants, 5 types of candidate plants and a 14-
year planning period, and the other, a practical long-term system with a 24-year
planning period.
keywords: {power generation planning;genetic algorithms;mathematical
programming;genetic algorithm;generation expansion planning;least-cost generation
expansion planning;constrained nonlinear dynamic optimization;stochastic crossover
technique;artificial initial population scheme;local optimal trap;mathematical
programming methods;Genetic algorithms;Power system planning;Mathematical
programming;Constraint optimization;Power generation;Stochastic processes;System
testing;Decision making;Power industry;Capacity planning},
A. Nikoobakht and J. Aghaei, "Integrated transmission and storage systems

investment planning hosting wind power generation: continuous-time hybrid
stochastic/robust optimisation," in IET Generation, Transmission & Distribution,
vol. 13, no. 21, pp. 4870-4879, 5 11 2019.
doi: 10.1049/iet-gtd.2019.0257
Abstract: In this study, a continuous-time hybrid stochastic/robust optimisation is
proposed for the integrated investment in transmission lines (TLs) and energy
storage systems (ESSs) with high penetration of uncertain wind power generation
(WPG) sources from a central planner viewpoint. The main objective of the problem
is to achieve a simultaneous expansion of transmission assets, TLs and ESSs,
whereas minimising the investment cost while taking the operational aspects of a
power system into account to accommodate higher shares of uncertain and
intermittent WPGs. However, the integrated expansion planning of joint TL and ESS
to integrate WPGs via conventional hourly discrete time model can increase the
operation cost and result in a non-optimal sizing and siting of TLs and ESSs,
hence, can impose an opposite effect on the favourite. Accordingly, a continuous-
time model is proposed to coordinate the expansion planning of both TL and ESS to
deal with sub-hourly uncertainty of WPGs. Also, the WPG uncertainty in expansion
planning problem is characterised using a hybrid stochastic/robust optimisation
framework. Numerical tests are implemented on a modified IEEE RTS 24-bus system and
the achieved results confirm the efficiency of the proposed model.
keywords: {optimisation;power markets;wind power plants;investment;power
transmission planning;power generation economics;energy storage;power generation
planning;storage systems investment planning hosting wind power
generation;integrated investment;energy storage systems;uncertain wind power
generation sources;transmission assets;investment cost;power system;uncertain
WPGs;intermittent WPGs;integrated expansion planning;conventional hourly discrete
time model;continuous-time model;expansion planning problem;modified IEEE RTS 24-
bus system},
A. Motamedi, H. Zareipour, M. O. Buygi and W. D. Rosehart, "A Transmission Planning

Framework Considering Future Generation Expansions in Electricity Markets," in IEEE
doi: 10.1109/TPWRS.2010.2046684
Abstract: This paper proposes a transmission planning framework in a market
environment in which only the generation sector is deregulated. The proposed
framework is based on modeling generation companies' (GenCos') strategic behavior
and anticipating their expansion patterns from the viewpoint of a transmission
system planner. The transmission expansion planning problem in this paper is
modeled as a four-level optimization problem. A solution method based on agent-
based systems and search-based optimization techniques is proposed to determine the
optimal transmission expansion plan.
keywords: {power markets;power transmission planning;transmission planning;future
generation expansions;electricity markets;four-level optimization problem;agent-
based systems;search-based optimization;Power generation;Electricity supply
industry;Electricity supply industry deregulation;Investments;Uncertainty;Strategic
planning;Signal generators;Costs;Iterative algorithms;Optimization methods;Agent-
based modeling;generation expansion;transmission planning},
Y. Kim, H. Jo and S. Joo, "Analysis of Impacts of Superconducting Fault Current

Limiter (SFCL) Placement on Distributed Generation (DG) Expansion," in IEEE
Transactions on Applied Superconductivity, vol. 26, no. 4, pp. 1-5, June 2016, Art
no. 5602305.
doi: 10.1109/TASC.2016.2550598
Abstract: The placement of the superconducting fault current limiter (SFCL) can be
utilized to accommodate the increasing integration of distributed generations (DGs)
in a power system. The installation of DGs in a power system can affect the power
flow and the fault current patterns. Substantial changes in fault currents can
cause coordination problems among the overcurrent relays. SFCL placement is a
possible approach for accommodating the DGs by locally limiting the fault currents
resulting from the DGs, while maintaining the existing relay settings. This paper
presents a systematic procedure for analyzing the impacts of SFCL placement on DG
expansion, considering the relay coordination in power systems.
keywords: {distributed power generation;load flow;overcurrent protection;power
generation protection;relay protection;superconducting fault current
limiters;distributed generation expansion;DG expansion;SFCL placement impact
analysis;superconducting fault current limiter;power system;DG installation;fault
current pattern;power flow pattern;overcurrent relay coordination;Relays;Power
systems;Fault currents;Limiting;High-temperature superconductors;Circuit
faults;Distributed power generation;Superconducting fault current
limiter;distributed generation;overcurrent relay coordination;Distributed
generation;overcurrent relay coordination;superconducting fault current limiter},
X. Wu and Y. Jiang, "Source-Network-Storage Joint Planning Considering Energy

Storage Systems and Wind Power Integration," in IEEE Access, vol. 7, pp. 137330-
137343, 2019.
doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2942134
Abstract: With the large-scale grid integration of wind power, the inherent space-
time characteristics of wind power and the transmission congestion seriously
restrict the consumption of wind power and the development of demand. In order to
improve the wind power accommodation and load acceptance level, the joint planning
including the wind power installed capacity and location, the transmission network
expansion, and energy storage system locating and sizing is considered. The
generation-side operation process and the charging-discharging strategy of energy
storage systems are also involved. The source-network-storage joint planning model
is established with the goal of minimizing the cost of the transmission network
expansion, the construction and operation of energy storage systems, the
conventional units' operation, the wind curtailment, and the heavy-load penalty.
Furthermore, the energy storage system planning & operation constraints, the heavy-
load operation constraints and the quadratic generation cost function are
linearized in the MILP model. Through the Wood&Wollenberg 6-bus system, the IEEE
RTS-24 test system, and the modified IEEE 118-bus system as the test systems, the
joint planning schemes under multiple scenarios are compared and analyzed. The
results show that the proposed planning model can effectively improve the load
acceptance capability and wind power integration level.
keywords: {costing;demand side management;energy storage;integer programming;power
generation economics;power generation planning;power grids;power transmission
economics;power transmission planning;wind power plants;transmission network
expansion;energy storage systems;wind curtailment;energy storage system
planning;heavy-load operation constraints;IEEE RTS-24 test system;modified IEEE
118-bus system;wind power integration;load acceptance level;source-network-storage
joint planning model;large-scale grid integration;generation-side operation
process;charging-discharging strategy;quadratic generation cost function;MILP
model;Planning;Wind power generation;Energy storage;Wind farms;Optimization;Load
modeling;Load flow;Energy storage system;linear programming;transmission grid
expansion planning;unit commitment;wind power integration},
S. Dehghan and N. Amjady, "Robust Transmission and Energy Storage Expansion

Planning in Wind Farm-Integrated Power Systems Considering Transmission Switching,"
in IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 765-774, April 2016.
doi: 10.1109/TSTE.2015.2497336
Abstract: This paper presents a new nondeterministic model for joint transmission
and energy storage expansion planning along with optimal transmission switching in
wind farm-integrated power systems. The proposed approach adopts the underlying
idea of robust optimization to characterize the uncertainty sources pertaining to
load demands and wind power productions through uncertainty sets. Accordingly, a
tractable adaptive min-max-min cost model is introduced to find a robust optimal
expansion plan for new lines and storages withstanding the worst-case realization
of the uncertain variables. As the adaptive min-max-min cost model cannot be solved
directly by the commercial off-the-shelf software packages, a decomposition
algorithm using primal cutting planes is introduced to obtain the optimal solution.
The proposed approach has been implemented on the IEEE 24-bus and the IEEE 73-bus
test systems. Also, the robustness of optimal expansion plans under different
circumstances is evaluated through a post-optimization procedure simulating
different realizations of the uncertainty sources. Case studies justify the
efficiency of the proposed RO-based model.
keywords: {energy storage;IEEE standards;minimax techniques;power generation
planning;power transmission;wind power plants;energy storage expansion
planning;wind farm-integrated power systems;optimal transmission
switching;uncertainty sources;load demands;wind power productions;uncertain
variables;min-max-min cost model;primal cutting;IEEE 24-bus test systems;IEEE 73-
bus test systems;RO-based model;Wind power
generation;Production;Uncertainty;Robustness;Load modeling;Power
systems;Planning;Energy storage system (ESS);optimal transmission switching
(OTS);robust optimization (RO);transmission expansion planning (TEP);wind
farm;Energy storage system (ESS);optimal transmission switching (OTS);robust
optimization (RO);transmission expansion planning (TEP);wind farm},
Z. Wu, Y. Liu, W. Gu, J. Zhou, J. Li and P. Liu, "Decomposition method for

coordinated planning of distributed generation and distribution network," in IET
Generation, Transmission & Distribution, vol. 12, no. 20, pp. 4482-4491, 13 11
2018.
doi: 10.1049/iet-gtd.2017.2050
Abstract: With recent development on renewable energy and distributed generation
(DG), distribution system expansion planning (DSEP) problem is facing more
challenges. This study proposed a multistage coordinate planning model to minimise
the present value of construction cost and operating cost over the planning
horizon. Installation of DGs, static var generators, and expansion of distribution
network were considered simultaneously. The proposed model is a large-scale mixed-
integer second-order conic programming (MISOCP) problem containing large amounts of
constraints and variables. The MISOCP can be decomposed into: (i) the master
problem which determines the construction plan, (ii) and many subproblems which
optimise the operating states under different network configurations and different
load levels. A modified Benders decomposition method was applied to generate valid
cuts from subproblems with integer variables. Results of the proposed decomposition
method were compared with those obtained by commercial software on a 24-node
distribution system. Numerical experiments showed that the proposed method can
solve the integrated DSEP problem efficiently.
keywords: {convex programming;distributed power generation;graph theory;integer
programming;minimisation;power distribution planning;power generation
planning;static VAr compensators;decomposition method;coordinated
planning;distributed generation;distribution network expansion planning
problem;renewable energy;multistage coordinate planning model;construction cost
minimisation;operating cost minimisation;planning horizon;static var
generators;large-scale mixed-integer second-order conic programming problem;large-
scale MISOCP problem;construction plan;network configurations;load levels;modified
Benders decomposition method;valid cuts generation;24-node distribution
system;integrated DSEP problem},
T. Asakura, T. Genji, T. Yura, N. Hayashi and Y. Fukuyama, "Long-term distribution

network expansion planning by network reconfiguration and generation of
construction plans," in IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 18, no. 3, pp.
1196-1204, Aug. 2003.
doi: 10.1109/TPWRS.2003.811170
Abstract: This paper proposes a distribution network expansion planning method by
network reconfiguration and generation of construction plans. Considering natural
growth of electric loads and installation of new large customers, the method first
tries to reconfigure the target network by changing switch status for loss
minimization and analyzing security of the target network by contingency analysis.
If operational constraints are violated even in the reconfigured network, the
method tries to generate construction plan candidates, which can eliminate the
operational constraint violations. The proposed method handles long-term yearly
load increase and generates the best network expansion plans, namely, the best
network reconfiguration and construction plans for each year of the target term.
The proposed method is verified by comparing construction plans generated by the
proposed method with the actual plan composed by experienced planning persons in
distribution control centers. It is found that the proposed method can generate the
same plans generated by the experienced persons. Moreover, the method can generate
various alternative construction plan candidates. The results indicate the
practical applicability of the proposed distribution network expansion planning
method.
keywords: {power distribution planning;load (electric);losses;power system
security;load flow;long-term distribution network expansion planning;network
reconfiguration;construction plans generation;electric loads growth;loss
minimization;target network security analysis;contingency analysis;reconfigured
network;long-term yearly load increase;network expansion plans;distribution control
centers;three phase unbalanced load flow calculation;search method;heuristic
technique;Switches;Load flow;Costs;Minimization methods;Search methods;Power system
planning;Investments;Substations;Expert systems;Flowcharts},
S. Dehghan, N. Amjady and A. J. Conejo, "Reliability-Constrained Robust Power

System Expansion Planning," in IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 31, no. 3,
pp. 2383-2392, May 2016.
doi: 10.1109/TPWRS.2015.2464274
Abstract: This paper presents a tri-level reliability-constrained robust power
system expansion planning (SEP) framework modeling the uncertainty of electricity
demand, wind power generation, and availability of units and lines. In the proposed
tri-level SEP model, electricity demand and wind power generation being continuous
uncertain variables are modeled by bounded intervals and availability of units and
lines being discrete uncertain variables are modeled by probability distributions.
Simulation results on the Garver 6-bus, the IEEE 24-bus, and the IEEE 73-bus test
systems confirm the effectiveness of the proposed tri-level framework to cope with
multi-fold planning uncertainties.
keywords: {power generation planning;power generation reliability;probability;wind
power plants;reliability-constrained robust power system expansion
planning;electricity demand uncertainty;wind power generation;unit
availability;line availability;tri-level SEP model;bounded intervals;probability
distributions;Garver 6-bus test system;IEEE 24-bus test system;IEEE 73-bus test
system;multifold planning uncertainty;Uncertainty;Wind power
generation;Investment;Robustness;Power system
reliability;Planning;Reliability;robust optimization;stochastic programming;system
X. Zhang, M. Shahidehpour, A. Alabdulwahab and A. Abusorrah, "Optimal Expansion

Planning of Energy Hub With Multiple Energy Infrastructures," in IEEE Transactions
on Smart Grid, vol. 6, no. 5, pp. 2302-2311, Sept. 2015.
doi: 10.1109/TSG.2015.2390640
Abstract: This paper presents an optimal expansion planning model for an energy hub
with multiple energy systems. Energy hub represents a coupling among various energy
infrastructures for supplying electricity, natural gas, and heating loads. Combined
heat and power (CHP) and natural gas furnaces are considered within the energy hub
to convert energy into other forms. The multiple energy system planning problem
would optimally determine appropriate investment candidates for generating units,
transmission lines, natural gas furnaces, and CHPs that satisfy electricity and
heating load forecasts and hub system constraints. The system performances
associated with reliability, energy efficiency, and emission matrices is evaluated
for the identified planning schedules. Numerical simulations demonstrate the
effectiveness of the proposed multiple energy system expansion planning approach
based on energy hub.
keywords: {cogeneration;energy conservation;power generation planning;multiple
energy infrastructures;energy hub;optimal expansion planning model;multiple energy
system;combined heat and power;natural gas furnaces;multiple energy system planning
problem;energy efficiency;emission matrices;Natural
gas;Planning;Electricity;Cogeneration;Investment;Furnaces;Resistance
heating;Combined heat and power (CHP);energy hubs;expansion planning;multiple
energy systems (electricity;natural gas;heat);Combined heat and power (CHP);energy
hubs;expansion planning;multiple energy systems (electricity, natural gas, heat)},
A. Nogales, S. Wogrin and E. Centeno, "Impact of technical operational details on

generation expansion in oligopolistic power markets," in IET Generation,
doi: 10.1049/iet-gtd.2015.1148
Abstract: Renewable generation technologies are expected to reach unprecedented
penetration levels in a number of electric power systems. The increased deployment
of these renewable technologies is changing the unit commitment of the rest of
generation facilities, increasing the need for cycling. As a result, operation-
related issues and their costs become more relevant for an adequate analysis of
generation expansion problems. In this study, the authors propose a generation
expansion model including an oligopolistic market representation based on an
equilibrium approach. It introduces key operation-related constraints, such as
minimum stable output, start-ups and shut-downs; and short-term operating costs,
such as commitment, start-up and shut-down costs. The proposed model furthermore
considers the discrete nature of capacity investment decisions. The authors also
propose a heuristic method for solving the arising equilibrium problem, by
providing an efficient starting point to the diagonalisation process. This
heuristic can lead to reductions of up to 90% in computational time. Finally, case
studies are presented in order to illustrate the importance of considering both
operational details and a market framework when making generation expansion
planning decisions.
keywords: {costing;investment;power generation dispatch;power generation
economics;power generation planning;power generation scheduling;power
markets;generation expansion planning decision;diagonalisation process;heuristic
method;capacity investment decision;short-term operating cost;shut-down operating
cost;start-up operating cost;minimum stable output operating cost;key operation-
related constraint;equilibrium approach;generation expansion problem;unit
commitment;electric power system;renewable generation technology;oligopolistic
power market representation},
B. Alizadeh and S. Jadid, "Uncertainty handling in power system expansion planning

under a robust multi-objective framework," in IET Generation, Transmission &
Distribution, vol. 8, no. 12, pp. 2012-2026, 12 2014.
doi: 10.1049/iet-gtd.2013.0674
Abstract: In this study, a substantial idea has been reviewed which is useful in
the investigation of the planning uncertainties. The concept relies on the
optimality of an expansion plan in different conditions rather than the condition
it has been optimised for. The method is developed in a manner that can be used in
all sub-systems (i.e. generation, transmission and distribution) expansion
planning. However, in this study the idea has been assessed for generation
expansion planning (GEP). Cost and reliability have been considered as two major
objectives of the planning and robustness has been added as a supplementary
objective. The method can deal with uncertainty in both coefficients of the
objective functions and the constraints. Two GEP models, one static and the other
dynamic, have been proposed to examine the performance of the method in the
uncertainty handling. In addition, the efficiency of the Taguchi's orthogonal array
testing method has been compared with Monte Carlo simulation in the scenario
generation. Two case studies have been provided to simplify the justification on
the efficiency of the method.
keywords: {power generation planning;power generation reliability;Taguchi
methods;uncertainty handling;Monte Carlo simulation;Taguchi orthogonal array
testing method;GEP models;objective functions;reliability;generation expansion
planning;sub-system expansion planning;robust multiobjective framework;power system
expansion planning;uncertainty handling},
B. Chen, J. Wang, L. Wang, Y. He and Z. Wang, "Robust Optimization for Transmission

Expansion Planning: Minimax Cost vs. Minimax Regret," in IEEE Transactions on Power
doi: 10.1109/TPWRS.2014.2313841
Abstract: Due to the long planning horizon, transmission expansion planning is
typically subjected to a lot of uncertainties including load growth, renewable
energy penetration, policy changes, etc. In addition, deregulation of the power
industry and pressure from climate change introduced new sources of uncertainties
on the generation side of the system. Generation expansion and retirement become
highly uncertain as well. Some of the uncertainties do not have probability
distributions, making it difficult to use stochastic programming. Techniques like
robust optimization that do not require a probability distribution became
desirable. To address these challenges, we study two optimization criteria for the
transmission expansion planning problem under the robust optimization paradigm,
where the maximum cost and maximum regret of the expansion plan over all
uncertainties are minimized, respectively. With these models, our objective is to
make planning decisions that are robust against all scenarios. We use a two-layer
algorithm to solve the resulting tri-level optimization problems. Then, in our case
studies, we compare the performance of the minimax cost approach and the minimax
regret approach under different characterizations of uncertainties.
keywords: {minimax techniques;power transmission planning;transmission expansion
planning;load growth;renewable energy penetration;policy changes;power industry
deregulation;climate change pressure;generation expansion;robust optimization
paradigm;two-layer algorithm;trilevel optimization problems;minimax cost
approach;minimax regret approach;Uncertainty;Optimization;Power generation
planning;Robustness;Load modeling;Minimax techniques;Generation retirement;load
growth;minimax cost;minimax regret;robust optimization;transmission expansion
planning},
O. B. Tor, A. N. Guven and M. Shahidehpour, "Congestion-Driven Transmission

Planning Considering the Impact of Generator Expansion," in IEEE Transactions on
doi: 10.1109/TPWRS.2008.919248
Abstract: This paper presents a multi-year transmission expansion planning (TEP)
model which considers the transmission congestion and the impact of generation
investment cost in the planning horizon. The Benders decomposition approach is
utilized which decomposes TEP into a master problem and two subproblems
representing security and optimal operation. The operation cost due to congestion
(OCC) is considered in the proposed model given that the congestion level is a
proper criterion for measuring the degree of competitiveness in an electricity
market. The model evaluates sensitivity of the optimal TEP to congestion level,
planning horizon, and financial constraints. Regulators can utilize the proposed
results to provide long-term TEP to market players and to develop incentive
mechanisms to trigger generation investments. The proposed approach is applied to a
hypothetical system and Turkish power system.
keywords: {incentive schemes;power generation economics;power transmission
planning;congestion-driven transmission planning;generator expansion;multi-year
transmission expansion planning;generation investment;Benders decomposition
approach;financial constraints;incentive mechanisms;Turkish power system;Power
system planning;Investments;Costs;Electricity supply industry;Power
generation;Power system modeling;Power system security;Monopoly;Power
systems;Electric variables measurement;Benders decomposition;coordinated
planning;electricity restructuring;multi-year transmission expansion;transmission
congestion;transmission security},
R. Romero, C. Rocha, M. Mantovani and J. R. S. Mantovani, "Analysis of heuristic

algorithms for the transportation model in static and multistage planning in
network expansion systems," in IEE Proceedings - Generation, Transmission and
Distribution, vol. 150, no. 5, pp. 521-526, 15 Sept. 2003.
doi: 10.1049/ip-gtd:20030725
Abstract: The usefulness of the application of heuristic algorithms in the
transportation model, first proposed by Garver, is analysed in relation to planning
for the expansion of transmission systems. The formulation of the mathematical
model and the solution techniques proposed in the specialised literature are
analysed in detail. Starting with the constructive heuristic algorithm proposed by
Garver, an extension is made to the problem of multistage planning for transmission
systems. The quality of the solutions found by heuristic algorithms for the
transportation model is analysed, as are applications in problems of planning
transmission systems.
keywords: {power transmission planning;heuristic algorithms;transportation
model;multistage planning;network expansion systems;static planning;transmission
systems expansion;constructive heuristic algorithm},
E. Hajipour, M. Bozorg and M. Fotuhi-Firuzabad, "Stochastic Capacity Expansion

Planning of Remote Microgrids With Wind Farms and Energy Storage," in IEEE
Transactions on Sustainable Energy, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 491-498, April 2015.
doi: 10.1109/TSTE.2014.2376356
Abstract: A majority of remote power systems are going to be supplied by diesel-
renewable resources such as wind and photovoltaic energy in the future. However,
the unpredictable nature of wind generation increases the concern about the
reliable operation of these isolated microgrids. Using energy storage systems
(ESSs) is recently accepted as an efficient solution to the volatility and
intermittency of renewable energy sources. In this paper, a stochastic programming
based on the Monte Carlo approach is introduced for optimal planning of remote
systems. So far, most literatures have focused exclusively on the energy storage
initial sizing. However, capacity expansion of ESS through the time span can result
in significant cost saving and will be illustrated in this paper. Factors such as
reliability criteria together with the investment and the operation costs are taken
into account in the proposed methodology. This method utilizes practical
operational constraints of ESS including efficiency and life cycle. Considering
life cycle constraint reinforces the proposed method to completely investigate the
difference between ESS technologies. The results of case study demonstrate that the
proposed capacity expansion algorithm could lead to about 10% more profit over the
traditional energy storage sizing.
keywords: {diesel-electric power stations;distributed power generation;Monte Carlo
methods;power system planning;stochastic programming;wind power plants;stochastic
capacity expansion planning;remote microgrids;wind farms;remote power
systems;diesel-renewable resources;wind energy;photovoltaic energy;wind
generation;isolated microgrids;energy storage systems;stochastic programming;Monte
Carlo approach;optimal planning;life cycle
constraint;Batteries;Planning;Microgrids;Investment;Monte Carlo methods;Wind
speed;Energy storage system (ESS);Monte Carlo;planning;wind generation;Energy
storage system (ESS);Monte Carlo;planning;wind generation},
H. Xing, H. Cheng, Y. Zhang and P. Zeng, "Active distribution network expansion

planning integrating dispersed energy storage systems," in IET Generation,
doi: 10.1049/iet-gtd.2015.0411
Abstract: This study proposes the convex model for active distribution network
expansion planning integrating dispersed energy storage systems (DESS). Four active
management schemes, distributed generation (DG) curtailment, demand side
management, on-load tap changer tap adjustment and reactive power compensation are
considered. The optimisation of DESS for peak shaving and operation cost decreasing
is also integrated. The expansion model allows alternatives to be considered for
new wiring, new substation, substation expansion and DG installation. The
distribution network expansion planning (DNEP) problem is a mixed integer non-
linear programming problem. Active management and uncertainties especially with the
DG integration make the DNEP problem much complex. To find the suitable algorithm,
this study converts the DNEP problem to a second-order cone programming model
through distflow equations and constraints relaxation. A modified 50-bus
application example is used to verify the proposed model.
keywords: {convex programming;demand side management;distributed power
generation;energy storage;integer programming;on load tap changers;power
distribution planning;power generation planning;power system management;reactive
power;relaxation theory;constraint relaxation;distflow equation;second-order cone
programming model;mixed integer nonlinear programming problem;DNEP
problem;substation expansion;DG installation;operation cost decrement;peak
shaving;reactive power compensation;on-load tap changer tap adjustment;demand side
management;generation curtailment;distributed generation curtailment;active
management scheme;DESS;convex model;dispersed energy storage system;active
distribution network expansion planning},
G. Muñoz-Delgado, J. Contreras and J. M. Arroyo, "Distribution System Expansion

Planning Considering Non-Utility-Owned DG and an Independent Distribution System
Operator," in IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 34, no. 4, pp. 2588-2597,
July 2019.
doi: 10.1109/TPWRS.2019.2897869
Abstract: This paper addresses the multistage or dynamic investment decision-making
problem arising in a distribution system within a transactive energy environment.
Under such a framework, three agents are involved, namely the distribution company
(DISCO), the owner of distributed generation (DG) units (DGENCO), and the
independent distribution system operator (IDSO). Here, we propose characterizing
this planning problem as an instance of trilevel programming. In the upper level,
the DISCO identifies the optimal investment plan in network assets and the best
potential locations for DG in order to supply the customer demand at maximum
profit. In the middle level, the DGENCO determines the best location, sizing, and
timing for DG installation so that the corresponding profit is maximized. Finally,
in the lower level, the IDSO is responsible for the optimal operation of the
expanded distribution system. The resulting mixed-integer trilevel program is
solved by a novel approach relying on Benders decomposition. The performance of the
proposed approach has been illustrated with a case study based on a 37-node test
system.
keywords: {decision making;distributed power generation;optimisation;power
distribution economics;power generation economics;power markets;power transmission
planning;independent distribution system operator;transactive energy
environment;DISCO;distributed generation units;optimal investment plan;DG
installation;expanded distribution system;37-node test system;distribution system
expansion planning;nonutility-owned DG;multistage investment decision-making
problem;dynamic investment decision-making problem;distribution company;mixed-
integer trilevel program;Benders
decomposition;Investment;Planning;Programming;Optimization;Biological system
modeling;Transactive energy;Systems operation;Distribution system expansion
planning;independent distribution system operator (IDSO);non-utility-owned
distributed generation;transactive energy;trilevel programming},
M. Zeinaddini-Meymand, M. Rashidinejad, A. Abdollahi, M. Pourakbari-Kasmaei and M.

Lehtonen, "A Demand-Side Management-Based Model for G&TEP Problem Considering FSC
Allocation," in IEEE Systems Journal, vol. 13, no. 3, pp. 3242-3253, Sept. 2019.
doi: 10.1109/JSYST.2019.2916166
Abstract: This paper presents a model for multiperiod generation and transmission
expansion planning (G&TEP) problem in the presence of uncertainties in the
strategies of market participants. The effects of demand response (DR) and fixed
series compensation (FSC) devices allocation are considered for peak shaving
purposes and optimal utilization of transmission capacity, respectively. This may
cutback the generating expansion capacity and transmission investment costs. The
optimal expansion plan is achieved while the uncertainties in the generators'
offers and demands' bids are considered in the market model. In this model, the DR
preferences are integrated into the market clearing process of the independent
system operator (ISO), which is applied to the load aggregators according to the
locational marginal and market clearing prices. Shifting the demand, curtailing the
peak, and onsite generation are considered as load reduction strategies in the
demand response program. The ISO optimizes the decision submitted by generating
companies and load aggregators in the presence of uncertainties. The proposed model
is applied to the Garver, single-, two-, and four-area IEEE-RTS 24-bus systems to
show the effectiveness of the multioptional DR program and the FSC devices in the
dynamic G&TEP problems.
keywords: {demand side management;investment;optimisation;power generation
economics;power transmission planning;resource allocation;load
aggregators;locational marginal market clearing prices;onsite generation;load
reduction strategies;demand response program;generating companies;multioptional DR
program;FSC devices;dynamic G&TEP problems;demand-side management-based
model;generating expansion capacity;transmission investment costs;optimal expansion
plan;DR preferences;independent system operator;FSC allocation;fixed series
compensation;multiperiod generation and transmission expansion planning;IEEE-RTS
24-bus systems;ISO;Planning;Uncertainty;Load modeling;Power
capacitors;Investment;ISO;Mathematical model;Benders decomposition;demand
response;dynamic generation-transmission expansion planning;fixed series
compensation;peak load reduction},
S. Kannan, S. M. R. Slochanal and N. P. Padhy, "Application and comparison of

metaheuristic techniques to generation expansion planning problem," in IEEE
Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 466-475, Feb. 2005.
doi: 10.1109/TPWRS.2004.840451
Abstract: This work presents both application and comparison of the metaheuristic
techniques to generation expansion planning (GEP) problem. The Metaheuristic
techniques such as the genetic algorithm, differential evolution, evolutionary
programming, evolutionary strategy, ant colony optimization, particle swarm
optimization, tabu search, simulated annealing, and hybrid approach are applied to
solve GEP problem. The original GEP problem is modified using the proposed methods
virtual mapping procedure (VMP) and penalty factor approach (PFA), to improve the
efficiency of the metaheuristic techniques. Further, intelligent initial population
generation (IIPG), is introduced in the solution techniques to reduce the
computational time. The VMP, PFA, and IIPG are used in solving all the three test
systems. The GEP problem considered synthetic test systems for 6-year, 14-year, and
24-year planning horizon having five types of candidate units. The results obtained
by all these proposed techniques are compared and validated against conventional
dynamic programming and the effectiveness of each proposed methods has also been
illustrated in detail.
keywords: {genetic algorithms;search problems;simulated annealing;dynamic
programming;combinatorial mathematics;power generation planning;metaheuristic
technique;generation expansion planning problem;genetic algorithm;differential
evolution;evolutionary programming;evolutionary strategy;ant colony
optimization;particle swarm optimization;tabu search;simulated annealing;virtual
mapping procedure;penalty factor;initial population generation;dynamic
programming;Cost function;Ant colony optimization;Particle swarm
optimization;Dynamic programming;Genetic algorithms;Genetic programming;Simulated
annealing;System testing;Investments;Computational intelligence;Ant colony
optimization;combinatorial optimization;differential evolution;dynamic
programming;evolutionary programming;evolutionary strategy;generation expansion
planning;genetic algorithm;hybrid approach;metaheuristics;particle swarm
optimization;simulated annealing;Tabu search},
A. Moreira, A. Street and J. M. Arroyo, "An Adjustable Robust Optimization Approach

for Contingency-Constrained Transmission Expansion Planning," in IEEE Transactions
on Power Systems, vol. 30, no. 4, pp. 2013-2022, July 2015.
doi: 10.1109/TPWRS.2014.2349031
Abstract: This paper presents a novel approach for the transmission network
expansion planning under generalized joint generation and transmission n-K security
criteria. The proposed methodology identifies the optimal expansion plan while
modeling the power system operation under both normal and contingency states. An
adjustable robust optimization approach is presented to circumvent the tractability
issues associated with conventional contingency-constrained methods relying on
explicitly modeling the whole contingency set. The adjustable robust model is
formulated as a trilevel programming problem. The upper-level problem aims at
minimizing the investment, operation, and system power imbalance costs. The middle-
level problem identifies, for a given expansion plan, the contingency state leading
to maximum power imbalance if any. Finally, the lower-level problem models the
operator's best reaction for a given contingency and investment plan by minimizing
the system power imbalance. The resulting trilevel program is solved by a primal-
dual algorithm based on Benders decomposition combined with a column-and-constraint
generation procedure. The proposed approach is finitely convergent to the optimal
solution and provides a measure of the distance to the optimum. Simulation results
show the superiority of the proposed methodology over conventional contingency-
constrained models.
keywords: {investment;optimisation;power transmission economics;power transmission
planning;adjustable robust optimization;contingency constrained transmission
expansion planning;n-K security criteria;optimal expansion plan;investment
minimisation;operation cost minimisation;maximum power imbalance;trilevel
program;primal-dual algorithm;Benders decomposition;column-and-constraint
generation procedure;Security;Planning;Robustness;Optimization;Generators;Load
modeling;Investment;Adjustable robust optimization;Benders decomposition;generation
and transmission security criterion;transmission expansion planning;trilevel
programming},
M. Najjar and H. Falaghi, "Wind-integrated simultaneous generation and transmission

expansion planning considering short-circuit level constraint," in IET Generation,
doi: 10.1049/iet-gtd.2018.5148
Abstract: In this study, simultaneous generation and transmission expansion
planning is presented in the presence of wind farms. Short-circuit current
constraint is included in the problem, and the impact of wind farms on short-
circuit current is evaluated. This study presents a novel approach for reducing
short-circuit current in composite generation and transmission expansion planning.
In this way, new units and lines are determined such that the short-circuit
currents of substations are less than the defined limit. In addition, an optimal
level of short circuit is determined and the total cost is reduced. The proposed
method is applied to a real case study, and its performance is demonstrated by
comparison with other methods.
keywords: {power generation planning;power transmission planning;short-circuit
currents;substations;wind power plants;composite generation;transmission expansion
planning;wind-integrated simultaneous generation;short-circuit level
constraint;wind farms;short-circuit current constraint;substations},
A. Piccolo and P. Siano, "Evaluating the Impact of Network Investment Deferral on

Distributed Generation Expansion," in IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 24,
no. 3, pp. 1559-1567, Aug. 2009.
doi: 10.1109/TPWRS.2009.2022973
Abstract: Distributed generation (DG) can offer an alternative planning approach to
utilities to satisfy demand growth and distribution network security, planning and
management issues. However, an appropriate framework is required to foster the
integration of DG within grid network planning, thus avoiding potential
inefficiencies in electricity supply infrastructure. In this work, in order to
capture the effects of network investment deferral on DG expansion, different
regulations for distribution network operators (DNOs) ownership of DG and how they
influence the optimal connection of new generation within existing networks are
examined. Using a multiyear multiperiod optimal power flow, DNOs preference for the
siting and sizing of DG installation are analyzed.
keywords: {installation;investment;power distribution economics;power distribution
planning;power grids;distributed generation expansion;network investment
deferral;demand growth;distribution network security;distribution network
planning;distribution network management;grid network planning;electricity supply
infrastructure;distribution network operators;installation;Investments;Distributed
control;Power generation;Load flow;Capacity planning;Propagation
losses;Costs;Distributed power generation;Load management;Electric
potential;Distributed generation;incentives;investment deferral;optimal power
flow;power generation planning},
D. A. Tejada-Arango, G. Morales-Españ, S. Wogrin and E. Centeno, "Power-Based

Generation Expansion Planning for Flexibility Requirements," in IEEE Transactions
on Power Systems.
doi: 10.1109/TPWRS.2019.2940286
Abstract: Flexibility requirements are becoming more relevant in power system
planning due to the integration of variable Renewable Energy Sources (vRES). In
order to consider these requirements Generation Expansion Planning (GEP) models
have recently incorporated Unit Commitment (UC) constraints, using traditional
energy-based formulations. However, recent studies have shown that energy-based UC
formulations overestimate the actual flexibility of the system. Instead, power-
based UC models overcome these problems by correctly modeling ramping constraints
and operating reserves. This paper proposes a power-based GEP-UC model that
improves the existing models. The proposed model optimizes investment considering
real-time flexibility requirements, the flexibility provided by ESS, and other UC
constraints, e.g., minimum up/down times, startup and shutdown power trajectories,
network constraints. The results show that power-based model uses the installed
investments more effectively than the energy-based models because it more
accurately represents flexibility capabilities and system requirements. For
instance, the power-based model obtains less investment (6-12%) and yet it uses
more efficiently this investment because operating cost is also lower (2-8%) in a
real-time validation. We also propose a semi-relaxed power-based GEP-UC model,
which is at least 10 times faster than its full-integer version and without
significantly losing accuracy in the results (less than 0.2% error)
keywords: {Investment;Real-time systems;Power systems;Planning;Energy storage;Data
models;Biological system modeling;generation expansion planning;unit
commitment;energy storage systems;capacity expansion planning;power system
planning;power generation},
M. Jooshaki, A. Abbaspour, M. Fotuhi-Firuzabad, M. Moeini-Aghtaie and M. Lehtonen,

"MILP Model of Electricity Distribution System Expansion Planning Considering
Incentive Reliability Regulations," in IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 34,
no. 6, pp. 4300-4316, Nov. 2019.
doi: 10.1109/TPWRS.2019.2914516
Abstract: This paper aims at proposing a mixed-integer linear formulation to
incorporate reliability-oriented costs into the expansion planning model of
electricity distribution networks. In this respect, revenue lost associated with
the undelivered energy caused by network interruptions as well as costs incurred by
the widely used reward-penalty regulations is considered as the major reliability-
related costs from distribution companies point of view. A set of mixed-integer
linear equations is proposed to calculate the most common distribution system
reliability indices, i.e., expected energy not served, system average interruption
frequency index, and system average interruption duration index. It is found that
these equations can also facilitate the formulation of radiality constraint in the
presence of distributed generation units. Moreover, application of the proposed
method is investigated through various case studies performed on two test
distribution networks with 24 and 54 nodes.
keywords: {distributed power generation;integer programming;linear
programming;power distribution economics;power distribution planning;power
distribution reliability;system average interruption frequency index;system average
interruption duration index;distributed generation units;test distribution
networks;MILP model;electricity distribution system expansion planning;incentive
reliability regulations;mixed-integer linear formulation;reliability-oriented
costs;expansion planning model;electricity distribution networks;undelivered
energy;network interruptions;reward-penalty regulations;reliability-related
costs;distribution companies;mixed-integer linear equations;common distribution
system reliability indices;Reliability;Power system reliability;Distributed power
generation;Mathematical model;Investment;Power system planning;Mixed integer linear
programming;Distribution system expansion planning;incentive reliability
regulations;mixed-integer linear programming (MILP);reliability;reward-penalty
scheme},
S. Jin, A. Botterud and S. M. Ryan, "Temporal Versus Stochastic Granularity in

Thermal Generation Capacity Planning With Wind Power," in IEEE Transactions on
Power Systems, vol. 29, no. 5, pp. 2033-2041, Sept. 2014.
doi: 10.1109/TPWRS.2014.2299760
Abstract: We propose a stochastic generation expansion model, where we represent
the long-term uncertainty in the availability and variability in the weekly wind
pattern with multiple scenarios. Scenario reduction is conducted to select a
representative set of scenarios for the long-term wind power uncertainty. We assume
that the short-term wind forecast error induces an additional amount of operating
reserves as a predefined fraction of the wind power forecast level. Unit commitment
(UC) decisions and constraints for thermal units are incorporated into the
expansion model to better capture the impact of wind variability on the operation
of the system. To reduce computational complexity, we also consider a simplified
economic dispatch (ED) based model with ramping constraints as an alternative to
the UC formulation. We find that the differences in optimal expansion decisions
between the UC and ED formulations are relatively small. We also conclude that the
reduced set of scenarios can adequately represent the long-term wind power
uncertainty in the expansion problem. The case studies are based on load and wind
power data from the state of Illinois.
keywords: {load forecasting;power generation dispatch;power generation
planning;stochastic processes;stochastic programming;thermal power stations;wind
power;stochastic granularity;temporal granularity;thermal generation capacity
planning;stochastic generation expansion model;wind pattern;long-term wind power
uncertainty;short-term wind forecast error;wind power forecast level;unit
commitment;thermal units;economic dispatch based model;UC formulation;ED
formulations;Wind power generation;Generators;Wind forecasting;Computational
modeling;Stochastic processes;Uncertainty;Electricity markets;generation expansion
planning;stochastic programming;unit commitment;wind energy},
N. Gupta, M. Khosravy, N. Patel and T. Senjyu, "A Bi-Level Evolutionary

Optimization for Coordinated Transmission Expansion Planning," in IEEE Access, vol.
6, pp. 48455-48477, 2018.
doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2018.2867954
Abstract: In this paper, a real-life application of bi-level evolutionary
optimization is proposed to optimize the electricity industry infrastructure. It
offers a coordinated generation and transmission expansion planning (CGTEP) from
the perspective of an independent system operator (ISO). The main objective of the
proposed study is to show the effect of optimizing the generators concerning
capacity and location both to reduce the transmission investment and increasing the
reliability of the network. The proposed framework of bi-level optimization
contributes to utilize global evolutionary optimization method GA in its hybrid
form in level-I to select the location of lines and energy generators. The
respective capacities of the corresponding selected lines and generators are
optimized in the level-II by RW. In conflicting objectives of minimizing the
investment for capacity addition in the network and maximizing the reliability, a
Pareto-optimal solution is achieved by using the theory of marginal value (TMV). To
satisfy TMV, the total cost is minimized, which comprises the cost of investment in
building new transmission and generation capacities, cost of not-served expected
energy, cost of unutilized expected generation, and cost of unserved energy due to
the constrained network. Proposed methodology on IEEE 24-bus power system is
presented encountering the combination of N-1 and probable N-2 contingency security
criteria. The comparison results show that bi-level GA-RW optimization minimizes
the investment with increasing power system reliability.
keywords: {costing;evolutionary computation;investment;Pareto optimisation;power
system security;power transmission economics;power transmission planning;power
transmission reliability;probability;energy generators;Pareto-optimal
solution;generation capacities;unutilized expected generation;bi-level GA-RW
optimization minimizes;bi-level evolutionary optimization;coordinated transmission
expansion planning;coordinated generation;transmission investment;bi-level
optimization;global evolutionary optimization method;independent system
operator;ISO;network reliability;theory of marginal value;TMV;transmission
capacities;N-2 contingency security criteria;N-1 contingency security
criteria;Generators;Capacity planning;Planning;Investment;Optimization;Power system
reliability;Reliability;Transmission expansion;generation expansion;bi-level
optimization;contingency analysis;Pareto-optimization;genetic algorithm;roulette
wheel},
I. Das and C. A. Cañizares, "Renewable Energy Integration in Diesel-Based

Microgrids at the Canadian Arctic," in Proceedings of the IEEE, vol. 107, no. 9,
pp. 1838-1856, Sept. 2019.
doi: 10.1109/JPROC.2019.2932743
Abstract: The effect of climate change is significant in the arctic regions of the
world, with the carbon footprint from diesel-only based electricity generation in
remote arctic communities adding to the environmental degradation through
greenhouse gas (GHG) emission, oil spills, and black carbon. Moreover, the
dependence on diesel and its associated costs are an economic problem for these
communities, particularly in the Canadian Arctic, where governments subsidize this
fuel. Thus, this article presents specific studies including new variable-speed
generator (VSG) technologies that demonstrate the feasibility, impact, and benefits
of introducing renewable energy (RE) together with VSGs in remote microgrids in the
Canadian Arctic. More specifically, this article describes a two-step procedure to
select remote communities for detailed feasibility studies of deployment of RE
sources, including a generation expansion planning (GEP) framework and optimization
model for RE and new VSG integration applied to the selected communities, to
minimize diesel dependence of isolated microgrids and maximize the incorporation of
environmentally friendly generation technologies. The proposed approach is applied
to communities in Nunavut and the North West Territories in the Canadian Arctic,
based on actual data, to study the technoeconomic feasibility of RE integration and
develop business cases for diesel generation replacement with RE and VSG generation
in these communities. The obtained optimal plans contain diesel-RE hybrid
combinations that would yield substantial economic savings and reductions on GHG
emissions, which are being used as the base for actual deployments in some of the
studied communities.
keywords: {air pollution control;costing;diesel-electric generators;distributed
power generation;optimisation;power generation economics;power generation
planning;renewable energy sources;renewable energy integration;diesel-based
microgrids;Canadian arctic;diesel-only based electricity generation;greenhouse gas
emission;variable-speed generator technologies;remote microgrids;remote
communities;optimization model;VSG integration;climate change;carbon
footprint;environmental degradation;oil spills;black carbon;cost
problem;substantial economic saving;generation expansion planning;GEP
framework;North West Territories;optimal plans;GHG emissions
reduction;Generators;Batteries;Electricity supply industry;Fuels;Wind
turbines;Renewable energy sources;Microgrids;Diesel engines;Power system
planning;Variable speed drives;Energy management;Canadian Arctic;diesel renewable
energy (RE) hybrid;energy planning;feasibility study;generation expansion planning
(GEP);greenhouse gas (GHG) reduction;Hybrid Optimization of Multiple Energy
Resources (HOMER);optimal operation planning;prefeasibility study;remote
microgrids;RE integration;variable-speed generator (VSG)},
S. H. M. Hashimoto, R. Romero and J. R. S. Mantovani, "Efficient linear programming

algorithm for the transmission network expansion planning problem," in IEE
Proceedings - Generation, Transmission and Distribution, vol. 150, no. 5, pp. 536-
542, 15 Sept. 2003.
doi: 10.1049/ip-gtd:20030656
Abstract: The transmission network planning problem is a nonlinear integer mixed
programming problem (NLIMP). Most of the algorithms used to solve this problem use
a linear programming subroutine (LP) to solve LP problems resulting from planning
algorithms. Sometimes the resolution of these LPs represents a major computational
effort. The particularity of these LPs in the optimal solution is that only some
inequality constraints are binding. This task transforms the LP into an equivalent
problem with only one equality constraint (the power flow equation) and many
inequality constraints, and uses a dual simplex algorithm and a relaxation strategy
to solve the LPs. The optimisation process is started with only one equality
constraint and, in each step, the most unfeasible constraint is added. The logic
used is similar to a proposal for electric systems operation planning. The results
show a higher performance of the algorithm when compared to primal simplex methods.
keywords: {power transmission planning;linear programming;load
flow;relaxation;linear programming algorithm;transmission network expansion
planning;nonlinear integer mixed programming problem;linear programming
subroutine;planning algorithms;inequality constraints;equality constraint;power
flow equation;dual simplex algorithm;relaxation strategy;optimisation
process;electric systems operation planning;primal simplex methods},
M. J. Rider, A. V. Garcia and R. Romero, "Transmission system expansion planning by

a branch-and-bound algorithm," in IET Generation, Transmission & Distribution, vol.
2, no. 1, pp. 90-99, January 2008.
doi: 10.1049/iet-gtd:20070090
Abstract: A branch and bound (B&B) algorithm using the DC model, to solve the power
system transmission expansion planning by incorporating the electrical losses in
network modelling problem is presented. This is a mixed integer nonlinear
programming (MINLP) problem, and in this approach, the so-called fathoming tests in
the B&B algorithm were redefined and a nonlinear programming (NLP) problem is
solved in each node of the B&B tree, using an interior-point method. Pseudocosts
were used to manage the development of the B&B tree and to decrease its size and
the processing time. There is no guarantee of convergence towards global
optimisation for the MINLP problem. However, preliminary tests show that the
algorithm easily converges towards the best-known solutions or to the optimal
solutions for all the tested systems neglecting the electrical losses. When the
electrical losses are taken into account, the solution obtained using the Garver
system is better than the best one known in the literature.
keywords: {integer programming;losses;nonlinear programming;power transmission
planning;tree searching;branch-and-bound algorithm;DC model;power system
transmission expansion planning;network modelling problem;mixed integer nonlinear
programming;interior-point method;electrical losses;Garver system;Mathematical
model;Planning;Algorithm design and analysis;Convergence;Integrated circuit
modeling;Programming;Software},
V. Asgharian, M. M. A. Abdelaziz and I. Kamwa, "Multi-stage bi-level linear model

for low carbon expansion planning of multi-area power systems," in IET Generation,
doi: 10.1049/iet-gtd.2018.5105
Abstract: This study proposes a multi-stage expansion model for coordinated
transmission and generation of expansion planning of a multi-area power system
(MAPS) wherein each region seeks to benefit from the changes. The proposed model
adopts a bi-level optimisation approach. In the first level, the expansion cost and
carbon emissions are calculated for each region separately for expansion planning.
In the second level of optimisation, the calculated cost and emission values are
used as the upper limits for the cost of expansion and emissions of the regions in
multi-area expansion planning. The proposed bi-level approach prevents one region
from bearing additional expansion costs without compensatory benefits and provides
advantageous collaboration for the participant regions in the MAPS expansion. The
proposed linear model requires fewer computational expansion models for long-term
planning of the MAPS, but takes the uncertain generation of renewable units into
account.
keywords: {optimisation;power generation economics;power generation
planning;multistage bilevel linear model;low carbon expansion planning;multiarea
power systems;MAPS;multistage expansion model;coordinated transmission;coordinated
generation;bilevel optimisation approach;expansion cost;carbon emissions;calculated
cost value;calculated emission value;renewable units},
E. Gil, I. Aravena and R. Cárdenas, "Generation Capacity Expansion Planning Under

Hydro Uncertainty Using Stochastic Mixed Integer Programming and Scenario
Reduction," in IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 30, no. 4, pp. 1838-1847,
July 2015.
doi: 10.1109/TPWRS.2014.2351374
Abstract: Generation capacity expansion planning (GCEP) is the process of deciding
on a set of optimal new investments in generation capacity to adequately supply
future loads, while satisfying technical and reliability constraints. This paper
shows the application of stochastic mixed-integer programming (SMIP) to account for
hydrological uncertainty in GCEP for the Chilean Central Interconnected System,
using a two-stage SMIP multi-period model with investments and optimal power flow
(OPF). The substantial computational challenges posed by GCEP imply compromising
between the detail of the stochastic hydrological variables and the detail of the
OPF. We selected a subset of hydrological scenarios to represent the historical
hydro variability using moment-based scenario reduction techniques. The tradeoff
between modeling accuracy and computational complexity was explored both regarding
the simplification of the MIP problem and the differences in the variables of
interest. Using a simplified OPF model, we found the difference of using a subset
of hydro scenarios to be small when compared with using a full representation of
the stochastic variable. Overall, SMIP with scenario reduction provided optimal
capacity expansion plans whose investment plus expected operational costs were
between 1.3% and 1.9% cheaper than using a deterministic approach and proved to be
more robust to hydro variability.
keywords: {integer programming;load flow;power system interconnection;power system
planning;power system simulation;stochastic processes;generation capacity expansion
planning;hydro uncertainty;stochastic mixed integer programming;hydrological
uncertainty;Chilean central interconnected system;optimal power flow;moment-based
scenario reduction;modeling accuracy;computational
complexity;Uncertainty;Investment;Generators;Stochastic processes;Indexes;Linear
programming;Planning;Generation expansion planning;mathematical
programming;optimization methods;scenario reduction;stochastic mixed-integer
programming;uncertainty},
S. Lumbreras et al., "Large-scale transmission expansion planning: from zonal

results to a nodal expansion plan," in IET Generation, Transmission & Distribution,
vol. 11, no. 11, pp. 2778-2786, 3 8 2017.
doi: 10.1049/iet-gtd.2016.1441
Abstract: Performing optimal transmission expansion planning (TEP) in real, large-
scale power systems such as the European one can be an unmanageable task,
especially when long-term time scopes and multiple scenarios are considered.
Project e-Highway had the daunting objective of planning the European network for
the very long term and under high renewable energy penetration. The project
objectives included the development of a planning methodology capable of applying
optimisation to large-scale systems that are currently unmanageable in practice.
This study presents this approach, which is based on simplifying the system while
keeping its main features and investment drivers. The simplified system is then
expanded optimally for the full time scope. Last, the original system is expanded
optimally for the first time horizon taking into account the constraints imposed by
the full time-scope optimisation of the simplified system. It illustrates the
applicability of the method with a case study based on the European Union.
keywords: {power transmission planning;European Union;full time-scope
optimisation;investment drivers;renewable energy penetration;European
network;project e-highway;long-term time scopes;large-scale power systems;optimal
TEP;nodal expansion plan;large-scale transmission expansion planning},
K. Zou, A. P. Agalgaonkar, K. M. Muttaqi and S. Perera, "Distribution System

Planning With Incorporating DG Reactive Capability and System Uncertainties," in
IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 112-123, Jan. 2012.
doi: 10.1109/TSTE.2011.2166281
Abstract: Distributed generation (DG) systems are considered an integral part in
future distribution system planning. The active and reactive power injections from
DG units, typically installed close to the load centers, are seen as a cost-
effective solution for distribution system voltage support, energy saving, and
reliability improvement. This paper proposes a novel distribution system expansion
planning strategy encompassing renewable DG systems with schedulable and
intermittent power generation patterns. The reactive capability limits of different
renewable DG systems covering wind, solar photovoltaic, and biomass-based
generation units are included in the planning model and the system uncertainties
such as load demand, wind speed, and solar radiation are also accounted using
probabilistic models. The problem of distribution system planning with renewable DG
is formulated as constrained mixed integer nonlinear programming, wherein the total
cost will be minimized with optimal allocation of various renewable DG systems. A
solution algorithm integrating TRIBE particle swarm optimization (TRIBE PSO) and
ordinal optimization (OO) is developed to effectively obtain optimal and near-
optimal solutions for system planners. TRIBE PSO, OO, and the proposed algorithm
are applied to a practical test system and results are compared and presented.
keywords: {distributed power generation;energy conservation;integer
programming;nonlinear programming;particle swarm optimisation;power distribution
planning;power distribution reliability;power generation economics;power generation
reliability;power generation scheduling;probability;reactive power;power
distribution planning;distributed power generation;reactive power;power system
uncertainty;active power;energy saving;power distribution reliability;power
generation scheduling;renewable DG systems;probabilistic models;mixed integer
nonlinear programming;cost minimization;optimal allocation;TRIBE;particle swarm
optimization;ordinal optimization;PSO;OO;solar power generation;biomass based
generation units;wind power generation;Planning;Uncertainty;Solar radiation;Wind
speed;Reactive power;Biomass;Load modeling;Optimization;power distribution
planning;reactive power;solar power generation;wind power generation},
A. Ahmadi, H. Mavalizadeh, A. F. Zobaa and H. A. Shayanfar, "Reliability-based

model for generation and transmission expansion planning," in IET Generation,
doi: 10.1049/iet-gtd.2016.1058
Abstract: This study presents a mixed integer linear multi-objective model based on
information gap decision theory, which is used to solve coordinated multiyear
generation and transmission expansion planning problems. The model maximises the
robustness of each uncertain parameter while a maximum allowable budget range is
set. Fuel transportation price is considered. The results provide a numerical tool
for system planner to help him adjust the appropriate level of robustness for each
uncertain parameter of the problem. Extra limits on security, gaseous emission and
fuel availability are considered. A multi-objective method called the ε-constraint
method is used here to maximise the robust region of load and investment costs
simultaneously. The model is implemented on a six-bus Garver test system and 24-bus
IEEE test system. The numerical results show the good performance of the model.
keywords: {decision theory;integer programming;linear programming;power generation
planning;power generation reliability;power transmission planning;power
transmission reliability;reliability-based model;transmission expansion
planning;mixed integer linear multiobjective model;information gap decision
theory;coordinated multiyear generation;fuel transportation price;gaseous
emission;fuel availability;multiobjective method;ε-constraint method;investment
costs;six-bus Garver test system;24-bus IEEE test system},
P. Chittur Ramaswamy, C. Del Marmol, D. Schyns, F. Bouchez, S. Rapoport and D.

Vangulick, "Smart Planning: an innovative tool for the investment planning of smart
distribution networks," in CIRED - Open Access Proceedings Journal, vol. 2017, no.
1, pp. 2539-2542, 10 2017.
doi: 10.1049/oap-cired.2017.1042
Abstract: An innovative distribution network expansion planning tool for smart
distribution systems is proposed in this study. The tool supports the smart grid
concept by evaluating the value of flexibility of generation and load in the
optimal expansion planning of the distribution system in addition to the
traditional infrastructure and operating costs. Additional to the classical
decision variables in planning like the feeders/lines to be replaced, the tool also
considers the flexibility of load and generation as the decision variables in the
expansion planning of the network. The study illustrates the various features of
the tool with the help of a real-world distribution network simulation results.
keywords: {investment;power distribution planning;power distribution
economics;smart power grids;power generation planning;power generation
economics;smart planning;smart distribution network investment planning;innovative
distribution network expansion planning tool;smart distribution system;smart grid
concept;generation flexibility;distribution system optimal expansion planning;load
flexibility;real-world distribution network simulation},
Li Wenyuan and R. Billinton, "A minimum cost assessment method for composite
generation and transmission system expansion planning," in IEEE Transactions on
doi: 10.1109/59.260818
Abstract: Composite generation and transmission system expansion analysis should
take into account both economic considerations and adequacy requirements. An
optimum expansion plan should achieve the minimum total investment, operation and
damage cost. A minimum cost assessment method for composite system expansion
planning, which can be used to consider generation expansion and transmission
expansion simultaneously, is presented. The minimization model proposed to
incorporate both operating and outage costs can recognize different customer damage
functions at different load buses and includes the duration of the simulated
contingency system states . A computer program based on the presented method has
been developed to provide a set of line, load bus, generator bus and system indices
which can be used to select optimal expansion plans at different load growth
levels. Case studies in which the method is applied to the IEEE Modified
Reliability Test System indicate its effectiveness.<>
keywords: {economics;minimisation;power system analysis computing;power system
planning;generation planning;operation cost;minimum cost assessment
method;transmission system expansion planning;optimum expansion plan;minimum total
investment;damage cost;load buses;contingency system states;computer program;IEEE
Modified Reliability Test System;Cost function;Power system planning;Interconnected
systems;Investments;System testing;Senior members;Power system analysis
computing;Power generation;Power system reliability;Power system economics},
R. Hejeejo and J. Qiu, "Probabilistic transmission expansion planning considering

distributed generation and demand response programs," in IET Renewable Power
Generation, vol. 11, no. 5, pp. 650-658, 12 4 2017.
doi: 10.1049/iet-rpg.2016.0725
Abstract: Transmission expansion planning (TEP) is generally determined by peak
demands. To improve the efficiency and sustainability of energy systems, attention
has been paid to demand response programs (DRPs) and distributed generation (DG).
DRPs and DG will also have significant impacts on the controllability and economics
of power systems, from short-term scheduling to long-term planning. In this study,
a non-linear economic design for responsive loads is introduced, based on the price
flexibility of demand and the customers' benefit function. Moreover, a
probabilistic multi-objective TEP model which considers DRPs is also proposed. A
probabilistic analysis method, the so-called Monte-Carlo simulation method, is
implemented to handle the uncertainty of the loads, DRPs and DG in the TEP
problems. Due to the problems' non-convex formulations, a non-dominated sorting
differential evolution program is used to solve the TEP problems. The proposed TEP
model can find the optimal trade-off between transmission investment and demand
response expenses. The planning methodology is then demonstrated on an IEEE 118-bus
system in order to show the feasibility of the proposed algorithm.
keywords: {concave programming;controllability;demand side management;distributed
power generation;evolutionary computation;Monte Carlo methods;power generation
scheduling;power transmission control;power transmission economics;power
transmission planning;probability;probabilistic transmission expansion
planning;distributed generation;DG;demand response programs;DRP;energy system
efficiency improvement;energy system sustainability improvement;power system
controllability;power system economics;short-term scheduling;long-term
planning;nonlinear economic design;probabilistic multiobjective TEP
model;probabilistic analysis method;Monte-Carlo simulation method;nonconvex
formulations;nondominated sorting differential evolution program;transmission
investment;demand response expenses;IEEE 118-bus system},
N. Bañol Arias, A. Tabares, J. F. Franco, M. Lavorato and R. Romero, "Robust Joint

Expansion Planning of Electrical Distribution Systems and EV Charging Stations," in
IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 884-894, April 2018.
doi: 10.1109/TSTE.2017.2764080
Abstract: Electrical distribution systems (EDSs) should be prepared to cope with
demand growth in order to provide a quality service. The future increase in
electric vehicles (EVs) represents a challenge for the planning of the EDS due to
the corresponding increase in the load. Therefore, methods to support the planning
of the EDS, considering the uncertainties of conventional loads and EV demand,
should be developed. This paper proposes a mixed-integer linear programming (MILP)
model to solve the robust multistage joint expansion planning of EDSs and the
allocation of EV charging stations (EVCSs). Chance constraints are used in the
proposed robust formulation to deal with load uncertainties, guaranteeing the
fulfillment of the substation capacity within a specified confidence level. The
expansion planning method considers the construction/reinforcement of substations,
EVCSs, and circuits, as well as the allocation of distributed generation units and
capacitor banks along the different stages in which the planning horizon is
divided. The proposed MILP model guarantees optimality by applying classical
optimization techniques. The effectiveness and robustness of the proposed method is
verified via two distribution systems with 18 and 54 nodes. Additionally, Monte
Carlo simulations are carried out, aiming to verify the compliance of the proposed
chance constraint.
keywords: {electric vehicle charging;integer programming;linear programming;Monte
Carlo methods;power distribution planning;substations;EDS;quality service;mixed-
integer linear programming model;robust multistage joint expansion
planning;expansion planning method;distributed generation units;MILP model
guarantees optimality;robust joint expansion planning;electrical distribution
systems;electric vehicle charging stations;EVCS;MILP model;substation;capacitor
bank;optimization techniques;Monte Carlo simulations;Planning;Resource
management;Uncertainty;Stochastic processes;Robustness;Load
modeling;Substations;Chance constraint;electrical distribution systems;electric
vehicle charging stations;mixed-integer linear programming;multistage expansion
planning},
F. Careri, C. Genesi, P. Marannino, M. Montagna, S. Rossi and I. Siviero,

"Generation Expansion Planning in the Age of Green Economy," in IEEE Transactions
on Power Systems, vol. 26, no. 4, pp. 2214-2223, Nov. 2011.
doi: 10.1109/TPWRS.2011.2107753
Abstract: Generation expansion planning (GEP) is the problem of finding the optimal
strategy to plan the construction of new generation plants while satisfying
technical and economical constraints. It is a challenging problem due to its
nonlinearity, large-scale, and to the discrete nature of the variables describing
unit size and allocation. Originally, GEP was faced by vertically integrated
utilities with the aim of minimizing production and capital costs. After
deregulation, generation companies were forced to consider GEP from the viewpoint
of market shares and financial risk. In recent years, increasing concern for
environmental protection has driven lots of countries all over the world to promote
energy generation from renewable sources. Different incentive systems have been
introduced to support the growth of the investments in generation plants exploiting
renewable energy. In the present paper, the impact of some of the most popular
incentive systems (namely feed-in tariffs, quota obligation, emission trade, and
carbon tax) on generation planning is considered, thus obtaining a comprehensive
GEP model with a suitably modified objective function and additional constraints.
The resulting problem is solved by resorting to the generalized Benders
decomposition (GBD) approach and implemented in the Matlab programming language.
Tests are presented with reference to the Italian system.
keywords: {environmental factors;power system planning;renewable energy
sources;generation expansion planning;green economy;generation plants;environmental
protection;energy generation;renewable sources;feed-in tariffs;quota
obligation;emission trade;carbon tax;generalized Benders decomposition;Matlab
programming language;Italian system;Power system planning;Investments;Renewable
energy resources;Incentive schemes;Generalized Benders decomposition;green economy
incentives;power generation planning},
M. Mahdavi, C. Sabillon, A. Bagheri and R. Romero, "Line maintenance within

transmission expansion planning: a multistage framework," in IET Generation,
doi: 10.1049/iet-gtd.2018.5124
Abstract: Maintenance in transmission networks is an economical way to reduce
upgrading network costs without decreasing its reliability. Hence, new studies
regarding transmission expansion planning (TEP) must take into account the effects
of maintenance in order to obtain realistic and economic expansion investment
plans. This work presents a novel framework for multistage TEP, considering line
maintenance, i.e. the expansion cost of the transmission system, network losses,
costs of old-line replacement and maintenance, cost of newly constructed line
maintenance, and cost of replaced line maintenance, are simultaneously optimised.
The advantage of this approach is the fact that the lifetimes of the lines that are
replaced, retained, and added to the transmission system are changing during the
expansion horizon. These lifetimes have an impact on the maintenance expenses.
Annual maintenance costs are also affected by the inflation rate. Hence, both the
lifetime and inflation rate roles are integrated into the proposed model. The
robustness and effectiveness of the model are tested on the IEEE 24-bus test
system, using a particle swarm optimisation algorithm. The results show that the
proposed formulation finds more economic investment plans for TEP when compared
with those found using static formulations considering the maintenance available in
specialised literature.
keywords: {costing;investment;maintenance engineering;optimisation;particle swarm
optimisation;power distribution planning;power transmission economics;power
transmission planning;transmission expansion planning;multistage
framework;transmission networks;upgrading network costs;realistic expansion
investment plans;economic expansion investment plans;multistage TEP;expansion
cost;transmission system;network losses;old-line replacement;newly constructed line
maintenance;replaced line maintenance;lifetimes;expansion horizon;maintenance
expenses;annual maintenance costs;IEEE 24-bus test system;economic investment
plans},
S. A. Farghal and M. R. Abdel Aziz, "Generation expansion planning including the

renewable energy sources," in IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 3, no. 3,
pp. 816-822, Aug. 1988.
doi: 10.1109/59.14527
Abstract: The authors study the long-term competitiveness of introducing renewable
energy sources alongside the conventional generating units in a generation
expansion plan by linking a short-term study and a long-term planning model. The
short-term study is an extensive examination of the different combinations of the
renewable energy sources which can operate with the conventional generating system
for different objectives. These objectives are varied between two general
strategies: the fuel-saver strategy and the peak-shaving strategy. In long-term
planning, these combinations are considered as decision variables. For this
purpose, a long-term generation expansion planning model is used to decide which
strategy can be used and the capacity as well as the time of addition.<>
keywords: {electric power generation;energy resources;electric power
generation;renewable energy sources;generation expansion plan;fuel-saver
strategy;peak-shaving strategy;long-term planning;decision
variables;capacity;Renewable energy resources;Power system reliability;Costs;Power
system modeling;Power generation economics;Power generation;Power system
economics;Power engineering and energy;Fuel economy;Power system planning},
M. Shivaie and M. T. Ameli, "Risk-constrained multi-level framework for

coordination of generation and transmission expansion planning in liberalised
environments – part II: method and case studies," in IET Generation, Transmission &
doi: 10.1049/iet-gtd.2016.0762
Abstract: This paper presents a new hybrid method for solving the proposed multi-
level optimisation problem, as described in Part I. The hybrid method employs a
novel two-stage multi-dimensional melody search algorithm (MSA) with an innovative
alternative improvisation procedure (AIP). This hybrid method handles the different
levels of the proposed multi-level framework. The two-stage multi-dimensional MSA
is a recently developed optimisation algorithm, which is derived from the harmony
search algorithm (HSA). Unlike the HSA, the MSA uses different player memories and
a group improvisation procedure for finding the best substitution of pitches within
a melody. These two features can enhance the performance of the MSA in comparison
with the HSA. In addition, to improve the efficiency of the proposed MSA, an
innovative improvisation scheme based on the AIP is used for generating new
melodies. The proposed methodology has been applied on the 46-bus south Brazilian
electric power grid and the IEEE 118-bus test system under two different scenarios
in order to demonstrate the feasibility and capabilities of the newly developed
framework. The obtained results from case studies validate sufficiency and
profitableness of the offered multi-level framework.
keywords: {optimisation;power generation planning;power grids;power transmission
planning;risk management;search problems;risk-constrained multilevel
framework;generation expansion planning coordination;transmission expansion
planning coordination;multilevel optimisation problem;novel two-stage
multidimensional melody search algorithm;two-stage multidimensional MSA;alternative
improvisation procedure;AIP;optimisation algorithm;harmony search
algorithm;HSA;player memories;group improvisation procedure;46-bus south Brazilian
electric power grid;IEEE 118-bus test system},
J. Aghaei, M. A. Akbari, A. Roosta, M. Gitizadeh and T. Niknam, "Integrated

renewable-conventional generation expansion planning using multiobjective
framework," in IET Generation, Transmission & Distribution, vol. 6, no. 8, pp. 773-
784, August 2012.
doi: 10.1049/iet-gtd.2011.0816
Abstract: This study presents multiperiod multiobjective generation expansion
planning (MMGEP) model of power electric system including renewable energy sources
(RES). The model optimises simultaneously multiple objectives (i.e. minimisation of
total costs, emissions, energy consumption and portfolio investment risk as well as
maximisation of system reliability). The mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) is
used for the proposed optimisation and an efficient linearisation technique is
proposed to convert the non-linear reliability metrics into a set of linear
expressions. The proposed solution for multiobjective mathematical programming
(MMP) framework includes a hybrid augmented-weighted epsilon constraint and
lexicographic optimisation approach to obtain the Pareto optimal or efficient
solutions for the MMGEP problem. Finally, fuzzy decision making is implemented to
select the most preferred solution among Pareto solutions based on the goals of
decision makers (DMs). A synthetic test system including seven types of candidate
units is considered here for GEP in a 6-year planning horizon. The effectiveness of
the proposed modifications is illustrated in detail.
keywords: {decision making;energy consumption;minimisation;power generation
planning;power generation reliability;power system measurement;power system
simulation;renewable energy sources;integrated renewable-conventional
generation;multiperiod multiobjective generation expansion planning model;power
electric system;minimisation;total costs;emissions;energy consumption;portfolio
investment risk;system reliability;mixed-integer linear programming;fuzzy decision
making},
G. A. Orfanos, P. S. Georgilakis and N. D. Hatziargyriou, "Transmission Expansion

Planning of Systems With Increasing Wind Power Integration," in IEEE Transactions
on Power Systems, vol. 28, no. 2, pp. 1355-1362, May 2013.
doi: 10.1109/TPWRS.2012.2214242
Abstract: This paper proposes an efficient approach for probabilistic transmission
expansion planning (TEP) that considers load and wind power generation
uncertainties. The Benders decomposition algorithm in conjunction with Monte Carlo
simulation is used to tackle the proposed probabilistic TEP. An upper bound on
total load shedding is introduced in order to obtain network solutions that have an
acceptable probability of load curtailment. The proposed approach is applied on
Garver six-bus test system and on IEEE 24-bus reliability test system. The effect
of contingency analysis, load and mainly wind production uncertainties on network
expansion configurations and costs is investigated. It is shown that the method
presented can be used effectively to study the effect of increasing wind power
integration on TEP of systems with high wind generation uncertainties.
keywords: {load shedding;Monte Carlo methods;power transmission planning;power
transmission reliability;probability;wind power;wind power
integration;probabilistic transmission expansion planning;load generation
uncertainties;wind power generation uncertainties;Benders decomposition
algorithm;Monte Carlo simulation;total load shedding;load curtailment;IEEE 24 bus
reliability test system;contingency analysis;Investments;Probabilistic logic;Wind
power generation;Uncertainty;Planning;Security;Generators;Benders
decomposition;Monte Carlo simulation;probabilistic contingency
analysis;transmission expansion planning;wind power generation},
I. de J Silva, M. J. Rider, R. Romero, A. V. Garcia and C. A. Murari, "Transmission

network expansion planning with security constraints," in IEE Proceedings -
Generation, Transmission and Distribution, vol. 152, no. 6, pp. 828-836, 4 Nov.
2005.
doi: 10.1049/ip-gtd:20045217
Abstract: A mathematical model and a methodology to solve the transmission network
expansion planning problem with security constraints are presented. The methodology
allows one to find an optimal and reliable transmission network expansion plan
using a DC model to represent the electrical network. The security (n-1) criterion
is used. The model presented is solved using a genetic algorithm designed to solve
the reliable expansion planning in an efficient way. The results obtained for
several known systems from literature show the excellent performance of the
proposed methodology. A comparative analysis of the results obtained with the
proposed methodology is also presented.
keywords: {power transmission planning;power transmission reliability;power system
security;genetic algorithms;transmission network expansion planning;security
constraint;mathematical analysis;DC model;electrical network;genetic
algorithm;transmission network reliability},
H. Seifi, M. S. Sepasian, H. Haghighat, A. A. Foroud, G. R. Yousefi and S. Rae,
"Multi-voltage approach to long-term network expansion planning," in IET
Generation, Transmission & Distribution, vol. 1, no. 5, pp. 826-835, September
2007.
doi: 10.1049/iet-gtd:20070092
Abstract: Network expansion planning (NEP), as a major module of power system
planning modules, is addressed here. For long-term transmission NEP, a new approach
based on forward-backward strategy is proposed in which by denning appropriate
steps and observing various technical and reliability considerations, new network
reinforcements are determined. Besides assessing the capabilities of the proposed
approach on a small typical system, the algorithm is successfully tested for
Iranian Power Grid in 2011, as a large-scale system.
keywords: {large-scale systems;power grids;power transmission planning;multivoltage
approach;network expansion planning;long-term transmission NEP;power system
planning modules;forward-backward strategy;network reinforcements;Iranian Power
Grid;large-scale system},
S. Haffner, L. F. A. Pereira, L. A. Pereira and L. S. Barreto, "Multistage Model

for Distribution Expansion Planning With Distributed Generation—Part I: Problem
Formulation," in IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, vol. 23, no. 2, pp. 915-923,
April 2008.
doi: 10.1109/TPWRD.2008.917916
Abstract: This paper presents a model for use in the problem of multistage planning
of energy distribution systems including distributed generation. The expansion
model allows alternatives to be considered for increasing the capacity of existing
substations, for installing new ones, for using distributed generation, and for the
possible change to feeders in terms of addition and removing feeders sections;
combining, subdividing, and load transfer between feeders; and replacement of
conductors. The objective function to be minimized is the present value of total
installation costs (feeders and substations), of operating and maintaining the
network, and of distributed generation. The model takes operational constraints on
equipment capacities and voltage limits together into account with logical
constraints, aimed at reducing the search space. This paper presents: (1) an
extension to the linear disjunctive formulation to represent the inclusion,
exclusion, and replacement of branches and (2) a generalization of constraints
related to the creation of new paths which can be applied in more complex
topologies. The resulting mixed integer linear model allows the optimal solution to
be found using mathematical programming methods, such as the branch-and-bound
algorithm. The validity and efficiency of the model are demonstrated in Part II of
this paper.
keywords: {distributed power generation;integer programming;linear
programming;power distribution planning;distribution expansion planning;distributed
generation;multistage planning model;energy distribution systems;feeder
changing;load transfer;linear disjunctive formulation;mathematical programming
method;mixed integer linear model;power distribution planning;operational
constraints;branch-and-bound algorithm;optimization model;Substations;Distributed
control;Power distribution;Impedance;Voltage;Investments;Linear matrix
inequalities;Conductors;Cost function;Topology;Distributed generation;power
distribution;power distribution economics;power distribution planning},
C. Dang, X. Wang, X. Wang, F. Li and B. Zhou, "DG planning incorporating demand

flexibility to promote renewable integration," in IET Generation, Transmission &
doi: 10.1049/iet-gtd.2018.5648
Abstract: The integration of demand flexibility in distributed generation (DG)
planning either lacks accuracy or ignores the potential of the behaviour of
consumers in promoting the integration of renewables. This study proposes a DG
planning model coordinating demand flexibility, in which the DG expansion plan and
the behaviour of consumers in demand response (DR) programmes are co-optimised for
the highest social welfare and the optimal utilisation of renewable generation.
Consequently, the supply cost is reduced by utilising higher renewable generation
instead of buying electricity from the grid. A share of the cost savings is
allocated to the consumers to encourage their participation in DR programmes.
Simulation results show that the expansion capacity of renewable generation is
increased by 7.4% compared with no demand flexibility incorporation, and the social
welfare is increased by up to 13.5% compared with no DG installation and 3.1%
compared with no demand flexibility incorporation. Besides, the DR programmes
carried out in the distribution system interact with the DG expansion plan, and
higher subsidy rates in DR programmes could further promote the integration of
renewables.
keywords: {demand side management;distributed power generation;power distribution
planning;power generation planning;public administration;renewable energy
sources;higher renewable generation;optimal utilisation;highest social
welfare;demand response programmes;DG planning model;distributed generation
planning;renewable integration;DG planning incorporating demand
flexibility;renewables;DG expansion plan;demand flexibility incorporation;DR
programmes;consumers},
S. Dehghan, N. Amjady and A. J. Conejo, "A Multistage Robust Transmission Expansion

Planning Model Based on Mixed Binary Linear Decision Rules—Part I," in IEEE
Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 33, no. 5, pp. 5341-5350, Sept. 2018.
doi: 10.1109/TPWRS.2018.2799946
Abstract: This two-paper series introduces a new multistage robust approach for
solving the transmission expansion planning (TEP) problem under the uncertainty of
loads and wind power productions. The proposed multistage robust TEP model is
formulated using mixed binary and linear decision rules, which aims at finding a
solution withstanding any realization of the uncertain parameters belonging to a
set-based uncertainty model. The robustness of the optimal expansion plan can be
adjusted by the budget of uncertainty. The first part of this two-paper series
presents the extended and compact formulations for a deterministic TEP problem.
Then, the compact formulation of the TEP problem under the uncertainty of loads and
wind power productions is introduced as a multistage robust optimization problem,
which is reformulated using mixed binary and linear decision rules. The extended
formulation of these decision rules, as functions of uncertain parameters, is
presented in this part as well.
keywords: {decision theory;optimisation;power transmission planning;uncertain
systems;linear decision rules;load uncertainty;binary decision rules;extended
formulation;multistage robust optimization problem;deterministic TEP
problem;compact formulations;extended formulations;optimal expansion plan;set-based
uncertainty model;uncertain parameters;multistage robust TEP model;wind power
productions;transmission expansion planning problem;multistage robust
approach;multistage robust transmission expansion planning
model;Uncertainty;Robustness;Power system planning;Load modeling;Wind farms;Wind
power generation;Optimization;Binary decision rules;linear decision rules;multi-
stage robust optimization;transmission expansion planning;uncertainty},
S. Surendra and D. Thukaram, "Identification of prospective locations for

generation expansion with least augmentation of network," in IET Generation,
Transmission & Distribution, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 37-45, Jan. 2013.
doi: 10.1049/iet-gtd.2012.0211
Abstract: With ever increasing demand for electric energy, additional generation
and associated transmission facilities has to be planned and executed. In order to
augment existing transmission facilities, proper planning and selective decisions
are to be made whereas keeping in mind the interests of several parties who are
directly or indirectly involved. Common trend is to plan optimal generation
expansion over the planning period in order to meet the projected demand with
minimum cost capacity addition along with a pre-specified reliability margin.
Generation expansion at certain locations need new transmission network which
involves serious problems such as getting right of way, environmental clearance
etc. In this study, an approach to the citing of additional generation facilities
in a given system with minimum or no expansion in the transmission facility is
attempted using the network connectivity and the concept of electrical distance for
projected load demand. The proposed approach is suitable for large interconnected
systems with multiple utilities. Sample illustration on real life system is
presented in order to show how this approach improves the overall performance on
the operation of the system with specified performance parameters.
keywords: {power generation planning;power generation reliability;power
transmission planning;electric energy;associated transmission facility;optimal
generation expansion planning;reliability margin;transmission network;electrical
distance},
S. A. Rafiei, B. Mohammadi-ivatloo, S. Asadi, S. Goldani and H. Falaghi, "Bi-level

model for generation expansion planning with contract pricing of renewable energy
in the presence of energy storage," in IET Renewable Power Generation, vol. 13, no.
9, pp. 1544-1553, 8 7 2019.
doi: 10.1049/iet-rpg.2019.0074
Abstract: This study presents a bi-level model for expansion planning of generation
systems. The proposed model endogenously determines the incentive to invest
(guaranteed purchase contract) for wind and storage units. In the upper level of
the proposed model, wind turbines and compressed air storage systems focus on
maximising their profits by presenting a strategic offering, while at the lower
level, there is an independent system operator with the purpose of increasing
social welfare run the market clearing equations. In solving the bi-level model,
the Karush-Kuhn-Tucker conditions are used to develop the mathematical program with
equilibrium constraints. The problem was first linearised and then solved by GAMS
software. The outputs of this problem are the installation time and capacity of the
wind and storage units and the price of the purchase contract. The obtained results
were compared with other existing studies for verification purposes.
keywords: {energy storage;investment;mathematical programming;power generation
economics;power generation planning;power markets;pricing;profitability;wind
turbines;renewable energy;energy storage;bi-level model;generation
systems;guaranteed purchase contract;storage units;independent system
operator;generation expansion planning;contract pricing;wind turbines;profit
maximization;market clearing equations;Karush-Kuhn-Tucker conditions;mathematical
program;equilibrium constraints;GAMS software;installation time;compressed air
storage systems},
S. Kamalinia and M. Shahidehpour, "Generation expansion planning in wind-thermal

power systems," in IET Generation, Transmission & Distribution, vol. 4, no. 8, pp.
940-951, August 2010.
doi: 10.1049/iet-gtd.2009.0695
Abstract: The intermittency and volatility of wind generation (WG) would require
additional upward and downward reserves, as well as enhanced ramping capabilities
in power systems. This study investigates the optimal expansion planning of fast-
response generating capacity (e.g. gas-fired units) to accommodate the uncertainty
of WG. The study utilises a mixed integer programming-based security-constrained
unit commitment for analysing operational and reliability issues related to the
proposed optimisation problem. Numerical experiments signify the effectiveness of
the proposed method.
keywords: {integer programming;power generation planning;power generation
reliability;thermal power stations;wind power plants;generation expansion
planning;wind-thermal power systems;wind generation;generating capacity;mixed
integer programming;security-constrained unit commitment;optimisation problem},
Jinxiang Zhu and Mo-yuen Chow, "A review of emerging techniques on generation
expansion planning," in IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 12, no. 4, pp.
1722-1728, Nov. 1997.
doi: 10.1109/59.627882
Abstract: Power system generation expansion planning is a challenging problem due
to the large-scale, long-term, nonlinear and discrete nature of generation unit
size. Since the computation revolution, several emerging techniques have been
proposed to solve large scale optimization problems. Many of these techniques have
been reported as used in generation expansion planning. This paper describes these
emerging optimization techniques (including expert systems, fuzzy logic, neural
networks, analytic hierarchy process, network flow, decomposition method, simulated
annealing and genetic algorithms) and their potential usage in solving the
challenging generation expansion planning in future competitive environments in the
power industry. This paper provides useful information and resources for future
generation expansion planning.
keywords: {power system planning;electric power generation;power system CAD;expert
systems;fuzzy logic;neural nets;simulated annealing;genetic algorithms;power system
generation expansion planning;emerging optimization techniques;expert systems;fuzzy
logic;neural networks;analytic hierarchy process;network flow;decomposition
method;simulated annealing;genetic algorithms;competitive environments;power
industry;Power system planning;Power generation;Large-scale systems;Power system
analysis computing;Optimization methods;Expert systems;Fuzzy logic;Neural
networks;Algorithm design and analysis;Computational modeling},
S. A. Farghal, M. S. Kandil and M. R. Abdel-Aziz, "Generation expansion planning:

an expert system approach," in IEE Proceedings C - Generation, Transmission and
Distribution, vol. 135, no. 4, pp. 261-267, July 1988.
doi: 10.1049/ip-c.1988.0036
Abstract: An expert system approach to solve the problem of generation expansion
planning is presented. The approach is based on the decision tree technique which
is used instead of the techniques of mathematical programming. The expert system
approach is capable of emulating human expertise in the field of generation
planning. New concepts based on the natural properties of the problem are developed
to minimise the computation burden by making in the minimum size. The solution
technique satisfies the objectives of strategic planning and is capable of
modelling the various uncertainties inherent in the problem of generation expansion
planning.<>
keywords: {electrical engineering computing;expert systems;power system
planning;expert system;generation expansion planning;decision tree
technique;strategic planning;Expert systems;Power system planning},
J. Alvarez Lopez, K. Ponnambalam and V. H. Quintana, "Generation and Transmission

Expansion Under Risk Using Stochastic Programming," in IEEE Transactions on Power
doi: 10.1109/TPWRS.2007.901741
Abstract: In this paper, a new model for generation and transmission expansion is
presented. This new model considers as random events the demand, the equivalent
availability of the generating plants, and the transmission capacity factor of the
transmission lines. In order to incorporate these random events into an
optimization model, stochastic programming and probabilistic constraints are used.
A risk factor is introduced in the objective function by means of the mean-variance
Markowitz theory. The solved optimization problem is a mixed integer nonlinear
program. The expected value of perfect information is obtained in order to show the
cost of ignoring uncertainty. The proposed model is illustrated by a six- and a 21-
node network using a dc approximation.
keywords: {power generation reliability;power transmission lines;power transmission
reliability;probability;risk analysis;stochastic programming;dc approximation;risk
factor;mean-variance Markowitz theory;probabilistic constraint;optimization
model;transmission lines;transmission capacity factor;generating plants;equivalent
availability;stochastic programming;transmission expansion;generation
expansion;Stochastic processes;Costs;Circuits;Availability;Power generation;Power
system reliability;Transmission line matrix methods;Capacity planning;Power system
planning;Transmission line theory;Generation expansion;mean-variance Markowitz
theory;probabilistic constraint;stochastic programming;transmission expansion},
J. H. Zhao, J. Foster, Z. Y. Dong and K. P. Wong, "Flexible Transmission Network

Planning Considering Distributed Generation Impacts," in IEEE Transactions on Power
doi: 10.1109/TPWRS.2010.2089994
Abstract: The restructuring of global power industries has introduced a number of
challenges, such as conflicting planning objectives and increasing uncertainties,
to transmission network planners. During the recent past, a number of distributed
generation technologies also reached a stage allowing large-scale implementation,
which will profoundly influence the power industry, as well as the practice of
transmission network expansion. In the new market environment, new approaches are
needed to meet the above challenges. In this paper, a market simulation-based
method is employed to assess the economical attractiveness of different generation
technologies, based on which future scenarios of generation expansion can be
formed. A multi-objective optimization model for transmission expansion planning is
then presented. A novel approach is proposed to select transmission expansion plans
that are flexible given the uncertainties of generation expansion, system load, and
other market variables. Comprehensive case studies will be conducted to investigate
the performance of our approach. In addition, the proposed method will be employed
to study the impacts of distributed generation on transmission expansion planning.
keywords: {distributed power generation;optimisation;power markets;power
transmission planning;flexible transmission network planning;distributed generation
technology;power industry;market simulation based method;economical
attractiveness;multiobjective optimization model;transmission expansion
planning;Planning;Load modeling;Biological system
modeling;Investments;Uncertainty;Optimization;Reliability;Distributed
generation;transmission planning},
I. G. Sanchez, R. Romero, J. R. S. Mantovani and M. J. Rider, "Transmission-

expansion planning using the DC model and nonlinear-programming technique," in IEE
769, 4 Nov. 2005.
doi: 10.1049/ip-gtd:20050074
Abstract: The paper presents a constructive heuristic algorithm (CHA) for solving
directly the long-term transmission-network-expansion-planning (LTTNEP) problem
using the DC model. The LTTNEP is a very complex mixed-integer nonlinear-
programming problem and presents a combinatorial growth in the search space. The
CHA is used to find a solution for the LTTNEP problem of good quality. A
sensitivity index is used in each step of the CHA to add circuits to the system.
This sensitivity index is obtained by solving the relaxed problem of LTTNEP, i.e.
considering the number of circuits to be added as a continuous variable. The
relaxed problem is a large and complex nonlinear-programming problem and was solved
through the interior-point method (IPM). Tests were performed using Garver's
system, the modified IEEE 24-Bus system and the Southern Brazilian reduced system.
The results presented show the good performance of IPM inside the CHA.
keywords: {power transmission planning;nonlinear programming;heuristic
programming;IEEE standards;transmission planning;expansion planning;nonlinear
programming;heuristic algorithm;transmission network;sensitivity index;interior-
point method;Garver's system;IEEE 24-bus system},
N. Amjady, A. Attarha, S. Dehghan and A. J. Conejo, "Adaptive Robust Expansion

Planning for a Distribution Network With DERs," in IEEE Transactions on Power
doi: 10.1109/TPWRS.2017.2741443
Abstract: Distribution expansion planning (DEP) is used to determine the best
expansion plan of a distribution system. Considering the uncertainties of loads and
of power productions of wind distributed energy resources (DERs) and incorporating
AC power flow equations make the DEP problem increasingly challenging. In this
context, this paper presents a new adaptive robust distribution expansion planning
model to identify the timing of feeder reinforcements in addition to the location,
capacity, and installation time of dispatchable and wind DERs. The proposed
approach characterizes the uncertain nature of loads and power productions of wind
DERs through polyhedral uncertainty sets and the robustness of the solution can be
controlled by means of a budget of uncertainty. Since AC power flow equations
rather than DC ones are considered, the proposed model is a nonlinear and non-
convex min-max-min optimization problem, which cannot be solved directly by
commercial optimization packages. Hence, a tri-level decomposition algorithm using
both primal and dual cutting planes is introduced to solve the problem.
Additionally, to attain a smoother optimization problem, the non-convex AC power
flow equations are convexified. The working of the proposed model is illustrated
using 33-bus and 123-bus distribution networks.
keywords: {concave programming;convex programming;distribution networks;load
flow;minimax techniques;power distribution planning;power generation
planning;robust control;adaptive robust expansion planning;distribution
network;distribution system;wind distributed energy resources;DEP problem;adaptive
robust distribution expansion planning model;polyhedral uncertainty sets;nonconvex
AC power flow equations;Mathematical model;Uncertainty;Planning;Load
flow;Robustness;Adaptation models;Reactive power;Adaptive robust
optimization;convexification;decomposition;distribution expansion;distributed
energy resources (DER);feeder reinforcement},
M. Asensio, G. Muñoz-Delgado and J. Contreras, "Bi-Level Approach to Distribution

Network and Renewable Energy Expansion Planning Considering Demand Response," in
IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 32, no. 6, pp. 4298-4309, Nov. 2017.
doi: 10.1109/TPWRS.2017.2672798
Abstract: This paper presents a bi-level model for distribution network and
renewable energy expansion planning under a demand response (DR) framework. The
role of DR has recently attracted an increasing interest in power systems. However,
previous models have not been completely adapted in order to treat DR on an equal
footing. The target of the distribution network and generation planner, modeled
through the upper-level problem, is to minimize generation and network investment
cost while meeting the demand. This upper-level problem is constrained by the
lower-level problem, stressing the importance of integrating DR to time-varying
prices into those investment models. The objective function considered for the
lower level is the minimization of overall payment faced by the consumers. Using
the Karush-Kuhn-Tucker complementarity constraints, the proposed bi-level model is
recast as a mixed-integer linear programming problem, which is solvable using
efficient off-the-shelf branch-and-cut solvers. Detailed results from an insular
case study (La Graciosa, Canary Islands, Spain) are presented.
keywords: {demand side management;integer programming;linear programming;nonlinear
programming;power distribution planning;renewable energy sources;distribution
network;generation planner;upper-level problem;network investment cost;lower-level
problem;investment models;bi-level model;mixed-integer linear programming
problem;demand response framework;renewable energy expansion planning;Karush-Kuhn-
Tucker complementarity constraints;off-the-shelf branch-and-cut
solvers;Bi;La;Substations;Planning;Generators;Investment;Load
modeling;Indexes;Programming;Bi-level programming;distribution network expansion
planning;DR;KKT complementarity constraints;renewable energy sources (RES)
M. E. Samper and A. Vargas, "Investment Decisions in Distribution Networks Under

Uncertainty With Distributed Generation—Part I: Model Formulation," in IEEE
doi: 10.1109/TPWRS.2013.2239666
Abstract: Investment in distributed generation (DG) is an attractive distribution
planning option for adding flexibility to an expansion plan, mainly by deferring
network reinforcements. In this first part of a two-part paper, a risk-based
optimization approach is proposed to model a multistage distribution expansion
planning problem that takes DG into account as a flexible option to temporarily
defer large network investments. Five features of the installation of DG related to
location, size, type, operation and timing are all optimized. The evolutionary
particle swarm optimization (EPSO) method is applied to solve this mixed integer
nonlinear problem. A return-per-risk index is proposed to assess expansion
investments. This index achieves an efficient synergy between the expected return
and the risk of investments by performing Monte Carlo simulations. In turn, the
flexibility of network investment deferral is assessed through a real option
valuation. Finally, in order to quantify the investment deferral benefit, the
expected return from a traditional expansion plan (without DG) is compared to the
return obtained from a flexible expansion plan (with DG). In the companion paper,
the proposed approach is tested on a typical Latin American distribution network;
implementation aspects and analysis of numerical results are presented.
keywords: {distributed power generation;evolutionary computation;integer
programming;Monte Carlo methods;nonlinear programming;numerical analysis;particle
swarm optimisation;power distribution planning;distribution networks;distributed
generation;DG;distribution planning option;network reinforcements;risk-based
optimization approach;multistage distribution expansion planning
problem;evolutionary particle swarm optimization method;EPSO method;mixed integer
nonlinear problem;return-per-risk index;expansion investments;Monte Carlo
simulations;network investment deferral;real option valuation;Latin American
distribution network;numerical
analysis;Investments;Uncertainty;Planning;Optimization;Timing;Monte Carlo
methods;Electricity;Distributed generation;distribution planning;EPSO;expansion
decisions;real options;risk analysis},
C. Correa, A. Sanchez and G. Marulanda, "Expansion of Transmission Networks

Considering Large Wind Power Penetration and Demand Uncertainty," in IEEE Latin
America Transactions, vol. 14, no. 3, pp. 1235-1244, March 2016.
doi: 10.1109/TLA.2016.7459604
Abstract: This paper presents an algorithm for solving the Transmission Expansion
Planning (TEP) problem when large scale wind generation is considered. Variability
of wind speed and demand uncertainty are also taken into account. The formulation
includes the DC model of the network, and the obtained expansion plans minimize the
investment, the load shedding, and also the wind generation curtailment. The Chu-
Beasley Genetic Algorithm (CBGA) is used for finding feasible optimal expansion
plans. Uncertainties are included by scenario reduction to obtain robust expansion
plans capable of meeting the uncertainty set. The approach allows finding robust
expansion plans to cope with the uncertainties in load forecasting and also to take
advantage of wind generation. The proposed algorithm is validated on the 6-bus
Garver system, IEEE 24-bus RTS test system and the real life South-Brazilian 46-bus
system. Comparison with other methods is carried out to demonstrate the performance
of the proposed approach.
keywords: {genetic algorithms;load forecasting;load shedding;power transmission
planning;wind power;transmission expansion planning problem;TEP problem;large scale
wind generation;wind speed variability;demand uncertainty;investment;load
shedding;wind generation curtailment;Chu-Beasley genetic algorithm;CBGA;feasible
optimal expansion plans;load forecasting;Robustness;Uncertainty;Positron emission
tomography;Planning;Wind power generation;Wind speed;Load modeling;robust
optimization;Transmission planning;uncertainty;wind generation},
S. Montoya-Bueno, J. I. Muoz and J. Contreras, "A Stochastic Investment Model for

Renewable Generation in Distribution Systems," in IEEE Transactions on Sustainable
doi: 10.1109/TSTE.2015.2444438
Abstract: A model to obtain the optimal allocation and timing of renewable
distributed generation under uncertainty is proposed as part of distribution
expansion planning. The problem is formulated using a stochastic two-stage
multiperiod mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) model, where investment
decisions are done in the first stage and scenario-dependent operation variables
are solved in the second stage. The model aims to minimize renewable distributed
generation (photovoltaic and wind) investment costs, substation expansion
investment cost, operation and maintenance costs, energy losses cost, and the cost
of the power purchased from the transmission system. Active and reactive power flow
equations are linearized and constraints include voltage limits, substation and
feeders capacities, renewable generation limits, and investment constraints. The
model is tested on a 34-bus system and conclusions are duly drawn.
keywords: {cost reduction;distributed power generation;integer
programming;investment;linear programming;power distribution economics;power
distribution planning;stochastic programming;transmission networks;stochastic
investment model;renewable distributed generation investment cost
minimization;distribution systems;distribution expansion planning;stochastic two-
stage multiperiod mixed-integer linear programming model;MILP model;investment
decisions;scenario-dependent operation variables;substation expansion investment
cost minimization;operation cost minimization;maintenance cost minimization;power
purchased cost minimization;transmission system;active power flow equation;reactive
power flow equation;voltage limits;substation capacities;feeders
capacities;renewable generation limits;investment constraints;34-bus
system;Stochastic processes;Renewable energy sources;Wind speed;Wind turbines;Mixed
integer linear programming;Distributed power generation;Power system
economics;Distributed generation planning (DGP);load levels;mixed-integer linear
programming (MILP);renewable energy sources (RES);two-stage stochastic
programming;Distributed generation planning (DGP);load levels;mixed-integer linear
programming (MILP);renewable energy sources (RES);two-stage stochastic
programming},
N. C. Koutsoukis, P. S. Georgilakis and N. D. Hatziargyriou, "Multistage

Coordinated Planning of Active Distribution Networks," in IEEE Transactions on
doi: 10.1109/TPWRS.2017.2699696
Abstract: This paper introduces a multistage coordinated planning method for active
distribution networks (ADN). The proposed methodology optimizes, in a coordinated
manner, multiple planning alternatives, i.e., reinforcement of the existing
substations and distribution lines, network expansion, as well as capacitor and
voltage regulator placement in conjunction with the active management of
distributed generation (DG). The active management considers the control of the
active and reactive power output of the DG units. The proposed multistage
coordinated planning methodology aims at minimizing the net present value of the
network investment cost. To handle the high complexity of the planning problem, two
successive planning procedures are developed. First, the location and capacity of
the multiple planning alternatives are computed incorporating the active management
of DG. Afterwards, using a heuristic approach, the time period for the
commissioning of the computed network investments along the planning period is
defined. To validate its effectiveness and performance, the proposed method is
applied to a 24-bus distribution test system and a real-world 267-bus distribution
system.
keywords: {distributed power generation;power distribution planning;reactive power
control;substations;voltage regulators;distribution lines;network expansion;voltage
regulator placement;active management;distributed generation;network investment
cost;multiple planning alternatives;computed network investments;24-bus
distribution test system;real-world 267-bus distribution system;active distribution
networks;multistage coordinated planning method;capacitor placement;active power
output control;reactive power output control;substations
reinforcement;Planning;Substations;Investment;Integrated circuits;Voltage
control;Regulators;Reactive power;Active distribution network;distributed
generation;multistage planning;network expansion;power distribution planning},
K. R. W. Bell, D. P. Nedic and L. A. S. San Martin, "The Need for Interconnection

Reserve in a System With Wind Generation," in IEEE Transactions on Sustainable
doi: 10.1109/TSTE.2012.2208989
Abstract: This paper describes a study conducted to address the question of how
much power transfer capacity should be provided on a meshed transmission system to
maintain reliability of supply to consumers in the presence of wind generation. A
simulation methodology is presented that includes modeling of the available wind
generation in the longer term across a quite large area taking into account
correlations in available power between different locations in that area. A
description is given of the results obtained in characterization of the
relationship between the peak load in an area, the total generation capacity in
that area, the proportion of it that is wind generation, and how much transmission
import capability- “interconnection reserve” -is required for a given reliability
of supply. Finally, a number of issues faced by power system investment planners
are discussed and pointers given to further work to enable transmission utilities
to meet the challenges presented by policy makers in respect of development of wind
power to meet renewable energy targets.
keywords: {government policies;investment;power generation economics;power
generation planning;power generation reliability;power system interconnection;power
transmission economics;power transmission planning;power transmission
reliability;power utilisation;renewable energy sources;wind power
plants;interconnection reserve system;wind generation;power transfer
capacity;meshed transmission system;supply reliability;simulation methodology;total
generation capacity;transmission import capability;power system investment
planner;transmission utility;policy maker;renewable energy target;wind power
development;Power system planning;Power system reliability;Wind energy
generation;Power system simulation;Interconnection reserve;power system expansion
planning;reliability of supply;wind generation},
A. R. Abbasi and A. R. Seifi, "Unified electrical and thermal energy expansion

planning with considering network reconfiguration," in IET Generation, Transmission
& Distribution, vol. 9, no. 6, pp. 592-601, 20 4 2015.
doi: 10.1049/iet-gtd.2014.0196
Abstract: Simultaneous expansion of the electrical and thermal energies collected
with conventional expansion options is scrutinised. A robust, bio-inspired
evolutionary optimisation method is proposed, to handle the complex expansion
planning of a system consisting of both electrical and thermal forms of energy.
Rewiring, network reconfiguration, installation of new lines and also new
electrical and thermal generation units are considered as the traditional
alternatives in expansion planning. To solve the problem, overall generation
requirements of a network are assigned along the planning horizon. The allocation
problem is formulated as a mixed-integer non-linear programming problem that
minimises the overall system cost owing to generation capacity among the grid nodes
and the newly added or upgraded lines. The performance of the original shuffled
frog leaping (SFL) optimisation algorithm is advanced to overcome the complexity of
the proposed expansion planning problem. Two modification steps were added to the
original SFL technique to enable the proposed modified SFL algorithm to extricate
from local minima. The two modification phases pledge a fast convergence rate by
achieving a rapid adaptive algorithm, besides a better diversification which is the
key to extricate from local minima. The efficacy and robustness of the proposed
methodology are verified by applying the method to two modified standard test
systems.
keywords: {evolutionary computation;integer programming;nonlinear programming;power
generation planning;thermal power stations;modified standard test systems;rapid
adaptive algorithm;fast convergence rate;local minima;shuffled frog leaping
optimisation algorithm;SFL optimisation algorithm;grid nodes;mixed-integer
nonlinear programming problem;allocation problem;thermal generation
units;rewiring;robust bio-inspired evolutionary optimisation method;unified
electrical energy expansion planning;network reconfiguration;thermal energy
S. Karamdel and M. P. Moghaddam, "Robust expansion co-planning of electricity and

natural gas infrastructures for multi energy-hub systems with high penetration of
renewable energy sources," in IET Renewable Power Generation, vol. 13, no. 13, pp.
2287-2297, 7 10 2019.
doi: 10.1049/iet-rpg.2018.6005
Abstract: High penetration of renewable energy sources will cause crucial
challenges for future energy systems. This study presents a three-level model for
adaptive robust expansion co-planning of electricity and natural gas
infrastructures in multi-energy-hub networks, which is robust against uncertainties
of maximum production of wind generation and gas-fired power plants as well as
estimated load levels. The proposed min-max-min model is formulated as a mixed
integer linear programming problem. The first level minimises the investment cost
of electricity and natural gas infrastructures, the worst possible case is
determined through the second level, and the third level minimises the overall
operation cost under that condition. To solve this model, the final minimisation
problem is replaced by its Karush-Kuhn-Tucker conditions and a two-level problem is
determined. Finally, by using the column and constraint generation algorithm the
original problem is decomposed to master and sub-problems and the optimal solution
is derived iteratively. The proposed robust expansion co-planning model is tested
on modified Garver's 6-hub, modified IEEE RTS 24-hub, and modified IEEE 118-hub
test systems and numerical results show its effectiveness to cope with
uncertainties with regard to control conservativeness of the plan.
keywords: {integer programming;linear programming;load flow;minimax
techniques;natural gas technology;power generation planning;renewable energy
sources;estimated load levels;constraint generation algorithm;gas-fired power
plants;three-level model;future energy systems;renewable energy sources;high
penetration;multienergy-hub systems;modified IEEE 118-hub test systems;robust
expansion co-planning model;two-level problem;final minimisation problem;mixed
integer linear programming problem;min-max-min model;wind generation;multienergy-
hub networks;natural gas infrastructures;electricity;adaptive robust expansion co-
planning},
C. Yuan, C. Gu, F. Li, B. Kuri and R. W. Dunn, "New Problem Formulation of Emission
Constrained Generation Mix," in IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 28, no. 4,
pp. 4064-4071, Nov. 2013.
doi: 10.1109/TPWRS.2013.2263230
Abstract: This paper proposes an enhanced optimization formulation to help
determine the type of power generation mix that can meet a given carbon emission
target at the minimum cost. Compared to the previous studies, the model proposed in
this paper takes account of the emission cost at operational level and explores its
impacts on the long-term emission target oriented generation planning innovatively.
Meanwhile, the model is able to take account of the integer variables and
nonlinearity of the operational cost together with network constraints and
renewable generation expansion in one long-term generation planning model. The
problem is solved by an innovative discrete gradient search method, and a new
concept, emission reduction cost (ERC), is developed, which helps determine which
generation technology is the most cost efficient in emission reduction during
different stages of generation expansion. A case study on a modified IEEE 30-bus
system is presented to demonstrate the application of this model and the value of
considering short-term emission costs and the network constraints on the long-term
generation expansion. The results and sensitivity analysis are provided to show
that a higher short-term financial pressure can help realize the emission target at
a lower total cost (investment and operational costs). Optimization without
considering it may overestimate the total cost required for the generation mix
restructuring. Additionally, a comparative study shows that optimization without
considering network constraints may underestimate the total cost required for
realizing the specified emission reduction target.
keywords: {air pollution control;costing;gradient methods;investment;power
generation economics;power generation planning;search problems;emission constrained
generation mix;enhanced optimization formulation;power generation mix;carbon
emission target;long-term emission target oriented generation planning;operational
cost;network constraints;renewable generation expansion;long-term generation
planning model;innovative discrete gradient search method;emission reduction
cost;generation technology;emission reduction;cost efficient;modified IEEE 30-bus
system;short-term emission costs;sensitivity analysis;short-term financial
pressure;operational costs;investment costs;generation mix restructuring;emission
reduction target;Emission cost;emission target;generation mix;network
constraints;renewable generation},
M. R. Sheibani, G. R. Yousefi, M. A. Latify and S. Hacopian Dolatabadi, "Energy

storage system expansion planning in power systems: a review," in IET Renewable
Power Generation, vol. 12, no. 11, pp. 1203-1221, 20 8 2018.
doi: 10.1049/iet-rpg.2018.0089
Abstract: In recent two decades, the power systems have confronted with
considerable changes such as the power system restructuring, growth of distributed
energy sources and renewable energy sources (RESs), and emergence of smart grid
concept. One of the common challenges caused by these changes is flexibility
necessity of energy resources. One of the best solutions to mitigate this challenge
is energy storage systems (ESSs) utilisation. The main question is how to determine
size, site, and type of ESSs to maximise their benefits. This study reviews the
answers to this question according to the research studies. This study first
classifies the studies related to ESS expansion planning into two main categories
from the viewpoint of the power system operators and the investors. Next, the first
main category is divided into three subcategories: ESS expansion planning in
microgrids, distribution networks, and transmission networks. The second main
category is classified into two subcategories: ESS expansion planning aim to smooth
RESs output power and to maximise profit. In each subcategory the modelling
approaches, solving methods, and the results are evaluated. Finally, based on the
existing challenges, the future research directions of ESS expansion planning are
outlined.
keywords: {distributed power generation;energy storage;power distribution
economics;power distribution planning;power transmission economics;power
transmission planning;renewable energy sources;smart power grids;distribution
networks;energy storage system expansion planning;power system
restructuring;distributed energy sources;renewable energy sources;smart grid
concept;energy resources;energy storage systems utilisation;power system
operators;ESS expansion planning;microgrids;transmission networks;RES output
power;profit maximisation},
C. Roldán, R. Mínguez, R. García-Bertrand and J. M. Arroyo, "Robust Transmission

Network Expansion Planning Under Correlated Uncertainty," in IEEE Transactions on
doi: 10.1109/TPWRS.2018.2889032
Abstract: This paper addresses the transmission network expansion planning problem
under uncertain demand and generation capacity. A two-stage adaptive robust
optimization framework is adopted whereby the worst-case operating cost is
accounted for under a given user-defined uncertainty set. This paper differs from
previously reported robust solutions in two respects. First, the typically
disregarded correlation of uncertainty sources is explicitly considered through an
ellipsoidal uncertainty set relying on their variance-covariance matrix. In
addition, we describe the analogy between the corresponding second-stage problem
and a certain class of mathematical programs arising in structural reliability.
This analogy gives rise to a relevant probabilistic interpretation of the second
stage, thereby revealing an undisclosed feature of the worst-case setting
characterizing robust optimization with ellipsoidal uncertainty sets. More
importantly, a novel nested decomposition approach based on results from structural
reliability is devised to solve the proposed robust counterpart, which is cast as
an instance of mixed-integer trilevel programming. Numerical results from several
case studies demonstrate that the effect of correlated uncertainty can be captured
by the proposed robust approach.
keywords: {covariance matrices;integer programming;power generation planning;power
transmission planning;power transmission reliability;probability;uncertainty
sources;variance-covariance matrix;structural reliability;ellipsoidal uncertainty
sets;correlated uncertainty;robust transmission network expansion
planning;uncertain demand;generation capacity;two-stage adaptive robust
optimization framework;worst-case operating cost;probabilistic
interpretation;disregarded correlation;mixed-integer trilevel
programming;Uncertainty;Planning;Reliability;Optimization;Correlation;Power system
reliability;Investment;Correlated uncertainty;ellipsoidal uncertainty set;nested
decomposition;structural reliability;transmission network expansion planning;two-
stage robust optimization},
T. Sum-Im, G. A. Taylor, M. R. Irving and Y. H. Song, "Differential evolution

algorithm for static and multistage transmission expansion planning," in IET
Generation, Transmission & Distribution, vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 365-384, April 2009.
doi: 10.1049/iet-gtd.2008.0446
Abstract: A novel differential evolution algorithm (DEA) is applied directly to the
DC power flow-based model in order to efficiently solve the problems of static and
multistage transmission expansion planning (TEP). The purpose of TEP is to minimise
the transmission investment cost associated with the technical operation and
economical constraints. Mathematically, long-term TEP using the DC model is a mixed
integer nonlinear programming problem that is difficult to solve for large-scale
real-world transmission networks. In addition, the static TEP problem is considered
both with and without the resizing of power generation in this research. The
efficiency of the proposed method is initially demonstrated via the analysis of
low, medium and high complexity transmission network test cases. The analysis is
performed within the mathematical programming environment of MATLAB using both DEA
and conventional genetic algorithm and a detailed comparative study is presented.
keywords: {costing;evolutionary computation;integer programming;load flow;nonlinear
programming;power transmission economics;power transmission planning;differential
evolution algorithm;DEA;multistage transmission expansion planning;static TEP
economical constraint;DC power flow-based model;integer nonlinear
programming;large-scale transmission network;investment cost;MATLAB environment},
R. C. G. Teive, E. L. Silva and L. G. S. Fonseca, "A cooperative expert system for

transmission expansion planning of electrical power systems," in IEEE Transactions
on Power Systems, vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 636-642, May 1998.
doi: 10.1109/59.667393
Abstract: This paper describes a cooperative expert system for managing the
transmission expansion planning process, taking into account the selection of
feasible transmission routes, as well as the definition of the expansion plan
itself. The use of an expert system is proposed to create a planning environment,
which can not only emulate the human expert reasoning, but also represent
appropriately all heuristic knowledge related to this problem. The main point of
this system is the fact that it is able to define feasible alternatives for the
expansion of the electrical transmission system. Afterwards, the expert system
executes a network flows program, which determines the minimum cost expansion plan.
The developed prototype is tested with a realistic system of 500 busbars.
keywords: {power system planning;power system analysis computing;transmission
network calculations;expert systems;load flow;transmission expansion
planning;cooperative expert system;power systems;feasible transmission route
selection;expansion plan definition;planning environment;human expert
reasoning;heuristic knowledge;network load flows program;minimum cost expansion
plan;busbars;Power system planning;Expert systems;Costs;Power system
reliability;Investments;Process planning;Power generation economics;Power system
management;Humans;Prototypes},
H. Park and R. Baldick, "Stochastic Generation Capacity Expansion Planning Reducing

Greenhouse Gas Emissions," in IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 30, no. 2,
pp. 1026-1034, March 2015.
doi: 10.1109/TPWRS.2014.2386872
Abstract: With increasing concerns about greenhouse gas emissions, a least-cost
generation capacity expansion model to control carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions is
proposed in this paper. The mathematical model employs a decomposed two-stage
stochastic integer program. Realizations of uncertain load and wind are represented
by independent and identically distributed (i.i.d.) random samples generated via
the Gaussian copula method. Two policies that affect CO2 emissions directly and
indirectly, carbon tax and renewable portfolio standard (RPS), are investigated to
assess how much CO2 emissions are expected to be reduced through those policies.
keywords: {air pollution;carbon compounds;environmental economics;mathematical
analysis;stochastic generation capacity expansion planning;greenhouse gas
emissions;least-cost generation capacity expansion model;carbon dioxide
emissions;mathematical model;two-stage stochastic integer program;Gaussian
copula;carbon tax;renewable portfolio standard;Generators;Load modeling;Wind power
generation;Mathematical model;Correlation;Stochastic processes;Planning;Carbon
tax;generation planning;greenhouse gas emissions;stochastic optimization;wind
power},
A. S. Malik, B. J. Cory and P. D. C. Wijayatunga, "Applications of probabilistic

peak-shaving technique in generation planning," in IEEE Transactions on Power
doi: 10.1109/59.801956
Abstract: This paper presents two novel applications of probabilistic peak-shaving
technique in generation planning, i.e., to simulate efficiently and accurately
multiple limited-energy units probabilistically in the equivalent load duration
curve method and to simulate efficiently the candidate plants; whose different
configurations are tested for finding the least-cost generation expansion planning
solution. The applications of the technique are demonstrated with the help of two
hand calculation examples. An efficient algorithm is also presented to simulate
multiple limited-energy units probabilistically, for different hydrological
conditions, in a generation mix of hydro-thermal units in probabilistic production
costing framework.
keywords: {hydrothermal power systems;power generation planning;probability;power
generation economics;costing;power generation planning;probabilistic peak-shaving
technique;equivalent load duration curve method;least-cost generation expansion
planning solution;multiple limited-energy units;probabilistic simulation;hydro-
thermal generating units;probabilistic production costing framework;generation
mix;Production;Costs;Costing;Computational modeling;Thermal loading;Hydroelectric
power generation;Hydroelectric-thermal power generation;Educational
institutions;Senior members;Energy storage},
M. Carrión, Y. Dvorkin and H. Pandžić, "Primary Frequency Response in Capacity

Expansion With Energy Storage," in IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 33, no.
2, pp. 1824-1835, March 2018.
doi: 10.1109/TPWRS.2017.2735807
Abstract: Massive integration of renewable energy resources calls for new operating
and planning paradigms, which address reduced controllability and increased
uncertainty on the generation side. On the other hand, emerging energy storage
technologies can provide additional flexibility. Therefore, generation and storage
expansion models need to be coordinated to ensure sufficiency of system-wide
response capabilities within different regulation intervals. This paper proposes a
coordinated generation and storage expansion formulation considering primary
frequency response constraints. This is a stochastic mixed-integer linear program
solved using an off-the-shelf solver. The proposed formulation is compared to the
case when primary frequency response is neglected. The case study performed for an
eight-zone ISO New England test system quantifies the value of energy storage
simultaneously providing primary frequency response and spatio-temporal arbitrage.
keywords: {energy storage;frequency response;integer programming;linear
programming;power generation planning;renewable energy sources;capacity
expansion;renewable energy resources;energy storage technologies;storage expansion
models;system-wide response capabilities;coordinated generation;storage expansion
formulation;primary frequency response constraints;operating planning
paradigms;generation expansion models;stochastic mixed-integer linear program;off-
the-shelf solver;eight-zone ISO New England test system;spatio-temporal
arbitrage;Energy storage;Investment;Frequency response;Planning;Economic
indicators;Uncertainty;Power transmission lines;Energy storage;generation
expansion;mixed-integer linear programming;primary frequency response;unit
commitment},
X. Han, L. Zhao, J. Wen, X. Ai, J. Liu and D. Yang, "Transmission network expansion
planning considering the generators' contribution to uncertainty accommodation," in
CSEE Journal of Power and Energy Systems, vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 450-460, Dec. 2017.
doi: 10.17775/CSEEJPES.2015.01190
Abstract: This paper presents an optimization for transmission network expansion
planning (TNEP) under uncertainty circumstances. This TNEP model introduces the
approach of parameter sets to describe the range that all possible realizations of
uncertainties in load and renewable generation can reach. While optimizing the TNEP
solution, the output of each generator is modeled as an uncertain variable to
linearly respond to changes caused by uncertainties, which is constrained by the
extent to which uncertain parameters may change the operational range of
generators, and network topology. This paper demonstrates that the robust
optimization approach is effective to make the problem with uncertainties tractable
by converting it into a deterministic optimization, and with the genetic algorithm,
the optimal TNEP solution is derived iteratively. Compared with other robust TNEP
results tested on IEEE 24-bus systems, the proposed method produces a least-cost
expansion plan without losing robustness. In addition, the contribution that each
generator can make to accommodate with every uncertainty is optimally quantified.
Effects imposed by different uncertainty levels are analyzed to provide a
compromise of the conservativeness of TNEP solutions.
keywords: {optimisation;power transmission planning;deterministic
optimization;robust optimization approach;network topology;operational
range;uncertain parameters;renewable generation;TNEP model;uncertainty
circumstances;uncertainty accommodation;transmission network expansion
planning;least-cost expansion plan;robust TNEP results;optimal TNEP solution;IEEE
24-bus systems;uncertainty levels;Uncertainty;Generators;Renewable energy
sources;Robustness;Optimization;Planning;Load modeling;Expansion planning;renewable
energy;robustoptimization;transmission network;uncertainty},
S. Ağralı, F. Terzi, E. Çanakoğlu, E. Adıyeke and Y. Arıkan, "Energy Investment

Planning at a Private Company: A Mathematical Programming-Based Model and Its
Application in Turkey," in IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 32, no. 6, pp.
4180-4187, Nov. 2017.
doi: 10.1109/TPWRS.2017.2676819
Abstract: We consider a mid-sized private electricity generating company that plans
to enter the market that is partially regulated. There is a cap and trade system in
operation in the industry. There are nine possible power plant types that the
company considers to invest on through a planning horizon. Some of these plants may
include a carbon capture and storage technology. We develop a stochastic mixed-
integer linear program for this problem where the objective is to maximize the
expected net present value of the profit obtained. We include restrictions on the
maximum and minimum possible amount of investment for every type of investment
option. We also enforce market share conditions such that the percentage of the
total investments of the company over the total installed capacity of the country
stay between upper and lower bounds. Moreover, in order to distribute the
investment risk, the percentage of each type of power plant investment is
restricted by some upper bound. We tested the model for a hypothetical company
operating in Turkey. The results show that the model is suitable to be used for
determining the investment strategy of the company.
keywords: {carbon capture and storage;integer programming;investment;linear
programming;power generation economics;power generation
planning;profitability;Turkey;investment strategy;energy investment
planning;mathematical programming;private electricity generating company;trade
system;planning horizon;expected net present value;investment option;market share
conditions;total investments;total installed capacity;upper bounds;lower
bounds;investment risk;power plant investment;hypothetical company operating;carbon
capture and storage technology;stochastic mixed-integer linear program;power plant
types;Companies;Power generation;Investment;Planning;Industries;Carbon;Carbon
dioxide;Generation expansion planning;investment planning;mixed-integer linear
programming;stochastic optimization},
J. Kabouris and G. C. Contaxis, "Optimum expansion planning of an unconventional

generation system operating in parallel with a large scale network," in IEEE
Transactions on Energy Conversion, vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 394-400, Sept. 1991.
doi: 10.1109/60.84312
Abstract: A package for the long-term optimal expansion planning of a generation
system with renewable energy sources operating in parallel with a large-scale
network is presented. The algorithm utilizes meteorological data, load demand data,
and estimated economical parameters and determines the candidate plans for the
expansion period. A forward dynamic programming algorithm is utilized to determine
the optimal plan. Results from the application of the method to a local grid are
presented.<>
keywords: {dynamic programming;energy resources;power system
planning;unconventional generation system;optimal expansion planning;renewable
energy sources;meteorological data;load demand data;forward dynamic programming
algorithm;Wind energy generation;Packaging;Power system planning;Power
generation;Photovoltaic systems;Cost function;Renewable energy resources;Large-
scale systems;Solar power generation;Wind energy},
R. Romero, C. Rocha, J. R. S. Mantovani and I. G. Sanchez, "Constructive heuristic

algorithm for the DC model in network transmission expansion planning," in IEE
282, 4 March 2005.
doi: 10.1049/ip-gtd:20041196
Abstract: A novel constructive heuristic algorithm to the network expansion
planning problem is presented. The basic idea comes from Garver's work applied to
the transportation model, nevertheless the proposed algorithm is for the DC model.
Tests results with most known systems in the literature are carried out to show the
efficiency of the method.
keywords: {algorithm theory;power transmission planning;DC transmission
networks;constructive heuristic algorithm;DC model;network transmission expansion
planning;nonlinear mixed-integer problem;power flow model},
S. Ghaemi and J. Salehi, "Assessment of flexibility index integration into the

expansion planning of clean power resources and energy storage systems in modern
distribution network using benders decomposition," in IET Renewable Power
Generation, vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 231-242, 3 2 2020.
doi: 10.1049/iet-rpg.2019.0777
Abstract: High penetration of renewable resources on modern distribution networks
increases the net load variability in due to the uncertain nature of these
resources. Hence, the system may suffer from high ramping problem, the ignorance of
which leads to the power interruption. Controlling the net load variability to
provide adequate ramping also increases the operation costs significantly.
Therefore, a new solution should be implemented to handle this problem. The aim of
this study is to incorporate the flexibility indices into the expansion planning of
distributed energy resources in modern distribution networks in order to
demonstrate how optimal arrangement of flexible resources results in reducing the
operation cost while controlling the net load variability. To this end, the benders
decomposition approach was applied to the proposed expansion planning to reduce the
complexity of the problem to a level which can be solved. The uncertainty of clean
resources, load consumption and electricity market price was considered in the
proposed problem along with the limitations of the investment budget and carbon
emission permits. The simulation process was carried out on the IEEE 69-bus test
system. The results indicate that optimal placement of the flexible resources
considering the flexibility constraints is profitable from both technical and
economic perspectives.
keywords: {costing;distributed power generation;distribution networks;energy
storage;investment;optimisation;power engineering computing;power generation
planning;pricing;IEEE 69-bus test system;electricity market price;load
consumption;clean resources;benders decomposition approach;flexible resources
results;distributed energy resources;flexibility indices;operation cost;power
interruption;high ramping problem;net load variability;renewable resources;modern
distribution network;energy storage systems;clean power resources;expansion
planning;flexibility index integration},
B. Chen and L. Wang, "Robust Transmission Planning Under Uncertain Generation

Investment and Retirement," in IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 31, no. 6,
pp. 5144-5152, Nov. 2016.
doi: 10.1109/TPWRS.2016.2538960
Abstract: Transmission planning is typically faced with a wide range of uncertainty
including growth in demand, renewable energy generation and fuel price. The
restructuring of the electric power industry, the drive for energy independence and
the push for a cleaner environment have led to additional sources of uncertainty in
all aspects of power system operations and planning. The more decentralized
decision-making implicates uncertainty in future generation investment and
retirement of existing units. Such uncertainties are among the biggest challenges
in transmission planning in power systems. However, existing approaches in the
literature do not fully address this problem. In this paper, we construct a new
robust transmission planning model representing generation investment and
retirement uncertainty more realistically to improve the quantification and
visualization of uncertainty and the impacts of environmental policies. With this
model, we can manage the impacts of uncertainty in the time, the size and the
location of candidate generation additions as well as the retirement of units. The
corresponding algorithm we develop takes advantage of the structural
characteristics of the model so as to obtain a computationally efficient solution
methodology. We present an extensive numerical study on the WECC 240-bus system and
illustrate the effectiveness of our approach.
keywords: {electricity supply industry;investment;power transmission
economics;power transmission planning;pricing;renewable energy sources;robust
transmission planning;generation investment and retirement uncertainty;renewable
energy generation;fuel price;electric power industry;energy independence;cleaner
environment;power system operation;power system planning;decentralized decision-
making;future generation investment;uncertainty quantification
improvement;uncertainty visualization improvement;WECC 240-bus
system;Uncertainty;Planning;Investment;Robustness;Optimization;Power transmission
lines;Retirement;Transmission planning;robust optimization;generation
expansion;retirement;fuel price;load growth},
A. van Stiphout, K. De Vos and G. Deconinck, "The Impact of Operating Reserves on

Investment Planning of Renewable Power Systems," in IEEE Transactions on Power
Systems, vol. 32, no. 1, pp. 378-388, Jan. 2017.
doi: 10.1109/TPWRS.2016.2565058
Abstract: To limit computational effort, current power system expansion planning
tools typically consider limited detail on the technical constraints of power
systems, such as the need for operating reserves. With growing balancing needs,
this is likely to underestimate the technical barriers and integration cost of
large shares of renewable generation. This contribution studies the impact of
operating reserve requirements on generation capacity investments following the
large-scale integration of intermittent renewable generation. Simulations show that
operating reserves have a substantial impact on the generation capacity installed,
and its operation, and result in a substantial increase of renewable integration
costs. Furthermore, it is shown that the use of improved reserve strategies, such
as dynamic reserve sizing, and the participation of renewables in the supply of
downward reserves, is able to significantly reduce this cost increase.
keywords: {cost reduction;investment;power generation economics;power generation
planning;renewable energy sources;operating reserves impact;investment
planning;renewable power systems;power system expansion planning tools;technical
constraints;generation capacity investments;large-scale integration;intermittent
renewable generation;renewable integration costs;improved reserve
strategies;downward reserve supply;cost reduction;Planning;Biological system
modeling;Investment;Capacity planning;Power system planning;Power system
reliability;Energy resources;power control;power system modeling;power system
planning;power system reliability},
D. Sun, X. Xie, J. Wang, Q. Li and C. Wei, "Integrated generation-transmission

expansion planning for offshore oilfield power systems based on genetic tabu hybrid
algorithm," in Journal of Modern Power Systems and Clean Energy, vol. 5, no. 1, pp.
117-125, January 2017.
doi: 10.1007/s40565-016-0191-x
Abstract: To address the planning issue of offshore oilfield power systems, an
integrated generation-transmission expansion planning model is proposed. The outage
cost is considered and the genetic Tabu hybrid algorithm (GTHA) is developed to
find the optimal solution. With the proposed integrated model, the planning of
generators and transmission lines can be worked out simultaneously, which outweighs
the disadvantages of separate planning, for instance, unable to consider the
influence of power grid during the planning of generation, or insufficient to plan
the transmission system without enough information of generation. The integrated
planning model takes into account both the outage cost and the shipping cost, which
makes the model more practical for offshore oilfield power systems. The planning
problem formulated based on the proposed model is a mixed integer nonlinear
programming problem of very high computational complexity, which is difficult to
solve by regular mathematical methods. A comprehensive optimization method based on
GTHA is also developed to search the best solution efficiently. Finally, a case
study on the planning of a 50-bus offshore oilfield power system is conducted, and
the obtained results fully demonstrate the effectiveness of the presented model and
method.
keywords: {Offshore oil field power system;Generation expansion
planning;Transmission expansion planning;Genetic Tabu hybrid algorithm},
S. Nikkhah and A. Rabiee, "Voltage stability constrained multi-objective
optimisation model for long-term expansion planning of large-scale wind farms," in
IET Generation, Transmission & Distribution, vol. 12, no. 3, pp. 548-555, 13 2
2018.
doi: 10.1049/iet-gtd.2017.0763
Abstract: This study proposes a new model for long-term planning of large-scale
wind farms (WFs) considering voltage stability constraints. The proposed model is a
multi-objective optimisation problem which aims to maximise the profit of WF
investor from wind energy procurement and to minimise the overall power generation
cost. By performing modal analysis on the reduced power flow Jacobian matrix,
proper locations for installation of WFs are determined. Moreover, the impact of
voltage stability constraints on the capacity of WFs is investigated. In comparison
with other studies, the main contributions of this study are: (i) to propose a new
methodology for determination of the best locations for WFs, (ii) to study the
impact of voltage stability as an important security constraint in long-term
planning of wind energy. The proposed voltage stability constrained multi-objective
wind power planning (VSC-MOWPP) model is solved via -constraint method in General
Algebraic Modelling System optimisation package environment. The compromise
solution of Pareto optimal set is selected using fuzzy satisfying approach. The
proposed VSC-MOWPP model is examined on the IEEE 39-bus standard test system. The
numerical investigations substantiate the suitability of the proposed model for
multi-year planning of WFs at the presence of long-term voltage stability
constraints.
keywords: {fuzzy set theory;Jacobian matrices;load flow;minimisation;modal
analysis;Pareto optimisation;power generation economics;power generation
planning;power system security;power system
stability;procurement;profitability;wind power plants;fuzzy satisfying
approach;IEEE 39-bus standard test system;multi-year planning;Pareto optimal
set;general algebraic modelling system optimisation package environment;ε-
constraint method;voltage stability constrained multiobjective wind power planning
model;VSC-MOWPP model;security constraint;power flow Jacobian matrix;modal
analysis;power generation cost minimisation;wind energy procurement;WF investor
profit maximisation;profit maximisation;voltage stability constrained
multiobjective optimisation model;long-term expansion planning;large-scale wind
farm;WF;voltage stability constraint},
C. Feng, W. Liu, F. Wen, Z. Li, M. Shahidehpour and X. Shen, "Expansion planning

for active distribution networks considering deployment of smart management
technologies," in IET Generation, Transmission & Distribution, vol. 12, no. 20, pp.
4605-4614, 13 11 2018.
doi: 10.1049/iet-gtd.2018.5882
Abstract: In this study, a multi-stage long-term expansion planning model for an
active distribution network (ADN) is presented, with the aim of minimising the
investment and operation cost in a coordinated manner over an established horizon.
The planning model optimises the following alternatives: upgrading the capacities
of substations, reinforcing and/or constructing cable circuits, placing voltage
regulators (VRs) and/or static VAR generators, and determining the connection
points for distributed generators (DGs). The investment decisions are optimised
over the entire planning horizon which can be further divided into multiple
periods, and the operation strategies, e.g. active management of DG as well as ADN
topology reconfiguration, are determined according to the profiles of
representative scenarios. To relieve the computational burden, the original model
is properly simplified as a mixed-integer quadratic constrained programming problem
through linearisation and approximation techniques, and the solution optimality is
guaranteed after invoking the off-the-shell solver. A 24-node test system is
employed to validate the effectiveness of the proposed model.
keywords: {approximation theory;distributed power generation;integer
programming;investment;minimisation;power cables;power distribution economics;power
system management;quadratic programming;static VAr compensators;substations;voltage
regulators;24-node test system;approximation technique;linearisation
technique;investment minimisation;multistage long-term expansion planning
model;substation capacity;active distribution networks;mixed-integer quadratic
constrained programming problem;ADN topology reconfiguration;operation
strategies;investment decisions;distributed generators;connection points;static VAR
generators;voltage regulators;cable circuits;operation cost;smart management
technologies},
O. Ziaee, O. Alizadeh-Mousavi and F. F. Choobineh, "Co-Optimization of Transmission

Expansion Planning and TCSC Placement Considering the Correlation Between Wind and
Demand Scenarios," in IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 33, no. 1, pp. 206-
215, Jan. 2018.
doi: 10.1109/TPWRS.2017.2690969
Abstract: This paper combines two planning problems into a single planning problem
and numerically shows the benefits of their combination. Specifically, we combine
the optimal transmission expansion planning problem and the optimal placement of
thyristor controlled series compensators (TCSCs) in a transmission network. The
proposed single period math program for the combined problem minimizes the
investment costs of the new lines and TCSCs and the expected costs of generation
and load shed while multiple operation scenarios are considered. The model relies
on the dc approximation of the power flow network and ties the maximum flow limit
of each line to its length. The operation scenarios are developed by considering
the load and wind power generation of a specific period using a proposed method for
scenario reduction. The general linearization technique and the disjunctive model
are used to linearize the polynomial constraints in the problem. The numerical
results for solving the proposed optimization model for the Graver 6-bus and the
IEEE 118-bus systems show the cost benefits and wind penetration of using the
proposed combined planning model.
keywords: {approximation theory;load flow;load shedding;mathematical
programming;polynomials;power transmission economics;power transmission
planning;thyristor applications;wind power plants;TCSC placement;single planning
problem;optimal transmission expansion planning problem;transmission network;single
period math program;multiple operation scenarios;power flow network;maximum flow
limit;wind power generation;scenario reduction;optimization model;cost
benefits;combined planning model;cooptimization;load shedding;optimal thyristor
controlled series compensator placement;investment costs minimization;expected
costs minimization;dc approximation;general linearization technique;polynomial
constraints;Graver 6-bus;IEEE 118-bus systems;demand scenario;Power transmission
lines;Thyristors;Power capacitors;Numerical models;Mathematical model;Planning;Load
modeling;Disjunctive model;general linearization technique;multiple operation
scenarios;TCSC location-allocation;transmission expansion planning},
Z. Xu, Z. Y. Dong and K. P. Wong, "Transmission planning in a deregulated

environment," in IEE Proceedings - Generation, Transmission and Distribution, vol.
153, no. 3, pp. 326-334, 11 May 2006.
doi: 10.1049/ip-gtd:20050201
Abstract: The worldwide trend for the deregulation of the electricity generation
and transmission industries has led to dramatic changes in system operation and
planning procedures. The optimum approach to transmission-expansion planning in a
deregulated environment is an open problem especially when the responsibilities of
the organisations carrying out the planning work need to be addressed. To date
there is a consensus that the system operator and network manager perform the
expansion planning work in a centralised way. However, with an increasing input
from the electricity market, the objectives, constraints and approaches toward
transmission planning should be carefully designed to ensure system reliability as
well as meeting the market requirements. A market-oriented approach for
transmission planning in a deregulated environment is proposed. Case studies using
the IEEE 14-bus system and the Australian national electricity market grid are
performed. In addition, the proposed method is compared with a traditional planning
method to further verify its effectiveness.
keywords: {power transmission planning;power transmission reliability;power
markets;IEEE standards;transmission planning;deregulated environment;electricity
generation;transmission industry;transmission-expansion planning;electricity
market;reliability;IEEE 14-bus system},
A. Ramos, I. J. Perez-Arriaga and J. Bogas, "A nonlinear programming approach to

optimal static generation expansion planning," in IEEE Transactions on Power
doi: 10.1109/59.32610
Abstract: It is shown how a standard nonlinear programming approach can be applied
to solve a sophisticated version of the static optimal mix problem in generation
planning. The model presented includes technical minima of thermal capacity,
detailed operating models of storage-hydro and pumped-hydro units, a realistic
model of capital costs for hydro plants, operating reserve and minimum demand
constraints, and capacity already in existence. The model formulation is in a
format that can be directly handled by the well-known MINOS code and can be
efficiently solved. The use of a general-purpose nonlinear optimization program
results in a great flexibility, making it possible to modify the model formulation
easily or to adapt it to the characteristics of a particular electric system. A
realistic application to the Spanish generation system is presented.<>
keywords: {hydroelectric power stations;nonlinear programming;power system analysis
computing;storage-hydro units;hydroelectric power stations;nonlinear
programming;optimal static generation expansion planning;pumped-hydro units;capital
costs;operating reserve;minimum demand constraints;MINOS code;Spanish generation
system;Power system modeling;Power system planning;Mathematical model;Power
generation;Optimized production technology;Power generation planning;Power system
economics;Cost function;Process planning;Power engineering and energy},
M. E. Samper and A. Vargas, "Investment Decisions in Distribution Networks Under

Uncertainty With Distributed Generation—Part II: Implementation and Results," in
IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 28, no. 3, pp. 2341-2351, Aug. 2013.
doi: 10.1109/TPWRS.2013.2239667
Abstract: This second part of a two-part paper presents the implementation and
simulations of a risk-based optimization approach for distribution expansion
planning with distributed generation (DG), as described in Part I. The proposed
approach is first applied to a test system in order to test convergence of the
optimization algorithm and then comparing its numerical results with the ones from
the exhaustive method. Later, the expansion planning of a typical Latin American
distribution network is assessed and analyzed. For this, two expansion
optimizations are performed: one, taking into account traditional expansion
alternatives (without DG) and, the other, considering DG as flexible expansion
options. Finally, the computational effort is analyzed. Results show that the
greatest contribution of DG lies in the flexibility it gives to expansion planning,
mainly by deferring network reinforcements.
keywords: {distributed power generation;optimisation;power distribution
economics;power distribution planning;investment decisions;distribution
networks;distributed generation;risk-based optimization approach;distribution
expansion planning;DG;exhaustive method;Latin American distribution
network;expansion optimization algorithm;network
reinforcements;Investments;Optimization;Planning;Reliability;Rail to rail
inputs;Switches;Stochastic processes;Distributed generation;distribution
planning;EPSO;expansion decisions;real options;risk analysis},
N. I. Voropai and E. Y. Ivanova, "Shapley Game for Expansion Planning of Generating

Companies at Many Non-Coincident Criteria," in IEEE Transactions on Power Systems,
vol. 21, no. 4, pp. 1630-1637, Nov. 2006.
doi: 10.1109/TPWRS.2006.873053
Abstract: Liberalization of electric power systems (EPS) considerably changes and
sophisticates solution of the expansion problems and their contents. Akey problem
here is to coordinate interests of the subjects involved in the EPS expansion
planning. The interests may or may not be directly opposite. Very often, the
subjects can benefit by cooperation, which affects the decisions on EPS expansion.
The theory of cooperative games can be used to solve the problem of coordinating
the interests most efficiently. The approach is exemplified by one and two
interacting power supply companies, with several subjects each with their interests
and different conditions for system expansion
keywords: {game theory;power generation planning;Shapley game;expansion
planning;generating companies;noncoincident criteria;electric power system
liberalization;cooperative game theory;power supply companies;Game theory;Power
generation;Power system planning;Power supplies;Signal generators;Decision
making;Utility theory;Pricing;Power system modeling;Electricity supply
industry;Cooperative game;expansion planning;generating companies;Shapley value},
J. Wen, X. Han, J. Li, Y. Chen, H. Yi and C. Lu, "Transmission network expansion

planning considering uncertainties in loads and renewable energy resources," in
CSEE Journal of Power and Energy Systems, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 78-85, March 2015.
doi: 10.17775/CSEEJPES.2015.00010
Abstract: This paper proposes a novel method for transmission network expansion
planning (TNEP) that take into account uncertainties in loads and renewable energy
resources. The goal of TNEP is to minimize the expansion cost of candidate lines
without any load curtailment. A robust linear optimization algorithm is adopted to
minimize the load curtailment with uncertainties considered under feasible
expansion costs. Hence, the optimal planning scheme obtained through an iterative
process would be to serve loads and provide a sufficient margin for renewable
energy integration. In this paper, two uncertainty budget parameters are introduced
in the optimization process to limit the considered variation ranges for both the
load and the renewable generation. Simulation results obtained from two test
systems indicate that the uncertainty budget parameters used to describe
uncertainties are essential to arrive at a compromise for the robustness and
optimality, and hence, offer a range of preferences to power system planners and
decision makers.
keywords: {iterative methods;linear programming;power transmission
planning;renewable energy sources;transmission network expansion planning;TNEP;load
uncertainties;renewable energy resources;candidate lines expansion cost;robust
linear optimization algorithm;load curtailment;optimal planning scheme;iterative
process;renewable energy integration;uncertainty budget parameters;power system
planners;decision makers;Expansion planning;renewable generation;robust linear
optimization;transmission network;uncertainty},
F. Ugranli and E. Karatepe, "Coordinated TCSC Allocation and Network Reinforcements

Planning With Wind Power," in IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy, vol. 8, no.
4, pp. 1694-1705, Oct. 2017.
doi: 10.1109/TSTE.2017.2702105
Abstract: Integration of wind power plants into power systems requires special
attention on network planning to reduce curtailed wind energy as well as investment
costs and generation costs. To this aim, in this study, transmission expansion
planning, reactive power planning, and the allocation of TCSC devices are
coordinated in order to minimize investment costs of transmission lines, reactive
power sources, and TCSC devices along with the sum of generation costs and penalty
for load curtailment. Installed wind power plants are modeled by using load-wind
scenarios, which are obtained by clustering procedure. They are integrated into the
constraints of the proposed method via linearized ac power flow equations. This
assures keeping the proposed method as mixed-integer linear programming problem.
The proposed method is applied to the Garver 6-bus and IEEE 24-bus RTS test systems
under different case studies. Results prove the contributions of the coordinated
network planning.
keywords: {demand side management;integer programming;linear programming;load
flow;power generation planning;reactive power;wind power plants;coordinated TCSC
allocation;network reinforcements planning;wind power plants;curtailed wind
energy;investment costs;generation costs;transmission expansion planning;reactive
power planning;load curtailment;clustering procedure;linearized ac power flow
equations;mixed-integer linear programming problem;Garver 6-bus;IEEE 24-bus;RTS
test systems;Mixed integer linear programming;Flexible AC transmission
systems;Power transmission lines;Wind power generation;Reactive power;FACTS;mixed-
integer linear programming;reactive power planning;TCSC;transmission expansion
planning;wind power},
A. M. El-Zonkoly, "Multistage expansion planning for distribution networks

including unit commitment," in IET Generation, Transmission & Distribution, vol. 7,
no. 7, pp. 766-778, July 2013.
doi: 10.1049/iet-gtd.2012.0289
Abstract: In this study, a multistage expansion and unit commitment (UC) planning
for distribution networks using artificial bee colony (ABC) is presented. A dynamic
model for expansion considers installation of new distributed generation units,
expansion of pre-installed generating units' capacities, rewiring and addition of
new load points. The expansion plane is carried out in three stages. In each stage,
an hourly-day-ahead UC schedule is determined over the course of the stage period.
The proposed algorithm uses the ABC to obtain a feasible commitment schedule for
the generating units installed. An economical dispatch of these units along with
load shedding is then carried out in each stage period to satisfy the system's
equality and inequality constraints. The proposed algorithm is applied to different
test systems to verify its efficiency.
keywords: {distributed power generation;dynamic programming;load shedding;power
distribution planning;power generation dispatch;power generation
scheduling;multistage expansion planning;distribution networks;unit
commitment;artificial bee colony;ABC;distributed generation units;preinstalled
generating unit capacities;load points;hourly-day-ahead UC schedule;stage
period;feasible commitment schedule;economical dispatch;load shedding},
K. Dragoon and V. Dvortsov, "Z-method for power system resource adequacy

applications," in IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 21, no. 2, pp. 982-988,
May 2006.
doi: 10.1109/TPWRS.2006.873417
Abstract: Utilities have long struggled with establishing resource planning
criteria that ensure adequate resources to meet loads at low cost. Historically,
many utilities used planning reserve margin criteria. The onset of deregulation
brought about a paradigm shift in which it was expected that markets would provide
a more efficient mechanism for maintaining resource sufficiency in the course of
system demand growth. Major power shortages in the Midwest and California in the
wake of deregulation led to a reexamination by most regions of the need for
centralized resource planning and integrated resource plans. Reserve margin
techniques continue to be used by many resource planners to ensure resource
adequacy. Simulation-based probabilistic assessments can provide a more direct
measure of adequacy but are quite intensive computationally and therefore only
allow exploring a limited number of scenarios. In this paper, we suggest a simple
analytical probabilistic approach to maintaining resource adequacy and calculating
peak load carrying capability of incremental generating units. The methodology
targets a level of system adequacy, rather than a specified reserve margin, under
system expansion. It provides a powerful technique for simply calculating
probability-based load carrying capability of resource additions without
iteratively running computationally intensive stochastic computer models. The
technique also provides a simple but effective method for developing portfolios of
resources with comparable contributions to system adequacy. The latter may be
employed in capacity expansion algorithms as a simpler, more efficient, and more
accurate method of determining least-cost resource additions than targeting
planning reserve margins. Applications of these techniques to the IEEE Reliability
Test System illustrate the methods and verify the results with a stochastic model.
keywords: {power generation planning;probability;power generation
reliability;stochastic processes;power system resource adequacy
applications;resource planning criteria;planning reserve margin criteria;power
shortage;simulation-based probabilistic assessments;peak load carrying
capability;incremental generating units;capacity expansion planning;IEEE
Reliability Test System;stochastic models;Power systems;Power system
planning;Meeting planning;Costs;Computational modeling;Stochastic processes;Power
system modeling;Portfolios;Capacity planning;Iterative algorithms;Power generation
planning;power system availability;power system planning;power system reliability},
Z. Wang, Y. Chen, S. Mei, S. Huang and Y. Xu, "Optimal expansion planning of

isolated microgrid with renewable energy resources and controllable loads," in IET
Renewable Power Generation, vol. 11, no. 7, pp. 931-940, 7 6 2017.
doi: 10.1049/iet-rpg.2016.0661
Abstract: As the load demand in a microgrid increases, more distributed generators
(DGs) should be installed to meet the demand, which makes the microgrid expansion
planning very important. To obtain the optimal expansion strategy, a tri-level
expansion planning framework is presented for an isolated microgrid in this study,
which is composed of demand expansion, capacity optimisation and operation
optimisation. The uncertainties of load forecasting are considered. Latin hypercube
sampling method is utilised to generate the load demand scenarios. Controllable
load is also considered in the expansion, which can be switched off and on as
required. Considering the complexity of the operation optimisation problem,
particle swarm optimisation is used to obtain the planning results. Finally,
numerical simulations for an isolated microgrid in Weizhou Island, Guangxi, China
are utilised to validate the effectiveness of the proposed model as well as its
solving algorithm.
keywords: {distributed power generation;load forecasting;numerical
analysis;particle swarm optimisation;power distribution planning;renewable energy
sources;Weizhou Island;numerical simulations;particle swarm optimisation;operation
optimisation problem;load demand scenarios;Latin hypercube sampling method;load
forecasting;capacity optimisation;demand expansion;trilevel expansion planning
framework;DG;distributed generators;controllable loads;renewable energy
resources;isolated microgrid;optimal expansion planning},
L. Gan, G. Li and M. Zhou, "Coordinated planning of large-scale wind farm

integration system and transmission network," in CSEE Journal of Power and Energy
doi: 10.17775/CSEEJPES.2016.00005
Abstract: Large-scale centralized exploitation of intermittent wind energy
resources has become popular in many countries. However, as a result of the
frequent occurrence of largescale wind curtailment, expansion of corresponding
transmission projects has fallen behind the speed at which installed wind capacity
can be developed. In this paper, a coordinated planning approach for a large-scale
wind farm integration system and its related regional transmission network is
proposed. A bilevel programming model is formulated with the objective of
minimizing cost. To reach the global optimum of the bi-level model, this work
proposes that the upper-level wind farm integration system planning problem needs
to be solved jointly with the lower-level regional transmission planning problem.
The bi-level model is expressed in terms of a linearized mathematical problem with
equilibrium constraints (MPEC) by Karush-KuhnTucker conditions. It is then solved
using mixed integer linear programming solvers. Numerical simulations are conducted
to show the validity of the proposed coordinated planning method.
keywords: {cost reduction;integer programming;linear programming;power generation
economics;power generation planning;power transmission economics;power transmission
planning;wind power;wind power plants;coordinated planning approach;large-scale
wind farm integration system;regional transmission network;large-scale intermittent
wind energy resource centralized exploitation;large-scale wind curtailment;wind
capacity;bilevel programming model;cost minimization;upper-level wind farm
integration system planning problem;lower-level regional transmission planning
problem;linearized mathematical problem-with-equilibrium constraints;MPEC;Karush-
KuhnTucker conditions;mixed integer linear programming;Terms-Coordinated
planning;integration planning;mathematical problem with equilibrium constraints
(MPEC);mixed integer linear programming;transmission planning.;Terms-Coordinated
planning;integration planning;mathematical problem with equilibrium constraints
(MPEC);mixed integer linear programming;transmission planning.},
S. L. Gbadamosi, N. I. Nwulu and Y. Sun, "Multi-objective optimisation for

composite generation and transmission expansion planning considering offshore wind
power and feed-in tariffs," in IET Renewable Power Generation, vol. 12, no. 14, pp.
1687-1697, 29 10 2018.
doi: 10.1049/iet-rpg.2018.5531
Abstract: This study proposes a multi-objective mathematical optimisation model
which includes minimisation of the investment costs of new offshore wind farm
units, investment costs of new transmission lines, fuel costs, emissions of the
fossil fuel generators as well as the maximisation of incentives for new generating
units. The mathematical model can be used to determine the optimal expansion
planning for generation and transmission facilities with consideration of the
impact of location and feed-in tariffs for offshore wind power on the overall
system capacity and efficiency. The proposed model is solved using CPLEX 12.6.3
solver in advanced interactive multidimensional modelling system and tested on the
modified Garver 6-bus test system and the IEEE 24-bus reliability test system.
Simulation results indicate that improving the incentive support scheme and
minimisation of the total cost will improve the effective utilisation of offshore
power.
keywords: {integer programming;investment;linear programming;offshore
installations;optimisation;power transmission economics;power transmission
planning;wind power plants;investment costs;transmission lines;fuel costs;fossil
fuel generators;generating units;mathematical model;optimal expansion
planning;transmission facilities;feed;tariffs;offshore wind power;system
capacity;efficiency;advanced interactive multidimensional modelling system;modified
Garver 6-bus test system;IEEE 24-bus reliability test system;minimisation;total
cost;offshore power;multiobjective optimisation;composite generation;transmission
expansion planning;multiobjective mathematical optimisation model;offshore wind
farm units},
P. M. de Quevedo, G. Muñoz-Delgado and J. Contreras, "Impact of Electric Vehicles

on the Expansion Planning of Distribution Systems Considering Renewable Energy,
Storage, and Charging Stations," in IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, vol. 10, no.
1, pp. 794-804, Jan. 2019.
doi: 10.1109/TSG.2017.2752303
Abstract: Energy storage systems (ESS) have adopted a new role with the increasing
penetration of electric vehicles (EV) and renewable energy sources (RES). EV
introduce new charging demands that change the traditional demand profiles and RES
are characterized by their high variability. This paper presents a new multistage
distribution expansion planning model where investments in distribution network
assets, RES, ESS, and EV charging stations are jointly considered. The charging
demand necessary for EV transportation is performed using a vehicle model based on
travel patterns. The variability associated with RES along with the demand requires
the incorporation of uncertainty, which is characterized through a set of
scenarios. These scenarios are generated by the k-means++ clustering technique that
allows keeping the correlation in the information of the uncertainty sources. The
resulting stochastic program is driven by the minimization of the present value of
the total expected cost including investment, maintenance, production, losses, and
non-supplied energy. The associated scenario-based deterministic equivalent is
formulated as a mixed-integer linear program, which can be solved by commercial
software. Numerical results are presented for an illustrative 54-node test system.
keywords: {electric vehicles;energy storage;integer programming;linear
programming;power distribution planning;power generation planning;renewable energy
sources;stochastic programming;EV charging stations;EV transportation;distribution
network;multistage distribution expansion planning model;energy storage
systems;renewable energy;distribution systems;electric
vehicles;Planning;Investment;Uncertainty;Indexes;Substations;Renewable energy
sources;Production;Clustering technique;distribution system expansion planning
(DSEP);ESS;EV charging demand;renewable energy},
S. Kannan, S. Baskar, J. D. McCalley and P. Murugan, "Application of NSGA-II

Algorithm to Generation Expansion Planning," in IEEE Transactions on Power Systems,
vol. 24, no. 1, pp. 454-461, Feb. 2009.
doi: 10.1109/TPWRS.2008.2004737
Abstract: This paper describes use of a multiobjective optimization method, elitist
nondominated sorting genetic algorithm version II (NSGA-II), to the generation
expansion planning (GEP) problem. The proposed model provides for decision maker
choice from among the different trade-off solutions. Two different problem
formulations are considered. In one formulation, the first objective is to minimize
cost; the second objective is to minimize sum of normalized constraint violations.
In the other formulation, the first objective is to minimize investment cost; the
second objective is to minimize outage cost (or maximize reliability). Virtual
mapping procedure is introduced to improve the performance of NSGA-II. The GEP
problem considered is a test system for a six-year planning horizon having five
types of candidate units. The results are compared and validated.
keywords: {decision making;genetic algorithms;investment;NSGA-II
algorithm;generation expansion planning;multiobjective optimization method;elitist
nondominated sorting genetic algorithm version II;decision maker choice;normalized
constraint violations;investment cost;virtual mapping procedure;six-year planning
horizon;Costs;Constraint optimization;Sorting;Genetic algorithms;Optimization
methods;Investments;Consumer electronics;Space exploration;System
testing;Generation expansion planning;multiobjective;nondominated sorting genetic
algorithm;optimization;virtual mapping procedure},
Young-Chang Kim and Byong-Hun Ahu, "Multicriteria generation-expansion planning

with global environmental considerations," in IEEE Transactions on Engineering
Management, vol. 40, no. 2, pp. 154-161, May 1993.
doi: 10.1109/17.277407
Abstract: The multicriteria capacity mix problem of electric utilities is
discussed. Traditional least-cost generation expansion planning has become
inadequate due to the prevailing multiple, conflicting objectives such as cost,
environmental degradation, and nuclear hazards. A preference-order dynamic
programming approach that allows these considerations to be addressed with the
already available dynamic programming-based capacity expansion planning tool,
called Wien Automatic System Planning Package (WASP), is presented. A case study
shows the importance of considering global warming as well as nuclear hazards. It
is noted that substituting plants that use cleaner fuels such as natural gas for
those that use carbon-intensive fuels such as coal is effective in controlling
carbon dioxide emissions, more so than replacing them with carbon dioxide-free
nuclear units.<>
keywords: {dynamic programming;electric power generation;electricity supply
industry;energy resources;management information systems;power engineering
computing;software packages;energy resources;power stations;pollution;software
packages;management;multicriteria capacity mix;electric utilities;generation
expansion planning;dynamic programming;capacity expansion;WASP;global
warming;nuclear hazards;Nuclear power generation;Hazards;Dynamic
programming;Fuels;Carbon dioxide;Power industry;Costs;Degradation;Capacity
planning;Packaging},
C. Bustos, E. Sauma, S. de la Torre, J. A. Aguado, J. Contreras and D. Pozo,

"Energy storage and transmission expansion planning: substitutes or complements?,"
in IET Generation, Transmission & Distribution, vol. 12, no. 8, pp. 1738-1746, 30 4
2018.
doi: 10.1049/iet-gtd.2017.0997
Abstract: The massive development of energy storage systems (ESSs) may
significantly help in the supply-demand balance task, especially under the
existence of uncertain and intermittent sources of energy, such as solar and wind
power. Using ESSs as complements of renewable generation has technical and economic
consequences in both the short-term operation and the long-term expansion planning
of the grid. The authors propose a transmission expansion planning model that
incorporates decisions about the expansion of generic ESS units in order to study
the interaction between the penetration and location of ESSs and the transmission
investment decisions. The problem is formulated as a mixed-integer linear
programming model and considers different demand blocks and their correlation with
renewable generation, to account for the distinct features of the system over time.
The authors' results show that ESSs are not only substitutes of transmission
assets, but they may also be complemented with transmission assets depending on the
power system characteristics. They use a 27-bus representation of the main Chilean
network to illustrate the model proposed and to highlight some interesting results
about the potential complementarity of ESSs and transmission expansion.
keywords: {energy storage;integer programming;investment;linear programming;power
transmission economics;power transmission planning;supply and demand;transmission
expansion planning;energy storage systems;ESSs;supply-demand balance task;renewable
generation;economic consequences;long-term grid expansion planning;generic ESS unit
expansion;transmission investment decisions;mixed-integer linear programming
model;transmission assets;power system characteristics;Chilean network},
J. H. Zhao, Z. Y. Dong, P. Lindsay and K. P. Wong, "Flexible Transmission Expansion
Planning With Uncertainties in an Electricity Market," in IEEE Transactions on
Power Systems, vol. 24, no. 1, pp. 479-488, Feb. 2009.
doi: 10.1109/TPWRS.2008.2008681
Abstract: Deregulation of the electric power industry has introduced new
uncertainties for market participants and made planning of transmission expansion
more difficult. More flexible transmission expansion plans are needed, to cope with
the increased risks. In this paper, a novel planning approach is proposed to meet
the above challenge. In our approach, the planning process is modeled as a mixed
integer nonlinear programming (MINLP) problem, so that conflicting objectives can
be optimized simultaneously. To minimize planning risks, our method identifies
several scenarios based on statistics and expert knowledge; the most flexible
expansion plan is selected as the plan that has least adaptation cost. The proposed
method is tested with the IEEE 14-bus system. Promising results are obtained to
demonstrate the effectiveness of our method.
keywords: {integer programming;nonlinear programming;power markets;power system
planning;electricity market;flexible transmission expansion
planning;uncertainties;deregulation;electric power industry;mixed integer nonlinear
programming;IEEE 14-bus system;Uncertainty;Electricity supply industry;Power system
planning;Costs;Information technology;Australia;Power
generation;Availability;Meeting planning;Process planning;Electricity
market;optimization;power system planning;risk management},
M. S. Kandil, S. A. Farghal and N. E. Hasanin, "Economic assessment of energy

storage options in generation expansion planning," in IEE Proceedings C -
Generation, Transmission and Distribution, vol. 137, no. 4, pp. 298-306, July 1990.
doi: 10.1049/ip-c.1990.0040
Abstract: An efficient method to assess the economic feasibility of introducing a
storage capacity alongside a conventional generation system is presented. The
operational cost saving of the optimally operated storage capacity with the
conventional system is determined using a production simulation model. This is
optimised so that a generation schedule for a power system with a storage facility
will accurately reflect the time dependency of storage operation policies through
the charging and discharging processes. The optimum capacity of a storage facility
is chosen to minimise the total revenue requirements and to satisfy the system
reliability constraint for each year in the plan.<>
keywords: {economics;electric power generation;energy storage;power systems;power
system generation schedule;energy storage facility;generation expansion
planning;operational cost saving;production simulation
model;reliability;Economics;Power generation;Energy storage;Power systems},
S. de la Torre, A. J. Conejo and J. Contreras, "Transmission Expansion Planning in

Electricity Markets," in IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 23, no. 1, pp.
238-248, Feb. 2008.
doi: 10.1109/TPWRS.2007.913717
Abstract: This paper presents a mixed-integer linear programming (LP) formulation
for the long-term transmission expansion planning problem in a competitive pool-
based electricity market. To achieve optimal expansion planning while modeling
market functioning, we define a number of scenarios based on the future demand in
the system and we simulate the maximization of the aggregate social welfare.
Investment and operating costs, transmission losses and generator offers, and
demand bids are considered. We propose to use a set of metrics to rate the effect
of the expansion on the generators, demands, and the system as a whole. The
proposed model is applied to the Garver six-bus system and to the IEEE 24-bus
reliability test system. Simulation results can be interpreted in economic terms
based on the values of the metrics obtained for different scenarios, parameters,
and topologies.
keywords: {costing;integer programming;linear programming;load forecasting;power
markets;power transmission economics;power transmission planning;competitive pool
electricity markets;mixed-integer linear programming;long-term transmission
expansion planning problem;optimal expansion planning;future power demand;aggregate
social welfare;investment costs;operating costs;transmission losses;power
transmission economics;Garver six-bus system;IEEE 24-bus reliability test
system;Electricity supply industry;Investments;Costs;Power generation;Linear
programming;Upper bound;Voltage;Power transmission lines;Aggregates;Propagation
losses;Electricity market;mixed-integer linear programming;social
welfare;transmission expansion planning},
A. K. David, Y. Q. He and P. N. Fernando, "Private investment in power and

deviations from the least cost expansion plan," in IEE Proceedings - Generation,
Transmission and Distribution, vol. 142, no. 3, pp. 269-276, May 1995.
doi: 10.1049/ip-gtd:19951747
Abstract: Established least cost electricity generation expansion planning
philosophy is now coming under serious pressure because of the worldwide
restructuring of the electricity supply industry. This restructuring usually
includes private investment in power projects. Despite the importance of the long-
term optimal strategy, the 'next' least cost project may, sometimes, be
unattractive to private investors for a various reasons, but power system planners
may be constrained, by policy or financial pressures, to accept compromises. The
paper examines this problem, develops techniques for assessing the impact of such
deviations, examines affects on prices, and suggests trade-off methods for
resolving economic and tariff related conflicts of interest.<>
keywords: {costing;economics;electric power generation;electricity supply
industry;investment;minimisation;power system planning;project
engineering;tariffs;least cost electricity generation expansion
planning;electricity supply industry;restructuring;private investment;power
projects;prices;trade-off methods;economics;tariffs;conflicts of
interest;optimisation;Costs;Economics;Power generation;Power industry;Minimization
methods;Power system planning;Project management},
S. F. Santos, D. Z. Fitiwi, M. Shafie-khah, A. W. Bizuayehu, C. M. P. Cabrita and

J. P. S. Catalão, "New Multi-Stage and Stochastic Mathematical Model for Maximizing
RES Hosting Capacity—Part II: Numerical Results," in IEEE Transactions on
Sustainable Energy, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 320-330, Jan. 2017.
doi: 10.1109/TSTE.2016.2584122
Abstract: A new multistage and stochastic mathematical model of an integrated
distribution system planning problem is described in Part I. The efficiency and
validity of this model are tested by carrying out a case study on a standard IEEE
41-bus radial distribution system. The numerical results show that the simultaneous
integration of energy storage systems (ESSs) and reactive power sources largely
enables a substantially increased penetration of variable generation (wind and
solar) in the system, and consequently, reduces overall system costs and network
losses. For the system, a combined wind and solar PV power of up to nearly three
times the base-case peak load is installed over a three-year planning horizon. In
addition, the proposed planning approach also considerably defers network expansion
and/or reinforcement needs. Generally, it is clearly demonstrated in an innovative
way that the joint planning of distributed generation, reactive power sources, and
ESSs, brings significant improvements to the system such as reduction of losses,
electricity cost, and emissions as a result of increased renewable energy sources
(RESs) penetration. Besides, the proposed modeling framework considerably improves
the voltage profile in the system, which is crucial for a normal operation of the
system as a whole. Finally, the novel planning model proposed can be considered as
a major leap forward toward developing controllable grids, which support large-
scale integration of RESs.
keywords: {cost reduction;distributed power generation;energy storage;hybrid power
systems;photovoltaic power systems;power distribution economics;power distribution
planning;power generation economics;power generation planning;reactive
power;stochastic programming;wind power plants;RES hosting capacity;multistage
mathematical model;stochastic mathematical model;integrated distribution system
planning problem;standard IEEE 41-bus radial distribution system;energy storage
systems;ESS;reactive power sources;overall system cost reduction;network loss
reduction;combined wind-solar PV power system;network expansion;reinforcement
needs;distributed generation;joint planning;electricity cost reduction;emission
reduction;RES penetration;voltage profile improvement;controllable
grids;Planning;Investment;Reactive power;Capacitors;Substations;Stochastic
processes;Mathematical model;Distributed generation;distribution network
systems;energy storage systems;integrated planning;renewable energy
sources;stochastic programming},
H. -. Yang and S. -. Chen, "Incorporating a multi-criteria decision procedure into

the combined dynamic programming/production simulation algorithm for generation
expansion planning," in IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 165-
175, Feb. 1989.
doi: 10.1109/59.32474
Abstract: A multiobjective optimization approach to generation expansion planning
is presented. The approach is obtained by adding a new multicriteria decision (MCD)
procedure to the conventional algorithm which combines dynamic programming with a
production simulation method. The MCD procedure can help decision-makers weigh the
relative importance of multiple attributes associated with the decision
alternatives and find the near-best compromise solution efficiently at each
optimization step of the conventional algorithm. Practical applications of the
approach to evaluating the feasibility of the fourth nuclear power plant of Taiwan
is presented, demonstrating its effectiveness and limitations.<>
keywords: {dynamic programming;electric power generation;nuclear power
stations;power system planning;multi-criteria decision procedure;dynamic
programming;production simulation algorithm;generation expansion
planning;multiobjective optimization approach;nuclear power plant;Taiwan;Dynamic
programming;Production planning;Costs;Proposals;Algorithm design and
analysis;Heuristic algorithms;Power generation;Power systems;Power engineering and
energy;Systems engineering and theory},
J. Kabouris and G. C. Contaxis, "Autonomous system expansion planning considering

renewable energy sources-a computer package," in IEEE Transactions on Energy
Conversion, vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 374-381, Sept. 1992.
doi: 10.1109/60.148555
Abstract: The authors describe the interactive package ASP (Autonomous System
Planning), which determines the optimal expansion plan of an autonomous generation
system including diesel units, wind generators, and photovoltaic generators.
Utilizing meteorological data, load demand data and estimated economical
parameters, the package finds the optimal system expansion policy for a period of N
years. The solution algorithms implemented in the package recognize planning and
operational constraints and take into consideration the stochastic nature of the
meteorological conditions, loads, and the availability of the diesel units.<>
keywords: {diesel-electric generators;electric power generation;interactive
systems;photovoltaic power systems;power engineering computing;power system
planning;wind turbines;stochastic processes;expansion planning;renewable energy
sources;computer package;interactive package;Autonomous System Planning;autonomous
generation system;diesel units;wind generators;photovoltaic
generators;meteorological data;load demand data;estimated economical
parameters;Renewable energy resources;Packaging;Wind energy
generation;Meteorology;Application specific processors;Photovoltaic systems;Solar
power generation;Parameter estimation;Power generation economics;Stochastic
processes},
H. Wang, L. Shi and Y. Ni, "Distribution system planning incorporating distributed

generation and cyber system vulnerability," in The Journal of Engineering, vol.
2017, no. 13, pp. 2198-2202, 2017.
doi: 10.1049/joe.2017.0720
Abstract: An optimisation model for distribution network expansion is proposed to
acquire the optimal economical scheme by planning the installation of distributed
generations (DGs) as well as the investment on newly constructed lines. The
scenario-based method is employed to deal with the uncertainties of DGs including
wind generation and photovoltaic units together with energy storage devices.
Especially, the model highlights the cyber security requirements as additional
constrains by means of introducing a risk index to evaluate the vulnerability of
cyber system, and the payoff of cyber system failure is estimated by the load
losses after the load shedding operations for the sake of system security and
reliability. An improved genetic algorithm is applied to solve the aforementioned
optimisation model. Finally, case studies are carried out on the 16-bus system with
typical substation automation architecture to verify the effectiveness of the
proposed model and method.
keywords: {power generation planning;load shedding;power distribution
planning;genetic algorithms;substation automation;power generation
reliability;distribution networks;distributed power generation;DGs including wind
generation;energy storage devices;cyber security requirements;cyber system
failure;system security;reliability;aforementioned optimisation model;16-bus
system;distribution system planning incorporating distributed
generation;distribution network expansion;optimal economical scheme;distributed
generations;newly constructed lines},
A. Hajebrahimi, A. Abdollahi and M. Rashidinejad, "Probabilistic Multiobjective

Transmission Expansion Planning Incorporating Demand Response Resources and Large-
Scale Distant Wind Farms," in IEEE Systems Journal, vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 1170-1181,
June 2017.
doi: 10.1109/JSYST.2015.2464151
Abstract: Transmission expansion planning (TEP) is a critical issue, particularly
coping with the new challenges of smart grids. Under the smart grid environment,
demand response resources (DRRs) are contemplated as virtual power plants in energy
policy decisions. DRRs affect the controllability of power systems, ranging from
short-term to long-term scheduling. In this paper, a nonlinear economic model of
responsive loads is presented based on price elasticity of demand and customers
benefit function. In order to investigate the impacts of DRRs on TEP, a
probabilistic multiobjective TEP incorporating demand response programs (DRPs) is
introduced (PMO-TEPDRPs). IC, congestion costs, risk costs, and total incentive
costs for participating in DRPs are considered different objectives of PMO-TEPDRPs.
Here, a probabilistic analysis technique, the so-called two-point estimation
method, is applied to handle the uncertainty of wind-farm generation in the TEP
problem. Furthermore, the maximum achievable potential and realistic achievable
potential for participating customers in DRPs are derived. Due to the problem's
nonconvex formulation, a nondominated sorting genetic algorithm II is utilized to
evaluate PMO-TEPDRPs. Several analyses are carried out on the IEEE Reliability Test
System and Iran 400-kV transmission grid to confirm the capability of the proposed
framework.
keywords: {demand side management;genetic algorithms;power generation
scheduling;power transmission planning;smart power grids;wind power
plants;probabilistic multiobjective transmission expansion planning;demand response
resources;large-scale distant wind farms;smart grid environment;virtual power
plants;energy policy decisions;power system controllability;short-term
scheduling;long-term scheduling;nonlinear economic model;price elasticity;demand
benefit function;customers benefit function;probabilistic multiobjective TEP;demand
response programs;DRP;probabilistic analysis technique;two-point estimation;wind-
farm generation;nonconvex formulation;nondominated sorting genetic algorithm
II;IEEE reliability test system;Iran transmission grid;voltage 400
kV;Planning;Probabilistic logic;Random variables;Wind speed;Wind farms;Load
modeling;Power systems;Consumer economic model;demand response programs
(DRPs);realistic achievable potential (RAP);smart grid;transmission expansion
planning associated with DRPs (PMO-TEP $^\mathrm{DRPs}$ );wind farms},
Y. Wang, S. Lou, Y. Wu, M. Lv and S. Wang, "Coordinated planning of transmission

expansion and coal-fired power plants flexibility retrofits to accommodate the high
penetration of wind power," in IET Generation, Transmission & Distribution, vol.
13, no. 20, pp. 4702-4711, 22 10 2019.
doi: 10.1049/iet-gtd.2018.5182
Abstract: As one of the promising renewable energy technologies, wind power
generation has developed rapidly over the last decade. However, the rapid growth of
wind power resulted in significant wind curtailment due to transmission congestion
and lack of flexible resources. Although energy storage is the most efficient way
to increase the flexibility of the power system, large capacities of cost-effective
energy storage are not yet available today. Considering that coal-fired power
plants are still the dominant suppliers of electricity in many countries, it has a
great potential to increase large amounts of flexibility by retrofitting the
existing coal-fired power plants. In this study, the coordinated planning model for
transmission expansion and coal-fired power plants flexibility retrofits is
proposed to accommodate high penetration of wind power. Robust optimisation is
employed to handle the uncertainties of peak load demand and wind power capacity,
and the robust planning model is solved by nested column-and-constraint generation
method. The validity of the proposed planning model is demonstrated using the
modified IEEE 24-bus test system and modified IEEE 118-bus test system.
keywords: {maintenance engineering;optimisation;power generation planning;power
transmission planning;steam power stations;wind power;wind power plants;nested
column-and-constraint generation method;wind curtailment;renewable energy
technologies;coal-fired power plants flexibility retrofits;transmission
expansion;cost-effective energy storage;power system;wind power generation},
D. T. Wang, L. F. Ochoa and G. P. Harrison, "Modified GA and Data Envelopment

Analysis for Multistage Distribution Network Expansion Planning Under Uncertainty,"
in IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 26, no. 2, pp. 897-904, May 2011.
doi: 10.1109/TPWRS.2010.2057457
Abstract: An approach is proposed to solve multistage distribution network
expansion planning problems considering future uncertainties, guiding the planner
from production of expansion plans, evaluation of the plans under various future
uncertain scenarios, to the selection of the best strategy. A new balanced genetic
algorithm (BGA) is introduced that improves the intensification of the solution
search procedure by trading-off diversification ability. This facilitates searching
for the optimal solution, but also the efficient production of suboptimal solutions
for the planner to take into consideration. The features of the BGA allow a
multistage planning problem to be solved more efficiently; the BGA can consider a
set of expansion plans in an early planning stage in a single run and produce
planning strategies required to solve network problems in a later stage along the
planning horizon. The overall performance of each plan under different uncertain
scenarios is evaluated using a modified data envelopment analysis to assist
decisions on which solution to adopt. The approach is applied to a multistage
“greenfield” distribution network expansion problem considering scenarios for the
location of future loads. The results clearly show the advantages of the approach
over more conventional methods.
keywords: {data envelopment analysis;genetic algorithms;power distribution
planning;data envelopment analysis;multistage greenfield distribution network
expansion planning strategy;balanced genetic algorithm;BGA;trading-off
diversification ability;Data envelopment analysis;Uncertainty;Strategic
planning;Production planning;Genetic algorithms;Optimization methods;Linear
programming;Power generation;Mathematical programming;Algorithm design and
analysis;Data envelopment analysis;genetic algorithms;network
planning;uncertainties},
J. Choi, T. D. Mount and R. J. Thomas, "Transmission Expansion Planning Using

Contingency Criteria," in IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 22, no. 4, pp.
2249-2261, Nov. 2007.
doi: 10.1109/TPWRS.2007.908478
Abstract: This paper proposes a methodology for choosing the best transmission
expansion plan considering various types of security (operating reliability)
criteria. The proposed method minimizes the total cost that includes the investment
cost of transmission as well as the operating cost and standby cost of generators.
The purpose of the study is development of new methodology for solving transmission
system expansion planning problem subject to contingency criteria which are
essentially extensions of the (N-1) contingency criterion. The transmission
expansion problem uses an integer programming framework, and the optimal strategy
is determined using a branch and bound method that utilizes a network flow approach
and the maximum flow-minimum cut set theorem. The characteristics of the proposed
method are illustrated by applying it to a five-bus system and a 21-bus system. The
results of these case studies demonstrate that the proposed method provides a
practical way to find an optimal plan for power system expansion planning.
keywords: {integer programming;investment;power system security;power transmission
economics;power transmission planning;power transmission reliability;tree
searching;transmission expansion planning;contingency criteria;power system
security;operating reliability;investment cost;operating cost;standby cost;integer
programming;flow-minimum cut set theorem;branch-and-bound method;five-bus
system;21-bus system;Power system planning;Costs;Power system reliability;Power
system security;Reliability engineering;Power engineering and
energy;Investments;Power generation economics;Standby generators;Linear
programming;Branch and bound method;investment cost;operating cost;security
(reliability) criteria;standby cost;transmission expansion planning},
D. Liu, H. Cheng, J. Lv, Y. Fu and J. Zhang, "Probability constrained optimisation

model for transmission expansion planning considering the curtailment of wind
power," in The Journal of Engineering, vol. 2019, no. 18, pp. 5340-5344, 7 2019.
doi: 10.1049/joe.2018.9262
Abstract: The curtailment of wind power has caused huge economic losses and needs
to be considered on the stage of transmission expansion planning (TEP). Based on
the superquantile theory, the authors use the buffered failure probability to
handle the events of wind power curtailment. This new measurement offers several
advantages including clear concept, simple calculation, and flexibility. Moreover,
the authors form a novel convex relaxation model of the TEP problem. A tri-level
approximation algorithm is developed to solve the proposed probability constrained
model. The numerical study verifies the performance of the proposed algorithm and
demonstrates the advantages of the proposed model over deterministic TEP.
Sensitivity analysis is performed to identify the influence of different thresholds
in probability constrained TEP problem.
keywords: {convex programming;risk analysis;probability;power transmission
economics;sensitivity analysis;power transmission planning;failure analysis;wind
power plants;power generation economics;approximation theory;probability
constrained TEP problem;sensitivity analysis;numerical study;probability
constrained optimization model;economic losses;deterministic TEP;tri-level
approximation algorithm;novel convex relaxation model;wind power
curtailment;buffered failure probability;superquantile theory;transmission
J. Mitra, M. R. Vallem and C. Singh, "Optimal Deployment of Distributed Generation

Using a Reliability Criterion," in IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, vol.
52, no. 3, pp. 1989-1997, May-June 2016.
doi: 10.1109/TIA.2016.2517067
Abstract: This paper presents an optimal planning approach toward the design of
cost-efficient and reliable microgrids. The proposed approach uses simulated
annealing (SA) to determine the optimal size and location of a mix of distributed
generation (DG) candidate technologies to achieve stipulated reliability criteria.
The deployment plan consists of adding suitable quantities of DG at appropriate
locations, and is optimal in that the cost of expansion is minimized. The paper
develops the models and the approach, and describes an SA-based implementation. The
method is demonstrated on a standard test system, and the application of the method
as a planning tool is illustrated by means of two case studies: 1) optimal
expansion of an existing distribution system into a microgrid and 2) evaluation of
the impact of projected prices on the deployment strategy. Relative penetration of
different DG technologies is also analyzed.
distribution reliability;power generation planning;power generation
reliability;simulated annealing;optimal distributed generation
deployment;reliability criterion;optimal planning approach;microgrids;simulated
annealing;optimal size determination;location determination;projected price impact
evaluation;Reliability;Microgrids;Planning;Optimization;Load
modeling;Niobium;Reactive power;distributed
generation;microgrid;reliability;simulated annealing;siting and sizing;Distributed
generation (DG);microgrid;reliability;simulated annealing (SA);siting and sizing},
C. Muñoz, E. Sauma, J. Contreras, J. Aguado and S. De La Torre, "Impact of high

wind power penetration on transmission network expansion planning," in IET
Generation, Transmission & Distribution, vol. 6, no. 12, pp. 1281-1291, December
2012.
doi: 10.1049/iet-gtd.2011.0552
Abstract: Power generation from renewable sources has greatly increased in the last
decade. Accordingly, the planning of power system expansions must incorporate the
special features of these types of energy sources. Long-term power transmission
expansion planning usually does not take these differences among energy sources
into account because of the long period considered. However, modelling the special
features of renewable sources may influence the optimal transmission plan. In this
study, the authors propose a methodology for long-term power transmission expansion
planning that incorporates the costs associated with the operation of wind power
plants. In particular, the authors model the transmission expansion planning
problem as a mixed-integer linear program in which the variability of the wind
resource, the impact of wind power operation in the system security and the impact
of wind power operation in the reserve market are incorporated. The authors
illustrate the methodology using a 34-node version of the main Chilean network.
keywords: {integer programming;linear programming;power system security;power
transmission planning;wind power plants;high wind power penetration;transmission
network expansion planning;power generation;renewable sources;power system
expansions planning;special features;wind power plants;mixed-integer linear
program;wind resource;system security;reserve market;34-node version;Chilean
network},
B. Odetayo, M. Kazemi, J. MacCormack, W. D. Rosehart, H. Zareipour and A. R. Seifi,

"A Chance Constrained Programming Approach to the Integrated Planning of Electric
Power Generation, Natural Gas Network and Storage," in IEEE Transactions on Power
doi: 10.1109/TPWRS.2018.2833465
Abstract: Natural gas is increasingly becoming the preferred choice of fuel for
flexible electricity generation globally resulting in an electricity system whose
reliability is progressively dependent on that of the natural gas transportation
system. The cascaded relationship between the reliabilities of these system
necessitates an integrated approach to planning both systems. This paper presents a
chance constrained programing approach to minimize the investment cost of
integrating new natural gas-fired generators, natural gas pipeline, compressors,
and storage required to ensure desired confidence levels of meeting future
stochastic power and natural gas demands. The proposed model also highlights the
role of natural gas storage in managing short-time uncertainties in developing a
long-term expansion plan for both the electric and natural gas systems. A two-stage
chance constrained solution algorithm is employed in solving the mix-integer
nonlinear programing optimization problem and illustrated on a standard IEEE 30 bus
test system superimposes on the Belgian high-calorific gas network.
keywords: {integer programming;natural gas technology;nonlinear programming;power
generation planning;chance constrained programming approach;electric power
generation;natural gas network;flexible electricity generation;electricity
system;natural gas transportation system;integrated approach;long-term expansion
plan;electric gas;two-stage chance constrained solution algorithm;mix-integer
nonlinear programing optimization problem;standard IEEE 30 bus test system;Power
generation planning;Investment;Natural gas;Power system
reliability;Pipelines;Energy storage;Integrated planning;chance constrained
programming;natural gas transmission system;natural gas-fired electricity
generators},
Jaeseok Choi, A. A. El-Keib and T. Tran, "A fuzzy branch and bound-based
transmission system expansion planning for the highest satisfaction level of the
decision maker," in IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 476-
484, Feb. 2005.
doi: 10.1109/TPWRS.2004.840446
Abstract: This work proposes a new method for choosing the best transmission system
expansion plan for the highest satisfaction level of the decision maker. The
proposed method considers the permissibility and ambiguity of the investment budget
(economics) for constructing new transmission lines and the delivery marginal rate
(reliability criterion) of the system. This is achieved by modeling the
transmission expansion problem as a fuzzy integer programming one. The method
solves for the optimal strategy (a reasonable and flexible plan that would not be
significantly worsened by any assumed changes in the surrounding situations) using
a fuzzy set theory-based branch and bound method that utilizes a network flow
approach and the maximum flow-minimum cut set theorem. When only a very limited
size database is available to evaluate probabilistic reliability indices, the
proposed technique provides the decision maker with a valuable and practical tool
to solve the transmission expansion problem, considering problem uncertainties.
Test results on an existing 21-bus system show that the proposed method is suitable
for solving the transmission expansion planning problem subject to practical
ambiguities.
keywords: {fuzzy set theory;power transmission planning;integer
programming;decision making;tree searching;branch and bound-based transmission
system planning;decision maker;transmission lines;fuzzy integer programming;fuzzy
set theory;transmission expansion problem;Fuzzy systems;Electricity supply
industry;Power system planning;Power system
reliability;Investments;Uncertainty;Power generation economics;Environmental
economics;Electricity supply industry deregulation;Power system
economics;Flexibility and ambiguity;fuzzy branch and bound;fuzzy integer
programming;satisfaction level of decision maker;transmission expansion planning},
H. Ergun, B. Rawn, R. Belmans and D. Van Hertem, "Stepwise Investment Plan

Optimization for Large Scale and Multi-Zonal Transmission System Expansion," in
IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 31, no. 4, pp. 2726-2739, July 2016.
doi: 10.1109/TPWRS.2015.2480751
Abstract: This paper develops a long term transmission expansion optimization
methodology taking the probabilistic nature of generation and demand, spatial
aspects of transmission investments and different technologies into account. The
developed methodology delivers a stepwise investment plan to achieve the optimal
grid expansion for additional transmission capacity between different zones. In
this paper, the optimization methodology is applied to the Spanish and French
transmission systems for long term optimization of investments in interconnection
capacity.
keywords: {investment;optimisation;power grids;power system interconnection;power
transmission economics;power transmission planning;probability;stepwise investment
plan optimization;large scale multizonal transmission system expansion;transmission
investment;probabilistic;transmission expansion optimization methodology;optimal
grid expansion;Spanish transmission system;French transmission
system;interconnection capacity;Optimization;Investment;Planning;HVDC
transmission;Delays;Routing;Topology;Transmission system expansion
planning;transmission system optimization;optimal cable routing;HVDC;transmission
system investments;time point optimization},
W. Wu, Z. Hu, Y. Song, G. Sansavini, H. Chen and X. Chen, "Transmission Network

Expansion Planning Based on Chronological Evaluation Considering Wind Power
Uncertainties," in IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 33, no. 5, pp. 4787-
4796, Sept. 2018.
doi: 10.1109/TPWRS.2018.2809728
Abstract: Transmission network expansion planning (TNEP) is expected to cope with
the power transmission inadequacy problem resulting from rapid growth of wind
generation in power systems. However, due to significant uncertainties on the
generation side, TNEP based solely on one snapshot or a limited number of scenarios
cannot capture the time-variant characteristics of wind power and may be
suboptimal. In this paper, a new heuristic methodology for TNEP based on
chronological evaluation is presented. First, to assess the transmission adequacy,
the multiperiod DC optimal power flow considering the generators' ramping limits is
employed for a system production simulation covering an entire year. Second, two
sensitivity factors derived from Lagrange multipliers, i.e., the sensitivity
factors of the branch capacity and the branch admittance, are applied to determine
the initial set of the transmission network expansion plan (I-STNEP). Finally, the
cost-benefit incremental relationship index and a degressive method are used to
identify the best subset of the transmission network expansion plan within the I-
STNEP. Simulation results based on a 3000-bus real-world network in northern China
validate the effectiveness of the proposed TNEP method.
keywords: {cost-benefit analysis;DC power transmission;load flow;optimisation;power
system security;power transmission economics;power transmission planning;wind power
plants;transmission network expansion planning;wind power uncertainties;power
transmission inadequacy problem;wind generation;power systems;multiperiod DC
optimal power flow;Lagrange multipliers;I-STNEP;3000-bus real-world
network;northern China;degressive method;cost-benefit incremental relationship
index;Wind power generation;Uncertainty;Wind speed;Autoregressive
processes;Stochastic processes;Sensitivity analysis;Monte Carlo
methods;Transmission network expansion planning;chronological evaluation;sequential
Monte Carlo simulation;sensitivity analysis;wind power uncertainties},
Young-Moon Park, Jong-Ryul Won, Jong-Bae Park and Dong-Gee Kim, "Generation
expansion planning based on an advanced evolutionary programming," in IEEE
doi: 10.1109/59.744547
Abstract: This paper proposes an efficient evolutionary programming algorithm for
solving a generation expansion planning (GEP) problem known as a highly-nonlinear
dynamic problem. Evolutionary programming (EP) is an optimization algorithm based
on the simulated evolution (mutation, competition and selection). In this paper,
some improvements are presented to enhance the efficiency of the EP algorithm for
solving the GEP problem. First, by a domain mapping procedure, yearly cumulative
capacity vectors are transformed into one dummy vector, whose change can field a
kind of trend in the cost value. Next quadratic approximation technique and
tournament selection are utilized. To validate the proposed approach, these
algorithms are tested on two cases of expansion planning problems. Simulation
results show that the proposed algorithm can provide successful results within a
reasonable computational time compared with conventional EP and dynamic
programming.
keywords: {power generation planning;evolutionary computation;approximation
theory;dynamic programming;vectors;power generation expansion planning;advanced
evolutionary programming;highly-nonlinear dynamic problem;optimization
algorithm;simulated evolution;mutation;competition;selection;domain mapping
procedure;yearly cumulative capacity vectors;dummy vector;quadratic approximation
technique;tournament selection;dynamic programming;Genetic programming;Dynamic
programming;Cost function;Power system planning;Evolution (biology);Genetic
mutations;Quadratic programming;Power system dynamics;Genetic algorithms;Biological
system modeling},
M. Xie, J. Zhong and F. F. Wu, "Multiyear Transmission Expansion Planning Using

Ordinal Optimization," in IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 22, no. 4, pp.
1420-1428, Nov. 2007.
doi: 10.1109/TPWRS.2007.907160
Abstract: The increasing complexity of the transmission expansion planning problem
in the restructured industry makes simulation the only viable means to evaluate and
compare the performances of different plans. Ordinal optimization is an approach
suitable for solving the simulation-based multiyear transmission expansion planning
problem. It uses crude models and rough estimates to derive a small set of plans
for which simulations are necessary and worthwhile to find good enough solutions.
In the end, reasonable solutions are obtained with drastically reduced
computational burden.
keywords: {optimisation;power transmission planning;multiyear transmission
expansion planning;ordinal optimization;restructured industry;Computational
modeling;Power system economics;Power generation economics;Power system
planning;Large-scale systems;Linear programming;Dynamic programming;Electricity
supply industry;ISO;Uncertainty;Multiyear transmission expansion;ordinal
optimization;transmission planning},
A. M. Leite da Silva, S. M. P. Ribeiro, V. L. Arienti, R. N. Allan and M. B. Do

Coutto Filho, "Probabilistic load flow techniques applied to power system expansion
planning," in IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 1047-1053,
Nov. 1990.
doi: 10.1109/59.99351
Abstract: An application of the probabilistic load flow (PLF) techniques to the
expansion planning of power systems is presented. A brief review of the PLF
formulation and solution is included to identify differences between this technique
and other available tools such as composite generation and transmission reliability
evaluation algorithms. The potential of the PLF technique is demonstrated by a case
study using the Brazilian North/Northeastern system. The network expansion planning
of an area of this system is studied using a conventional load flow program and the
results are compared with those obtained from a PLF program that models generation
capacity unavailabilities and peak load uncertainties. The significant differences
demonstrate the benefits of the PLF technique. Special emphasis is given to short-
term and long-term modeling using analyses of real system load data.<>
keywords: {load flow;power system planning;power
transmission;probability;reliability;Brazil;power system expansion
planning;probabilistic load flow;composite generation;transmission
reliability;algorithms;models;generation capacity unavailabilities;peak load
uncertainties;short-term;long-term;Power system planning;Load flow;Power system
reliability;Power system modeling;Capacity planning;Uncertainty;Power system
economics;Power generation economics;Environmental economics;Maintenance},
R. García-Bertrand and R. Mínguez, "Dynamic Robust Transmission Expansion

July 2017.
doi: 10.1109/TPWRS.2016.2629266
Abstract: Recent breakthroughs in transmission network expansion planning (TNEP)
have demonstrated that the use of robust optimization, as opposed to stochastic
programming methods, renders the expansion planning problem considering
uncertainties computationally tractable for real systems. However, there is still a
yet unresolved and challenging problem as regards the resolution of the dynamic
TNEP problem, which considers the year-by-year representation of uncertainties and
investment decisions in an integrated way. This problem has been considered to be a
highly complex and computationally intractable problem, and most research related
to this topic focuses on very small case studies or used heuristic methods and has
lead most studies about TNEP in the technical literature to take a wide spectrum of
simplifying assumptions. In this paper, an adaptive robust TNEP formulation is
proposed for keeping the full dynamic complexity of the problem. The method
overcomes the problem size limitations and computational intractability associated
with dynamic TNEP for realistic cases. Numerical results from an illustrative
example and the IEEE 118-bus system are presented and discussed, demonstrating the
benefits of this dynamic TNEP approach with respect to classical methods.
keywords: {power transmission planning;stochastic programming;dynamic robust
transmission network expansion planning;stochastic programming method;dynamic TNEP
problem;IEEE 118-bus system;Uncertainty;Planning;Robustness;Investment;Power system
dynamics;Optimization;Artificial neural networks;Column-and-constraint generation
algorithm;multi-stage transmission expansion planning;multi-year robust
optimization;uncertainty},
Z. Wu, P. Zeng and X. Zhang, "Two-stage stochastic dual dynamic programming for
transmission expansion planning with significant renewable generation and N-k
criterion," in CSEE Journal of Power and Energy Systems, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 3-10,
March 2016.
doi: 10.17775/CSEEJPES.2016.00003
Abstract: The large-scale integration of renewable energy sources (RES) is the
global trend to deal with the energy crisis and greenhouse emissions. Due to the
intermittent nature of RES together with the uncertainty of load demand, the
problem of transmission expansion planning (TEP) is facing more and more challenges
from uncertainties. In this paper, the TEP problem is modeled as a two-stage
formulation, so as to minimize the total of investment costs and generation costs.
To ensure the utilization level of the RES generation, the expansion plan is
required to provide sufficient transmission capacity for the integration of RES.
Also, N-k security criterion is considered into the model, so the expansion plan
can meet the required security criteria. The stochastic dual dynamic programming
(SDDP) approach is applied to consider the uncertainties, and the whole model is
solved by Benders' decomposition technique. Two case studies are carried out to
compare the performance of the SDDP approach and the deterministic approach.
Results show that the expansion plan obtained by the SDDP approach has a better
performance than that of the deterministic approach.
keywords: {air pollution;dynamic programming;power system security;renewable energy
sources;stochastic processes;two-stage stochastic dual dynamic
programming;transmission expansion planning;significant renewable
generation;renewable energy sources;energy crisis;greenhouse emissions;TEP
problem;N-k security criterion;SDDP approach;Benders' decomposition technique;N-k
security criterion;stochastic dual dynamicprogramming;transmission expansion
planning;two-stageproblem.},
J. Qiu et al., "A Linear Programming Approach to Expansion Co-Planning in Gas and
Electricity Markets," in IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 31, no. 5, pp.
3594-3606, Sept. 2016.
doi: 10.1109/TPWRS.2015.2496203
Abstract: In a carbon-constrained world, the continuing and rapid growth of gas-
fired power generation (GPG) will lead to the increasing demand for natural gas.
The reliable and affordable gas supply hence becomes an important factor to
consider in power system planning. Meanwhile, the installation of GPG units should
take into account not only the fuel supply constraints but also the capability of
sending out the generated power. In this paper, a novel expansion co-planning (ECP)
model is proposed, aiming to minimize the overall capital and operational costs for
the coupled gas and power systems. Moreover, linear formulations are introduced to
deal with the nonlinear nature of the objective functions and constraints.
Furthermore, the physical and economic interactions between the two systems are
simulated by an iterative process. The proposed linear co-planning approach is
tested on a simple six-bus power system with a seven-node gas system and a modified
IEEE 118-bus system with a 14-node gas system. Numerical results have demonstrated
that our co-planning approach can allow systematic investigations on supporting
cost-effective operating and planning decisions for power systems.
keywords: {iterative methods;linear programming;power markets;power system
planning;linear programming approach;expansion coplanning;gas markets;electricity
markets;six-bus power system;seven-node gas system;modified IEEE 118-bus system;14-
node gas system;power systems planning;Contracts;Planning;Power
generation;Reliability;Power systems;Pipelines;Electricity supply industry;Co-
optimization;expansion co-planning;natural gas systems;linear programming},
Y. Fukuyama and Hsaio-Dong Chiang, "A parallel genetic algorithm for generation
expansion planning," in IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 11, no. 2, pp.
955-961, May 1996.
doi: 10.1109/59.496180
Abstract: This paper presents an application of parallel genetic algorithm to
optimal long-range generation expansion planning. The problem is formulated as a
combinatorial optimization problem that determines the number of newly introduced
generation units of each technology during different time intervals. A new string
representation method for the problem is presented. Binary and decimal coding for
the string representation method are compared. The method is implemented on
transputers, one of the practical multi-processors. The effectiveness of the
proposed method is demonstrated on a typical generation expansion problem with four
technologies, five intervals, and a various number of generation units. It is
compared favorably with dynamic programming and conventional genetic algorithm. The
results reveal the speed and effectiveness of the proposed method for solving this
problem.
keywords: {power system planning;power system CAD;dynamic programming;parallel
algorithms;combinatorial mathematics;multiprocessing systems;electric power
generation;transputers;power systems;parallel genetic algorithm;long-range
generation expansion planning;combinatorial optimization problem;time
intervals;CAD;binary coding;decimal coding;transputers;multi-processors;generation
units;Genetic algorithms;Dynamic programming},
S. A. McCusker, B. F. Hobbs and Yuandong Ji, "Distributed utility planning using

probabilistic production costing and generalized benders decomposition," in IEEE
doi: 10.1109/TPWRS.2002.1007924
Abstract: Regulatory changes and advances in distributed resources (DR) technology
have lead utilities to consider DRs as alternatives to central station generation
and T&D investments. This paper presents a comprehensive planning and production
simulation model that simultaneously evaluates central and local investments to
determine the optimal mix for long-term expansion. The model can also be viewed as
optimizing DRs while simulating a perfectly competitive wholesale power market. The
model is a mixed integer linear stochastic program that enforces Kirchhoff's
current and voltage laws and is solved using generalized Benders decomposition
(GBD). The formulation includes multiarea probabilistic production costing as a
subproblem. DRs and local distribution reinforcements are modeled as integer
variables, while transmission and central generation options are represented as
continuous variables. The model is applied to a ten-year multi-area example that
suggests that DRs are able to modify capacity additions and production costs by
changing demand and power flows.
keywords: {power generation economics;power generation planning;distribution
networks;demand side management;probability;costing;distributed utility
planning;regulatory changes;central station generation;T&D investments;planning
simulation model;production simulation model;long-term expansion;competitive
wholesale power market;mixed integer linear stochastic program;Kirchhoff's current
law;Kirchhoff's voltage law;probabilistic production costing;generalized benders
decomposition;multiarea probabilistic production costing;local distribution
reinforcements;integer variables;central generation options;transmission
options;continuous variables;capacity additions;power flows;demand-side
management;market model;power generation planning;Production
planning;Costing;Investments;Optimized production technology;Distributed power
generation;Power markets;Stochastic processes;Voltage;Costs;Load flow},
B. Zhao, A. J. Conejo and R. Sioshansi, "Coordinated Expansion Planning of Natural

Gas and Electric Power Systems," in IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 33,
no. 3, pp. 3064-3075, May 2018.
doi: 10.1109/TPWRS.2017.2759198
Abstract: The interdependence between natural gas and electric power systems is
becoming increasingly tight, as the share of natural gas-fired units increases.
Within this context, this paper addresses the coordinated expansion planning of
natural gas and power systems. We analyze the tradeoff of building natural gas-
related facilities (e.g., natural gas pipelines and natural gas-fired generation
units) versus electric-power-related facilities (e.g., transmission lines and other
generation units). We use a two-stage stochastic optimization model that provides
an appropriate balance between accuracy and computational tractability and
represents uncertainty pertaining to electricity and natural gas demands. We show
the importance of representing uncertainty by computing the value of stochastic
solution, which is significant. We analyze the functioning of the model through a
small example and a case study based on the IEEE 118-bus system. Computational
results confirm the need for detailed representation of both the natural gas and
power systems to achieve investment decisions that are well coordinated and
optimal.
keywords: {investment;natural gas technology;pipelines;power generation
planning;stochastic processes;stochastic programming;coordinated expansion
planning;electric power systems;natural gas-related facilities;natural gas
pipelines;natural gas-fired generation units;transmission lines;generation
units;two-stage stochastic optimization model;natural gas demands;IEEE 118-bus
system;Natural gas;Planning;Modeling;Investment;Pipelines;Power transmission
lines;Power system planning;natural gas;stochastic optimization},
O. B. Tor, A. N. Guven and M. Shahidehpour, "Promoting the Investment on IPPs for

Optimal Grid Planning," in IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 25, no. 3, pp.
1743-1750, Aug. 2010.
doi: 10.1109/TPWRS.2009.2039947
Abstract: This paper presents a transmission expansion planning (TEP) model which
coordinates investment decisions in monopolistic transmission and decentralized
generator sectors. The proposed planning approach gauges transmission congestion
and security constraints with respect to transmission investments while promoting
investments on independent power produces (IPPs) through incentive payments. The
paper includes discussions on incentive mechanisms and prioritization among
qualified IPPs for several planning scenarios. Such incentives might be necessary
to trigger investments on IPPs earlier than those projected by the decentralized
generation system, when the power system security is threatened. The proposed
planning approach would optimize the sum of transmission investments, incentive
payments to IPPs, and congestion costs along the planning horizon. The case studies
illustrate how the proposed planning algorithm could be utilized in order to
determine incentive payments to candidate generators when necessary, and prioritize
such incentives among multiple IPP candidates.
keywords: {incentive schemes;investment;power grids;power transmission
economics;power transmission planning;transmission investment promotion;IPP;optimal
grid planning;transmission expansion planning;transmission congestion;transmission
security constraints;independent power producers;incentive
payments;Investments;Power system planning;Distributed power generation;Power
generation;Power transmission lines;Mesh generation;Power system security;Cost
function;Load forecasting;Marketing and sales;Incentive payments;IPP
investments;transmission congestion;transmission expansion planning;transmission
security},
M. R. Hesamzadeh, D. R. Biggar, N. Hosseinzadeh and P. J. Wolfs, "Transmission

Augmentation With Mathematical Modeling of Market Power and Strategic Generation
Expansion—Part I," in IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 26, no. 4, pp. 2040-
2048, Nov. 2011.
doi: 10.1109/TPWRS.2011.2145008
Abstract: This paper proposes a new mathematical structure for evaluating the
economic efficiency of transmission investment in a liberalized electricity market.
The problem faced by a transmission planner is modeled using the concept of social
welfare from economics. The behavior of generators is modeled as the Nash
equilibrium of a strategic game. The Nash solution concept is reformulated as an
optimization problem and a new concept-the Stackelberg-Worst Nash equilibrium-is
introduced to resolve the problem of multiple equilibria. The proposed structure
can take into account the effects of a transmission augmentation on both market
power and strategic generation investment. Accordingly, the optimal solution to the
transmission planner's problem may allow additional transmission capacity both to
reduce market power and to defer investment in the generation sector. A methodology
is proposed to decompose the benefits of a transmission augmentation policy into
the efficiency benefit, competition benefit, and the deferral benefit. The outcomes
of the proposed approach to transmission augmentation are compared with the
outcomes of two other approaches to transmission augmentation using a simple three-
bus network example.
keywords: {game theory;investment;power markets;power transmission economics;power
transmission planning;strategic planning;transmission augmentation;mathematical
modeling;market power;strategic generation expansion;mathematical
structure;economic efficiency;transmission investment;liberalized electricity
market;transmission planner;strategic game;Nash solution;Stackelberg-Worst Nash
equilibrium;Investments;Mathematical model;Generators;Power generation
planning;Electricity supply industry;Nash equilibrium;Game theory;Game
theory;generation investment;market power;Nash equilibria;transmission network
planning;transmission system augmentation},
S. Majumder, R. M. Shereef and S. A. Khaparde, "Two-stage algorithm for efficient

transmission expansion planning with renewable energy resources," in IET Renewable
Power Generation, vol. 11, no. 3, pp. 320-329, 22 2 2017.
doi: 10.1049/iet-rpg.2016.0085
Abstract: In this study, a `two-stage' deterministic algorithm an for efficient
transmission expansion planning with renewable energy (RE) resources under the
assumption that existing conventional generators provide the reserve to mitigate RE
generation forecast error has been proposed. Zero-RE penetration has been
considered as a `reference scenario', as well as cost-minimisation objective has
been considered as a planning criterion in Stage 1. In the proposed algorithm,
Stage 2 is required to be solved only if the network performance degrades in
relation to the reference scenario. In Stage 2, congestion cost is also
incorporated as a sub-objective. Here, the locational marginal prices of the unit
scheduling problem obtained from the solution of Stage 1 have been used to
calculate the congestion cost. In addition to being computationally tractable, the
proposed algorithm guarantees performance improvement in the network. The planning
horizon is divided into smaller blocks to facilitate delayed investment. When
implemented on an IEEE 24-bus reliability test system, the proposed algorithm
generated minimum cost plan with better performance.
keywords: {deterministic algorithms;investment;minimisation;power generation
scheduling;power transmission planning;power transmission reliability;renewable
energy sources;IEEE 24-bus reliability test system;delayed investment;planning
horizon;unit scheduling problem;locational marginal prices;congestion cost;network
performance;cost-minimisation objective;reference scenario;zero-RE penetration;RE
generation forecast error mitigation;two-stage deterministic algorithm;renewable
energy resources;efficient transmission expansion planning},
B. Mo, J. Hegge and I. Wangensteen, "Stochastic generation expansion planning by

means of stochastic dynamic programming," in IEEE Transactions on Power Systems,
vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 662-668, May 1991.
doi: 10.1109/59.76710
Abstract: Most generation expansion planning tools do not model uncertainties in
important variables such as energy demand and prices of energy carriers together
with the dynamics of the system. A method for handling these uncertainties in
generation expansion problems is described. The method is based on stochastic
dynamic programming. As the uncertain variables are modeled by Markov chains they
give a natural year-to-year dependence of the variables. This modeling makes it
possible to describe the connection between investment decisions, time,
construction periods, and uncertainty. The importance of modeling these connections
is demonstrated by a realistic example.<>
keywords: {dynamic programming;Markov processes;power stations;power system
planning;stochastic programming;energy carrier prices;power stations;generation
expansion planning;stochastic dynamic programming;energy demand;Markov
chains;investment decisions;construction periods;uncertainty;Stochastic
processes;Dynamic programming;Uncertainty;Investments;Power system
modeling;Production systems;Mathematical model;Optimization methods;Power system
planning;Power generation},
P. Maghouli, S. H. Hosseini, M. Oloomi Buygi and M. Shahidehpour, "A Scenario-Based

Multi-Objective Model for Multi-Stage Transmission Expansion Planning," in IEEE
doi: 10.1109/TPWRS.2010.2048930
Abstract: The unbundling of the electricity industry introduced new uncertainties
and escalated the existing ones in transmission expansion planning. In this paper,
a multi-stage transmission expansion methodology is presented using a multi-
objective optimization framework with internal scenario analysis. Total social cost
(TSC), maximum regret (robustness criterion), and maximum adjustment cost
(flexibility criterion) are considered as three optimization objectives.
Uncertainties are considered by defining a number of scenarios. To overcome the
difficulties in solving the nonconvex and mixed integer optimization problem, the
genetic-based Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm (NSGA II) is used. Then,
fuzzy decision making is applied to obtain the optimal solution. The planning
methodology is applied to the Iranian 400-kV transmission grid to show feasibility
of the proposed algorithm.
keywords: {concave programming;decision making;fuzzy set theory;genetic
algorithms;integer programming;power transmission planning;scenario-based
multiobjective model;multistage transmission expansion planning;electricity
industry;internal scenario analysis;total social cost;maximum regret;maximum
adjustment cost;robustness criterion;flexibility criterion;nonconvex optimization
problem;genetic-based nondominated sorting genetic algorithm;fuzzy decision
making;mixed integer optimization problem;Iranian transmission grid;voltage 400
kV;Uncertainty;Cost function;Circuits;Power generation;Optimization methods;Genetic
algorithms;Decision making;Power system planning;Load flow;Robustness;Fuzzy
satisfying method;genetic algorithm;multi-objective optimization;NSGA II;risk
management;scenario-based analysis;transmission expansion planning},
L. H. Macedo, C. V. Montes, J. F. Franco, M. J. Rider and R. Romero, "MILP branch

flow model for concurrent AC multistage transmission expansion and reactive power
planning with security constraints," in IET Generation, Transmission &
doi: 10.1049/iet-gtd.2016.0081
Abstract: This study presents a mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) model to
solve the simultaneous transmission network expansion planning (TNEP) and reactive
power planning (RPP) problem. The proposed model considers reactive power, off-
nominal bus voltage magnitudes, power losses, multistage expansion, and security
constraints. The use of an MILP model guarantees convergence to optimality by using
existing classical optimisation methods. In order to validate the approximation
performed, the steady-state operation points were compared with those obtained
using an AC load flow method. Garver's 6-bus system and a modified IEEE 118-bus
system were used to show the precision and efficiency of the methodology. The
results indicate that better expansion and generation plans are found by
considering RPP simultaneously with the AC TNEP, when the solutions were compared
with the plans of the TNEP using the AC model without RPP and the TNEP considering
the DC model, with RPP conducted at a subsequent stage.
keywords: {integer programming;linear programming;load flow;power system
security;power transmission planning;reactive power;MILP branch flow
model;concurrent AC multistage transmission expansion;reactive power
planning;modified IEEE 118-bus system;Garver 6-bus system;AC load flow
method;steady-state operation points;classical optimisation methods;power
losses;off-nominal bus voltage magnitudes;RPP problem;reactive power planning
problem;simultaneous transmission network expansion planning;TNEP;mixed-integer
linear programming;security constraints},
S. Najafi Ravadanegh, N. Jahanyari, A. Amini and N. Taghizadeghan, "Smart

distribution grid multistage expansion planning under load forecasting
uncertainty," in IET Generation, Transmission & Distribution, vol. 10, no. 5, pp.
1136-1144, 7 4 2016.
doi: 10.1049/iet-gtd.2015.0673
Abstract: The optimal distribution system planning (ODSP) is a complicated problem
with multi-objective function and multi-constraints. The complexity of the problem
is increased in smart distribution grids with uncertainties in both load and
generation. In this study, problem of optimal smart distribution grids multistage
expansion planning is presented in which reinforcement or installation time,
capacity and location of MV substation and DER are taken into consideration. The
binary global search optimization algorithm is proposed to solve the ODSP problem.
The proposed cost function considers the capital investment, operation and the
levelized energy cost (LEC) of each energy source. Loss characteristic matrix has
been used for locating of MV substation and DER. The aspect of modeling under load
growth uncertainty and multistage planning and multiple objective functions which
are related to ODSP problem are considered in an integrated model. The multistage
planning procedure is proposed to consider the pseudo-dynamic behavior of planning
and continuing growth of demand. Load uncertainty is represented by point estimated
approach and the results are compared with the Monte Carlo simulation (MCS).
Presented methodology has been tested from base to long-term period on distribution
network. The obtained results confirm the ability and validity of the presented
method.
keywords: {distributed power generation;load forecasting;power distribution
planning;search problems;smart power grids;substations;load forecasting
uncertainty;multistage planning;load growth uncertainty;levelised energy
cost;capital investment;cost function;binary global search optimisation
algorithm;DER;MV substation;optimal smart distribution grids multistage expansion
planning;ODSP;optimal distribution system planning},
R. A. Jabr, "Robust Transmission Network Expansion Planning With Uncertain

Renewable Generation and Loads," in IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 28,
no. 4, pp. 4558-4567, Nov. 2013.
doi: 10.1109/TPWRS.2013.2267058
Abstract: This paper presents a robust optimization approach for transmission
network expansion planning (TNEP) under uncertainties of renewable generation and
load. Unlike conventional stochastic programming, the proposed approach does not
require knowledge of the probability distribution of the uncertain net injections;
rather the uncertainties of the net injections are specified by a simple
uncertainty set. The solution algorithm is exact and produces expansion plans that
are robust against all possible realizations of the net injections defined in the
uncertainty set; it is based on a Benders decomposition scheme that iterates
between a master problem that minimizes the cost of the expansion plan and a slave
problem that minimizes the maximum curtailment of load and renewable generation.
The paper demonstrates that when adopting the dc load flow model, both the master
and the dual slave can be formulated as mixed-integer linear programs for which
commercial solvers exist. Numerical results on several networks with uncertainties
in their loads and renewable generation show that the proposed approach produces
solutions that are superior to those from two recent techniques for robust TNEP
design.
keywords: {load flow;optimisation;power transmission planning;mixed-integer linear
programs;robust optimization approach;dc load flow model;Benders decomposition
scheme;load uncertainty;uncertain renewable generation;robust transmission network
expansion planning;Linear programming;optimization methods;power system planning},
M. Mahdavi, C. Sabillon Antunez, M. Ajalli and R. Romero, "Transmission Expansion

Planning: Literature Review and Classification," in IEEE Systems Journal, vol. 13,
no. 3, pp. 3129-3140, Sept. 2019.
doi: 10.1109/JSYST.2018.2871793
Abstract: Power systems must be prepared to match the current growing demand for
electrical energy. In this paper, the transmission network plays an important role,
delivering the electric power generated in conventional power plants to load
centers. For the last 45 years, the transmission network expansion planning (TNEP)
problem has been widely studied; nowadays, TNEP, combined with new challenges, is
being highly investigated, as researchers aim to reach a better solution. This
paper presents a complete review and classification of the most significant works
to date, providing a literary framework for TNEP specialists. Hence, a
categorization of proposed models, case studies, innovations, and solution methods
of the most relevant works regarding TNEP is provided. In order to establish a
complete background, not only traditional approaches, but also those involving
maintenance, uncertainties in generation and demand, reliability, electricity
markets, energy storage, and risk management in TNEP are highlighted. This
framework can help planners to improve previous formulations and methods and can
propose more efficient models to better exploit existing infrastructure and reduce
costs of investment.
keywords: {investment;power markets;power transmission planning;risk
management;electricity markets;energy storage;power systems;electrical
energy;electric power;conventional power plants;transmission network expansion
planning problem;literary framework;TNEP specialists;risk
management;Reliability;Planning;Power system
reliability;Uncertainty;Investment;Load modeling;Generation and demand
uncertainties;literary framework;network reliability;power markets;transmission
G. B. Shrestha and P. A. J. Fonseka, "Optimal transmission expansion under

different market structures," in IET Generation, Transmission & Distribution, vol.
1, no. 5, pp. 697-706, September 2007.
doi: 10.1049/iet-gtd:20060391
Abstract: The debate is still on regarding the rationale for transmission expansion
in deregulated power markets. Transmission planning with social welfare as the
objective would lead to a different optimal expansion plan compared to the planning
deemed optimal by individual merchants acting on market forces with profits as
their objective. This issue remains to be resolved amid varying rationales and
conflicting interests. Fundamental formulations and analyses for long-term network
expansion are presented under the paradigms of (i) system-wide social cost
minimisation under central planning, and (ii) profit maximising objectives of
merchant entrants covering a range of market structures. Distinct planning outcomes
under centralised (regulated monopoly) and decentralised (merchant transmission)
network managements, and the relation between these optimal solutions have been
quantified analytically. These fundamental formulations would be useful for
detailed policy studies, and in the formulation of practical regulatory frameworks
in the context of transmission sector market liberalisation. Simple and clear
examples are presented to illustrate the theoretical results.
keywords: {monopoly;power markets;power transmission economics;power transmission
planning;profitability;socio-economic effects;market structures;transmission
expansion;deregulated power markets;transmission planning;social welfare;social
cost minimisation;profit maximisation;regulated monopoly;merchant transmission},
K. Xu, L. Chen and K. Tang, "Support-Free Layered Process Planning Toward 3 + 2-

Axis Additive Manufacturing," in IEEE Transactions on Automation Science and
Engineering, vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 838-850, April 2019.
doi: 10.1109/TASE.2018.2867230
Abstract: For the traditional three-axis configuration of additive manufacturing
(AM) platform, it is imperative to construct adequate support structures prior to
the fabrication of overhanging features on the part geometry. To completely
eliminate the use of support by taking advantage of the newly emerged five-axis AM
platform, a novel multidirectional process planning algorithm for 3 + 2-axis AM is
proposed in this paper. The core of the strategy is to decompose the model into
support-free parts directly pertaining to the cusp-height constraint, each with its
own build direction. The nozzle will follow the staged sequence to fabricate each
individual part along its build direction, as facilitated by the adjustable
orientation of the nozzle head on a five-axis platform. For model decomposition, a
recursive downward flooding expansion algorithm is introduced to identify a surface
patch in accordance with the support-free criteria. After being stitched as a
watertight geometry, the decomposed part together with the remaining part will be
archived into a prescribed hierarchy based on which the build sequence is readily
established. Preliminary testing results have verified the effectiveness of the
algorithm to handle the geometries of different types. Note to Practitioners-This
paper was motivated by the deficiencies encountered in traditional three-axis
additive manufacturing (AM). In practice, most commercialized 3-D printers are of
three-axis configuration, on which it is required to construct support structures
for those overhanging features on the part geometry. These support structures not
only cost extra time and materials but also leave noticeable artifacts on the part
surface even after the clean-up process. As an ultimate solution to this issue, the
newly emerged five-axis AM platform is able to physically eliminate the need for
support by properly and continuously adjusting the build direction. This, however,
demands a delicate algorithm for determining the changing build direction for an
arbitrary part that is currently unavailable. To simplify this challenging task, we
took advantage of the 3 + 2 motion capability of the five-axis AM platform to
progressively plan the three-axis printing process for a given freeform model. The
core idea of our solution is to decompose the model by a flooding-like algorithm
into individual support-free parts, each of which is printable along a fixed build
direction without any support. The nozzle will then follow a prescribed sequence to
print each part one on the other. The proposed algorithm is purely geometric,
without taking into account the material property and the mass distribution.
Preliminary testing results show that our approach is feasible and robust when
dealing with limited geometries that abide a tree-like structure and features a
clear flat base. Besides these geometric limitations, our current preliminary
scheme for collision avoidance may become invalid upon an arbitrary complex
geometry. We will further extend this method to cater to more sophisticated and
general geometries.
keywords: {CAD;collision avoidance;computational geometry;layered
manufacturing;mesh generation;object-oriented methods;process planning;production
engineering computing;rapid prototyping (industrial);solid modelling;support-free
layered process;2-axis additive;three-axis configuration;additive
manufacturing;adequate support structures;overhanging features;part geometry;cusp-
height constraint;staged sequence;nozzle head;five-axis platform;model
decomposition;recursive downward flooding expansion algorithm;support-free
criteria;watertight geometry;decomposed part;remaining part;three-axis
additive;arbitrary part;three-axis printing process;individual support-free
parts;fixed build direction;tree-like structure;arbitrary complex geometry;motion
capability;freeform model;multidirectional process;Geometry;Feature
extraction;Printing;Process planning;Solid modeling;Surface
treatment;Planning;Additive manufacturing (AM);multidirectional deposition;process
planning;support structure},
D. Alvarado, A. Moreira, R. Moreno and G. Strbac, "Transmission Network Investment

With Distributed Energy Resources and Distributionally Robust Security," in IEEE
doi: 10.1109/TPWRS.2018.2867226
Abstract: Distributed energy resources (DER) have the potential to significantly
contribute to network security and hence release latent capacity of existing
transmission assets. In this context, we propose a distributionally robust approach
to network security in order to recognize the limited data and knowledge associated
with the underlying process behind the realization of system contingencies within
the transmission expansion planning (TEP) problem, and thus determine the optimal
portfolio of DER services necessary to displace, in a secure fashion, inefficient
network investments. To do so, we propose a two-stage optimization model where the
first stage determines the transmission expansion plan and the scheduling of DER
post-contingency services in coordination with further corrective control measures
such as generation reserves. The second stage minimizes the expected cost of
corrective actions under various contingencies. Through various case studies, we
demonstrate the benefits of security services provided by DER and the advantages of
our proposed distributionally robust approach (where outage rates are assumed
ambiguous) against alternative n - K security and stochastic approaches, where
outage rates are either ignored or assumed fully known, respectively.
keywords: {distributed power generation;optimisation;power generation
planning;power generation reliability;power generation scheduling;power system
security;power transmission planning;power transmission reliability;DER
services;two-stage optimization model;DER post-contingency services;transmission
network investment;distributed energy resources;distributionally robust
security;network security;transmission expansion planning
problem;Investment;Robustness;Power system planning;Power system security;Power
system economics;Transmission expansion planning;distributed energy
resources;network security;power systems economics},
F. Ugranli, E. Karatepe and A. H. Nielsen, "MILP Approach for Bilevel Transmission

and Reactive Power Planning Considering Wind Curtailment," in IEEE Transactions on
doi: 10.1109/TPWRS.2016.2562258
Abstract: In this study, two important planning problems in power systems that are
transmission expansion and reactive power are formulated as a mixed-integer linear
programming taking into account the bilevel structure due to the consideration of
market clearing under several load-wind scenarios. The objective of the proposed
method is to minimize the installation cost of transmission lines, reactive power
sources, and the annual operation costs of conventional generators corresponding to
the curtailed wind energy while maintaining the reliable system operation. Lower
level problems of the bilevel structure are designated for the market clearing
which is formulated by using the linearized optimal power flow equations. In order
to obtain mixed-integer linear programming formulation, the so-called lower level
problems are represented by using primal-dual formulation. By using the proposed
method, power system planners will be able to find economical investment plans by
considering the balance between wind power curtailment and the installation of
transmission lines and reactive power sources.
keywords: {integer programming;linear programming;load flow control;power
generation economics;power generation planning;reactive power control;wind
power;power systems;transmission expansion;mixed-integer linear programming;bilevel
structure;market clearing;load-wind scenarios;annual operation costs;curtailed wind
energy;linearized optimal power flow equations;primal-dual formulation;economical
investment plans;wind power curtailment;transmission lines;reactive power
sources;Reactive power;Generators;Mathematical model;Wind power
generation;Computational modeling;Load modeling;Bilevel optimization;curtailed wind
energy;MILP;reactive power planning;transmission expansion planning},
F. Ugranli and E. Karatepe, "Transmission Expansion Planning for Wind Turbine

Integrated Power Systems Considering Contingency," in IEEE Transactions on Power
doi: 10.1109/TPWRS.2015.2433393
Abstract: Integration of wind turbines introduces new challenges in terms of
planning criteria. In this study, a new transmission expansion planning methodology
considering N-1 contingency conditions is proposed to minimize investment cost and
curtailed wind energy over planning period. To deal with the uncertainty of load
and output power of wind turbines, probabilistic method based on clustering is used
for determination of load and wind model. To incorporate the wind power curtailment
into the proposed methodology, optimal power flow which uses DC-power flow
equations is utilized by including cost functions of generators and overall
optimization is carried out by using an integer genetic algorithm. Finally, the
proposed methodology is applied to the modified IEEE RTS 24-bus test system by
considering different case studies in order to show the effects of including cost
functions.
keywords: {load flow;power transmission planning;probability;wind power;wind
turbines;IEEE RTS 24-bus test system;DC power flow;wind power
curtailment;probabilistic method;curtailed wind energy;investment cost;transmission
expansion planning methodology;wind turbine integrated power systems;Wind power
generation;Planning;Mathematical model;Generators;Investment;Wind turbines;Load
modeling;Cost functions;N-1 contingency;optimal power flow;transmission expansion
planning;uncertainty;wind turbine},
S. Dehghan, A. Kazemi and N. Amjady, "Multi-objective robust transmission expansion

planning using information-gap decision theory and augmented ϵ-constraint method,"
in IET Generation, Transmission & Distribution, vol. 8, no. 5, pp. 828-840, May
2014.
doi: 10.1049/iet-gtd.2013.0427
Abstract: This study presents a novel tractable mixed-integer linear programming
model for multiyear transmission expansion planning (TEP) problem coping with the
uncertain capital costs and uncertain electricity demands using the information-gap
decision theory (IGDT). As the uncertain capital costs and electricity demands
compete to occupy the permissible uncertainty budget, the proposed IGDT-based TEP
(IGDT-TEP) framework employs the augmented ε-constraint method to solve a multi-
objective optimisation problem maximising the robust regions against the uncertain
variables (i.e. capital costs and electricity demands) centred on their forecasted
values. This framework enables the system's planner to control the immunisation
level of the optimal expansion plan regarding the enforced planning uncertainties
using a certain uncertainty budget. Also, a Latin hypercube sampling-based post-
optimisation procedure is introduced to evaluate the robustness of an expansion
plan obtained from the proposed IGDT-TEP framework. Simulation results demonstrate
the effectiveness of the IGDT-TEP model to handle the uncertain nature of capital
costs and electricity demands.
keywords: {decision theory;integer programming;linear programming;power
transmission economics;power transmission planning;sampling methods;multiobjective
robust transmission expansion planning;information gap decision theory;augmented ε-
constraint method;tractable mixed integer-linear programming model;multiyear
transmission expansion planning;uncertain capital cost;information-gap decision
theory;multiobjective optimisation problem;planning uncertainty;Latin hypercube
sampling based post optimisation procedure},
R. K. Gajbhiye, D. Naik, S. Dambhare and S. A. Soman, "An Expert System Approach

for Multi-Year Short-Term Transmission System Expansion Planning: An Indian
Experience," in IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 23, no. 1, pp. 226-237,
Feb. 2008.
doi: 10.1109/TPWRS.2007.913687
Abstract: This paper proposes an expert system approach to short-term expansion
planning (STEP). The rules which drive STEP can be classified into MW, MVAR, and
ampacity management rules. MW and ampacity management rules are for alleviating
transmission line congestion. Reactive power management is required for voltage
control at load busses, conformity to the capacity curve of the generators, and
containing the MW losses within acceptable limits. Embedding reactive power
management in STEP is a challenging task since ac load flow may not converge in
absence of proper reactive power planning and load modeling. Therefore, we also
propose enhancements to the fast decoupled load flow algorithm for on-the-fly
reactive power management. The enhanced algorithm not only can detect divergent
load flow scenarios but also self-correct it by restarting the whole process with
greater degree of freedom in reactive power controls. The proposed approach leads
to development of an automated tool for STEP which has the capability to work, even
with incomplete information. A simple method for evaluating location and
requirement of shunt reactor is also proposed. By analysis and comparative
evaluation, we show that the proposed system can arrive at a solution which is
close to optimal. Results on the Western Regional Grid of India with an approximate
load of 28 000 MW and 1200 nodes are presented to demonstrate effectiveness of the
proposed approach.
keywords: {expert systems;load flow;power engineering computing;power grids;power
system management;power transmission lines;power transmission planning;reactive
power control;voltage control;expert system approach;short-term transmission system
expansion planning;multiyear STEP;MW rules;MVAR rules;ampacity management
rules;transmission line congestion;reactive power management;voltage control;AC
load flow;reactive power controls;Western Regional Grid;India;Expert systems;Power
system management;Energy management;Reactive power;Load flow;Power system
planning;Reactive power control;Power transmission lines;Voltage control;Power
generation;Congestion;contingency;fast decoupled load flow (FDLF);reactive power
compensation (RPC);short-term transmission expansion planning (STEP)},
S. Dehghan, N. Amjady and A. J. Conejo, "A Multistage Robust Transmission Expansion

Planning Model Based on Mixed-Binary Linear Decision Rules—Part II," in IEEE
Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 33, no. 5, pp. 5351-5364, Sept. 2018.
doi: 10.1109/TPWRS.2018.2799966
Abstract: The second part of this two-paper series presents the extended
formulation for the lifted multiyear multistage robust transmission expansion
planning model introduced in the first part. The proposed planning approach is
successfully tested on the Garver 6-bus and on a 118-bus+118-bus test system with
different input settings.
keywords: {power transmission economics;power transmission planning;lifted
multiyear multistage robust transmission expansion planning model;mixed-binary
linear decision rules;Uncertainty;Optimization;Load modeling;Power system
planning;Mathematical model;Wind power generation;Binary decision rules;linear
decision rules;multi-stage robust optimization;transmission expansion
planning;uncertainty},
L. Jendernalik, D. Giavarra, C. Engels, J. Hiry, C. Kittl and C. Rehtanz, "Holistic

network planning approach: enhancement of the grid expansion using the flexibility
of network participants," in CIRED - Open Access Proceedings Journal, vol. 2017,
no. 1, pp. 2312-2315, 10 2017.
doi: 10.1049/oap-cired.2017.0061
Abstract: Distribution systems operator (DSO's) are facing significant challenges
in network planning due to the integration of distributed energy resources (DER),
smart grid technologies, E-mobility, regulation and volatile market conditions. In
the previous work, it was shown (a) how DSO's are able to optimise planning of
network assets in the presence of high uncertainty and (b) how to describe the
interdependencies between all market participants in an agent-based fashion to
derive forecasts of prices, generation and demand. Here, the integration of these
solutions across all voltage levels by means of long-term network planning is
presented. Thereby, smart grid components extend the traditional grid planning
process. This extension merges time-series-based network planning approaches with
models of active and reactive innovative network participants. This results in
robust and future-proofed network planning.
keywords: {power system planning;smart power grids;time series;holistic network
asset planning approach;smart grid expansion enhancement;DSO;smart grid
technology;e-mobility;volatile market condition;agent-based fashion;time-series-
based network planning approach;reactive innovative network participant;active
innovative network participant},
G. C. Oliveira, S. Binato and M. V. F. Pereira, "Value-Based Transmission Expansion

Planning of Hydrothermal Systems Under Uncertainty," in IEEE Transactions on Power
doi: 10.1109/TPWRS.2007.907161
Abstract: Transmission planning studies in hydrothermal systems deal with complex
issues. Two include 1) the need for a robust grid that can accommodate a large
number of economic dispatch patterns caused by differing hydrological conditions in
the river basins and 2) the high cost of grid reinforcements due to the large
distance from hydro plants to load centers and the required N-l security criterion.
It is thus necessary to consider the tradeoff between supply reliability and
reinforcement cost. The resulting planning problem is formulated as a large-scale
mixed integer nonlinear optimization model. The objective function is to minimize
the sum of investment costs and expected load-shedding costs. The constraints
include linearized power flow equations, limits on circuit flows for all
combinations of economic dispatch points (which capture hydrological variation),
and circuit contingencies (which capture supply reliability). This paper describes
a new solution scheme for this problem that is based on two techniques: 1) the
extension of a binary disjunctive technique, which transforms the integer nonlinear
problem into a linear one and 2) screening strategies, which allow a judicious
choice of contingencies and candidate circuits. Planning studies for Brazil and
Bolivia are presented and discussed.
keywords: {costing;hydrothermal power systems;load flow;load shedding;power
generation dispatch;power transmission economics;power transmission planning;power
transmission reliability;Bolivia;Brazil;binary disjunctive technique;linearized
power flow equation;investment costs;load-shedding cost;large-scale mixed integer
nonlinear optimization model;supply reliability;N-l security criterion;power grid
reinforcements;economic dispatch patterns;hydrothermal systems;value-based
transmission expansion planning;Uncertainty;Circuits;Power generation
economics;Cost function;Robustness;Rivers;Security;Large-scale
systems;Investments;Load flow;Combinatorial optimization;network
reliability;transmission expansion planning},
P. N. Vovos and J. W. Bialek, "Direct incorporation of fault level constraints in

optimal power flow as a tool for network capacity analysis," in IEEE Transactions
on Power Systems, vol. 20, no. 4, pp. 2125-2134, Nov. 2005.
doi: 10.1109/TPWRS.2005.856975
Abstract: The aim of this paper is to present a method for the direct incorporation
of fault level constraints (FLCs) in the optimal power flow (OPF) as a tool for
network capacity analysis, i.e., optimal generation expansion planning within an
existing network. A mathematical methodology to convert constraints imposed by
fault levels to simple nonlinear inequality constraints is developed. No new
variables are introduced in the OPF formulation to describe the additional
constraints. Most common OPF-solving engines already have the computational
capacity to handle numerous nonlinear constraints, such as the ones described by
the power balance equations on buses. Therefore, once FLCs are converted to
nonlinear constraints described by OPF variables, they can be directly introduced
to any optimization process performing the OPF. A 12-bus/15-line test case
demonstrates the advantages of the new method in comparison with a previously
proposed iterative method that converted them to restrictions on new capacity. It
also proves that when FLCs are ignored, the capacity of the network to absorb new
generation is overestimated.
keywords: {power generation planning;fault currents;optimisation;load flow;fault
level constraint;optimal power low;network capacity analysis;generation expansion
planning;mathematical methodology;nonlinear inequality constraint;power balance
equation;optimization process;12-bus-15-line test;fault current;load flow
analysis;power generation planning;Intelligent networks;Load flow;Capacity
planning;Power system planning;Power generation;Protection;Circuit
faults;Engines;Nonlinear equations;Constraint optimization;Fault currents;load flow
analysis;optimization methods;power generation planning},
H. Arasteh, V. Vahidinasab, M. S. Sepasian and J. Aghaei, "Stochastic System of

Systems Architecture for Adaptive Expansion of Smart Distribution Grids," in IEEE
Transactions on Industrial Informatics, vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 377-389, Jan. 2019.
doi: 10.1109/TII.2018.2808268
Abstract: The incorporation of the reconfiguration into the expansion planning of
smart distribution networks is addressed in this paper, in which the potential of
distributed energy resources and demand response (DR) are modeled. The system of
systems (SoS) architecture is employed to model the strategy of a distribution
company (DISCO), a private investor (PI), and a DR provider (DRP). The SoS is an
efficient modeling architecture to model the behavior of independent and autonomous
systems with distinct objective functions who are able to share some data and work
together. The aim of the DISCO is to upgrade the system with the optimal cost and
reliability, whereas the PI and DRP want to maximize their profit. The DISCO should
try to persuade the PI to install DGs (Distributed generations) by offering the
guaranteed purchasing prices. Furthermore, the DRP is a market player who can
negotiate with the DISCO to sign a contract to sell the purchased DR capacities
from the customers. The uncertainties of the DISCO problem is handled by using the
chance-constraint method, but the PI and DRP use the conditional value at risk
method to model their uncertainties. Finally, to solve the proposed model, the
multiobjective optimization algorithm is employed.
keywords: {demand side management;distributed power generation;optimisation;power
distribution economics;power distribution planning;power distribution
reliability;pricing;smart power grids;stochastic systems;distribution
company;chance-constraint method;conditional value at risk method;multiobjective
optimization algorithm;system of systems architecture;distributed generations;SoS
architecture;DISCO problem;purchased DR capacities;guaranteed purchasing
prices;reliability;optimal cost;distinct objective functions;autonomous
systems;independent systems;efficient modeling architecture;DRP;DR
provider;PI;private investor;demand response;distributed energy resources;smart
distribution networks;expansion planning;smart distribution grids;adaptive
expansion;systems architecture;stochastic system;Optimization;Planning;Reactive
power;Uncertainty;Substations;Smart grids;Informatics;Chance constraint
(CC);conditional value at risk (CVaR);distribution expansion planning (DEP);demand
response (DR) provider;private investor (PI);system of systems (SoS) architecture},
V. Nanduri, T. K. Das and P. Rocha, "Generation Capacity Expansion in Energy

Markets Using a Two-Level Game-Theoretic Model," in IEEE Transactions on Power
doi: 10.1109/TPWRS.2009.2023010
Abstract: With a significant number of states in the U.S. and countries around the
world trading electricity in restructured markets, a sizeable proportion of
capacity expansion in the future will have to take place in market-based
environments. However, since a majority of the literature on capacity expansion is
focused on regulated market structures, there is a critical need for comprehensive
capacity expansion models targeting restructured markets. In this research, we
develop a two-tier matrix game model, and a novel solution algorithm that
incorporates risk due to volatilities in profit (via CVaR), intended for use by
generators to make multi-period, multi-player generation capacity expansion
decisions. We demonstrate the applicability of the model using a sample network
from Power-World software and analyze the results.
keywords: {game theory;power generation economics;power markets;generation capacity
expansion;energy markets;two-level game-theoretic model;Power system modeling;Power
generation;Power markets;Learning;Capacity planning;Industrial engineering;Function
approximation;Approximation algorithms;Iterative algorithms;Cost
function;Conditional value-at-risk (CVaR);generation capacity expansion;matrix
games;reinforcement learning;restructured power markets},
J. Quintero, H. Zhang, Y. Chakhchoukh, V. Vittal and G. T. Heydt, "Next Generation

Transmission Expansion Planning Framework: Models, Tools, and Educational
Opportunities," in IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 29, no. 4, pp. 1911-
1918, July 2014.
doi: 10.1109/TPWRS.2014.2317590
Abstract: This paper presents a discussion of the contemporary transmission
expansion planning (TEP) framework focusing on educational opportunities and
curriculum development. An analysis of the mathematical models and fundamental
concepts, as well as available software tools and necessary skills for state-of-
the-art TEP projects, is presented based on research and academic experiences. A
guide to TEP curriculum development for power engineering programs is proposed
including materials at the undergraduate and graduate levels.
keywords: {power engineering education;power transmission planning;next generation
transmission expansion planning framework;educational opportunities;curriculum
development;mathematical models;fundamental concepts;software tools;TEP
projects;academic experiences;power engineering programs;graduate
levels;undergraduate levels;Power system stability;Planning;Stability
analysis;Security;Optimization;Biological system modeling;Dynamic stability;power
engineering education;power system planning;power system security;power system
stability;static limits;Western Interconnection},
X. Cao, J. Wang and B. Zeng, "A Chance Constrained Information-Gap Decision Model
for Multi-Period Microgrid Planning," in IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol.
33, no. 3, pp. 2684-2695, May 2018.
doi: 10.1109/TPWRS.2017.2747625
Abstract: This paper presents a chance constrained information gap decision model
for multi-period microgrid expansion planning (MMEP) considering two categories of
uncertainties, namely random and non-random uncertainties. The main task of MMEP is
to determine the optimal sizing, type selection, and installation time of
distributed energy resources (DER) in microgrid. In the proposed formulation,
information gap decision theory (IGDT) is applied to hedge against the non-random
uncertainties of long-term demand growth. Then, chance constraints are imposed in
the operational stage to address the random uncertainties of hourly renewable
energy generation and load variation. The objective of chance constrained
information gap decision model is to maximize the robustness level of DER
investment meanwhile satisfying a set of operational constraints with a high
probability. The integration of IGDT and chance constrained program, however, makes
it very challenging to compute. To address this challenge, we propose and implement
a strengthened bilinear Benders decomposition method. Finally, the effectiveness of
proposed planning model is verified through the numerical studies on both the
simple and practical complex microgrid. Also, our new computational method
demonstrates a superior solution capacity and scalability. Compared to directly
using a professional mixed integer programming solver, it could reduce the
computational time by orders of magnitude.
keywords: {decision theory;distributed power generation;integer programming;power
distribution planning;renewable energy sources;chance constrained information gap
decision model;multiperiod microgrid expansion planning;nonrandom
uncertainties;information gap decision theory;random uncertainties;distributed
energy resources;DER;IGDT;long-term demand growth;professional mixed integer
programming solver;computational
time;Uncertainty;Microgrids;Planning;Investment;Load modeling;Computational
modeling;Capacity planning;Microgrid;multi-period expansion planning;information
gap decision theory;chance constrained program;bilinear Benders decomposition},
J. Millan, R. A. Campo and G. Sanchez-Sierra, "A modular system for decision-making

support in generation expansion planning (SUPER)," in IEEE Transactions on Power
doi: 10.1109/59.667398
Abstract: A computer system for generation expansion studies (SUPER) is introduced
that in addition to traditional least cost plans produces minimum risk strategies
in the presence of several uncertainties, for example, in demand growth. Signals
are provided that allow a utility a proper evaluation of cogeneration options and
proposals by IPPs (Independent Power Producers). DSM alternatives compete with more
traditional supply options in conforming adequate expansion alternatives. Hydro
uncertainties are properly modeled. Interconnection lines can be expansion options.
Financial and environmental impacts are evaluated and reported. SUPER has a modular
structure, a relational database and a graphic user interface (GUI). Extensive
experience exists using SUPER in generation expansion studies for all types of
power systems.
keywords: {electric power generation;power system planning;decision support
systems;relational databases;graphical user interfaces;power system analysis
computing;modular system;decision-making support;generation expansion
planning;SUPER;computer system;minimum risk strategies;demand growth;DSM
alternatives;Independent Power Producers;hydro uncertainties
modeling;interconnection lines;environmental impacts;financial impacts;relational
database;graphic user interface;Decision making;Uncertainty;Power system
modeling;Power system interconnection;Costs;Cogeneration;Proposals;Relational
databases;Graphics;User interfaces},
T. Akbari and M. Tavakoli Bina, "Approximated MILP model for AC transmission

expansion planning: global solutions versus local solutions," in IET Generation,
doi: 10.1049/iet-gtd.2015.0723
Abstract: This study presents a novel linear approximated methodology for AC-
transmission expansion planning (AC-TEP). The AC-TEP can provide more precise
picture of active and reactive power flow, along with the voltage profile of buses
compared with DC-transmission expansion planning. While the AC-TEP is inherently a
mixed-integer non-linear programming problem, this can be transformed into a mixed-
integer linear programming framework by the proposed model which is based upon the
binary expansion theory. The global optimality of the solution for the approximated
model can be guaranteed by existing algorithms. The presented mathematical model
has been successfully applied to several power systems and the results are compared
with the exact AC-TEP model. Simulation results are promising and show that the
proposed method is effective, reliable and accurate.
keywords: {integer programming;load flow;nonlinear programming;power transmission
planning;approximated MILP model;AC transmission expansion planning;linear
approximated methodology;AC-TEP;reactive power flow;voltage profile;DC-transmission
expansion planning;mixed-integer nonlinear programming problem;binary expansion
theory},
V. Gouin, M. Alvarez Herault and B. Raison, "Stochastic integration of demand

response and reconfiguration in distribution network expansion planning," in IET
Generation, Transmission & Distribution, vol. 12, no. 20, pp. 4536-4545, 13 11
2018.
doi: 10.1049/iet-gtd.2018.5833
Abstract: Planning the distribution network of the future involves forecasting the
most likely scenario to make appropriate investment decisions. Many uncertainties
concerning, e.g. the evolution of conventional loads, renewable production and
electric vehicles (EVs) make it difficult to predict the location of the
distribution network's weaknesses (overvoltages, undervoltages and overcurrents)
and their occurrence. In some cases, alternative solutions such as demand response
(DR) and reconfiguration can remove the constraints and prevent expensive network
investment. This study proposes a two-stage algorithm that is able to give the
probability that no technical constraints will appear as a function of the
reinforcement cost with and without using DR and/or reconfiguration. The first
stage of the algorithm consists in running Monte Carlo simulations based on
realistic scenarios for loads, EVs and renewable production development provided by
French governmental roadmaps. The cost of reinforcement per line and per hour of
constraints enables selection of the feeders, where DR (solved with linear
programming) and/or reconfiguration (exhaustive research) will be implemented in
the second stage of the algorithm to remove these constraints. The methodology is
applied to a real part of a French distribution network.
keywords: {distribution networks;investment;linear programming;Monte Carlo
methods;power distribution economics;power distribution planning;power generation
planning;power transmission planning;alternative
solutions;DR;reconfiguration;expensive network investment;two-stage
algorithm;technical constraints;reinforcement cost;/or;Monte Carlo
simulations;realistic scenarios;EVs;renewable production development;French
distribution network;stochastic integration;demand response;distribution network
expansion planning;appropriate investment decisions;conventional loads;electric
vehicles;undervoltages;overcurrents},
S. Wogrin, J. Barquín and E. Centeno, "Capacity Expansion Equilibria in Liberalized

Electricity Markets: An EPEC Approach," in IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol.
28, no. 2, pp. 1531-1539, May 2013.
doi: 10.1109/TPWRS.2012.2217510
Abstract: This paper presents a novel way to model the generation capacity
expansion problem in a liberalized framework via a multi-year bilevel equilibrium
model. In the upper level the competing generation companies maximize their
individual profits, while the lower level represents the market using a
conjectured-price response approach, which allows us to vary the strategic spot
market behavior, to see how much the reigning competitive behavior impacts
investment decisions. The bilevel equilibrium model is formulated as an equilibrium
problem with equilibrium constraints, transformed into a mixed integer linear
program and solved as such using diagonalization in order to verify equilibria. We
present a case study to apply this new modeling approach and to demonstrate that
the proposed equilibrium problem with equilibrium constraints can have multiple
solutions whose respective investments can vary.
keywords: {integer programming;investment;linear programming;power generation
planning;power markets;generation capacity expansion problem;liberalized
framework;multiyear bilevel equilibrium model;generation companies;conjectured-
price response approach;strategic spot market behavior;investment decisions;mixed
integer linear program;diagonalization;capacity expansion equilibria;equilibrium
constraints;EPEC
approach;Investments;Companies;Production;Indexes;Games;Electricity supply
industry;Optimization;Bilevel programming;equilibrium problem with equilibrium
constraints (EPEC);generation expansion planning},
I. Goroohi Sardou and E. Azad-Farsani, "Network expansion planning with microgrid

aggregators under uncertainty," in IET Generation, Transmission & Distribution,
vol. 12, no. 9, pp. 2105-2114, 15 5 2018.
doi: 10.1049/iet-gtd.2017.1076
Abstract: In this paper, a bi-objective robust model is proposed for network
expansion planning (NEP) considering the integration of the microgrid aggregators.
The objectives include minimization of both the expansion cost and transmission
lines loading index. Forced outages of system components are taken into account as
the system uncertainties. A hybrid method as the combination of gravitational
search algorithm (GSA) and primal-dual interior point (PDIP) method is employed to
solve the nonlinear programming (NLP) problem of the NEP. In the proposed hybrid
method, the operation sub-problems are solved by the PDIP method under the worst-
case single component contingencies, while the expansion plan is defined as
scenario independent variables obtained by the GSA algorithm. To detect the worst-
case single component contingencies with the severest effects on the system
security, a subsidiary optimization problem is solved for each load level of the
system. A realistic network of Qom as a part of Tehran Regional Electric Company,
Iran, as well as IEEE 118-bus test system are analysed to evaluate the efficiency
of the proposed method. A key conclusion is that the stochastic model may not
provide sufficient security level, and a robust model is required to ensure the
system security against the severe contingencies.
keywords: {distributed power generation;nonlinear programming;power distribution
planning;power system security;search problems;substations;Iran;stochastic
model;security level;economical solution;IEEE 118-bus test system;Tehran Regional
Electric Company;Qom;subsidiary optimisation problem;first stage decision
variables;scenario independent variables;worst-case single component
contingencies;PDIP method;NLP operation subproblems;nonlinear programming
problem;primal-dual interior point method;GSA;gravitational search algorithm;hybrid
method;system uncertainties;system components;transmission lines loading
index;expansion cost;effective biobjective robust model;substations;power system
planner;NEP problem;microgrid aggregators;network expansion planning},
H. Yu, C. Y. Chung, K. P. Wong and J. H. Zhang, "A Chance Constrained Transmission

Network Expansion Planning Method With Consideration of Load and Wind Farm
Uncertainties," in IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 24, no. 3, pp. 1568-
1576, Aug. 2009.
doi: 10.1109/TPWRS.2009.2021202
Abstract: This paper proposes a chance constrained formulation to tackle the
uncertainties of load and wind turbine generator in transmission network expansion
planning. A combined Monte Carlo simulation/analytical probabilistic power flow
analysis method is first presented to obtain the probability density function of
wind turbine generator output. The paper then shows the development of the chance
constrained formulation with the inclusion of the wind turbine generator
probability density function and probabilistic power flow in the formulation. The
proposed formulation is more computationally efficient and can deal with
uncertainties in transmission network expansion planning. The power of the new
method is shown through the application of the formulation to two test systems.
keywords: {load flow;Monte Carlo methods;power transmission
planning;turbogenerators;wind power plants;wind turbines;transmission network
expansion planning;load uncertainties;wind farm uncertainties;wind turbine
generator;Monte Carlo simulation;analytical probabilistic power flow
analysis;probability density function;Wind farms;Uncertainty;Wind turbines;Wind
energy generation;Probability density function;Power generation;Load flow
analysis;Load flow;Computer networks;Power system planning;Chance constrained
programming;probability;transmission network planning;wind turbine generator},
W. Huang, N. Zhang, J. Yang, Y. Wang and C. Kang, "Optimal Configuration Planning

of Multi-Energy Systems Considering Distributed Renewable Energy," in IEEE
Transactions on Smart Grid, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 1452-1464, March 2019.
doi: 10.1109/TSG.2017.2767860
Abstract: Multi-energy systems (MESs) contribute to increasing energy utilization
efficiency and renewable energy accommodation by coupling multiple energy sectors.
The preferable characteristic of MESs raises the need for optimizing the
configuration of MESs across multiple energy sectors at the planning stage. Based
on the energy hub (EH) model, this research presents a two-stage mixed-integer
linear programming approach for district level MES planning considering distributed
renewable energy integration. The approach models an MES as a directed acyclic
graph with multiple layers. The proposed EH configuration planning procedure
includes two stages: 1) optimizing what equipment (e.g., energy converters,
distributed renewable energy sources and storages) should be invested in for each
layer and 2) optimizing the connection relationships between the invested equipment
in each two adjacent layers. The proposed approach is able to optimize both the
equipment selection and the MES configuration. It can be applied to both expansion
planning and initial planning of MESs from scratch. An illustrative example of
planning a typical MES is given. A sensitivity analysis is performed to show the
impacts of load profiles, energy prices and equipment parameters on the optimal MES
configuration. A case study based on the MES in Beijing's new subsidiary
administrative center is conducted using the proposed approach.
keywords: {directed graphs;distributed power generation;integer programming;linear
programming;power generation economics;power generation planning;renewable energy
sources;sensitivity analysis;optimal configuration planning;energy utilization
efficiency;renewable energy accommodation;multiple energy sectors;energy hub
model;mixed-integer linear programming approach;district level MES;renewable energy
integration;EH configuration planning procedure;energy converters;distributed
renewable energy sources;expansion planning;energy prices;optimal MES
configuration;multienergy systems;sensitivity analysis;Beijing;subsidiary
administrative center;directed acyclic graph;Planning;Renewable energy
sources;Cogeneration;Resistance heating;Energy storage;Investment;Cooling;Multi-
energy systems;energy hub;configuration planning;directed acyclic graph;topological
layering;renewable energy;energy storage},
Q. Ploussard, L. Olmos and A. Ramos, "An Efficient Network Reduction Method for
Transmission Expansion Planning Using Multicut Problem and Kron Reduction," in IEEE
doi: 10.1109/TPWRS.2018.2842301
Abstract: This paper provides a new methodology to compute a reduced but accurate
network representation in a transmission expansion planning (TEP) context.
Considering this reduced network should lead to the same investment decisions as if
the whole original network were considered. A set of relevant lines to be preserved
is defined based on a proxy of the TEP solution. An optimal network partition,
resulting from solving the multicut problem, is computed in such a way that the two
ends of each of these relevant lines are allocated to two different areas. An
iterative Kron reduction is then applied to each area to eliminate most of the
buses that are not connected to any interarea line. This two-step process results
in a compact but representative reduced network. Our algorithm has been implemented
in General Algebraic Modelling Software and Matrix Laboratory and has been tested
on the standard IEEE 118 bus system and a case study based on the European power
system. The method produces very promising results and, in the considered case
studies, leads to the same, or equally efficient, investment decisions and
essentially the same total costs as when considering the whole original network.
keywords: {computational complexity;optimisation;power transmission
planning;multicut problem;transmission expansion planning context;TEP
solution;standard IEEE 118 bus system;Kron Reduction;Network theory
(graphs);Integer linear programming;Partitioning algorithms;Power generation
planning;Clustering;dimension reduction;integer linear programming;network theory
(graphs);partitioning algorithms;transmission expansion planning;relaxation
methods},
C. A. Saldarriaga, R. A. Hincapié and H. Salazar, "A Holistic Approach for Planning

Natural Gas and Electricity Distribution Networks," in IEEE Transactions on Power
doi: 10.1109/TPWRS.2013.2268859
Abstract: This paper presents a new planning expansion model of an electricity and
natural gas distribution system that has high penetration of distributed generation
based on natural gas. The model entails lower investment costs as compared to
traditional planning models that consider both systems (electricity and natural
gas) as independent networks. This model is especially convenient for utilities
that own both systems, as electricity and natural gas customers can derive benefits
(via electricity or natural gas tariffs) if there are significant savings in
investment costs. For fast-growing economies, the merging of electricity and
natural gas distribution systems is seen as a promising business opportunity in
which economies of scope can have lower investment costs, so there is a definite
need for this type of approach.
keywords: {costing;distributed power generation;investment;natural gas
technology;power distribution economics;power distribution planning;thermal power
stations;holistic approach;natural gas planning expansion model;electricity
distribution network;natural gas distribution system;distributed
generation;investment costing;natural gas tariff;Natural
gas;Electricity;Planning;Pipelines;Investment;Substations;Mathematical
model;Distributed generation;electricity distribution system planning;integration
of natural gas and distribution systems;natural gas distribution system planning},
H. Yu, C. Y. Chung and K. P. Wong, "Robust Transmission Network Expansion Planning

Method With Taguchi's Orthogonal Array Testing," in IEEE Transactions on Power
doi: 10.1109/TPWRS.2010.2082576
Abstract: This paper proposes a robust transmission network expansion planning
(RTNEP) method with Taguchi's orthogonal array testing (TOAT) which considers
generation dispatch and operating uncertainties caused by load demand and renewable
energy output. TOAT is a method which has been proven to be optimal to select
representative scenarios for testing from all the possible combinations. This paper
employs TOAT to determine testing scenarios in transmission network expansion
planning (TNEP). A new RTNEP formulation is then proposed based on the multiple
testing scenarios. The simulation results have demonstrated the effectiveness of
the proposed RTNEP.
keywords: {power transmission planning;Taguchi methods;testing;robust transmission
network expansion planning method;Taguchi orthogonal array testing;RTNEP
method;TOAT method;TNEP;Testing;Planning;Arrays;Renewable energy
resources;Robustness;Optimization;Robust design;Taguchi's orthogonal array
testing;transmission network expansion planning;uncertainty},
T. Barforoushi, M. P. Moghaddam, M. H. Javidi and M. K. Sheikh-El-Eslami,

"Evaluation of Regulatory Impacts on Dynamic Behavior of Investments in Electricity
Markets: A New Hybrid DP/GAME Framework," in IEEE Transactions on Power Systems,
vol. 25, no. 4, pp. 1978-1986, Nov. 2010.
doi: 10.1109/TPWRS.2010.2049034
Abstract: A new hybrid framework based on game theory and dynamic programming (DP)
with random demands and prices is proposed for studying the impacts of regulatory
interventions on the dynamics of investment in power generation in electricity
markets. In our approach, using Markov chains, the electric demand and growth of
fuel prices have been modeled. DP has been used for solving the generation
expansion planning (GEP) problem. Investment strategies of other investors in the
market are modeled as constraints. The income of the investor is calculated by
modeling strategic interactions among market players in the spot energy market. The
Cournot game concept has been applied and the Nash equilibrium is calculated for
each state and stage of DP. Simulation results confirm that the proposed framework
is an appropriate decision-support tool that provides useful information about
dynamics of investment.
keywords: {dynamic programming;game theory;investment;Markov processes;power
generation planning;power markets;pricing;regulatory impacts;investments dynamic
behavior;electricity markets;game theory;dynamic programming;random demands;power
generation;generation expansion planning problem;Cournot game concept;Nash
equilibrium;decision-support tool;Markov chains;Investments;Electricity supply
industry;Costs;Dynamic programming;Game theory;Fuels;Stochastic processes;Power
generation planning;Nash equilibrium;Availability;Electricity markets;game
theory;generation expansion planning;investment dynamics;stochastic dynamic
programming},
E. E. Sauma and S. S. Oren, "Economic Criteria for Planning Transmission Investment

in Restructured Electricity Markets," in IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol.
22, no. 4, pp. 1394-1405, Nov. 2007.
doi: 10.1109/TPWRS.2007.907149
Abstract: From an economic perspective, a common criterion for assessing the merits
of a transmission investment is its impacts on social welfare. The underlying
assumption in using this criterion is that side payments may be used to distribute
the social gains among all market players. In reality, however, since the impacts
of an electricity transmission project on different players may vary, such side
payments are rather difficult to implement. This paper focuses on different
economic criteria that should be considered when planning electricity transmission
investments. We propose an electricity transmission investment assessment
methodology that is capable of evaluating the economic impacts on the various
effected stakeholders and account for strategic responses that could enhance or
impede the investment's objectives. We formulate transmission planning as an
optimization problem under alternative conflicting objectives and investigate the
policy implications of divergent expansion plans resulting from the planner's level
of anticipation of strategic responses. We find that optimal transmission expansion
plans may be very sensitive to supply and demand parameters. We also show that the
transmission investments have significant distributional impact, creating acute
conflicts of interests among market participants. We use a 32-bus representation of
the main Chilean grid to illustrate our results.
keywords: {investment;optimisation;power grids;power markets;power transmission
economics;power transmission planning;socio-economic effects;economic
criteria;transmission investment planning;restructured electricity market;social
welfare;32-bus representation;Chilean grid;optimization
problem;Investments;Electricity supply industry;Power generation economics;Power
system planning;Power system economics;Power engineering and energy;Systems
engineering and theory;Costs;Impedance;Strategic planning;Market power;network
expansion planning;power system economics;power transmission planning},
M. O. Buygi, G. Balzer, H. M. Shanechi and M. Shahidehpour, "Market-based

transmission expansion planning," in IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 19,
no. 4, pp. 2060-2067, Nov. 2004.
doi: 10.1109/TPWRS.2004.836252
Abstract: Restructuring and deregulation has exposed transmission planner to new
objectives and uncertainties. Therefore, new criteria and approaches are needed for
transmission planning in deregulated environments. A new market-based approach for
transmission planning in deregulated environments is presented in this paper. The
main contribution of this research is: i) introducing a new probabilistic tool,
named probabilistic locational marginal prices, for computing the probability
density functions of nodal prices; ii) defining new market-based criteria for
transmission expansion planning in deregulated environments; and iii) presenting a
new approach for transmission expansion planning in deregulated environments using
the above tool and criteria. The advantages of this approach are: i) it encourages
and facilitates competition among all participants; ii) it provides
nondiscriminatory access to cheap generation for all consumers; iii) it considers
all random and nonrandom power system uncertainties and selects the final plan
after risk assessment of all solutions; and iv) it is value based and considers
investment cost, operation cost, congestion cost, load curtailment cost, and cost
caused by system unreliability. The presented approach is applied to IEEE 30-bus
test system.
keywords: {power markets;power transmission planning;power transmission
economics;pricing;risk management;power transmission
reliability;probability;market-based transmission expansion planning;probabilistic
locational marginal price;probability density function;market-based criteria;power
system uncertainty;risk assessment;IEEE 30-bus test system;investment
cost;operation cost;congestion cost;load curtailment cost;system unreliability
cost;Power system planning;Uncertainty;Costs;Power system reliability;Power system
modeling;Power generation;Risk management;Power system analysis computing;Power
systems;Statistical distributions;Competitive electric markets;Monte Carlo
methods;power transmission planning;price profile;risk analysis;scenario
techniques;uncertainty},
M. O. Buygi, H. M. Shanechi, G. Balzer, M. Shahidehpour and N. Pariz, "Network

planning in unbundled power systems," in IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol.
21, no. 3, pp. 1379-1387, Aug. 2006.
doi: 10.1109/TPWRS.2006.873016
Abstract: In this paper, a new approach for network planning in unbundled power
systems is presented. The approach takes into account the desires of demand
customers, power producers, system operator, network owner(s), and regulator in
network planning. Competition, reliability, flexibility of operation, transmission
expansion cost, and environmental impacts are used as planning criteria. In order
to consider the importance degrees of stakeholders and planning criteria in network
planning, first importance degrees of stakeholders and planning criteria are
determined by a presented new method. Then, importance degrees of stakeholders and
planning criteria are aggregated with appropriateness degrees of expansion plans to
compute a fuzzy index for measuring the goodness of expansion plans. The final plan
is selected using the presented fuzzy risk assessment method. The approach is
applied to an eight-bus test system
keywords: {environmental factors;fuzzy set theory;power transmission planning;power
transmission reliability;risk management;network planning;unbundled power
system;transmission expansion cost;environmental impacts;planning criteria;fuzzy
index;fuzzy risk assessment method;eight-bus test system;Power system
planning;Intelligent networks;Uncertainty;Power generation;Power system
reliability;Costs;Power system modeling;Power systems;Investments;Statistical
distributions;Analytic hierarchy process;fuzzy decision making;market-based
transmission expansion planning;power system stakeholders;probabilistic locational
marginal price (LMP);scenario technique;stakeholders' desires},
A. Zare, C. Y. Chung, J. Zhan and S. O. Faried, "A Distributionally Robust Chance-

Constrained MILP Model for Multistage Distribution System Planning With Uncertain
Renewables and Loads," in IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 33, no. 5, pp.
5248-5262, Sept. 2018.
doi: 10.1109/TPWRS.2018.2792938
Abstract: Successful transition to active distribution networks (ADNs) requires a
planning methodology that includes an accurate network model and accounts for the
major sources of uncertainty. Considering these two essential features, this paper
proposes a novel model for the multistage distribution expansion planning (MDEP)
problem, which is able to jointly expand both the network assets (feeders and
substations) and renewable/conventional distributed generators. With respect to
network characteristics, the proposed planning model employs a convex conic
quadratic format of ac power flow equations that is linearized using a highly
accurate polyhedral-based linearization method. Furthermore, a chance-constrained
programming approach is utilized to deal with the uncertain renewables and loads.
In this regard, as the probability distribution functions of uncertain parameters
are not perfectly known, a distributionally robust (DR) reformulation is proposed
for the chance constraints that guarantees the robustness of the expansion plans
against all uncertainty distributions defined within a moment-based ambiguity set.
Effective linearization techniques are also devised to eliminate the nonlinearities
of the proposed DR reformulation, which yields a distributionally robust chance-
constrained mixed-integer linear programming model for the MDEP problem of ADNs.
Finally, the 24-node and 138-node test systems are used to demonstrate the
effectiveness of the proposed planning methodology.
keywords: {convex programming;distributed power generation;integer
programming;linear programming;linearisation techniques;load flow;power
distribution planning;probability;distributionally robust chance-constrained mixed-
integer linear programming model;MDEP problem;distributionally robust chance-
constrained MILP model;multistage distribution system planning;active distribution
networks;accurate network model;multistage distribution expansion planning
problem;renewable/conventional distributed generators;convex conic quadratic
format;ac power flow equations;chance-constrained programming approach;probability
distribution functions;distributionally robust reformulation;chance
constraints;expansion plans;uncertainty distributions;polyhedral-based
linearization method;Optimization;Robustness;Load modeling;Mixed integer linear
programming;Uncertainty;Load flow;Reactive power;Chance-constrained
programming;distributionally robust optimization;mixed-integer linear programming
(MILP);multistage distribution expansion planning (MDEP)},
Y. Kabiri-Renani, M. Ehsan, M. Shahidehpour, M. Fotuhi-Firuzabad, B. Mohammadi-

Ivatloo and X. Wang, "Coordinated power system expansion planning considering the
DSO's market operations," in IET Generation, Transmission & Distribution, vol. 13,
no. 21, pp. 4987-4997, 5 11 2019.
doi: 10.1049/iet-gtd.2019.0927
Abstract: The main motivation of this study is to address the challenges due to
high penetration of renewable distributed energy resources (DERs) and efficiently
benefit from DERs in distribution system planning (DSP). This paper considers a
decentralized enhanced platform for DSP which is coordinated with bulk power system
planning (PSP) to keep the optimality and security of the whole power system. In
the proposed coordinated approach, distribution system operators (DSOs) plan and
operate DERs to upgrade their local distribution areas (LDAs), supply forecasting
local load growth, and avoid or defer costly generation and transmission expansion
planning at the bulk power system. The proposed DSP model consists of two main
loops pertaining to the DSO's planning and operation in the first loop and the
ISO's simulated operation in the second loop. The Benders decomposition (BD) is
employed to iteratively solve the problems. The robust and stochastic programming
are used for modelling uncertainties. The DSP problem is modelled as a mixed-
integer linear problem (MILP). The CPLEX solver in GAMS is applied to the modified
24-bus IEEE RTS in a 10-year horizon for numerical validation. The results show the
performance of the proposed approach in reducing the total cost of supplying
growing loads.
keywords: {power distribution economics;power markets;optimisation;load
forecasting;power distribution planning;demand side management;power distribution
reliability;coordinated power system expansion planning;distributed energy
resources;DER;distribution system planning;bulk power system planning;distribution
system operator;security requirements;bulk power systems;DSP problem;DSO market
operation;demand side;power system security;power system reliability;load
forecasting;ISO simulated operation;Benders decomposition;robust
optimisation;stochastic programming;renewable energy resources;locational marginal
price;local distribution area;CPLEX solver;mixed-integer linear problem;24-bus IEEE
RTS;coordinated planning horizon},
Z. Hu and F. Li, "Cost-Benefit Analyses of Active Distribution Network Management,

Part II: Investment Reduction Analysis," in IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, vol.
3, no. 3, pp. 1075-1081, Sept. 2012.
doi: 10.1109/TSG.2011.2177869
Abstract: Based on the traditional network expansion planning formulation, a new
formulation is built by taking into consideration the curtailment of renewable
energy generation (REG), e.g., wind farm generation. The objective is to minimize
the total cost of building new circuits and to curtail the output of REG
generation. Loss in REG generation curtailment is computed according to its annual
output duration curve. In the proposed formulation, operational conditions under
peak and trough load levels, the different outputs of REG, and the N-1 security
criterion are altogether considered. The whole formulation is solved by Benders'
decomposition method. The proposed method is tested on a practical network. Network
expansion schemes obtained from the classical and the proposed methods are compared
and analyzed. Test results show that network investment can be reduced or deferred
by deploying the autonomous regional active network management system (AuRA-NMS).
Although some of the wind farm generation is curtailed, the loss is smaller than
the reduction of network investment cost. The present work shows the potential of
installing an active control system as an alternative of network reinforcement to
accommodate increasing REG connections.
keywords: {cost-benefit analysis;investment;power distribution economics;power
generation economics;power generation planning;power system management;power system
security;wind power plants;cost-benefit analysis;active distribution network
management;investment reduction analysis;network expansion planning
scheme;renewable energy generation;wind farm generation;REG generation
curtailment;annual output duration curve;N-1 security criterion;bender
decomposition method;autonomous regional active network management system;AuRA-
NMS;network investment cost;active control system;Planning;Wind
farms;Investments;Security;Mathematical model;Linear programming;Indexes;Active
network management;distribution network;network planning;renewable energy
generation},
Y. Hong and K. Pen, "Optimal VAR Planning Considering Intermittent Wind Power Using
Markov Model and Quantum Evolutionary Algorithm," in IEEE Transactions on Power
Delivery, vol. 25, no. 4, pp. 2987-2996, Oct. 2010.
doi: 10.1109/TPWRD.2010.2044897
Abstract: Techniques for distributed generations (DGs) have attracted increasing
attention due to their effects on environmental sustainability and the reduction in
traditional megawatt (MW) generation expansion. Wind farms are one of the DGs and
have intermittent characteristics. This paper presents a method for static VAR
planning considering existing wind generator voltages and transformer taps as
controllers to regulate the voltage profile in a distribution system with wind
farms. Wind power generations and bus loads are modeled with the Markov model. The
probabilities and durations of the operation states are obtained. Through a quantum
evolutionary algorithm, the cost of static VAR compensators and MW loss in the
system are minimized and the operational constraints are fulfilled. The
applicability of the proposed method is verified through simulations using a
standalone 25-bus (Penghu) system and a 17-bus system.
keywords: {distributed power generation;evolutionary computation;Markov
processes;power system planning;static VAr compensators;voltage control;wind power
plants;intermittent wind power;Markov model;quantum evolutionary
algorithm;distributed generations;environmental sustainability;megawatt generation
expansion;Wind farms;static VAR planning;wind generator voltages;transformer
taps;voltage regulation;17-bus system;Reactive power;Wind energy;Evolutionary
computation;Wind energy generation;Wind farms;Power system modeling;Distributed
control;Green products;Distributed power generation;Power
generation;Intermittence;Markov model;quantum evolutionary algorithm;VAR
planning;voltage fluctuation},
A. Vafamehr, M. E. Khodayar, S. D. Manshadi, I. Ahmad and J. Lin, "A Framework for
Expansion Planning of Data Centers in Electricity and Data Networks Under
Uncertainty," in IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 305-316, Jan.
2019.
doi: 10.1109/TSG.2017.2738444
Abstract: This paper presents the expansion planning for data centers and data
routes in the data and electricity networks considering the uncertainties in the
planning horizon to ensure an acceptable rate of service to the requests received
from the end-users in the data network. The objective is to determine the location
and capacity of the data centers as well as the required data routes while
considering the imposed constraints in the electricity and data networks. The
installation cost of data centers and data routes, as well as the expected
operation cost of the data centers, are minimized. The proposed problem addressed
the uncertainties in the expansion planning of the electricity networks including
the availability of renewable generation resources, the variations in electricity
demand, the availability of generation and transmission components in the
electricity network, and the uncertainties in the number of requests received by
the user groups in the data network. The problem is formulated as a mixed integer
linear programming problem and Bender decomposition and electricity price signals
are used to capture the interaction among the data and electricity networks. The
presented case study shows the effectiveness of the proposed approach.
keywords: {integer programming;linear programming;power markets;pricing;expansion
planning;data centers;data network;electricity network;renewable generation
resources;electricity demand;mixed integer linear programming;Bender
decomposition;electricity price signals;Planning;Servers;Uncertainty;Security;Cloud
computing;Reliability;Electronic mail;Data center;expansion planning;data
route;Benders decomposition},
T. Qiu, B. Xu, Y. Wang, Y. Dvorkin and D. S. Kirschen, "Stochastic Multistage

Coplanning of Transmission Expansion and Energy Storage," in IEEE Transactions on
doi: 10.1109/TPWRS.2016.2553678
Abstract: Transmission expansion and energy storage increase the flexibility of
power systems and, hence, their ability to deal with uncertainty. Transmission
lines have a longer lifetime and a more predictable performance than energy
storage, but they require a very large initial investment. While battery energy
storage systems (BESS) can be built faster and their capacity can be increased
gradually, their useful life is shorter because their energy capacity degrades with
time and each charge and discharge cycle. Additional factors, such as the expected
profiles of load and renewable generation significantly affect planning decisions.
This paper proposes a stochastic, multistage, coplanning model of transmission
expansion, and BESS that considers both the delays in transmission expansion and
the degradation in storage capacity under different renewable generation and load
increase scenarios. The proposed model is tested using a modified version of the
IEEE-RTS. Sensitivity analyses are performed to assess how factors such as the
planning method, the storage chemistry characteristics, the current transmission
capacity, and the uncertainty on future renewable generation and load profiles
affect the investment decisions.
keywords: {battery storage plants;power generation planning;power transmission
planning;renewable energy sources;sensitivity analysis;stochastic
programming;transmission expansion stochastic multistage coplanning;power system
flexibility;transmission line;battery energy storage system;BESS;renewable
generation;load increase scenario;IEEE-RTS;sensitivity
analysis;Planning;Investment;Generators;Uncertainty;Stochastic
processes;Batteries;Battery degradation;battery energy storage;stochastic
optimization;transmission expansion;uncertainty},
S. Grijalva, S. R. Dahman, K. J. Patten and A. M. Visnesky, "Large-Scale

Integration of Wind Generation Including Network Temporal Security Analysis," in
IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, vol. 22, no. 1, pp. 181-188, March 2007.
doi: 10.1109/TEC.2006.889617
Abstract: This paper presents a methodology to assess large-scale wind generation
projects that considers their effect on network security. The proposed method is
based on contingency analysis, including temporal study. Inputs to the simulation
are grid model, forecasted load, conventional generation profiles, and wind
variability of proposed projects. A time-step simulation is run for the time
horizon to produce benefit indices for every location (bus) in the system. The
congested transmission elements that require expansion are identified and ranked as
part of the simulation. Each wind project in the proposed portfolio can result in
benefits or costs for grid security. Policy makers can then use the method to
design policies that ensure preservation of long-term system security. Developers
could use the tool to identify security effects and assess their wind portfolios.
Measuring network security and determining benefits of large-scale wind projects is
a complex planning task that involves several aspects: temporal wind variability,
spatial distribution of flows, multiple load and generation profiles, and numerous
possible contingencies. All these wind project development aspects must be isolated
to identify and correctly assign security costs and benefits
keywords: {load forecasting;power generation planning;power grids;power system
interconnection;power system security;wind power plants;large-scale
integration;wind generation;network temporal security analysis;contingency
analysis;grid models;load forecasting;wind variability;time-step simulation;time
horizon;complex planning tasks;flow spatial distribution;Large scale
integration;Power system planning;Wind energy generation;Power system security;Mesh
generation;Portfolios;Substations;Predictive models;Wind forecasting;Large-scale
systems;Generation planning;transmission loading relief (TLR);wind integration;wind
variability},
P. Jirutitijaroen and C. Singh, "Reliability Constrained Multi-Area Adequacy

Planning Using Stochastic Programming With Sample-Average Approximations," in IEEE
doi: 10.1109/TPWRS.2008.919422
Abstract: This paper proposes a mixed-integer stochastic programming approach to
the solution of generation and transmission line expansion planning problem
including consideration of system reliability. Favorable system reliability and
cost trade off is achieved by the optimal solution. The problem is formulated as a
two-stage recourse model where random uncertainties in area generation,
transmission lines, and area loads are considered. Reliability index used in this
problem is expected cost of load loss as this index incorporates duration and
magnitude of load loss. The objective is to minimize the expansion cost in the
first stage and the operation and expected cost of load loss in the second stage.
Due to exponentially large number of system states (scenarios) in large power
systems, direct application of the L-shaped algorithm seems impractical. The
expected cost of load loss is therefore approximated by considering only sampled
scenarios and evaluated in the optimization. The estimated objective value is
called sample-average approximation (SAA) of the actual expected value. In this
paper, Monte Carlo sampling and Latin hypercube sampling techniques are
implemented. Confidence intervals of upper and lower bound are discussed. The
method is implemented to an actual 12-area power system for generation expansion
planning and transmission line expansion planning.
keywords: {integer programming;Monte Carlo methods;power generation planning;power
transmission planning;power transmission reliability;stochastic
programming;reliability constrained multiarea adequacy planning;stochastic
programming;sample-average approximations;mixed-integer stochastic programming
approach;generation-transmission line expansion planning problem;two-stage recourse
model;load loss cost;sample-average approximation;Monte Carlo sampling;Latin
hypercube sampling techniques;Stochastic processes;Power transmission lines;Power
system planning;Reliability;Cost function;Stochastic systems;Uncertainty;Power
systems;Monte Carlo methods;Hypercubes;Latin hypercube sampling;Monte Carlo
sampling;multi-area power system;power system optimization;reliability;sample-
average approximation;stochastic programming;two-stage recourse model},
H. Saberi, H. Monsef and T. Amraee, "Probabilistic congestion driven network

expansion planning using point estimate technique," in IET Generation, Transmission
& Distribution, vol. 11, no. 17, pp. 4202-4211, 30 11 2017.
doi: 10.1049/iet-gtd.2016.2065
Abstract: This study presents a probabilistic model to determine the optimal
expansion of transmission network under uncertainties of demand, wind power
generation, and energy price. The Benders decomposition approach and the point
estimate method (PEM) are used to solve the developed mixed-integer optimisation
problem and tackle the uncertainties, respectively. The proposed market-based
expansion problem is a two-stage model in which the master problem optimises the
investment cost, and the sub-problem (SP) includes the cost of energy not served,
congestion cost and congestion rent. A new objective function is proposed to
consider the congestion rent in the Benders algorithm. In the SP, a two-step
optimisation process is then proposed to generate proper Benders cuts. The proposed
model has been applied to the Garver's, and modified IEEE 24-bus and IEEE 118-bus
test systems. Furthermore, to validate the accuracy of the proposed PEM, a Monte
Carlo simulation method (MCSM) has been used and the results of PEM have been
compared to the MCSM.
keywords: {demand side management;integer programming;investment;Monte Carlo
methods;power markets;power transmission economics;power transmission
planning;probability;wind power plants;MCSM;Monte Carlo simulation method;IEEE 118-
bus test systems;modified IEEE 24-bus test systems;Benders cuts;two-step
optimisation;congestion rent;congestion cost;investment cost optimisation;two-stage
model;market-based expansion problem;mixed-integer optimisation problem;point
estimate method;PEM;Benders decomposition;energy price;wind power generation;demand
uncertainties;optimal transmission network expansion;probabilistic congestion
driven network expansion planning},
S. Wogrin, E. Centeno and J. Barquin, "Generation Capacity Expansion in Liberalized

Electricity Markets: A Stochastic MPEC Approach," in IEEE Transactions on Power
doi: 10.1109/TPWRS.2011.2138728
Abstract: This paper proposes a bilevel model to assist a generation company in
making its long-term generation capacity investment decisions considering
uncertainty regarding the investments of the other generation companies. The
bilevel formulation allows for the uncoupling of investment and generation
decisions, as investment decisions of the single investing generation company are
taken in the upper level with the objective to maximize expected profits and
generation decisions by all companies are considered in the lower level. The lower
level represents the oligopolistic market equilibrium via a conjectured-price
response formulation, which can capture various degrees of strategic market
behavior like perfect competition, the Cournot oligopoly, and intermediate cases.
keywords: {power generation planning;power markets;stochastic processes;liberalized
electricity markets;stochastic MPEC approach;long-term generation capacity
investment decisions;oligopolistic market equilibrium;conjectured-price response
formulation;Mathematical programming;Game theory;Power markets;Stochastic
processes;Optimization;Uncertainty;Oligopoly;Bilevel programming;generation
expansion planning;mathematical program with equilibrium constraints (MPEC)},
J. Qiu et al., "Multi-Stage Flexible Expansion Co-Planning Under Uncertainties in a

Combined Electricity and Gas Market," in IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol.
30, no. 4, pp. 2119-2129, July 2015.
doi: 10.1109/TPWRS.2014.2358269
Abstract: Natural gas is an important fuel source in the power industry.
Electricity and natural gas are both energy that can be directly consumed. To
improve the overall efficiency of the energy infrastructure, it is imperative that
the expansion of gas power plants, electricity transmission lines and gas pipelines
can be co-planned. The co-planning process is modeled as a mixed integer nonlinear
programming problem to handle conflicting objectives simultaneously. We propose a
novel model to identify the optimal co-expansion plan in terms of social welfare.
To evaluate the robustness of plans under different scenarios, the flexibility
criterion is used to identify each plan's adaptation cost to uncertainties, such as
demand growth, fuel cost and financial constraints, etc. We developed a systematic
and comprehensive planning model to understand, develop and optimize energy grids
in order to reach higher social welfare, and is therefore of great importance in
terms of supporting and guiding investment decisions for the power and gas
industry. Meanwhile, we use the sequential importance sampling (SIS) to perform
scenario reduction for achieving a higher computational efficiency. A comprehensive
case study on the integrated IEEE 14-bus and a test gas system is conducted to
validate our approach.
keywords: {electricity supply industry;gas industry;optimisation;pipelines;power
markets;power system planning;multistage flexible expansion coplanning;combined
electricity-gas market;natural gas;fuel source;gas power plants;electricity
transmission lines;gas pipelines;optimal coexpansion plan;social welfare;energy
grid optimization;investment decisions;sequential importance sampling;scenario
reduction;Planning;Electricity;Power
generation;Generators;Uncertainty;Vectors;Reliability;Co-
optimization;flexibility;power system planning;risk management},
H. Nemati, M. A. Latify and G. R. Yousefi, "Tri-level transmission expansion

planning under intentional attacks: virtual attacker approach – part I:
formulation," in IET Generation, Transmission & Distribution, vol. 13, no. 3, pp.
390-398, 12 2 2019.
doi: 10.1049/iet-gtd.2018.6104
Abstract: The first part of this two-part paper proposes tri-level transmission
expansion planning (TTEP) under physical intentional attacks. In the first level,
the network planner looks for an optimal transmission expansion plan to fortify the
power network. In the second level, the attacker tries to maximise damages to the
network. In the third level, the adverse effects of the attacks on the network
operation are minimised by the network operator. Since the third level problem is a
linear programming (LP) problem, the second and third levels are converted into a
single-level model by using primal-dual transformation, and consequently, TTEP is
converted into a bi-level programming problem. To achieve a single-level model,
instead of assuming a unique attacker, a cooperative game of multiple virtual
attackers (VAs) of which every VA is to maximise the damage by attacking one
transmission line is introduced and modelled. The conditions that enforce Nash and
Pareto equilibria of this game are derived as linear constraints which are lower
level equivalent. By using this equivalence, the aforementioned bi-level TTEP model
is converted into a single-level model that can be recast as a mixed integer LP
problem.The numerical results are provided in the second part.
keywords: {game theory;integer programming;linear programming;power transmission
planning;linear constraints;Nash equilibrium;Pareto equilibrium;bi-level TTEP
model;power network;optimal transmission expansion plan;network planner
problem;physical intentional attacks;tri-level transmission expansion planning
model;virtual attacker approach;multiple virtual attackers;bi-level programming
problem;single-level model;linear programming problem;network operation;network
operator;physical attacks},
E. G. Carrano, R. T. N. Cardoso, R. H. C. Takahashi, C. M. Fonseca and O. M. Neto,

"Power distribution network expansion scheduling using dynamic programming genetic
algorithm," in IET Generation, Transmission & Distribution, vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 444-
455, May 2008.
doi: 10.1049/iet-gtd:20070174
Abstract: A genetic algorithm that is dedicated to the expansion planning of
electric distribution systems is presented, with incremental expansion scheduling
along a time horizon of several years and treated as a dynamic programming problem.
Such a genetic algorithm (called dynamic programming genetic algorithm) is endowed
with problem-specific crossover and mutation operators, dealing with the problem
through a heuristic search in the space of dynamic programming variables. Numerical
tests have shown that the proposed algorithm has found good solutions that
considerably enhance the solutions found by non-dynamic programming methods. The
algorithm has also shown to work for problem sizes that would be computationally
infeasible for exact dynamic programming techniques.
keywords: {dynamic programming;genetic algorithms;power distribution
planning;scheduling;power distribution network expansion scheduling;dynamic
programming;genetic algorithm;mutation operator;electric distribution system
planning;indium;potassium;beryllium;networks;nitrogen;iodine;astatine},
N. Koutsoukis, P. Georgilakis and N. Hatziargyriou, "Active distribution network

planning based on a hybrid genetic algorithm-nonlinear programming method," in
CIRED - Open Access Proceedings Journal, vol. 2017, no. 1, pp. 2065-2068, 10 2017.
doi: 10.1049/oap-cired.2017.0771
Abstract: This study proposes a planning method for active distribution networks
that determines the optimal network reinforcement and expansion plan considering
ancillary services provided by distributed generation (DG) units. The proposed
method calculates the network's investment and operational costs in order to meet
the future load demand as well as the connection of new loads and new DG units.
Results on a 21-bus distribution system validate the method's performance.
keywords: {power distribution planning;genetic algorithms;nonlinear
programming;distributed power generation;active distribution network
planning;hybrid genetic algorithm;nonlinear programming method;optimal network
reinforcement;expansion plan;ancillary services;distributed generation units;load
demand;21-bus distribution system;DG units},
J. Wang, H. Zhong, Q. Xia and C. Kang, "Transmission network expansion planning

with embedded constraints of short circuit currents and N-1 security," in Journal
of Modern Power Systems and Clean Energy, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 312-320, September
2015.
doi: 10.1007/s40565-015-0137-8
Abstract: An approach of transmission network expansion planning with embedded
constraints of short circuit currents and N-1 security is proposed in this paper.
The problem brought on by the strong nonlinearity property of short circuit
currents is solved with a linearization method based on the DC power flow. The
model can be converted to a mixed-integer linear programming problem, realizing the
optimization of planning model that considers the constraints of linearized short
circuit currents and N-1 security. To compensate the error caused by the
assumptions of DC power flow, the compensation factor is proposed. With this
factor, an iterative algorithm that can compensate the linearization error is then
presented. The case study based on the IEEE 118-bus system shows that the proposed
model and approach can be utilized to: optimize the construction strategy of
transmission lines; ensure the N-1 security of the network; and effectively limit
the short circuit currents of the system.
keywords: {Short-circuit currents;Planning;Integrated circuit
modeling;Security;Power grids;Circuit faults;Short circuit current;Embedded
constraints of N-1 security;Transmission network
planning;Linearization;Compensation factor},
C. J. Baldwin, C. A. DeSalvo and H. D. Limmer, "Planning generation expansion by

digital simulation," in Electrical Engineering, vol. 80, no. 5, pp. 354-354, May
1961.
doi: 10.1109/EE.1961.6433250
Abstract: SYSTEM planning programs using simulation are designed to meet the
objectives of long-range planning studies, which include an accurate evaluation of
the economics of alternate expansion patterns. The economic effect of unit size,
the worth of greater than normal unit reliability, and variations in system service
quality all have been studied.
keywords: {Standards;Probability;Boilers;Planning;Associate
members;Economics;Reliability},
H. N. Tram and D. L. Wall, "Optimal conductor selection in planning radial

distribution systems," in IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 3, no. 1, pp.
200-206, Feb. 1988.
doi: 10.1109/59.43199
Abstract: A fast algorithm to help in the selection of proper conductors for feeder
expansion plans is presented. The optimal conductor type is determined for each
feeder segment in order to maintain an acceptable voltage profile along the entire
feeder, minimizing capital investments and the cost of feeder losses. Lateral
branches as well as regulators along the feeder are considered. Computer
implementation of the algorithm is described. Its use in conjunction with an
optimization model for configuring feeder networks to derive an overall
distribution expansion plan is discussed.<>
keywords: {distribution networks;optimisation;power cables;power system
planning;power cables;power system planning;conductor selection;radial distribution
systems;fast algorithm;feeder expansion;voltage profile;cost;feeder
losses;optimization model;distribution expansion
plan;Conductors;Costs;Regulators;Voltage;Load
flow;Investments;Equations;Nickel;Impedance;Power generation economics},
A. Nasri, A. Abdollahi, M. Rashidinejad and M. Hadi Amini, "Probabilistic–

possibilistic model for a parking lot in the smart distribution network expansion
planning," in IET Generation, Transmission & Distribution, vol. 12, no. 13, pp.
3363-3374, 31 7 2018.
doi: 10.1049/iet-gtd.2018.0366
Abstract: Conventional distribution network departs to the smart grid. The parking
lot will have an important role in the smart grid as a distributed generation. Due
to the output power of parking lots is uncertain, More accurate modeling of parking
lot output power is necessary for the future of distribution network studies such
as Distribution Network Expansion Planning (DNEP). In this paper, a systematic
method based on the Z-number concept is utilized to represent the uncertainty of
Vehicle to Grid's (V2G's) presence. In order to investigate the impact of V2Gs
uncertainty on the DNEP, we proposed a Probabilistic-Possibilistic DNEP in the
presence of V2Gs referred to as P-PDNEPV2G. If the V2Gs historical data is
incomplete, the proposed structure can significantly consider the effects of V2G on
the DNEP. In P-PDNEPV2G, parking lots output power is described as a probabilistic-
possibilistic variable by Z-number method. The optimization of P-PDNEPV2G is
executed by the Non-Dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm (NSGA-II). A 24-bus test
system and the real 20 kV distribution network of Ghale-Ganj city of Kerman
province in Iran are used to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed
methodology. Eventually, several analyses are conducted to investigate the impact
of probabilistic-possibilistic V2G model on the DNEP problem.
keywords: {distributed power generation;genetic algorithms;number
theory;possibility theory;power distribution planning;probability;smart power
grids;probabilistic-possibilistic V2G model;parking lot output power;smart
distribution network expansion planning;conventional distribution network;smart
grid;distributed generation;DNEP problem;Z-number concept;V2G uncertainty;P-
PDNEPV2G;probabilistic-possibilistic variable;nondominated sorting genetic
algorithm-II;Ghale-Ganj city;Kerman province;Iran},
Ö. Özdemir, F. D. Munoz, J. L. Ho and B. F. Hobbs, "Economic Analysis of

Transmission Expansion Planning With Price-Responsive Demand and Quadratic Losses
by Successive LP," in IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 31, no. 2, pp. 1096-
1107, March 2016.
doi: 10.1109/TPWRS.2015.2427799
Abstract: The growth of demand response programs and renewable generation is
changing the economics of transmission. Planners and regulators require tools to
address the implications of possible technology, policy, and economic developments
for the optimal configuration of transmission grids. We propose a model for
economic evaluation and optimization of inter-regional transmission expansion, as
well as the optimal response of generators' investments to locational incentives,
that accounts for Kirchhoff's laws and three important nonlinearities. The first is
consumer response to energy prices, modeled using elastic demand functions. The
second is resistance losses. The third is the product of line susceptance and flows
in the linearized DC load flow model. We develop a practical method combining
Successive Linear Programming with Gauss-Seidel iteration to co-optimize AC and DC
transmission and generation capacities in a linearized DC network while considering
hundreds of hourly realizations of renewable supply and load. We test our approach
for a European electricity market model including 33 countries. The examples
indicate that demand response can be a valuable resource that can significantly
affect the economics, location, and amounts of transmission and generation
investments. Further, representing losses and Kirchhoff's laws is also important in
transmission policy analyses.
keywords: {DC power transmission;demand side management;investment;iterative
methods;linear programming;load flow;power markets;power transmission
economics;power transmission planning;transmission policy analysis;European
electricity market;linearized DC network;generation capacity;AC transmission;DC
transmission;Gauss-Seidel iteration;successive linear programming;DC load flow
model;line susceptance;resistance loss;elastic demand function;energy
price;Kirchhoff law;generator investment;transmission grid;renewable
generation;demand response program;successive LP;quadratic loss;price-responsive
demand;transmission expansion planning;economic analysis;Load
management;Planning;Load modeling;Propagation
losses;Optimization;Investment;Computational modeling;Demand response;nonlinear
optimization;successive linear programming;transmission planning},
Jaeseok Choi, T. Tran, A. A. El-Keib, R. Thomas, HyungSeon Oh and R. Billinton, "A

method for transmission system expansion planning considering probabilistic
reliability criteria," in IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 20, no. 3, pp.
1606-1615, Aug. 2005.
doi: 10.1109/TPWRS.2005.852142
Abstract: This paper proposes a method for choosing the best transmission system
expansion plan considering a probabilistic reliability criterion (/sub R/LOLE). The
method minimizes the investment budget for constructing new transmission lines
subject to probabilistic reliability criteria, which consider the uncertainties of
transmission system elements. Two probabilistic reliability criteria are used as
constraints. One is a transmission system reliability criterion (/sub R/LOLE/sub
TS/) constraint, and the other is a bus/nodal reliability criterion (/sub
R/LOLE/sub Bus/) constraint. The proposed method models the transmission system
expansion problem as an integer programming problem. It solves for the optimal
strategy using a probabilistic branch and bound method that utilizes a network flow
approach and the maximum flow-minimum cut set theorem. Test results on an existing
21-bus system are included in the paper. They demonstrate the suitability of the
proposed method for solving the transmission system expansion planning problem
subject to practical future uncertainties.
keywords: {power transmission planning;power transmission lines;power transmission
reliability;tree searching;probability;integer programming;transmission system
expansion planning;probabilistic reliability criteria;investment budget
minimization;transmission lines;integer programming problem;branch and bound
method;network flow approach;maximum flow-minimum cut set theorem;Power system
planning;Power system reliability;Electricity supply industry;Uncertainty;Power
transmission lines;Power system simulation;Power system analysis computing;Power
generation;Investments;Transmission line theory;Branch and bound;probabilistic
reliability criteria;transmission system planning},
S. P. Torres and C. A. Castro, "Expansion planning for smart transmission grids

using AC model and shunt compensation," in IET Generation, Transmission &
Distribution, vol. 8, no. 5, pp. 966-975, May 2014.
doi: 10.1049/iet-gtd.2013.0231
Abstract: It is widely recognised that large amounts of limited controlled
renewable generation in smart grids bring major challenges. The increasing
complexity to solve the transmission expansion planning (TEP) problem emphasises
the need to face it with new models and more efficient optimisation techniques. In
this research work, a load shedding formulation is proposed, extended for the AC
model that takes into account shunt compensation additions to solve the TEP
problem. This allows an integrated transmission line and shunt compensation
planning that can be solved more efficiently. To solve the TEP problem, an improved
version of local particle swarm optimisation is used. Solutions obtained in very
well-known test and realistic networks demonstrate that this implementation can be
very interesting for practical use.
keywords: {particle swarm optimisation;power transmission;power transmission
lines;power transmission planning;smart power grids;particle swarm
optimisation;shunt compensation planning;transmission line;load shedding
formulation;transmission expansion planning;renewable generation;AC model;smart
transmission grids},
R. Billinton and R. Karki, "Capacity expansion of small isolated power systems

using PV and wind energy," in IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 16, no. 4,
pp. 892-897, Nov. 2001.
doi: 10.1109/59.962442
Abstract: Renewable energy is being increasingly utilized in electric power systems
due to environmental concerns and energy cost escalation associated with the use of
conventional energy sources. Photovoltaics and wind energy sources can
significantly offset costly fuel in small isolated systems and can also have
considerable impact on the system reliability. The utilization of renewable energy
in capacity planning requires realistic cost/reliability evaluation models that can
recognize the highly erratic nature of these energy sources while maintaining the
chronology and interdependence of the random variables inherent in them. This paper
presents an evaluation model and applies it to analyze optimum generation expansion
of small isolated systems using PV and wind energy sources.
keywords: {power generation planning;photovoltaic power systems;solar power
stations;wind power plants;wind power;solar power;power generation
reliability;power generation economics;small isolated power systems capacity
expansion;PV power generation;wind energy;renewable energy;environmental
concerns;cost/reliability evaluation models;random variables;optimum generation
expansion;Power systems;Renewable energy resources;Costs;Wind energy;Photovoltaic
systems;Photovoltaic cells;Fuels;Reliability;Capacity planning;Maintenance},
R. Hejeejo, J. Qiu, T. S. Brinsmead and L. J. Reedman, "Sustainable energy system

planning for the management of MGs: a case study in New South Wales, Australia," in
IET Renewable Power Generation, vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 228-238, 8 2 2017.
doi: 10.1049/iet-rpg.2016.0611
Abstract: Microgrids (MGs) and their enabling technologies (e.g. small-scale
renewable energy generation, energy storage systems, demand response, and
information and communication systems) have attracted increasing attention in the
past few years as they are expected to play an important role in future sustainable
energy systems. There is a significant research gap in how to plan and manage
energy systems with growing numbers of MGs. In this study, an energy system
expansion planning (EP) model is used to investigate the quantitative impacts of
MGs on energy system sustainability. The EP design problem is formulated as a
multi-objective optimisation problem with a range of technical constraints such as
AC power flow, reliability, and power quality constraints, as well as including
variable and fixed costs. Several case studies are undertaken on electricity
networks in New South Wales, Australia. The results confirm that MGs can
significantly improve a system's efficiency. However, this efficiency improvement
is influenced by factors such as the ratio of the MG participation, the network
topology, and other specific power system constraints.
keywords: {distributed power generation;energy management
systems;optimisation;power generation planning;power system management;sustainable
development;network topology;system efficiency improvement;electricity
networks;power quality constraint;reliability;AC power flow;multiobjective
optimisation problem;EP design problem;energy system EP model;energy system
expansion planning model;information-communication systems;demand response;energy
storage systems;small-scale renewable energy generation;microgrids;Australia;New
South Wales;MG management;sustainable energy system planning},
P. Nordlund, D. Sjelvgren, M. V. F. Pereira and J. A. Bubenko, "Generation

Expansion Planning for Systems with a High Share of Hydro Power," in IEEE
doi: 10.1109/TPWRS.1987.4335093
Abstract: This paper presents a method for integrating a detailed model of the
hydroelectric system into existing power system planning tools. The purpose of the
hydro model is not primarily to optimize hydro expansion, but to represent the
influence of hydro regulation on the thermal system expansion. Stochastic
production costing routines are used to calculate operating costs as a function of
hydro production. Linear programming is used to determine the hydro production
schedule that minimizes production costs along the planning period, taking into
account a number of constraints in the hydro production system. A study with 16
cascaded hydro plants and 25 thermal units is presented and discussed.
keywords: {Power generation;Power system planning;Production systems;Power system
modeling;Hydroelectric power generation;Thermal expansion;Stochastic
processes;Costing;Cost function;Linear programming},
M. Rahmani, R. A. Romero and M. J. Rider, "Risk/investment-driven transmission

expansion planning with multiple scenarios," in IET Generation, Transmission &
Distribution, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 154-165, Feb. 2013.
doi: 10.1049/iet-gtd.2011.0742
Abstract: This study presents a new methodology based on risk/investment to solve
transmission network expansion planning (TNEP) problem with multiple future
scenarios. Three mathematical models related to TNEP problems considering multiple
future generation and load scenarios are also presented. These models will provide
planners with a meaningful risk assessment that enable them to determine the
necessary funding for transmission lines at a permissible risk level. The results
using test and real systems show that the proposed method presents better solutions
compared with scenario analysis method.
keywords: {power transmission lines;power transmission planning;risk
management;risk/investment-driven transmission expansion planning;transmission
network expansion planning;mathematical models;risk assessment;transmission lines},
R. J. Millar, S. Kazemi, M. Lehtonen and E. Saarijarvi, "Impact of MV Connected

Microgrids on MV Distribution Planning," in IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, vol.
3, no. 4, pp. 2100-2108, Dec. 2012.
doi: 10.1109/TSG.2012.2212922
Abstract: The planning and development of distribution networks with a substantial
penetration of microgrids connected to the medium voltage (MV) network form the
main themes of this paper. The impact of microgrids is assessed in terms of their
effect on optimal network topology, losses, reliability, reserve connections,
network upgrade and expansion savings. The earning base of the distribution system
operator also comes under scrutiny. A suburban MV cable network is planned using a
network planning algorithm developed by the authors, first with optimal routing for
demand-only nodes and then with a 33% penetration of randomly located microgrids.
The network is then expanded to meet the requirements of a future planning horizon,
in order to compare the expanded and upgraded optimum MV network topology with and
without microgrids. Apart from visually depicting the topological differences, the
savings such microgrids can give to the long term distribution network investment
and running costs are quantified in terms of the investment costs, loss costs and
interruption costs. When networks are planned with optimal rather than full backup,
the introduction of microgrids is shown to have a considerable saving impact on all
cost components except the cost per unit power transfer in the distribution
network.
keywords: {costing;distributed power generation;investment;power cables;power
distribution economics;power distribution planning;power distribution
reliability;power grids;MV connected microgrids;MV distribution
planning;distribution networks;medium voltage network;optimal network
topology;reliability;reserve connections;network upgrade;expansion
savings;distribution system operator;suburban MV cable network;optimal
routing;demand-only nodes;randomly located microgrids;optimum MV network
topology;distribution network investment;running costs;investment costs;loss
costs;interruption costs;unit power transfer;Power system
planning;Substations;Power cables;Distributed power
generation;Interrupters;Investments;Distributed generation;distribution
networks;microgrid;network planning},
R. Billinton, Y. Gao and R. Karki, "Application of a Joint Deterministic-

Probabilistic Criterion to Wind Integrated Bulk Power System Planning," in IEEE
doi: 10.1109/TPWRS.2009.2039652
Abstract: The basic objective of bulk power system planning is to develop the
system as economically as possible while maintaining an acceptable level of service
reliability. The traditional methods used by system planners to maintain acceptable
bulk power system reliability are challenged in the present move to incorporate
higher wind power penetration levels. Combining deterministic considerations with
probabilistic assessment in order to evaluate the quantitative system risk and
conduct bulk power system planning has therefore become increasingly necessary and
important in recent years. This paper examines the capacity value of wind
generation using various approaches and the utilization of this value under the
deterministic N-1 criterion. The application of a joint deterministic-probabilistic
criterion for bulk system expansion planning in wind integrated systems is
presented. The application of the conventional deterministic N-1, the basic
probabilistic and the joint deterministic-probabilistic criteria is illustrated in
a wind integrated test system in this paper.
keywords: {power generation planning;wind power;joint deterministic-probabilistic
criterion;power system planning;power system reliability;wind generation;wind
integrated test system;Power system planning;Power system reliability;Wind
energy;Wind energy generation;Maintenance;Power generation;Wind farms;Power system
economics;Power generation economics;System testing;Bulk power system;joint
deterministic and probabilistic criterion;planning;wind capacity credit;wind
energy},
E. Du et al., "The Role of Concentrating Solar Power Toward High Renewable Energy
Penetrated Power Systems," in IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 33, no. 6,
pp. 6630-6641, Nov. 2018.
doi: 10.1109/TPWRS.2018.2834461
Abstract: Achieving high renewable energy penetrated power systems requires
considerable operational flexibility to hedge the variability and uncertainty of
variable renewable energy (VRE) generation. Compared with VRE sources,
concentrating solar power (CSP) is an emerging controllable renewable generation
technique that utilizes solar thermal power to generate electricity. The
operational dispatchability of CSP would contribute to the power system transition
toward high renewable penetration. In this paper, we explore how the generation
portfolio will change toward high renewable energy penetrations, how much cost is
involved, and what role CSP will play in realizing a high renewable energy
penetrated power system. This study relies on a stochastic two-stage generation and
transmission expansion planning model with CSP plants. The model captures the
uncertainty and variability of renewable generation and the flexibility limits of
thermal plants. With the target of achieving a renewable-dominated minimum-cost
system with an expected renewable energy penetration level, the investments of both
generation and transmission facilities are optimized. A case study on IEEE test
systems with renewable technology cost data in 2050 is performed to analyze the
value of CSP toward high renewable energy penetrated power systems.
keywords: {investment;power generation economics;power generation reliability;power
transmission planning;renewable energy sources;solar power;solar power
stations;thermal power stations;variable renewable energy generation;CSP;solar
thermal power;power system transition;high renewable energy penetrated power
system;two-stage generation;transmission expansion planning model;expected
renewable energy penetration level;renewable technology cost data;concentrating
solar power;controllable renewable generation technique;Renewable energy
sources;Power system planning;Uncertainty;Investment;Wind power generation;Load
modeling;Concentrating solar power;variable renewable energy;high renewable
penetration;power system planning},
Z. Li et al., "Probability-Interval-Based Optimal Planning of Integrated Energy

System With Uncertain Wind Power," in IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications,
vol. 56, no. 1, pp. 4-13, Jan.-Feb. 2020.
doi: 10.1109/TIA.2019.2942260
Abstract: Owing to a higher energy supply efficiency and operational flexibility,
integrated energy system (IES), including the power, heating, and gas systems, will
be the primary form of energy supply in the future. However, with the increase of
large-scale stochastic wind power integration, the IES planning will face a
significant challenge as the traditional power system. Therefore, a probability-
interval-based IES planning considering wind power integration is proposed in this
article. First, a conditional value-at-risk (CVaR) based probability-interval
method is developed to describe the uncertain wind power. Second, beside
traditional facilities, electricity storage system is introduced to improve the
flexibility of IES. Then, an expansion planning model for IES is established to
minimize the total cost including investment, operation, CVaR cost, and unserved
energy cost. Moreover, the piecewise linearization method is used to deal with the
nonlinear integral terms of the proposed model to improve the solution efficiency.
Finally, IEEE14-NGS14 and IEEE118-NGS40 systems are constructed and the planning
model is solved by GAMS/CPLEX. The numerical results illustrate the correctness and
effectiveness of the proposed method.
keywords: {integer programming;power generation planning;probability;stochastic
processes;wind power plants;uncertain wind power;energy supply
efficiency;operational flexibility;integrated energy system;gas systems;large-scale
stochastic wind power integration;IES planning;traditional power
system;probability-interval-based IES;value-at-risk based probability-interval
method;electricity storage system;expansion planning model;total cost including
investment;unserved energy cost;nonlinear integral terms;IEEE118-NGS40
systems;probability-interval-based optimal planning;Wind power
generation;Artificial neural networks;Cogeneration;Planning;Pipelines;Power
systems;Numerical models;Conditional value-at-risk (CVaR);electricity storage
system (ESS);integrated energy system (IES);optimal planning;uncertain wind power},
P. Wiest, S. Eberlein, K. Rudion and A. Probst, "Comparison between static and

dynamic curtailment of RES in probabilistic high-voltage distribution grid
planning," in CIRED - Open Access Proceedings Journal, vol. 2017, no. 1, pp. 2169-
2173, 10 2017.
doi: 10.1049/oap-cired.2017.0048
Abstract: This study is addressing the issues regarding reduction in the necessary
network expansion by taking flexibility options into account. If a certain amount
of the annual energy from renewable generation is curtailed, the expansion of the
power grid can be reduced. This study presents a comparison of the necessary
expansion of a high-voltage distribution grid (110 kV) under consideration of
different curtailment approaches for renewable energy sources. Here, the necessary
expansion is calculated, if a static or a dynamic curtailment is applied and then
compared with the calculations without any curtailment mechanism. The curtailment
methods are tested using a probabilistic expansion planning method based on the
calculation of probabilistic load flow.
keywords: {power distribution planning;power grids;renewable energy
sources;probability;load flow;static curtailment;dynamic
curtailment;RES;probabilistic high-voltage distribution grid planning;network
expansion reduction;flexibility options;renewable generation;power grid expansion
reduction;renewable energy sources;probabilistic expansion planning
method;probabilistic load flow calculation;voltage 110 kV},
J. Zhan, C. Y. Chung and A. Zare, "A Fast Solution Method for Stochastic
Transmission Expansion Planning," in IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 32,
no. 6, pp. 4684-4695, Nov. 2017.
doi: 10.1109/TPWRS.2017.2665695
Abstract: Stochastic programming is a cost-effective approach to model the
transmission expansion planning (TEP) considering the uncertainties of wind and
load, which is known as stochastic TEP (STEP). The uncertainty can be accurately
represented by a large number of scenarios, which need to be reduced to a
relatively small number in order to shorten the computational time required by the
STEP. The forward selection algorithm (FSA) is an accurate scenario reduction
method which, however, is quite time consuming. An improved FSA (IFSA) is proposed
in order to shorten the computational time. The STEP is a large-scale mixed-integer
programming problem, and, therefore, is difficult to be solved directly. Benders
decomposition algorithm is suitable to solve the STEP by decomposing it into master
and multiple slave problems. The slave problems are nonlinear and thereby are
difficult and time consuming to be solved. In this regard, a linearization method
is proposed to solve the slave problems faster and to calculate the Lagrangian
multipliers needed by the master problem. Two medium and a large datasets are used
to demonstrate the efficiency of the IFSA and a 24-, a 300-, and a 2383-bus test
systems are used to verify the efficiency of the linearization method.
keywords: {integer programming;power transmission planning;stochastic
programming;stochastic transmission expansion planning;stochastic
programming;stochastic TEP;STEP;forward selection algorithm;improved
FSA;IFSA;mixed-integer programming problem;benders decomposition algorithm;multiple
slave problems;linearization method;Wind power generation;Integrated circuit
modeling;Uncertainty;Programming;Mathematical model;Random variables;Stochastic
processes;Benders decomposition algorithm;Lagrangian
multipliers;linearization;scenario reduction method;stochastic
programming;transmission expansion planning (TEP)},
L. A. Gallego, L. P. Garcés, M. Rahmani and R. A. Romero, "High-performance hybrid

genetic algorithm to solve transmission network expansion planning," in IET
Generation, Transmission & Distribution, vol. 11, no. 5, pp. 1111-1118, 30 3 2017.
doi: 10.1049/iet-gtd.2016.0511
Abstract: In this study, a high-performance hybrid genetic algorithm (HGA) is
proposed to solve static and multistage transmission network expansion planning
(TNEP) problem. The main features of the HGA are: (i) it avoids homogenised
solutions by using a special genetic algorithm as the backbone of the procedure,
(ii) uses a powerful path-relinking algorithm for the deep exploration of local
solutions, (iii) employs an efficient constructive heuristic algorithm for finding
high-quality initial solutions and for improving solution qualities and (iv) uses a
fast relaxation strategy for solving the linear programming problems required for
calculating the fitness functions. This procedure will result in an intelligent
exploration of a large search space in less amount of time. The proposed
methodology is tested with three electrical systems: South Brazilian 46-bus,
Colombian 93-bus and the North-Northeast Brazilian 87-bus.
keywords: {genetic algorithms;linear programming;power transmission planning;high-
performance hybrid genetic algorithm;transmission network expansion planning;static
transmission network expansion planning problem;multistage TNEP problem;high-
performance HGA;path-relinking algorithm;constructive heuristic algorithm;fast
relaxation strategy;linear programming problem;fitness function;South Brazilian 46-
bus electrical system;Colombian 93-bus electrical system;North-Northeast Brazilian
87-bus electrical system},
A. R. Abbasi and A. R. Seifi, "Simultaneous Integrated stochastic electrical and

thermal energy expansion planning," in IET Generation, Transmission & Distribution,
vol. 8, no. 6, pp. 1017-1027, June 2014.
doi: 10.1049/iet-gtd.2013.0710
Abstract: In this study, a stochastic multi-objective framework is proposed for
energy expansion planning (EEP). The proposed multiobjective framework can
concurrently optimise the competing objective functions including total real energy
losses, voltage deviation and the total cost of the installation equipments. Also,
regarding the uncertainties of the new complicated energy systems, in this study,
for the first time, system uncertainties including load uncertainty are explicitly
considered in the EEP problem by the use of the probabilistic load flow technique
based on the point estimate method. Since the objectives are different and
incommensurable, it is difficult to solve the problem by the conventional
approaches that may optimise a single objective. Hence, the metaheuristic algorithm
is applied to this problem. Here, the particle swarm optimisation (PSO) algorithm
as a new evolutionary optimisation algorithm is utilised. To improve the total
ability of the PSO for global search and exploration, a new modification adaptive
process is suggested in such a way that the algorithm will search the total search
space globally. To evaluate the feasibility and the effectiveness of the proposed
algorithm, three modified standard distribution systems are used as the case
studies.
keywords: {load flow;particle swarm optimisation;power distribution
planning;thermal energy expansion planning;integrated stochastic electrical energy
expansion planning;total real energy losses;voltage deviation;installation
equipments. cost;EEP problem;probabilistic load flow technique;metaheuristic
algorithm;particle swarm optimisation algorithm;evolutionary optimisation
algorithm;modification adaptive process},
Z. Bozic and E. Hobson, "Urban underground network expansion planning," in IEE

124, March 1997.
doi: 10.1049/ip-gtd:19970850
Abstract: The authors describe a three step approach to the expansion planning of
high voltage (HV) urban underground distribution networks. Although the techniques
are specifically oriented to underground systems, they are equally applicable to
overhead power system design. The fundamental engineering problem is how to connect
individual high voltage to low voltage substations (HV/LV SS) and zone HV SS into a
future urban underground network. The problem is to rearrange the HV network to
minimise the cost of expansion subject to provision of an alternative supply,
specified load transfer among the neighbouring zone SS, and other general planning
constraints such as feeder capacity, voltage regulation, operational requirements
and losses. A review of the current state of the art of distribution expansion
planning is provided. The normal manual approach is discussed together with more
recent research into computer methods. Three lines of computer research are
identified and classified as radially constrained, security constrained and
utilisation of travelling salesman/vehicle routing problem algorithms (TSP/VRP).
The TSP/VRP line of research has been extended here to produce practical techniques
for the assistance of network planners.
keywords: {distribution networks;urban underground power network expansion
planning;three step approach;engineering problem;substations;expansion cost;load
transfer;feeder capacity;voltage regulation;distribution expansion
planning;travelling salesman/vehicle routing problem algorithms},
R. Tanabe, K. Yasuda, R. Yokoyama and H. Sasaki, "Flexible generation mix under

multi objectives and uncertainties," in IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 8,
no. 2, pp. 581-587, May 1993.
doi: 10.1109/59.260824
Abstract: Criteria for evaluating flexibility of a generation mix are presented,
and an efficient computational algorithm for determining a flexible generation mix
considering uncertainties in the power system expansion planning is developed. The
flexible generation mix problem is formulated as a multiobjective optimization
problem and solved by the dynamic programming technique in which type of generation
plant is selected as a stage and generation capacity is selected as a state. The
proposed method can treat easily not only the uncertainties but also many
constraints of generation planning such as integer solutions of generation
capacities, reliability constraints, and so on. The effectiveness and feasibility
of the proposed method are demonstrated on a typical power system model.<>
keywords: {electric power generation;power system planning;flexible generation
mix;power system expansion planning;multiobjective optimization;dynamic
programming;integer solutions;power system model;Uncertainty;Power system
planning;Power system modeling;Dynamic programming;Power generation;Power system
dynamics;Fuels;Capacity planning;Power system reliability;Power system analysis
computing},
A. H. Escobar, R. A. Gallego and R. Romero, "Multistage and coordinated planning of

the expansion of transmission systems," in IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol.
19, no. 2, pp. 735-744, May 2004.
doi: 10.1109/TPWRS.2004.825920
Abstract: In this paper, an efficient genetic algorithm (GA) is presented to solve
the problem of multistage and coordinated transmission expansion planning. This is
a mixed integer nonlinear programming problem, difficult for systems of medium and
large size and high complexity. The GA presented has a set of specialized genetic
operators and an efficient form of generation of the initial population that finds
high quality suboptimal topologies for large size and high complexity systems. In
these systems, multistage and coordinated planning present a lower investment than
static planning. Tests results are shown in one medium complexity system and one
large size high complexity system.
keywords: {power transmission planning;genetic algorithms;nonlinear
programming;computational complexity;integer programming;multistage
planning;coordinated planning;transmission systems expansion;genetic
algorithm;mixed integer nonlinear programming;genetic operators;complex
system;Power system planning;Investments;Power system modeling;Genetic
algorithms;Mathematical model;Power system reliability;Circuits;Process
planning;Associate members;Network topology},
M. H. El-Sayed, "Reliability modeling for expansion-planning of electric-power

plants," in IEEE Transactions on Reliability, vol. 40, no. 3, pp. 316-321, Aug.
1991.
doi: 10.1109/24.85450
Abstract: The author presents a simple analytic approach for solving the problem of
expansion planning of electric power plants. The relationship between the long-
range generation investment and the plant size is studied to determine generation
capacity. The reliability level, as an important limiting factor of the expansion
planning process, is discussed and the corresponding systems costs are determined
based on the reliability specification. The stochastic behavior of each plant is
represented using a six-state model. The reliability level of the generation system
is evaluated using a recursive convolution of the weekly load duration curve with
the stochastic availability of the generating units. Central to the reliability
calculation is the selection of the unit size; the relationships between plant size
and the corresponding investment and production cost are calculated for each
expansion alternative. The techniques are also applied to a practical power system
and a comparative study is used to select the optimal plant size.<>
keywords: {power stations;reliability;reliability modelling;expansion-
planning;electric-power plants;long-range generation investment;generation
capacity;stochastic behavior;six-state model;weekly load duration curve;Power
system reliability;Power system planning;Investments;Costs;Process
planning;Stochastic processes;Convolution;Stochastic
systems;Availability;Production},
R. A. Smith and R. D. Shultz, "Operation Analysis in Generation Planning," in IEEE

Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems, vol. PAS-102, no. 5, pp. 1331-1339,
May 1983.
doi: 10.1109/TPAS.1983.318082
Abstract: This paper describes a generation planning tool that evaluates operation
performance of proposed generation expansion plans. It extends previous work
started in this area by using an expected capacity load difference to provide a
probabilistic assessment of spinning reserve. This calculation provides a more
complete analysis of operation performance of expansion plans that now includes
both spinning reserve and minimum loading problem evaluations.
keywords: {Spinning;Power generation;Power system planning;Capacity planning;Power
systems;Performance analysis;Urban planning;Power system analysis
computing;Costs;Minutes},
M. S. Kandil, S. M. El-Debeiky and N. E. Hasanien, "Hybrid mathematical and rule-

based system for transmission network planning in open access schemes," in IEE
462, Sept. 2001.
doi: 10.1049/ip-gtd:20010432
Abstract: The paper presents a planning methodology using an application of a
mathematical and a rule-based expert system (ES) to expand the transmission network
in open access schemes. In this methodology. The ES suggests a realistic set of
generation additions with proper economic signals to the participants, before
proceeding with the transmission expansion. A feasible list of transmission
alternatives is then assumed to accommodate the proposals for generation. A
mathematical method is performed based on marginal cost allocation to optimise the
location for the new generation and its transmission expansion scheme
simultaneously for each alternative. The optimum alternative, which minimises the
overall system's cost function and satisfies the future demand under different
operating conditions, is obtained. The ES interacts with the power system planning
tools to produce the optimum expansion plan. A practical application is given to
demonstrate the effectiveness of the developed prototype system.
keywords: {power transmission planning;power system analysis computing;power
transmission economics;expert systems;rule-based system;transmission network
planning;open access schemes;hybrid mathematical system;rule-based expert
system;transmission network expansion;economic signals;transmission
alternatives;mathematical method;marginal cost allocation;location
optimisation;transmission expansion scheme;future demand;operating conditions;power
system planning tools;optimum expansion plan},
M. Shahidehpour, Y. Ding and C. Shao, "Market-based Integrated Generation Expansion

Planning of Electric Power and District Heating Systems," in IEEE Transactions on
Sustainable Energy.
doi: 10.1109/TSTE.2019.2962756
Abstract: As a primary heat source in district heating systems (DHSs), combined
heat and power (CHP) units are playing an increasingly significant role in
electricity generation. Considering the growing interest, this paper proposes an
integrated generation expansion planning (GEP) framework, which enables market
competitions among conventional power plants (CPPs) in generation companies
(GENCOs) and CHP units in district heating system companies (DHSCOs). The iterative
framework provides decentralized decisions by simulating the interactions among
ISO, GENCOs, and DHSCOs. In the proposed GEP approach, the combined heat and power
dispatch (CHPD) model is reconstructed to determine LMPs that would offer
incentives to market participants for additional investments. The fuzzy load
duration curve (FLDC) method is proposed to model electricity loads that influence
LMPs. The load levels in FLDC are represented by fuzzy numbers that capture
presumed uncertainties. Investment decision models for GENCOs and DHSCOs are
formulated as a mixed-integer linear program with fuzzy objectives (MILPFO), which
consider market participants’ risk appetites. The examples provided in the paper
illustrate the benefits of coordinated planning of electric power system and DHS.
keywords: {market competition;district heating system;generation expansion
planning;fuzzy optimization},
M. E. Khan and R. Billinton, "Generating unit commitment in composite generation

and transmission systems," in IEE Proceedings C - Generation, Transmission and
Distribution, vol. 140, no. 5, pp. 404-410, Sept. 1993.
doi: 10.1049/ip-c.1993.0059
Abstract: A composite generation and transmission system can be divided into
various states which can be used to indicate the degree to which adequacy and
security constraints are satisfied when conducting a system reliability assessment.
A new risk index designated as the composite system operating state risk (CSOSR) is
defined, using the probabilities of these operating states. This risk index can be
utilised for system expansion planning and unit commitment in a composite system.
The application of this risk index for unit commitment in a composite system is
presented using two test systems. The results for different generating unit lead
times for a fixed load level and for variable load levels for a fixed lead time are
also presented.<>
keywords: {electric power generation;power system planning;power system
reliability;risk management;generating unit commitment;composite generation and
transmission systems;security constraints;system reliability assessment;risk index
d;composite system operating state risk;system expansion planning;generating unit
lead times;fixed load level;variable load levels;Power generation;Power system
planning;Power system reliability;Risk analysis},
Y. Ding, C. Singh, L. Goel, J. Østergaard and P. Wang, "Short-Term and Medium-Term

Reliability Evaluation for Power Systems With High Penetration of Wind Power," in
IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy, vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 896-906, July 2014.
doi: 10.1109/TSTE.2014.2313017
Abstract: The expanding share of the fluctuating and less predictable wind power
generation can introduce complexities in power system reliability evaluation and
management. This entails a need for the system operator to assess the system status
more accurately for securing real-time balancing. The existing reliability
evaluation techniques for power systems are well developed. These techniques are
more focused on steady-state (time-independent) reliability evaluation and have
been successfully applied in power system planning and expansion. In the
operational phase, however, they may be too rough an approximation of the time-
varying behavior of power systems with high penetration of wind power. This paper
proposes a time-varying reliability assessment technique. Time-varying reliability
models for wind farms, conventional generating units, and rapid start-up generating
units are developed and represented as the corresponding universal generating
functions (UGFs), respectively. A multistate model for a hybrid generation and
reserve provider is also proposed based on the developed UGF representations of
wind farms, conventional generating units, and rapid start-up generating units. The
proposed technique provides a useful tool for the system operator to evaluate the
reliability and arrange reserve for maintaining secure system operation in the
short- as well as medium-terms.
keywords: {approximation theory;power generation planning;power generation
reliability;power system management;power system security;wind power plants;short-
term power system reliability evaluation;medium-term power system reliability
evaluation;high wind power penetration;predictable wind power generation;power
system management;steady-state reliability evaluation;power system planning;power
system expansion;time-varying behavior approximation;time-varying reliability
assessment technique;wind farms;rapid start-up generating units;universal
generating functions;UGF;multistate model;conventional generating
units;Reliability;Power system reliability;Wind speed;Wind power generation;Markov
processes;Wind farms;Medium-term;random process;reliability;short-term;universal
generating function (UGF);wind power},
S. A. Mozdawar, A. Akbari Foroud and M. Amirahmadi, "Resource adequacy in

interdependent electricity markets undergoing heterogeneous expansion in renewable
energy," in IET Generation, Transmission & Distribution, vol. 13, no. 18, pp. 4061-
4072, 17 9 2019.
doi: 10.1049/iet-gtd.2018.5289
Abstract: In this study, the impact of the heterogeneous expansion of renewable
energies on resource adequacy within interdependent electricity markets is
investigated. The effect of increasing markets’ dependency on RA is also studied. A
dynamic generation expansion model based on Benders decomposition is used to model
the markets and coordinating entity to decompose the problem (keeping the markets
independent in the master problem, and whole network constraints in the sub-
problem). By using this method, the benders cuts are applied to the two different
objective functions simultaneously. In a case study, the authors find that
increasing markets’ dependency can postpone new unit installation time or decreases
the need for new units in the market with more renewable resource but meanwhile the
expected reserve margin stays at an acceptable level. According to the authors’
case study, the power plant's net present value increases by increasing markets’
dependency in the market with more renewable resources. The flexibility improves in
both markets by increasing markets’ dependency.
keywords: {power generation planning;power markets;power generation
economics;resource adequacy;interdependent electricity markets;heterogeneous
expansion;renewable energy;RA;increasing markets;dynamic generation expansion
model;coordinating entity;renewable resource;authors},

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S. Dehghan, N. Amjady and A.

Kazemi, "Two-Stage Robust Generation Expansion

A. Khodaei, M. Shahidehpour, L. Wu and Z. Li, "Coordination of Short-Term Operation

F. Barati, H. Seifi, M. S. Sepasian, A. Nateghi, M. Shafie-khah and J. P. S.

J. L. C. Meza, M. B. Yildirim and A. S. M. Masud, "A Model for the Multiperiod

J. Sirikum, A. Techanitisawad and V. Kachitvichyanukul, "A New Efficient GA-

J. L. Ceciliano Meza, M. B. Yildirim and A. S. M. Masud, "A Multiobjective

S. Jin and S. M. Ryan, "A Tri-Level Model of Centralized Transmission and

A. Moreira, D. Pozo, A. Street and E. Sauma, "Reliable Renewable Generation and

C. Unsihuay-Vila, J. W. Marangon-Lima, A. C. Z. de Souza, I. J. Perez-Arriaga and

Y. Q. He and A. K. David, "Advances in global optimisation for generation expansion

A. Khodaei and M. Shahidehpour, "Microgrid-Based Co-Optimization of Generation and

R. S. C. Camargos, R. A. Shayani and M. A. G. de Oliveira, "Evaluation whether

S. Haffner, L. F. A. Pereira, L. A. Pereira and L. S. Barreto, "Multistage Model

Y. Gu, J. D. McCalley and M. Ni, "Coordinating Large-Scale Wind Integration and

S. Jin and S. M. Ryan, "A Tri-Level Model of Centralized Transmission and

M. S. Sepasian, H. Seifi, A. Akbari Foroud and A. R. Hatami, "A Multiyear Security

Y. Zhan, Q. P. Zheng, J. Wang and P. Pinson, "Generation Expansion Planning With

H. Mavalizadeh, A. Ahmadi, F. H. Gandoman, P. Siano and H. A. Shayanfar,

P. J. Ramírez, D. Papadaskalopoulos and G. Strbac, "Co-Optimization of Generation

J. Li et al., "Robust Coordinated Transmission and Generation Expansion Planning

T. P. Hadjicostas and R. N. Adams, "The flexible rolling schedule for infinite-

Y. Tohidi, M. R. Hesamzadeh and F. Regairaz, "Sequential Coordination of

M. A. Alotaibi and M. M. A. Salama, "An Incentive-Based Multistage Expansion

S. Hong, H. Cheng and P. Zeng, "N-K Constrained Composite Generation and

M. Shivaie and M. T. Ameli, "Risk-constrained multi-level framework for

J. Aghaei, N. Amjady, A. Baharvandi and M. Akbari, "Generation and Transmission

H. Ghasemi, J. Aghaei, G. B. Gharehpetian and A. Safdarian, "MILP model for

S. Kannan, S. M. Raja Slochanal, S. Baskar and P. Murugan, "Application and

S. Pineda and J. M. Morales, "Chronological Time-Period Clustering for Optimal

A. Khodaei, M. Shahidehpour and S. Kamalinia, "Transmission Switching in Expansion

M. Jenabi, S. M. T. Fatemi Ghomi and Y. Smeers, "Bi-Level Game Approaches for

R. Mínguez, R. García-Bertrand, J. M. Arroyo and N. Alguacil, "On the Solution of

M. Asensio, P. Meneses de Quevedo, G. Muñoz-Delgado and J. Contreras, "Joint

V. F. Martins and C. L. T. Borges, "Active Distribution Network Integrated Planning

H. Saboori and R. Hemmati, "Considering Carbon Capture and Storage in Electricity

G. Muñoz-Delgado, J. Contreras and J. M. Arroyo, "Multistage Generation and Network

M. Asensio, P. Meneses de Quevedo, G. Muñoz-Delgado and J. Contreras, "Joint

G. Moon, J. Lee and S. Joo, "Integrated Generation Capacity and Transmission

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