i c ( d/

Penttfon Ta&Mng 1988. tSOPJ-1.

© 19S3Ba3mrm, Rottefdsm, ISBN9u t
lad.)
. dot 4
,

New correlations of penetration tests for design practice

MJamioDcowski, VN.Ghionna, R.Lancellotta & R.Pasqualini

Technological University Torino, Italy

A1S1K4CT: A critical review of the algnlflcant progress and Innovation in Interpreta¬

tion of in- situ penetration testing la presented. Esphaeis la placed on the Standard

/
Penetration Test (SPT) , Cone Penetration Test (CPT) and Plat Dllatometer Test (DHT) Use .
of these test methods In geotechnlcal practice to evaluate the basic design parameters
of Initial state variables and stress- strain-strength characteristics of cohesive end
cohesionless soils Is presented.

• 4
OT HMDS: In- Situ Testing, Standard Penetration Teat, Flat Dllatometer Tast, Cone
Penetration Teat, Calibration Chambers, Indirect Approach. Correlations, Cohealonlese

U i
Soil. Cohesive Soil.

'I To avoid duplications with other lectu¬

The present lecture attempts to summarize
the existing knowledge of Penetration Te¬
sting in Geotechnical Design Practice. The
laat fifteen years have been characterized
by significant developments In the area of
in- situ testing. These developments Have
resulted In the Invention of new tests.
and in the Innovation. Improvement end
standardisation of the existing ones.
However, the moat relevant feature of this
period, la a better understanding of the
relet lonahipe between the results of ln-
eltu tests and basic soil behaviour.
This last fact has contributed to a
remarkable rationalization of the inter¬
pretation of different kinds of In- situ
tosts and of the use of their results In
design.
Mora detailed information concerning
the role, advantages and limitations of
the in-sltu testing techniques as applied
in Ceotecfanlcal Prectlce can be found In
works by Ladd et el. <1977). Horl (1981).
Robertson and Campanalla (1962). Wroth
.
(1984) Jamlolkovskl et al. (1985) and
Robartson (1986),
res In tbs programme of 1S0PT-I, the fol¬
lowing dlacusslon is limited to the Stan¬
dard Penetration Test (SPT), Static Cone
Penetration Test <CPT), and Flat Dllatone-
ter Teat (DKT) (Marchettl. 1975; 1980).
FATIOB . PROGRESS IV PRBETVATKM
The penetration test Is en old and well
established method of In-situ experimental
soil engineering. At present, recent ad¬
vances In electronic sensors and data ac¬
quisition systems have largely improved
the capabilities of Penetretlon Tests to
contribute In a cost-effective way to tha
solution of important daslgn problems .
Tha most relevant Innovations are:
a. Development of the static electric
cone penetrometer which permits continuous
measurements of cone resistance qc. and
local ahaft friction tM as well as the mo¬
nitoring of the deviation of tha CPT tip
from vertical (Da Rulter, 1971; 1981;
1982; Scheap and Zuldberg, 1962; Robertson
and Campanalla. 1904).

263

%
 .4
& k.
C (
b. Development of largo calibration
cheabere In which different
penetration
(CC)
toola ere teated
atrlctly controlled laboratory conditlona
under
(Holder! , 1971; Velaatanla,
Schaartaiann, 1976; Harcuaon
Blegenoueky, 1977, 1977a; Parkin at Lunna ,
1982; Bellottl et el.. 1982).
e. Recognition of the energy delivered
to the roda during driving of the SPT ÿ am¬
pler am an important parameter which auat
he conaldared when Interpreting the
reaulta of thla teat (Schmertaann end Pa-
lacioa, 1979; Kovaca and Salomons, 1992).
d. Uae of the Becker Penetration Teat,
a large-acale dynamic penetration teat,
Initially developed in Canada In the lata
f lftlea, for teating depoalte of gravel
and cobblee. Penetration reelatance la re¬
corded in the form of blows to penetrate
each 30 on ualng a double-walled cloaad-
and earning. Recent work by Harder and Seed
(1916) accounta for variation in energy
* delivered to the oealng by a double-acting
** dloael banner during driving.
e. Incorporation of the pleaometer aen
i» aor Into the atandard electric CPT tip
(Ballgh at al. , 1981; Caopanalla and Ro-
i| bertaon, 1981; Huromechi , 1981; Tumey et
al., 1981; Do Rulter, 1981; Sites, 1992),
which alIowa the neaaurenent of pore pree-
C' aure, u, during the penetration proceae.
f. Development of a number of new epe-
I®
' clfic penetration devlcao among which the
following are of lamedlate practical Inte¬
ract to dealgnera.
w - Flat Dllatonater (Harcbettl, 197};
1980; Karchettl and Crappa, 1991; Lute-
nagger, 1988);
• SalanLc Cone (Ceapanella and Robert eon,
1984; Campanella et al., 1986; Baldl et
al., 1988);
• Lateral Streaa Cone (LS-CPT) and Fleao-
Lateral-Straaa Cell (PLSC), which allow
neaaurenent of the lateral atreaa on the
cone shaft (Ballgh et al., 198}; Ho-
rlason, 1984; Huntsman, 1983; Huntsman
etal., 1986; Jeffarlea and Jonaaon,
1986; Bruzal, 1987).
- Vibratory Cone (V-CPT) , which creetea
the hope for evaluating the suscep¬
tibility of cohealonleaa depoalte to
liquefaction (Snakl et al., 1984;
Bruxil, 1987).
- Praaaio-Cooa, also called Full-Displace¬
which comblnaa the
ment Presauremeter,
features of theCPT with that of the
proesuremetar
1992; Hughes
teat
and
(Jezequel et al.,
Vhltera at al., 1986).
Robartaon, 1983;
1974;
at
3 FEMETRATTCW TRSTIHC ADD CBOTEOBilCAL
HSIOI
The use of penetration teating reaulte In
gaotachnical daalgn nay be split into the
following two dietlnct approechee.
e. Direct Approach, which glvea the op¬
portunity to peaa directly from ln-eltu
neasurenenta to the performance of founda¬
tions without the need to evaluate any In¬
termediate eoll parameters.
This approach la frequently used in the
evaluation of the settlement of shallow
foundations in cohaalonlaaa deposits and
to assets the ultimata and service limit
states of piles subjected to both axial
end horlaontel loadings.
The direct approach leads to empirical
-
methods in which quality la atrlctly lin¬
ked to the number and quality of the oaae
records upon which the approach has been
established. Valuable examples of this ap¬
proach are the works by Burland and Bur-
brldga (1984), Bustamante and Glanlaelll
(1982), Reaaa and Wright, (1979), and
Raws# and O'Mell (1987).
b. Indirect Approach, which laads to
interpretation methods that allow evalua¬
tion of the parameters describing the
atresa-atraln-strangth and consolidation
behaviour of solla. Thla appproach, al¬
though baalcally mora sound and rational
than the direct approach, suffers from the
fact that it raquirea the solutions of va¬
ry complex boundary value problems that,
In the caaa of the penetration tests, are
rarely feasible (Ballgh. 19B3, 1986). In
thla raapact It la worth considering the
following three categories;
- The solution of a mora or laaa complex
boundary value problem can lead to the
determination
strength
of atreaa-atraln and
charactaristica. All soil
elements strained during the test follow
vary similar affective stress paths.
Therefore, with appropriate eeeuatptlona
about the drainage conditions during the
teet and tht atraas-straln rslatlonshlp
of the tasted soil, It la possible to
evaluate deforms don and strength cba-
264
racterletice .
This category of C«iU include* the
prmariMUr test,
end selomlc tests.
especially the SBPT,
- The strained soil elements follow diffe¬
rent effective stress paths depending on
the geometry of the p roblea and on the
magnitude of the applied load. In this
case a rational interpretation of the
teat la very difficult. Even with ap¬
propriate assumption* concerning the
drainage conditions and soil model, the
solution of a complex boundary value
problem leada to something like "avera¬
ge* soil characteristics. Comparisons
between these average value a and the
behaviour of a typical soil element
tested in the laboratory or their use in
tha specific design calculation are far
from stralgthforvard.
Typical examples of In situ teats in
tht a category are the plate load teat aa
well as the CPT and CPTU when interpre¬
-
ted for evaluating aoll strength.
The In situ tests results are empirical¬
ly correlated to selected soil proper¬
ties. Typical examples are the widely
used correlations between deformation
moduli and penetration reeiatences
measured in the CPT and SPT. Because of
the purely empirical nature of these
correlations, thay are subjected to many
limitations which are not always fully
racognlzed by potential usera. In addi¬
tion, it should be recognized that these
correlations are formulated for either
fully undrainad or fully drained condi¬
tions.
In view of what la stated above and
keeping in mind the extremely broad
spectrum of the topic covered by this
lecture, the following presentation la
restricted mainly to the use of the indi¬
rect approach to e«eeaa the daalgn parame¬
ters of cohealonlese and cohesive deposits
from SPT' a » CPT'a and OTT'e.
4 IHITIAL STATE PARAMETERS
All geotechnlcal analyses and especially
those which, more or less rigorously,
overcome the limitations of linear isotro¬
pic alaaticity and rlgld-plastlc beha¬
viour require knowledge of the initial
265
( )
atata of tha aoll deposit. This term in¬
corporates the Information concerning:
- The Initial total vartical (*vo) end
horizontal (eÿ) geostatlc stresses,
- The initial pore pressure (uc), not ne¬
cessarily hydrostatic.
- The macro- and micro- fabric of the depo¬
sit.
- The initial void ratio (eQ) and/or rela¬
tive density (Dÿ) in the case of
cohesionless deposits.
- The preconsolidation pressure (o' ) and
overconsolidatlon ratio (OCR) .
A more
complete definition of the atreaa histo¬
ry of a deposit should include an esti¬
mate of its cyclic strain history (ori¬
ginated by low Intensity earthquakes ,
ocean waves, etc.) which is especially
important in cohesionless deposits but,
at present, is almost impossible to
assess.
Within tha topic of tha present
lecture, it is appropriate to discuss the
from the re¬
evaluation of
sults of penetration teats.
Since the late forties (Terzaghi and
Peck, 1948), tentatives have been made to
correlate qualitatively the SPT resiatan-
SPT 1 with the in- situ state of
danai-
flcation of tha cohaaionlees deposits.
Furthermore, quantitatively
correlations of the type
empirics]
have been developed by Glbba and Holts
(1957), Bazaraa (1967), Peck and Bazaraa
(1969), and Harcuaon and Blaganouaky
(1977, 1977a). Regarding these correla¬
tions the following comments apply:
a. Tha Clbbs and Holtz (1957) correla¬
tion (GH) , still widely applied in practi¬
ce, may be approximated by the following
formula (Meyerhof, 1957):
pR-f[ 23 M*PT ]Q-5
J
(1)
* ,-vo
* 16
where:
N$pr "SPT resistance in blows/30 cm, and
oÿQ - effective overburden stress acting
at the depth of the SPT teatÿ
expressed in bars (lbar-98.1 kPa).
The GH correlation has been obtained for
clean predominantly silica sands. By ana¬
logy with what has been ascertained for
the CPT performed In sands (Schmertmann,
1976; Baldi et al.,1985; 1986; Jamiolkow-
 c c
ÿkl «C it., 1945), b,c»u«« chlfl corrill* CONE WERttTANCg <fc<MPa>
In the last flftaan years, comprehen¬
tlon 1* r.f.rr.d Co lta application CA~
warn las rears sive sarles of CC tests have bean perfor¬
fhould bo roatrlctod to noraolly ÿ OOlfllSSl FILL «1y med on numerous uncrushable and moderately
conoolldatod (HC) oondo. Tho use of chl* ÿ KAWWÿSHl-CHO »*y cruahable silica sands with the ala to
cortolotlon In ovorconaolldotod (OC)
6 NUOATA BAND >«<* validate and Improve the existing cor¬
•onds loodo Co on ovorootlaato of cho In-
A NNQATA SAND >w* relations between qc and engineering para¬
•ltu Dg, unlooo
•correction elnller to
cho ono euggoetod by Skoepton (1944) la 0 SZ(W&L SANCf* meters of sends.
<*>WIHCONlOUDATED This effort yielded e series of Dg va
adoptad. Sirica tha rod anargy achlavad
during tha Glbba and Holta (1957) CC taata ÿ correlations (Schmertmsnn, 1976; Baldl
et si., 1983; 1963; 1986; Lancellotts,
la unknown, It la lapoaalbla to account
1983) obtained on pluvlelly deposited, u-
for tha Influence of the apaclflc driving F-FINE SANO O«o < 04mm I nsged snd uncemented sands. Regarding the¬
procedure uaad during the SPT (Seed at Ic-icmqaÿfw gp't.immJ se correlations the following comments ap-
al. ,1944; Saad and Da Alba, 1946; 1 » ply:
AOC or OEPORlT (YEARS)

—
skeapton, 1946). Thla rapraaanta an addi¬
a. These correlations have been worked
tional uncertainty when evaluating Dg. TlCmO SAND -~-9CHMEmTMANN(OT»)
Fig, 1 Influence of aging on Standard out under the assumption that for a given
b. Tha Pack and Bazaraa (1969) correla¬ sand tha qc la mainly controlled by the
tion corraaponda to tha upper llalt of Penetration Resistance of NC sands Cp.m ; C, aO 51 : Cj- 2 73 ; Qo 4 Ovo <kPm>
level of tha consolidation stress tensor
-
Dg f CgpjiOÿ) for denae coaraa quater¬
nary aanda dapoalta. Otharwlae, all othar
(Adapted fro* Skenpton, 1966)
snd by the relative density. Other factors Fig,3 Dÿ versus qÿ for NC sands
like degree of saturation, strses end
coaaanta already Mentioned In tha caaa of
strain history (with the exception of
the GH correlation apply.
" •5- A_ B* Incrosim of oÿQ as result of the the following equation which fitted, very
t c. Marcuaon and Blaganouaky'a (1977, [ VBY LOOM OgNBt mechanical overconMolldMtlon, which satisfactorily, 124 CC tests performed on
1977a) corralatlon (KB) obtained in fine MXXC
Ml (Nl>a0-O concurs to the value of the relevent NC TS:
and coaraa aanda la tha only one that at- Mows/foot stress Censor), and environmental factors

I.
cenpta to taka Into account tha influence
of OCR . In thla caaa tha level of tha rod
"«ÿ>«> ,
(cementation, aging, etc.) ere assumed to
play a secondary rola (saa Hansen, 1976).
<JC - <V<»vo>Cl ••*P«=2 »r) <"•> <*>

I
energy la known, leading to an energy ra¬
tio ER » 43* (gR-actual rod enargy/theo-
•
FOR 0M»39K - However on the basis of tha conclusions
reached by Skempton (1966) regarding the
wh.r»: C0
-
172; C j 0.51 and
are esiplrical constant, and
- C2 - 2.73

ratlcal anargy).
d. The GH end HB correlaclone have been
aeon cosnse SANoe nÿ, should m mcucxd SPT, the above postulatlons must be criti¬ oÿ0 - affective overburden stress in situ,

C' aatabllahad on tha baaia of CC taata par-

forued on aaaplaa reconatltutad In tha la¬
H TME AATIO A
00
cally reconsidered; in fact, analogously
with what Is observed in the case of the the
or the axial consolidation
mldhelgbt of the CC sample
.
strese at

boratory. Recent ra-analyala by Skanpton •

(1986) of tha available SFT'a parforned In
HC natural and nan-nada aand dapoalta,
where ER, Dg and age of tha dapoalta ara
known, euggaata that the empirical rela¬
tione aa tha one given by eqn.(l) nay be
Influenced by aging. Thla phenomenon la
reflected In tha Incraaaa of tha ratio:
60
- a ÿ b
with Increasing tha eg* of the NC dapoalc,
*«* Fig.ii In thia cut;
fÿll 60 *" SFT blow/count for ER-60%r norma¬
lized with respect to 1 bar.
On the basis of thsse findings „ on* can
argue that tha uaa of the existing Dg vs
FOR FINE SANDS Ny, SHOULD BE WCRCA8ED SPT, one may suppose the Dg vs qc correla¬ (kPa)
The seme tquetlon, applied to 41 CC tests
M THE RATIO M. tion is also Influenced by aging.
If this is true, the Dg vs qc correlations performed on semples of Hokksund sand
obtained on freshly deposited clean sands (HS), yielded; C0-88, and C1-0.33
Fig. 2 Revised Terzaghi-Peck classification
(1948) for NC sands
(Adapted from Skenpton, 1986)
will laad to an ovarestlmatlon of Dg when
applied to natural sand daposlts.
-
relations ere
the above mentioned cor¬
C2 3.57. Sincereferenced to they ap¬
b. On the other hand, it must be ply to NC sanda only.
d. The uae of eqn.(2) in OC deposits
pointed out that tha same correlations
leads to sn overestimate of Dg, with the
will cause an underastlmatlon of Dg if
applied to more crushable and compressible magnitude increasing with increasing OCR.
(1a) •. All the evelleble Dg va Ngpj. corre¬
lations have been eetabllsbed for predomi-
•and* than thoee used in CC research, or
to aanda containing
flnaa.
mora than 5 to 10%
To make such a correlation appllcabla to
both NC snd OC sands, it is necesesry to
replace in eqn.(2) with the mesn
nantly elllea aanda. Their uae in more c. Keeping in mind the above considera¬ effective stress o By applying this form
crushable and compressible sends, like tions, It is possible to sujmaarlz* as fol¬ of fitting equation to the 228 CC tasts
oalcar«oua sanda or avan silica sands con¬ lows the Dg vs qc correlations resulting performed on both NC and OC samplaa of TS,
taining a non- negligible amount of final, from the Italian CC resaarch. Pig. 3 gives one flnda:
ÿay laad to an underas tlmate of Dg (Tat-
suoka at al. X970)
f . the Dg vs qc through correlation as
obtsinad In modarataly crushable silica
-
C0 205, 0.51,
- C2
ting curves relating Dg to qc through ÿ
-
2.93. The resul¬

correlations aatabllehed on tha

*SPT
of CC tssta can laad to an overestimate of
ln-altu Dg In all aand deposits
rtcsncly men-aede fills.
f. In Fig.2 Tarzaghl and Pack's (1948) Tlclno Sand (TS). Tha same figure shows a are shown in Fig.4.
baala classiflcstion for NC silica sanda aa ra- similar correlation worked out by Analogously, on the bails of 67 CC tests'
sacapt. vlaad by Skampton (1966) Is given so that
one cen refer to the normalized SPT blow/
Schmertmsnn (1976) on the basis of CC
tssts performed on 6 different sands.
performed on both NC snd OC samples of HS,
one obtains:
count, (NÿgQ. The Dg
-f (qÿ ÿ0) tot TS la given by

266 267
 c c (
(ÿ> FMCI
i r f 11
Dntxi
tN»<BLOWS/FOOr> CONTENT (%>
SO CO SO 70
(/MM* 20 30 SO
M-$ GUB8 t MOLTZ ( «M)
ÿWL-urn OCLOW Gt
jgA»ftOS|
F«m_2hN/m3

'-<=&5r
9KEMPTON(lf
( 1 t/ffi M 10 kPa ev
E vs
-i v e
O s v
OA NO •s ÿ
v
v
OTTAWA BAND e
S V * d"-5ÿio[BlS«oLA«]
3 HOAKtOND s • * V
IANO
X Co- *06 : c,.0.si ; 0,-2*3 ;ÿ*fl£,CkPe> v HILTON tMHt ev
ÿ lancellotta <im3> (mifg s)

Fig,4 D_
K
versus q
C
, for NC and OC Ticino -
I 1 I I M Ml s

• V
ÿ
ÿ
. THE VALUES OS qc HAVE BEEN THEATEO
sand V ÿ
STATISTICALLY ACCONWNG TO VtVATAAT (»TS)

All above Rtntloiiid vi qc

Of 0.4 OS (•INC TICINO SAND qc AND £7ÿ (N BAAS
correlations Fig. 5 Correlation between 0™ and qc
have been developed after qc measured in through a' (Lancellotta, 1903)
the CC was corrected for the chaaber ai2e for NC sands Fig.6 Relative density of Po River sand from SPT's and CPTrs
effect (Parkin and Lunne, 1982; Jamlol-
kovski et el., 1985; Eld, 1987). • At leaet In principle, the
$
Lancellotta (1983) [for etore details sea
DR ve qc cor¬
relations obtained with laboratory sand
ÿ
.1 Jmmlolkovski et si, (1985)], using results specimens should lead to the value of Dg
re (Au), and only modest changes of the The proposed correlation# are:
of 144 CC testa performed on five diffe¬ in agreement with GH values also obtai¬
t.
4
rent NC sends, worked out the correlation
between and ÿ through ÿ shown In
DR
Fig. S. This correlation allows one to
estimate the uncertainties Involved In the
ned in the freshly deposited sands.
This is Indeed true In the first 17 m of
depth, below that depth the values of
\ f match well with those yiel¬
horizontal effective stress are noticed
(Cenpanella et al., 1985; Ballgh et al.,
1985; Korisson, 1984).
After the complete dissipation of the
Induced pore pressure, Au, the effective
-m
-
OCR
10.47

<0.5 Kjj)
1.56
- 0.6 W

(5)
evaluation of Dg from qc measurements. ded by Skempton's (1986) correlations

& compare values of Dg from different

To
which ere valid for aged natural NC
horizontal stress acting on the In- situ
device cen be equal to or higher than eÿo'
depending on the stress -strain- strength
with the latter being valid for solla
ving 1D s 1.2.
ha¬

correlations between Dg and penetration
test results, a reference study was made
of the quaternary deposit of the Po River
silica sand. For this geotechnically well
investigated deposit, reliable results of
SPT'a with rod energy measurements end of
CPTTJ's ere avelleble (Bellottl et al.,
1986; Bruxsl et al., 1986). Fig.6 gives
the valuee of Dg for Po River send as
obtained by means of the different Ngpj
and qÿ va Dg correlations from which the
following Information of practical Inte¬
rest can be inferred:
- The GH correlation yields Dg valuta
about 8 to 10% higher than thoee resul¬
ting from the formulee suggested by
Skempton (1986) for NC natural sand
deposits. In the case that the GH cali¬
bration chamber teste hsve been csrrlsd
out with BR < 60%, as one would expect ,
the comperlson between GH and Skempton
(1986) correlation would lead to an even
larger difference.
The reasons for such an apparent discre¬
characteristics, sensitivity and stress
pancy are not known. The empirical natu¬ Eqn.(5) results from eqn.(4) based on the
re of the correlations used and the lo¬ history of the soil.
assumption that normalized behaviour "a la
After drained penetration (Au-0) Into
cal eoll variability might be reeponsi- SHANSEP" (Ladd and Foott, 1974) applies.
cohesionless soil, the effective
ble for this. The equations have been validated against
horizontal stress surrounding ths devics
the results of laboratory tests in soft
In conclusion, the Dg va penetration
increases to a value *hp
r ho* For and medium to stiff uncemented clays
given soil, the magnitude of ("ho'ÿhoÿ
resistance correlations suffer at preeent (Harchetti, 1980; Lacasse and Lunne,
depends on and effective confining
from some uncertainties linked with the 1988). This validation, however, is hampe¬
stresses. In dense soil the oS may tend
fact that all of them have been establi¬ red by the fact that the real in- situ va¬
to decrease with time, due to the
shed on freshly deposited sends and due to lue of K0 is unknown end the values of the
relaxation phenomenon. obtained from
the fact that by referencing them to
their applications are, strictly speaking,
The above stated soil -penetrometer in¬
preconsolidation stress o £
oedometer testa, which concur with the re¬
teraction illustrates the difficulties
correct only in NC unaged sand deposits.
faced when trying to infer the parameters
ference values of OCR, are affected to va¬
The tsntatlves to Infer oÿlt> (eÿ0) and/ riable degrees by sample disturbance.
describing the initial state (K0,i7j30,OCR)
or OCR from the results of the penetration The experience gained seems to Indicate
of soil deposits from any kind of pe¬
tests are quite recent and are atill at a that:
netration test.
preliminary stage of validation. «. Eqns. (4) and (5) tend to overestima¬
As far as cohesive deposits are concer¬
The insertion of the penetration tool te both K0 and OCR in clays (1ÿ1.2) ha¬
ned, only the DMT (Harchetti, 1980;
into the eoil changes drastically the geo-
Marchettl and Crapps, 1981) offers an
ving KD>8 .
etatic stress conditions. In case of un- Lacasse and Lunne (1988) in the peper pre¬
empirical approach to evaluate both K0 and
dralned penetration in saturated cohesive sented at this symposium suggest some mo¬
OCR as function of Horizontal Stress
deposits, this change Is mainly reflected difications to the correlations under di¬
Index, Kq, end Materiel Index, 1ÿ.
In a large increase in excess pore pressu- scussion.

268 269
 c c c
b. AC praaant , tha iui of thooo corra- These late tertiary or early quaternary shoro: Another possibility of evaluating tha
latlons should bo roacrlctod to aofc and alcroflssured clay deposits OCR,DMT overconsoildationretlo estimated OCR of fully saturated cohesive deposits
exhibit
Mdlua to atlff uacaaantad clays. Furthai
»p»®y0 due to erosion of tha overburden from DMT using eqn.(5), and originates from an indication by Ballgh at
azparlBsntal work will ba raqulrad to
sxtand. If poaalbla, tba uas of tha DMT to
and ceaantatlon by calclua carbonate. The
chronological sequence In which the two
OCR - overconeolidation ratio uClsitod
f rem tha end- of- primary consoll*
al. (1980) that the pore pressure measured
during undralned cone penetration may re¬
aaseas K0
and OCX In hard and vary hard preconsolldation aachanlsas have acted la dat ion oidoMUr curve using Ce- flect In some way the stress history of a
hsavlly OC claya. unknown. By restricting the coaparleon to sagrande's (1936) procedure. deposit. This specific topic la covered by
the case when Iq s 1.2, one obtains; s lecture presented at this symposium by
contribute Co this specific aspect
To For theae cleys having a aieilar age, Cempsnslla and Robertson (1968). For fur¬

--
of tha problea, the resulta of both labo¬ Taranto clay; OCRÿ/OCR 0.§J±0.22 stress history, cementation and fabric end ther details regarding the potential and
ratory and dllatoaeter taste performed Augusta clay: OCRÿ/OCR 1.J2T0.17 referring to teat# on samples having the the limitations of this approach see also
racantly on two hard to very hard heavily ÿaw degree of disturbances the DMT on a* Wroth (1984), Ballgh (1985a), Battaglio at
OC ceaented Italian clay deposits (Augusta varage underestimates OCR by 15% in Taran¬ al, (1986) and Robertson (1986).
and Taranto) ara given In Tables 1 and 2, to clay and overestimates OCR by 30% In Other newly developed penetration tools
Augusts clay. Considering the inherent Ilka PLSC (Ballgh at al., 1985; Moriaaon,
difficulties and uncertainties connected 1984) and the low* Stepped Blade (Handy et
Tabla 1. Laboratory *» DMT raaulta in Taranto illty-alay. with the assessment of OCR, the results al., 1982), have the potential to evaluate
yislded by DMT's In Taranto and Augusta to medium cleya, but
"ho Ko ln
claya look promising, and further valida¬ their discussion is beyond the scope of
4 oca"" aP"
BR/8 D«l>tb 0'
TO
ÿ7 n cu a*
9
OCR M CaCOj Cf
Fo P1 if U
tion of the device in similar soli depo¬ this lecture.
D C OCR H
uu u sits is encouragsd (see example shown In In coheelonleee soils, attempts have
Flg-7). been recently mada to correlate the
from to
kP/e3 Despite the present uncertainties lin¬ acting on the penetration tools after pe¬
- - - - - -
__ ___
t Bo. B a kN X kPa KPa HP a t X KPa MPa
ked with the assessment of the K0 and OCR netration with "ho This Implies at laaat

--- --- ---

»* l/l 2.3 3.1 5*.S 10.0 39.0 763 26.6 4* 1.1* 2.77 20.6 1.43 R.A.
values from DMT results, this teat gives a qualitative understanding of the factors
1/2
1/3
3.3
7.6
0.1 113.1 16.0 26.7
0.3 136.6 16.6 *2.7
123
•U
26.3 33 1.21 2.03 10.6 1.42 R.A.
26.6 38 *.46 3.01 13.7 0.37 0.52 _ an useful qualitative information on the upon -
which the difference (<rÿp ffÿ0)
- -
ÿ

1/*
3/2
10.6
3.3
11.3 166,* 16.7 26.7
6.1 106.0 20.1 30.7
7*7
303.1 1.77
16.3
- 23.3 3* 2- *6 4.20 13.1 0.72 0.56 atress history of the deposit through the depends. Theae factors can be grouped as
33.3 26.3 3* 1.01 1.63 9.4 0.62 0.53 0.60 1.40 which exhibits a trend follows:
3/3 7.0 7.6 121.6 16.4 20.7 232.1 1.40 12.3 26.3 26.3 3* 1.21 1.91 6.0 0.36 0.77 Ko vs depth profile
-( 3/4
3/3
0.3 6.1 136.4 20.0 30.6
10.0 10.6 131.1 21.0 27.1
302.1 2.20 16.7
463.0 -3 13 20.7
30.2
36.6
27.0 32 1.43 2.24 10.3 0.36 0,77
27.3 37 1.75 2.79 11.2 0.61 0.59
0.67
0.77
0.71
2.04
1.77
1.49
similar to that of OCR.

c
3/6 11.3 12.1 163.6 20.6 22.3 463.0 -3.27 16.7 66.3 27.0 36 2.21 9.44 12.0 0.57 0.77 0.63 1.39
3/11 22.0 22.6 366.6 20.4 23.2 676.4 3.12 11.6 34.0 24.0 30 2.62 4.17 10.2 0.45 0.67 1.10 2.09 DMT
3/11* 22.0 22.6 266.6 20.3 23.2 076.4 2.73 10.2 OCR
*6.6 24.0 30 2.62 4.17 10.2 0.45 0.67
3/12* 26.3 27.1 312.6 20.3
3/1* 33.3 30.1 *01.2 20. fe 26.4 0*3.6 4.61 12.3
- - <ÿ*.44 13.8 106.6
61.4
- -
3.2S 4.07 0.7 0.47
*6.3 33 4.06 3.62 6.4 0.41 0.72
1.23
0.72
0. 91
2.23
1.13
1.00
3/4 9.0 0.6 113.0 16.0 27.0 200.0 1.62 14.2 27.7 23.0 33 0.37 1.31 3.2 3.70 R.A. ÿ OMT
0.30 2.16
y* 13.6 14.2 130.0 20.0 23.2 473.6 2.13 14.7 61.5 20.3 36 0.60 1.60 3.6 1.74 b.a. 0.20
-ÿ ILOEDOMETEA "TESTS "|
1.36
it6 17.3 16.1 107.2 20.3 26.0 2.97 13.0 36.6 CMS OEDOMETER TESTS
20.3 32 1.60 2.34 7.3 0.65
*
"
0.30 1.21
{ H.i.L.J *6.0, 03.1, 2.3 RESPECTIVELY I 1-1. BB-3 and BH-3;
OL ÿ

: OOMSTXAUtD HGXWLOS AT 9.9 • #' ; •

ALL OTHB tt TUTS 9

Tabla 2. Laboratory *» DMT raaulta in Ausaata clay.

ÿ »
OC***
RB/O c
CX U
M z«co po P1 u
V
Cu OCR ***
M

kP* »H/m kPa k»a kPa l*i I X kPa kPa - - - -

/I 3.3 3.6 61;* .
31.1 |l90 3 120.1 764.0 6.6 11.3 14.0 31 777.4 1191.6 9.3 0.53 0.93 1.13 2.55
/I* 3.3 3.6
61.* 31.1 130.3 120.1 633.6 10.2 13.7 21.0 51 777.4 1161.8 9.3 0.33 - 1 08 2.10
/2 7.0 7.6 07.1 131.6 1*2.2 632.0 6.0 16.0 21.0 34 1044.0 1334.9 10.4 0.51 1.10 1 30 2. 29
»
/4 12.6 13.6 1*1,3 *0.3 1334.3 11273.3 6.0 21.6 IB. 5 31 1640.1 2291.2 11. 1 0,39 1.19 1.61 2.37
/4** 12.0 12.0 1*1.3
1/6 17.0 7.0 103.
*
1
,*1.3 23*. 3
30.3 131.3
1*22.3 10.0 24.0 16.3
1*71.3
51
7.6 20.0 21.0 30
1640.1 2201.2
«
1019, 2469.7
11. 1 0.30
6 1 0.39 1.40
- 1.45 2.31
1.33 2.63
'1/6* 17.0 17.6, 133.4
|l/6 123.0 123.6 1236. Oi
30.3 161.3
1*6.7
1366.0
1366.6
1.3 21.6 21.0 30
0.1 21.1 16.3 60
1016.0 2469 . 7
2130.6 2632.9
6.1 0.39 -
7.3 0 .40 1.49
1.23 2.51
1.29 2.05
BOTES: OA. AT 3.0 N BELCH OL; H
-
lWTn—tim PEDOMETER TESTS ALLPWISQ KA8UIB*BT
T ABOUT COBSTRAIRED MODULUS AT "0.6 r* :
P
• CBS OQXHtm TESTS; Fig. 7 Straaa hiatory of cemented 0C Augusta clay from DMT

Op RADIAL STRESS. ALL OTHER IL TUTS

270 271
 ( c (
- Material d«p«ndin(a i.«. (Tiding, ilna- Based on the results of DHT's performed the earns mean affective stress. The STATE PARAMETER FOR**1 CO TEST BANDS
ralogy, ihipi of grain*, etc . In CC on pluvlally deposited specimens of
meaning of this parameter is illustrated
- Strut level d*p*nd*nt, i.t. mui conto-
lldatlon ttr***, *h**r strain iaval,
TS end HS (Baldl et el., 1986a), It was
possible to establish the following
In Fig.9.
etc, tive correlation between
tenta¬ The parameter +
reflects the combined
on the
Kfl end Kn: Influence of both e, or Dj, and
- Fabric dependent, I.e. anlaotropy, ce¬
behaviour of the coheslonless soil.
•
mentation, etc .
Geometry dependent, i.e. physical dimen¬
K0 - Di + D2 Kd + 03 %/aÿ0 <6) The value of allows discrimination
between contractive > 0) and dllatetive
sions of the penetration tool, position where :
< 0) behaviour of soil and generally
where ohp is aeasured, etc. - cone
empirical constants, and corralates well with the behaviour of
Considering the large number of paraae-
qc - where resistance
the depth
Kq hee bean
at coheaionleaa aoila at or close to failure MEAN NORMAL 9TRE88
ters lapllcated and keeping In mind the measured.
For pluvlally deposited sands tested
<#'. V Pe. P0-Pi. Kd. etc.); see Been et Fio.9 State parameter for sand
complexity of the deep penetration pro¬ in (1987), Jefferiee and
al. (1986), Konrad
the CC, the empirical constants have the
cess, particularly in coheslonless soils, Joneson (1966). To correlate ÿ and other
the difflcultiee involved in the numerical
following values: engineering parameters for different
or analytical evaluation of (ÿp"tfhoÿ ar#
evident. Under these conditions,
Interpretation procedure* available at
*11 Dx - 0.376; D2 - 0.095 end Dj - -0.0017.
sands, it was suggested to normalize ÿ
with respect to (•B*x"*iiinÿ or Co -oa#
limiting negative or positive value of the 0
X FOR TS: 5s - 1.35 eicp(- SOS#)

present to assess
Usp of eqn.(6) in the Po River sand, vhe - state parameter (Hlrd and Hassans,
1986; o
<rho or K0 using re oÿ0 can be est lastad from the SBPT'a X
penetration devicee (Marchettl, 1965; Been and Jeffarles, 1986; Konrad, 1987),
and on the basis of the geological infor¬
Huntsman, 1965; Robertson, 1986s) ere with: 8
I
ÿpurely empirical.
Marchettl (I960), on the basis of limited
mation (Baldl et el. 1986a; Bruzzl et
al. 1986), atlll overpredicta
KQl BaxiKUB vold ratio 1 of the
emax- minimum test i
To eliminate this discrepancy (Baldl et void ratio j sand 5
** experience, postulated that eqn. (4) might
be also applicable to sends. el. 1986a), it was arbitrarily decided to
search by trial and error for a multiplier
eBln-
Fig. 10 presents the plot of the dilato¬
l»» Further CC tests and flsld experience
led to the conclusions that this empirical
formula largely overestimates the value of
of D3 eo that the Kc
-
f (Kp) from eqn.(6)
would coincide with "a beet estimate" of
meter amplification factor Kq/K0 vs V
obtained for TS end HS from 56 CC teste.
cs
5*!
1
-I K0 in dense and very dense sends and can
Kq in-
Therefore
situ. This led to
the
D3--O.OO46.
tentative equation at¬
In this figure K0 represents the coeffi¬
cient of earth pressure at rest measured

v
underestimate it In loose sands, see
Fig.8. This induced Schmertmann (1981) and tempting to predict KQ of natural sand during the one-dimensional straining of
-0.3
deposits becomes: STATE PARAMETER. f
Marchetti (1985) to propose a new the CC specimen.
From this figure It appears that Kq/Kq
correlation which accounts for the value
(*hp"*ho> chrou8h the ratio of qj/oÿ0 or K0 - 0. 376+0.095 Kp-0.0046 qc/oÿQ (6a) correlates quite well with f and that the Fig. 10 Dilatometer amplification tactor

-
qÿ/eÿwhere qD unit base realstence of
the dilatometer wedge). Thle gives a ten¬
Eqn. (6a) should be view as an attempt to
cake Into account the influence of aging
relationship between these two parameters
can be successfully fit by SMans of the
from CC testa

tative approach to account for the in¬ following formula: Table 3 gives the correlation between qc
and other environments! factors not repro¬
fluence of end end ÿ and qD and ÿ as obtained for TS and
on the measured Kp.
duced during CC teste. This formula repre¬
sents, at present, the beet available ten¬
where:
-
Kq/K0 a exp (m *) (7) HS. With the help of these correlations,
one can attempt to solve a system of two
tative procedure to assess, at
qualitatively, the
least
K0 from DMT' s in
natural uncemented silica sands. Its use
a, m
-
empirical coefficients. equations in two unknowns for ÿ and K0
(Jefferies and Jonsson, 1986).
In principle, eqn. (7) offers the possibi¬ At present, the above mentioned possi¬
HQKKBUNO BAND in practice should, however, be subjected
to further validation based on field
lity of evaluating KQ -f (Kq.P), but use
in practice la hampered by the fact that
bilities to obtain KQ —
f (Kp, ÿ) repre¬
sent nothing else then a tentative Idea to
measurement* and additional CC taste.
calculation of ÿ requires assessment of ÿ rationalize the evaluation of K0 on the
An alternative and probably a mora ra¬
which in turn Implies knowledge of K0. basis of DMT results in sends. The basic
tional correlation between Kq and
KQ might To proceed further along this line, It idee behind this approach is that the va¬
be developed by correlating the
Kp/K0 ra¬ becomes necessary to eat -up a second rela¬ lue of # should be linked with the magnl-
tio, called the amplification factor (Jef-
tionship between ÿ and the result of other Cud. of ("hp -"ho) ÿ

ferles end Joneson, 1986) , to the state in-situ teste. An attempt in this di¬ recently developed LS-CPT (Hunt¬
The
parameter ÿ (Been and Jeff erles, 1985).
DaCX) rection was tried by Jefferiee and Jonsson sman, 1985; Huntsman et al., 1986; Jeffe¬
The state parameter who used as ths second equation the corre¬ ries and Jonsson, 1986) is en electrical
„DMT
Fig. 8 Kq"1 VS measured KQ of Ticino sand of the material at a given
*
represents the
difference in the current void ratio, e, lation between qc and +
reported by Been CPT tip which incorporates a transducer or
and the void
using original Marchetti correlation (1980) ratio on the Steady State Line, e„, at
at al. (1986). load cell on or just behind the friction

272 273
 e
Tabl. 1. Inatucloii ruliunet va It«t«
c c
-
ptliMttr: <q--B> /
# «Cata para atar
**p (ÿ *). -• 5 DftFOUATIOi CHARACTERISTICS

Since the appearance of the penetration

- Followed effective stress path re-
flsctlng both soil anlsotropy snd pla¬
behaviour of sands been combined with a
larga number of accumulated experimental
sticity. evidence to provide a rational outlook
taate, tha anglnaare have been atteapting
Sand Resi¬
stan¬
a a N R Not*
to aaaeaa the deformation
characteristic*
- Time factor which, by phenomena like for the reliability and limitations of
such correlations. These findings,
viscous hardening (aging) snd creep In of
ce end/or Battlement of structures from their
shear, influences the soil stress-strain great practical interest, may be
results (Terxaghl and Peck, 194$; De Beer,
Tlcino qD 44.5 -7.7 36 0.90 NC+OC 1948; Hayerhof, 1956). This approaoh ia characteristics. Busnarlzed as follows:
Hokkeund of Therefore, the correct and safe use of a. The influence of overconsolidatlon
9C 37.0 -9.J 67 0.95 NC+OC great practical interest in
Tlcino 30. a -a. a 201 0.90 HC+OC cohesionleae correlations between penetration resistan¬ on e cohesionless soil can be divided into
"c and other soil deposits where
undisturbed ces and soil moduli presented below are two factor*. The first one is the strain
q
o
m
-- cone resistance
total near acreaa
(Wa)
(kPa)
sampling la still impossible,
unreliable
or not coat effective. However, as
mentio¬
subordinated, at least qualitatively, to
the skill of the engineer to account for
hardening of the material produced by the
accumulated plastic strain. The second one
ned before, interpretation of
ÿ - effective ÿean atraaa (kPa) testing
in- situ
suffers froa many limitations
all the factora mentioned above. corresponds to an increase in for a
N - dllatometer
number of CC teats
wedge resistance
which make tha assessed deformation
The use of penetrometers to assess ths
deformation moduli of cohesive deposits is
given level of and Is rssponslble for
the well known fact that Kÿ, with;
(kPa) character 1stice very difficult to be
-
*ÿ

R
- correlation coefficient
(iaava which panic*
aaaauraaant
total lateral atraaa acting on tha
panatroaatar ahaft. Slaultanaoua aaaaura-
» aant of tha pora praaaura at tha aaaa lo¬
cation whara la aaaaurad allow* eva¬
luation of tha poat-penetratlon valua of
. la known. It night ba poaal-
Once
u* bla to ralata the LS-CPT amplification
factor "hpÿ'ho wlch 4, or It" normallzad
•I
value J, In order to aatlnata
o£0,
*o
cj* In the ceea of the LS-CPT, ell conanta
prevlouely made regarding the MfT apply.
In both caaaa Che uea of tha aapllflce-
tlon factor* va correlation* In order to
aaaaa* the
"ho and Kq of tha sand deposits
In- tltu requires further rt»i«rch and va¬
lidation.
Additional uncertainties whan at¬
tempting to esses* oÿ0 and KQ froa the
reeulta of penetration tea to eriee froa
the faot that tha distribution of (LS-
CPT) and p0 (DMT) along the ahaft or tha
penetration davlce seems to be highly non
homogeneous (Campaualia and
Robertson,
1981; Hughe* and Robertson, 198S). Thle
tdplc require* additional reaaarch with
;th» *!ÿ of eatabllahing the optimum geome¬
try of penetration tool* tiaed to invest1-
gate horizontal atresa axle ting in the
ground prior to penetration.
linked to the relevant drainage conditions
and stress or strain level of the specific
project, this renders correlations between
penetration resistances and
of tha deformation
char actor latics of soils purely empirical,
falling Into the third category ia Section
3b.
The
deformation character istics of
•oils are generally defined using the lavs
of continuum mechanics, usually under
the
assumption that the material behaves as a
linear elastic isotropic material. More
recently, by virtue of vast experimental
hence
evidence, geo technical engineers are leas
reluctant to refer to the more realistic
linear elastic cross anisotropic model
(Lekhnltzkil, 1977; Vroth end Houleby,
1985) .
Its use in every day practice is however
hampered by the difficulties to determine
experimentally the relevant five indepen¬
dent elastic constants.
Even accepting the simplifications in¬
volved with the use of elastic models for
determining tha deformation characteri¬
stics of soils, this should implicitÿ
Imply ths followed effective stress path
remains Inside the stress space outlined
by the current yield surface (Schofleld
end Vroth, 1968; Roacoa and Burland, 1968;
Atkinson end Bransby, 1978).
Actually tha deformation characteri¬
stics of a given soil depend on;
• Streee and strain history of the deposit
intended in the broadest sense of the
term (Jamlolkowskl at *1., 1985).
- Current level of the mean affective
stress.
• Induced level of shear strain.
practically limited to the correlation
between dllatometer modulus and tha
constrained modulus H, proposed by Mar-
chettl (1980). The drained soil modulus
(M) la correlated to the undralned dllato¬
meter expansion which occurs in soil alre¬
ady strained by the blade penetration,
indicating the highly empirical nature of
this correlation. Despite this problem,
available experience (Marchettl, 1980;
Schmertmsnn, 1986; Lacesae snd Lunne,
1988) suggests that ths DMT allows the
prediction, with en ecceptable degree of
precision, of the tangent constrained mo¬
dulus st the the vertical ÿ tress equal to
This appears to be especially true in
soft end medium to stiff deposits having N
< 20 MPs.
The existing H vs Ep correlation might
be leas reliable for highly OC very stiff
to hard cemsntad clays, as it emerges from
the data concerning the Augusta and Tar an-
to clays shown in Tables 1 and 2. In these
Tables Che reference oedometer modulus
corresponds to K evaluated far bayond aÿQ
(the influence of the sample
at 0.9
disturbance he* been reduced by an unloa¬
ding- reloading loop performed starting at
(2 to 3) ?v0)]- Despite this assumption,
results from Marchettl's (1980) procedure
lead to N®*" values higher then those
Inferred froa oedometer tests.
Much wider and more relevant to the
engineering practice is the use of pene¬
tration resistance vs soil deformation
modulus correlations in coheaionleaa
deposits (D'Appolonia st al. 1968; D'Ap-
polonle and D'Appolonia, 1970; Schmert-
mann, 1970, 1978; Parry, 1971, 1977, 1978;
Mitchell end Gardner, 1975). Only in the
last dscsda, however, has a be tear theore¬
tical understanding of the stress- strain
f (OCR) (aa# Ladd at al. , 1977 and
Jamiolkovskl at al., 1985). This last
factor Is conventions lly linked with only
mechanical overconsolldetion only (Evmn If
a recent work by Jfeari and Cmstro (19B7)
shows that in clmym K0 increases with
aging/ while the plastic hardening of the
soil appears as a consequence of all types
of preconsolldatlon mechanisms, i.e.
aging, cementation, deseication, low
strain cyclic straas history Induced by
earthquakes and wind loadings, etc.
b. Small and large scale
(CC)
laboratory teats have shown that while all
kinds of deformation moduli are strongly
influenced by both plastic hardening and
penetration resistances are Influen¬
ced by the current level of o£0 and remain
almost lnsenaltiva to the effect of the
sccumulated plastic strain. This indicates
that large strains caused by the penetra¬
tion of the devices like SPT, CPT, DMT.
etc., mostly obliterate tha effects of
stress end strain history in tha soil
surrounding ths penetrometer. This
phenomenon has been observed in the
epeclal CC teets for: Dynamic Cone
Penetration Test /According to tbm writer#
mil flndLngg regarding DCFT mpplimm
qualitatively mlmo to SPT] by Hebaba
(1984), Clayton et al. (1985), (1986). CPT
by Lambrechts and Leonards (1978),
Jamiolkowskl et al. (1985), Bellottl et
el. (1966), Baldl et el. (1985), (1986)
and for DMT by Baldl et al. (1966a). These
Important facts can ba inferred from
results of the special CC teats summarized
in Fig. 11 and 12.
e. The results of CC teats show that
all kinds of penetration resistances ere
more sensitive to c£0 than to the cÿQ.
Clayton et al. (1985) report qualitatively

274 275
 ( c i — I I

• TN-SITLr TUTS IN CC. MPVCMMD ALWAYS AT 0

• CYCLIC LOADING BETWEEN 0 A NO 0
jE_
Qc foci it*l °c*

WITH PRESTRAINING

'X
WITHOUT PREBTRAJNMG
e (23i
ÿ

STrrNESS AFTERPRfBTTlAIMNG O E,
STIFFNESS SEFOnt PSSS1HAINNQ GE
M NC (« 13) (•)

* |SAND 08 8 8 ®1
* ¥ '-
*E,
V ¥

mo
oÿihRa) D„(X)

___
<a Fig. 12 Effect of preatraining on DCPT (30) NUMBER OF CKop TfUAXIAL CONFESSION
results in Leigh ton Buzzard sand M -TANGENT CONttRAINEO MODULUS TESTS CONSIOCRED
(Adapted from: Clayton et al.*, 1985; Cÿi-MEAN EFFECTIVE STRESS <•> 2 ( OCR C 0
Leonards et al.9 1986) I I
10
Fig. 15 Young modulus vs cone resistance
S
12
OVERCONSOLIOATKJN RATIO OCR
9 aau Table 4. Empirical coefficients C to C- Co-H.4* ; C,e-0l1tt . 0,-0.313 kPe .
C3-~U23 ; R-OS9
in Ticino sand

»' in the formula .,.(8)*. ° py-lberastt.1

Fig. 13 M versus qc correlation for Ticino

•
E, TANGENT YOUNG 8 MODULUS AT A
Sand C
o ci C2 C3 Ho. R2 sand (Jamiolkowski , 1966) Table 5. Average Axial Strain correspond¬
ing to Young's Moduli in Fig* -14 and 15.
N„ .NUMBER OF UNLOADING AC LOADING CYCLES Tlclno 220 0.065 0.440 2.93 228 0.93
i
ÿ

Hokksund 149 0.140 0.400 3.38 64 0.96

Sand OCR <••>15 **0*25 (,aJ50
Fig. 1 1 Effect of prestraining on results SAND NC SAND

c
6 »OC
of CPT and DMT in Ticino sand 6 6 »
ÿObtained from CC tests with
It
»
(»>

•
e. • O
ÿ
0.232 0.694
ÿ E* ÿ
Tlclno 1 0.113
0.30 < E» ÿ 0 2 to 8 0.039 0.069 0.159
that the blow/count of DCPT is two times
Dr < 0.98; Tlclno
HoUcaund 1 0.152 0.316 0.939
,4 50 s a* oca 1S1 HoUtaund 2 to 8 0.036 0.060 0.215
ÿore sensitive to aÿcho
•t al. (1986), by fitting their CC test
V
* 800 kPe 15 i8; (3>

using q values corrected for CC alao

data for TS and US, have obtained the valuee displayed in
Analysis of the
following tapir leal equation which allows effect and B25 of OC
aeparation of the influencee of w£c and Table 5 suggests that
test senda correspond to the
"elastic"
'vo on th* MAfurftÿ value of qc: stiffness evaluated inside the current
(a* 1C1 (at 1C2 yield surface, while the E5q of OC sends
1c - Cof, U
' Ip« J
Jio
w. )
exp rc u j
1
'
(8)
corresponds to the tangent constrained
modulus measured et aÿ et which the pene¬
tration test in the CC specimen has been
and obviously all the NC value
ÿ

reflect the elastic-plastic etiffnaes at

of E

performed. the yield surface.

with the empirical coefficients CQ The results shown In Figs. 13 through 15
thorough Cj (for px
Table 4.
-
1 kPe) given in The E15, E25 end E5q in Figs. 14 end 15
correspond to the drained Young's moduli
3 8 indicate the following Important trends In
tsrms of the discussed correlations:
In view of what is stated above, It obtained from the triexlel CKQD compres¬
a. The ratios M/qc end £/qc ere much
Dn<*)
appear* obvious that, for the seae sand, a sion test* performed on the pluvlally de¬
higher for the mechanically OC sands than
unique correlation between penetration re¬ posited specimens of the teat sends. They NUMBER OF CXoD TRIAXIAL COMPRESSION TESTS
(II)
for the NC one a. This means that, without
sistance end non- linear deformation Modu¬ have been evaluated at davlatorlc stress CONSIDERED an "a priori" knowledge or assumption of
lus cannot exist. lsvels corresponding, respectively, to
the stress history of the deposit, it is
This Is confined by the resulte of the CC 15%, 25% end 50% of the failure stress. • 2<OCA<«
impossible to select a reliable value of
tests sumiiarlzed in Fig*.13 through 13. The average values of the exlsl a train 1 Young modulus vs cone resistance
Fig. 14 the design modulus vs qc ratio.
They show M vi ÿ end E vs qc correlations at which these moduli have been determined in Hokksund sand
as obtainad for TS end HS. In Fig. 13, H ere given In Table 5.

277
276
 c b. The ratios K/qc and E/qc dtersiii
Dg lncrtmi. This can be axpUimd by the
dlfftrtne lnflusnc* that an liter**** In Dg
has on nodull and on qÿ, respectively. In
fact, while moduli Increase Mora or In*
proportionally with the increase of Dÿ,
the value of Increases exponentially
with an Increase of 4* which In turn is
proportional to the value of Dÿ.
c. The same ratios also Moderately de¬
pend on the level of the Been affective
stress. This la evidenced In fig. 13 for
the M/qc ratio and also holds true for the
R/qc ratio.
The above Mentioned findings result
froa the CC tests performed on freshly
deposited silica sands. Further research
Is necessary to find out to what extant
the findings are applicable to natural and
not necessarily silica sand deposits. The
writers believe, however, that at least
qualitatively similar overall trends
0 should also be expected in natural aged
»* sands .
This is especially true as far as the in¬
fluence of the stress and atrain history
t. is concerned. The confirmation of this can
be inferred from the methods which allow
i computation of the settlements of shallow
founds t lone in sands from the SPT, CPT and
6' DMT results based on observed settlements
of full-scale structures. All these me¬
In Merchettl (1910) and Merchettl end
Crapps (1981). The reliability of thla
approach la not wall aatabllahed. mainly
because of difficulties
In obtaining
reliable reference values of K in coha-
elonleae soils .
Despite these uncertainties and difficul¬
ties, the experimental data available
until now (Lacaeee. 1986; Schmartaaim,
1986; Lacaasa and lunna. 1986) look promi¬
sing with roapoct to further field and
laboratory validation of the correleclon
allowing one to evaluate M froa DMT. Thla
la especially true If one considers the
lack of cost -effectiveness of the alterna¬
tive* .
Some Information concerning the relle-
billtyjjf Karcheett'e (1980) correlation
fog -
f <*D, Kj>, lp) in ssttds c«n be
inferred froa the roeulte of
performed in the CC on T5 and HS. Such
reeulte are auiaearlzed in Fig*. 16 and 17.
In thla case the reference value* of the
tangent constrained modulus K have been
computed for the epeciflc conditions of
every CC teet (Dj, oÿ) using the equa¬
tion given by Baldl et al. (1985):
M - f (D,, OCR) which fits results of
*11 available one-dimensional coapteselon
teat* run In CC. Despite the Inherent li¬
mitations of these tests due to the feet
that they have been performed on freshly
deposited sends , the data shown In Figs. 16
C
_M_ TB_6_OC TE5T8
M»*T
*NCH6
• QCHfl
ÿ*<*>
Fig. 17 Measured M vs calculated M0147 from
CC tests for Ticino and Hokkaund sands
H/H0*1
m. The ratio of Is higher in OC
sands than In NC sends. The trend la simi¬
lar to that observed for the 6 vs qc
correlations presented in Figs. 14 and 13.
Yet, the difference between <M/MDMT)QC
end
(N/MDOT)1jcla smaller than the difference
between (E/qc)0C end (B/9c)Kc T*11® lndt"
cetee en advantage of the DMT vith respect
to the CPT by virtue of the feet that con¬
sideration In the correlation of en addi¬
tional parameter (KD) compensates for, et
least partially, the obliterating effect
that the dllatoneter penetration has on
the atreee and atrain history of the sand.
b. The M/M1ÿ* ratio decreases aa DR
dllatometer modulus which emerges from tha
results shown in Fig. 18. This figure show#
the results of a test performed using the
research dilatometer (Baldl, 1987) which
allows msasursment of both deflection and
Internal pressure during expansion of the
dllatometer membrane. The obtained
experimental data are similar to those
shown by Campanella et al. (1983) and
allow the following comments.
a. The shapa of the pressure versus
deflection curve resembles a ptsssureiaetmr
expansion curve.
b. The slope between A and B proportio¬
nal to ED Is one order of magnitude
smaller than the slopes of the small un¬
loading- reloading loops performed during
the dlletomstar expansion.
This latter experimental evidance tends
to suggest that, even In en OC deposit, the
disturbance caused by penetration of the
dllatometar blade determines the situation
in which the measured ED corresponds to an
"elastic-plastic" behaviour of soil at the
current yield locue, while the slope of
the unloading- re loading loops reflects the
"elastic" stiffness of the material.
—B-AEADMIG,r
1
A- HHMNl
\ ~T 1 1 P 1 1 1

*< thods make a clear distinction between NC

and OC sands as far as the relationship
existing between the penetration resistan*
and 17 deserve the following comments: sand the existing
-
decreases, suggesting that for a given
f (Eÿ, Kj>, 1ÿ)
correlation is more conservative at low
than at high relative densities. The
"
B-24XTMPel'»«iH
AA-S HPS j
AB»31kPS J
DATA
j .

ce and settlement is concerned.

results of the CC tests suggest a need for /TN
Regarding the correlation! between de¬ DMT

..
<MPa> further improve! ant of the H
formation moduli and SPT resistance, there
Is nothing substantially new with raapact NC IS relation.
yfL
rM /
to the works by D'Appolonia at at. <1968), OC T9
In the meantime, more research is / fix
D'Appolonia and D'Appolonia (1970), Parry advocated towards the development of cor¬
(1971, 1977, 1978) axespt the valuable
relations between Ep and E in the vertical
direct approach recently proposed by Bur-
lexid and Burbrldge (1984). This area pro¬
direction because this latter parameter /a RCAEXNG j
more intimately relates to the evaluation SLOPE; AB-0.7IT
bably requires a new research effort and a 1amoao

V
of settlements of foundations in sands. In KL>3.73 as
LOAD
critical revision of the available experi¬ this regard tha racent paper by Leonards MN-3A7 LOOPS j
mental data, «specially as far as the im¬
and Frost (1987) presents an interesting
<5P- 4.17 J 147 CSMT-I

pact of rod energy on the correlations Is 1 1 1 ÿÿ F- 1 1 1 1 1

attempt to link Eq with £2 5 suggesting
ÿÿ

concerned.
0 02 oa aa oa
that the ratio &23/ED~*23 *9"** to 0,7
The DMT allows evaluation of H as a
function of the dllatometer modulus Ep
and 3.5, respectively, in **
NC and 00
OCFLtCTKX OF DtLATOMETEfl MEMBRANE.

soils. Fig. 18 Typical preasu re-diaplacetoent

following Karchettl's (1980) correlation.
Further Improvements In correlations diagramme from DMT in dry Ticino sand
According to such a correlation, the Fig. 16 Constrained modulus featured in CC between non- linear deformation moduli of (Baldi, 1987)
f (Cjj, ID), when Che fonula* vs DMT modulus
allowing evaluation of cen be found
cohef Ionises soils must take into account
the physical significance of the measured

278 279
 cThe tbovi «xpo««4 ftcti And the rclittd Srt« MPTM AC
SOATVFSS Table 6. Age and Grading Factors in
coHiitCl l«td to a quito negative attitude m
* % IMI

o« for oo tho rollAblllty of tho «xlicln| so s $ A» t asm TO MSPMN

Bqn.(10) -
Otha and Goto (1978).
e LOCATION 4017 V
*o TO
correlation* between penetration resistan¬ MMO M as AS T lSS&sofsat Soli Clsy Fine Me¬ Coarse Send Gra¬ a location map
ce and non-linear defomation moduli are QtOtA s ÿ Gra¬ Send dium Sand and vel -Go'qc FROM CC AND RC
concerned. A notable exception in this WW TO
M
TO
IT
*
TO
TS
Al
TO
9
TO
ding: Send Gravel TESTS ON PLUVIALLY
T •0
1 1.09 1.07
respect Is represented by the "maximum"
dynamic shear Modulus
OOAft
• a IS AS* a
asgagss fc 1,16 1.15 1.45 DEPOSITED 8:
-COS
C0 aeasurable
[resonant column test (RCT) and in- situ
RMW
MNO'OflWVL
TO
•e
TO
n
TO
TI
TO
"AS
TO
no SWA
Deposit' e Holocene Pleistocene ÿ.3aip,(ÿ) exp(-te40e)

tests using seismic methods) at a shear

FO
KrvtA •
TO
T
TO
«
TO
AJ
ID
s
TO
Age:
10 1.30
pÿ_0AlfcPl
strain level 7 < 10"* , eee Ohts and Goto
lAMptOMfi
* m 4 a «ss
fA On AS FRACTION OF ONE
(1976, 1970), Sykora and Stokoo (1982), qc RECEIVER CONE FILTERED
Robertson and Campanalla (1982, 1984), SPT ACCORDING TO VIVATRAT
Table 7. V -Cross-hole vs V' (I07«>
Bellotti ot al. (1986), Rlx <1984) and Lo ro mvmn imo
Prestl (1987). The large number of D*-f (N«,) SM£MPTONtmee>
ÿ + 1SD Estimated
0*01* M|SIO
Site Grading Age P«A2kN/m)
available experimental data show that
G0 a of Deposit
of cohesionleas soils 1« Influenced very GMCLjc 2Jm BELOW GL,

little by the stress and atraln history of rarzeUi River Fine to 0.8410,06 Holocene
the sand. For a given coheslonlesa soli Po medium SANDS HAVING LESS
this modulus la mostly a function of the V-4017 THAN 10% OF FMEB HAVE
following variables [see Yu and Rlchart
(1984), Las and Stokoe (1986) and HI and Gloia Sand and 0.9210.11 Holocene
Tauro gravel Fig.20 Correlation of G0 vs qc from
Stokoe (1987)1, seismic cone in Po river sand
where:
Co 1 - 'i. »b> <»> River Gravel 0.8410.14 Lover
Dora and sand Holocene
- direction
effective
of
etress
aeismlc
acting
wave
in the
propaga¬ River Gravel 0.6010.14 Holocene* - NUMBER "1
r 1
'
Po, TV and sand Pleistocene
tion, and Go OF DMT 11
> 1 "l
t
- effective TE8T8 J

i i
ÿ sent.
stress acting in the
direction of soil particle displace*
Fig. 19 Shear wave velocity from N
v, <m/eeo>
The writers are not aware to what extent
this Is due to the range of the SPT resi¬
"
18D
J 13<
jO -

ti These variables Influence both N<SPT

(Ohta & Goto, 1978) SPT
stances for which the correlation has been
established or to the inadequate account
I3i

H* end q Therefore it results that both

via for the age and stress history of • OMT S IN CC IN TS
A
penetration resistance and G0 are two Vÿ-C (N60)017 Z° 193
fAfG («/eec) (10) ffA
the deposit. DMT<e IN PO RIVER SAND
different functions of the same variables.
This suggests that the correlations of GQ where: Analogously, Rlx (1984), Baldi et al. L. J 1

-—
0 20 40 so SO 100
vs qc or vs might be more reliable C empirical conetant-53 5, . (1986) and Bellotti et si. (1986) have
shown that q£ can be correlated reliably Dr<X>
Z depth in meters, TIC INO BANC : FROM RCT's
results than those relating penetration with Gq. An example of such a correlation
resistances to deformation moduli at fA • factor depending on the ege of
as obtained by Baldl at al, (1986)
PO RIVER SAND Cg FROM CRO88 HOLE TEST
deposit, see Table 6, and
larger strains.
To support this point one can mention a
number of empirical correlations between
fG - factor depending
grading, see Table 6.
on the soil ccwparlng the results of GC tests snd
RCT's both performed on pluvlaily
deposited specimens of the IS is reported
Fig.21 G0vsEp for Ticino and Po river sands

Ngpj and shear velocity, Vfll developed and
used successfully In Japan (Ohaaki and
Ivaaakl, 1973; Ohta and Goto, 1978) and
In Fig. 20. The same figure showe also tha
The formula has the advantage of consi¬
values of resulting for the Po River
dering et least approximately both the age
send taking Into account GQ obtained from
and the grading of the deposit; it leads,
In fact, In this caae one might take
advantage of the additional parameters
measured, trying to establish a correla¬
.

USA (Sykora and Stokoe, 1982; Seed, 1983;
Seed et al. , 1986).
An example of the use of one among
these correlations as applied to four
Italian natural coheeionleae deposits Is
given In Fig. 19. It compares V$ measured
using the crosshole method against V
evaluated from Nÿ, using Che Ohta and
Goto (1978) empirical formula adapted by
Seed et el. (1986);
the Vg measured using ISMES's seismic cone tion similar to eqn.(10) in which
for the four considered deposits, to the
(Bruxzl , 1987). f A " f <V "nd fG " f (ID>-
average ratios of estimated over mea-
The ratios of the Po River sand As an example, Fig. 21 ahows tha C0/Ed
lured V® given In Table 7. G0/<lc values obtained in Po River sand. The same
The vÿ/vfratio reeultlng for the (having the grading and mineralogy similar
to thosa of TS) shown In Fig. 20, are for figure shows the GQ/ED ratio for TS as in¬
four Italian natural cohee ionises deposits
sand containing less than 101 fines, in ferred from CC tests snd RCT's. Experience
seems to indiesto that the reliability of
which CPTU penetration occurred under gained so far in correlating the G0- field
the empirical correlation expresaod by
completely drained conditions. obtained from seismic methods vs results
eqn.(10) decreases with increasing age of
Preliminary experimental data available of the penetration tests indicates that
tho deposit and/or with increasing value
indicate that ED from the DMT can also be these kinds of relationships might suffer
of H,60-
correlated against C . from the fact the penetrometer le very

280
281
 c c (
«iniitiv« to local soil variability which yond the scope of this paper. Generally SHEAR STRENGTH TO SHEAR MOOULU6 AT PEAK be used to predict cu
on the basis of the
la not reflected In Chi results of tha
crosehole and downhole tests.
speaking, ell available approaches can be
grouped as either theoretical
empirical. The former refers to bearing
or 0.2
r
20
--— OS
"T'' ÿ

- t
1
--- 2
1 • .
B 10 20
i
penetration pore pressure measured during
the CPTU (see the lecture by Csmpanella
and Robertson <198B) presented at this
capacity theories, based on different symposium) .
failure mechanisms and constitutive soil i
z The complexity of the undrained pene¬
models. As typical examplas one can men¬ HYPERBOLIC
tration process and the difficulties in a
Interpretation of the penetration test tion Berezantztv (1967), Veslc <1972) and i realistic modelling of soil behaviour lead
to aaeese the shear strength of panatrated
soil la always mads referring either to
Baligh (1986)
respectively,
approaches which refer,
to rlgld-plestlc; linearly-
s to the use of empirical approaches. In
this case undralned strength la estimated

1I
completely undrained (aaturatad cohaaiva elastic perfectly-plastic end non-llnearly from the following formula;
deposits) or to completely drained elastic perfectly plastic soil behaviour.
(coheslonless dapoalts) conditions. Among them, the simple pile (SP) solution
a. In coarse grained saturated uric nan-
ted soils where penetration takes places
• obtalnsd by Baligh (1985, 1985a. 1986).
using the strain path method and assuming
§ where:
in the condition of u » uc, the test re¬
sults are used to evaluate the drained
shear strength expreaaed through the
non- linear elastic perfectly plastic soil
behaviour, takes into account the most
Nc - non-dimensional
factor.
empirical cone

friction engla, +* . factors affecting the undrained penetra¬ DEVIATOPWC YIELD STRAIN Eyl%) .
tion resistance and (it) represents the Establishment of reliable empirical
b. In fine grained saturated soils ha¬ most rational solution available at T correlations between q„
ving low permeability, penetration occurs DIRECT SIMPLE SHEAR Ey«py/l/S *c u and their
and c,,
present. According to this theory, the correct use in practice Is strictly rela¬
in en essentially undrained mode. In this
case the results of penetration testa ara
approximate value of cu
can be evaluated ted to adequate consideration of the
1
from the following formula: following aspects.
used for evaluation of shaar strength in a. The undrained strength is not a uni- t
terms of total stresses as reflected in **SP quely defined soil property but reflects
(ID
the undrained strength cy. rather an overall complex soil behaviour
SP
The results of penetration testing in¬ where: (Ladd st al. , 1977; Wroth, 1964). This

-
a< cu
volving intermediate drainage conditions undrained shaar strength of an Iso¬ makes it necessary to refer the qc va
cu
cannot be rationally interpreted at pre¬ tropic clay, corresponding In the SYKAIN. \> STRAIN. \> correlations to a well defined end clearly
sent . first approximation to the undrained declared strength test. The most reliable
Fig. 22 predicted point resistance of

0"
The CPTU provides useful Information on shear strength of an anisotropic and controlled correlations can be
drainage conditions during penetration simple pile in clays (Baligh, 1985)
(-natural) clay obtained from un¬ obtained basing them on cu
resulting from
testing, allowing one to distinguish drained direct simple shear tssts; the field vane (FV) tests, from undrained
between the two extreme cases of drained
.
ve undrained At preeent , there Is a lack
qSp - unit simple pile penetration resi- triaxial compression test# performed on
ths samples reconsolidated under in- situ

ii
'
of criteria valid universally which would
permit distinguishing drained from undrai¬
om - qCT:
initial mean total stress at the
depth where qÿ has baen measured;
ty
ÿ --
—
n
tf (TC) ; C - -4 3
effective geostetic stresses (TC-CKQU) or
from DSS-CKcU tests,
ned modes of penetration. By rule of
thumb, Baligh and Levadoux <1980) and
Ngp - simple pile penetration resistance
factor; and where :
b. The empirical correlations presently
available are based on measured qc. With
Ballgh (1985a) indicate that if 509 of the
pore preaeure excaae, Au, caused by CPTU
penetration requires more then 2 to 5
- total cons resistance corrected for
unequal area effect (sea Jamlolkow-
skl
i*
--
axial strain at failure, and
Eÿ undrained Young modulus at a given
the wider use of the CPTU, it will be more
rational to refer them to qÿj.. This might
et al.. 1985) strain level. be especially important In soft and medium
minutes to dissipate, one can argue that Despite its remarkable refinements, the clays .
the test was run In virtually undrained Fig. 22 shows the values of Ngp as given SP solution must still be considered as c. The use of qc to obtain cushould be
conditions. This refers to the 10 cmÿ by Baligh (1985); Ngp is a function of the approximate , because it does not incorpo¬ limited to non- fissured clays without
electric Fugro- type cone penatreting at a
rate of 2 cm/sec.
deviatorlc yield strain, Ey, and the ratio
of
rate the factors like aniaotropy, strain highly developed macrofabrlc . Ignoring
physical meaning is softening, and strain- rate dependency this limitation might easily lead to an
Moreover the comparison of Au and qc , similar to Veslc'e rigidity index exhibited by real soils and because it overestimate of the field ibidrelned
obtained during tests run at different
penetration rates can give useful indica¬
Ir (within the frame of the constitutive refers to a simplified geometry of the strength (Marsland and Powell, 1979). At
model used bj Baligh (1966) E coincides cone tip. present, the more reliable correlations
tions on drainage conditioxis et specific with Bp at failure/ .
In principle, the Preliminary validation of this formula is have baen validated for soft to stiff in¬
sites, values of IL, C__, and C,ÿ In should be given by Baligh (1985). Further experimen¬ tact relatively homogeneous clays (Lunne
Procedures to evelusts cu in saturated established through DSS tssts (see Fig.22), tal research in this direction is required et al., 1976; Lacaeae at al., 1978;
cohesive deposits from the results of but as a first approximation they might to check the reliability of eqn.(ll) for Kjekstad et al., 1978; Baligh at al.,
CpTU's and CPT's have been the subject of also be assessed via
CKoU triaxlal large variety of natural soils. 1980; Lunne and Klaven, 1981; Jamiol-
a large number of theoretical end experi¬ compression (TC) tests by means of the
The theories of expanding csvlties In kovski et al. , 19B2; Kaaveny, 1985; Aas
mental studies, e review of which Is be¬ following relationships: at al., 1986; Keaveny and Mitchell, 1986).
linesr-elastic perfectly plsstic soil can

282 283
 c c (
d. Th. data for aofc and aadlua Co
actff claya have been salnly eollaetad at
Table 8. 4' from qc - Available Approaches.
HIT and NCI ualng the electric Fugro-cypa Examples Stress-strain Curvilinear Compressi¬ Progress 1ve Relevant Other Data
.
cu
m
cone and referring to (FV) Thle leada of available Relationship Strength bility Failure Stresa Required

*
to the valuea Nc auaaarlred In the
of approachea Envelope Tensor
upper part of Fig. 23. The lower part of
Fig- 23 show Nc values obtained after Schmar tmann
(1978)
No Assumptlon-
Empitlcal
no no no none
dr1 gsd

correction of the cu
(FV) for anlaotropy
and strain rate effects a* recommended by
Bjerrun (1973), Ladd at el. (1977). This
Bean et al. No Assumption-
r~+'t no no o'
m
e' ,e tX
o' ss' 85
leads to the average value of 14±5
which according to Lacaase et al. (1978)
Hc - to 20 ao 40 SO eo TO
(1986) Empirical
K
o
allows to assess the operational undralned .
PtAST tCIT V tNOl X PI (%) Durgunoglu 6 Rigid-Plaatic no no
Ko K
o
strength. Mitchell (1973)
a. Assuming that "a la SHANSEP" (Ladd
and Foott, 1974) normalized behaviour Bolton
(1984, 1987)
Stress-
Dilatancy
no no pf Kv Ko
holds, Harchettl (1980) suggested the pro¬
cedure for evaluating the ratio of cu' vo
DMT
Vesic Elastic - yes no
*m V c- «v
as function of OCR. as: (1972) P. Plastic

I"
fek fel •
J NC
1.25
(OCR) 0.8
Baligh
(1975)
Elastic-
P . Plastic
y««

Note: non* Of the approaches take into account the anisotropy of

yes no
"ho

4' <
V G' <v

#«ÿ * (0.23 ± 0.04)(0. 5Kd) <H) 20 30 40 50 SO see Tatsuoka (1987)

plasticity indcx , pi t%>
This formula implies that the average ope¬ porto

I
Mat TEST aiES m>t Tggrgfre
rational cu along a potential failure pla¬
ne of a NC clay la (0.2310.004)#ÿ (see
• SUNLAND
O DANVTK9
AONSOY
S SKA- tO€ BY
OSAUGUS.MA
Oamherst.ma
TQLLt
4ÿ - Ojr£-'2.72angle
secant of friction at of a specific design problem (Baldi et
Kesri, 1975; Larsson, 1980; Jaalolkovski AEBOfWmQCNQe got10OMG Oeabpl.la p4; and al . , 1986). The existing experience in
et al., 1965). The reliability of thla
Fig.23 Empirical cone factors
a - anglethewhich describes the curvature assessing 4' f*o* Che results of penetra¬

tr formula is directly related to the of failure envelope. tion tests can be sunaiarlzad as follows
reliability of tha aeeessed value of the (Adopted from Baligh et al , , 1980) As shown by Bald! et al. (1986) in (see also Table 8).
silica sands, or increases with increasing a. A number of empirical correlations
Kc- f (Kq) and the postulated links
between K0 and cu/vÿc through OCR. The shear strength of uncemented cohe-
Dj. In the first approximation, the varia¬ exist like:
f. The existing experience with the sionleas soils Is usually related to the
tion of a with Djÿ can be matched by means - 4' ve NspT correlation (De Kello, 1971);
use of eqn.(13) In soft to stiff unte¬ mobilized angle of friction, 4* expressed
of the following empirical relation: - v» Dp relationship taking into
M
' nanted nonfisaured clays Is quite positi¬
ve. The paper by Lacasse and Lunne pre¬
*
in terms of effective stress. One of the
most relevant aspects of the behaviour of
a
- ( (DR-0. 2)/0 . 8| • 10* fc 0* (15)
account soil- grading (Schmertmann,
1976) , where Djÿ can be assessed both
sented to this Symposium reports an from qc and Ngp.j values;
granular materials at failure is their
interesting set of comparisons between curvilinear strength envelope (De Beer,
Because of the non- linearity of the - 4' vb 4 correlation, suggested recently
and tha raaulta of tha FV. DSS-CK0U strength envelope, the angle 4 ' of a given by Been et al. (1986).
1965; Vesic And Clough, 1966; Taroshenko,
and TC-0KoU tests as obtained for seven 1967; Berezantzev, 1967; 1970). This well sand Is not uniquely defined but It b. There are procedures based on the
different clay depositsÿOne can deduce documented
depends on the magnitude of Therefore bearing capacity theories of a rigid
experimental fact Induced
that the value* of cj}CI>MT corresponding to Baligh (1975) to formulate the following
any value of Inferred on the basis of plastic body (Durgunoglu and Mitchell,
the lower limit of eqn. (13) matches strength criterion:
tha SPT, CPT and DMT results corresponds 1973; Berezantzev, 1967; 1970). These
satisfactorily with the TC and the to s secant angle of friction, whose methods, through measured qc - and qÿ
magnitude Is controlled by the average values, allow determination of the secant
corrected FV strengths, while it ovarpre-
dlcta the curesulting from the DSS-CKQU.
At present, the use of eqn.(13) in highly
Ttr "Io*io ÿ]] <14> value of
around the
acting on the failure plane
penetration device. The
4' corresponding to triaxial and
strain conditions, respectively. To vali¬
plane

estimate of this value of date these methods against the results of

OC cemented and/or flaaurad clays Is mora where: .ofe is very laboratory it la necasaary to
uncsrtain. Tha experimental data shown in difficult. At present, it can only be teats,
fff~ *hear a tress on the failure plane at
determined in a very approximate manner estimate the average value of around
Tables 1 and 2 Indicate that for these failure;
types of clays further calibration of the following the indications reported by De the penetrometer , which usually involves
*ff- effective normal atreaa on the failu¬
DMT correlation is required. re plane at
Beer, 1965; Schmartmann, 1982 and Bellotti the assumption of ÿff** (l+*ind# )*y©
failure;
et al., 1983). Knowledge of
ofe is however (Schmertmann, 1982; Mitchell, 1984) and
Pa ** reference stress, aseumed equal to 1
bar - 98.1 kPa; essential to link the 4' value inferred
from the penetration tests with 4' value
which therefor# involves an iterative
process when computing 4* • With the Above

284 285
 c c
aantlonad auuaptlon, tha axparlanca «o
(n gainad In ualng tha Durgunoglu and
Hltchall (1971) theory (Schaartunn,
1942; Ballottl et ml., 1943; Koaveny,
1941; Hltchall and Kaaveny, 1986; Ealdl et
al., 1986) lndlcataa that thla aathod
laada for ellica aanda to 4' valuer which
are, on average, 1* to 2* lower than peak
4' raeultlng froa TC teata. Fig.24 ahowe
an exaaple of the evaluation of 4' on the
baala of qÿ froa DHT'a performed In the CC
In TS using the Durgunoglu and Mitchell
(1973) theory. In thla caee the puah force
7j} wee aeaaured by aeana of a load cell
located Juat above the dllatoaeter blade.
To Infer the net value of the dllatoaeter
wedge resistance qD, It was necessary to
subtract froa FD the force absorbed by the
friction on the blade. This was atteapted
following two distinct aethode Indicated
In Fig. 24, both leading to alaost the seas
value of qÿ.
The plane strain values of 4£s
are coapared with the 4pg of TS obtained
-
f <qD)
froa laboratory teste; this latter wae
IJ
obtained by transforming trlaxlal 4yy to
4pg on the basis of Lee and Lade' a (1976)
<; empirical relation.
• 300 ÿ*)
Jti' I'll
}
ÿ
12,8
• tend
EVALUATED FBOW TC TEST*
11 ÿ
-
f n PUSH FORCE MEASURED JUST ABOVE 08-ATOM1T1R
BLADE
ÿ tin IOjOS
,24 $ps °f Ticino sand from DMT using
Durgunoglu 8 Mitchell's theory
(
The result! show thst the Durgunoglu sod
HIecho 11 (1973) theory ueed in conjunction
MO and OC sends having different compres¬
• MONTEREY#
N.C. TICWO BAND
with qD sligthly underpredictt the value
sibilities as predicted from qc using Ve-
eic'e (1972) theory.
*
« O.C TtCJNO SANO
of #£g. The difference (#ps(X«b)-ÿs(qD) ) a N.c. HQKK8UND BAND
The agreement is excellent, and espaclally A O.C. HOKK8UNO BAND
increeees with Increasing sand density. remarkable ia the capability of tha modi¬ a CHATTAHOOCME WVER 8AND(CR8> dff/p1
This probably testifies to the increasing
fied Veslc (1972) theory to predict 4* of
importance of crushing and progressiva the highly compressible Chattahoochee Ri-
failure phenomena around tha penetrating l ver sand containing 10% mica.
blade . d. The shear strength of coheilonless
c. The rigid-plastic bearing capacity soils is related to the rate of dilation
theories are unable to account for the which in turn depends on their relative
__
Influence of the soil deformablllty on the
density, level of mean effective stress
ultimate collapse load. Therefore, they and compressibility.
fall to predict qc and qp of sands with The above factors are reflected In Rove's
the exception of the uncruanable or mode¬ (1962) street -dllatancy theory which has
rately crusheble allies sends. To predict recently received e simple but conceptual¬
•ore reliably qc end qD In more compressi¬
ly sound formulation by Bolton (1984), 30 -
I
3S40 —
1 „ -4SJ-- 1~
BO
ÿ
ble materials, it is necasiary to refer to
tha t**rlng capacity formulae baaed on the
(1986) , This formulation represents an PEAK firxi o
excellent tool In attempting to assess 4'
theory of expending cavities in e linear Fig.25 Difference between $[xx) an<*
\ from qc or qD.
alaetic perfectly plastic medium (Vaslc, predicted using modified Vesic (1972)
m. The main features of Bolton's (1984)
1972; Ballgh, 1975). This approach howaver theory (Keaveny, 1985)
resistance,
addition to the penetration
requires, In
at least an approxlmata
stress -dllatancy theory may be summarized
as follows.
knowledge of additional soli parsmatara
During shearing at large strains, tha sand
reaches the critical state. At this Stage DI
-
Dg (Q in pf> 1- (16) -
like KQ| volumetric e train and G ell con¬ further shearing deformations occur at where:
curring to the seassement of the reduced constant volume and the shear strength of Q - factor depending on tha mineralogy and
rigidity index 1„ -rr (Veslc, 1972; Keeveny,
1985) which renders the use of these
theories In practice difficult.
the material is controlled by the critical
value of the angle of friction,
varies roughly between 33* (quartz) and
shape of the soil particles.
According to Bolton (1984), Q decreases
with increasing compressibility of the
Recent comprehensive reviews of the proce¬
40* (feldspar) and depends principally on soil. For typical silica sands, a value of
dures ueed in the evaluation of 4* from qc i the mlzieraloglcal composition of the Q-10 Li suggested.
(Kaaveny, 1975; Mitchell end ICaavany, grains. Factors like the grading, shape of f. In an attempt to assess 4*+ÿ from
1986) show the following,
the grains, mean stress level and dire¬ qc, the approach presented In Fig. 26 la
• In ceee of the compressible and crusha-
bla sands, only the theories of expen¬
ding cevltles can correctly predict 4'
|
ction of shearing are of minor importance.
Before reaching the critical state condi¬
tion, tha difference between the mobilized
suggested. The use of this approach
requires knowledge of KQ, 4'c v And an
assumption about the value of p£. Fig. 27
froa qc. reports the validation of the proposed
angle of friction 4* end 4 is controlled
-
To obtain a good agreemant between by the rate of dilation (-dLy/d#ÿ), where approach for TS; the 4L*-* from TC testa
d'(qc) and 4' (Lab), the Authors suggest ere compared with obtained from qc
the use of spherical cavity thaory when <v and t ÿ are, respectively, the volume¬ measured in CC teste. Because of the non-
tric and major principal strains.
Ir In particular, the peak value of friction linearity of the strength envelope, tha
when > 250.
Irr angle, 4L»w !ÿ related to the maximum dl- abova mentioned validation has baan
- Based on the laboratory results (Mlura & f lation rate, and according to Bolton referenced to oÿ£-2.72 pa(-267 kPa) ; this
Tokl, 1984 , 1984a) , Keavany (1985) po¬ leads to the 4 as defined In Ballgh 's
(1984) tha differance (ÿx-ÿv) in
stulated that tha volumetric strain (1975) curvllinaar strength envelope. The
triaxlal and plane strain testa can be
maasured during the trlaxial ex tans ion reciprocal relation between and p£
approximated, respectively, by means of
tast is mora pertinent to the problems balng given by the following formula:
of axpandlng cavities than volumetric
[ the formulae:
strain from tha triaxlal compression
teat. Therefore, the results
extension testa should concur with tha
of
Triaxial test: 4ÿx
Plana strain taet: 4ÿx
' *iy
- d£v -
- 3 DI
5 DI
ft - «£f[l(. + t»n24' - -
3 coa 4r
1
J
(17)
assessment of Irr-
Flg.25 reports the values of 4* for five
where: DI - dilatency Index,
The value of DI is empirically related to
which for tha range of (34*
of practical Intaraet leads to:
to 46*)
the and mean effective stress at
failure p£ through the following relation¬ 1.2 a a 1.6
ship: 'ff
286 287
 c c
The rssults pr«»»nt.*d In Fig.27 show thee g. For ua* in practice, Fig. 28 report*
the proposed procedure ylelda value* of 4'Q the relation between
for TS which are only 1/2 to 1 degree
4'0 and qc/«ÿ0 for
value* of KQ of inter**t. Fortunately,
lower than thoee reaultlng froa TC taeta. coneidarlng the dlfflcultle* in the
Siallar reiulte have alio been obtained •stlaats of K& in cohealonless soil*,
for HS. Fig. 28 indicate* that the estiaat* of
i* not too strongly Influenced by the
assuaption concerning thi* paraaeter.
SUGGESTED APPROACH This figure has been obtained by adopting
djy-34* which is that of TS, while the
of US 1* equal to 11* . The average value
9c
of 4ÿv of 23 different ailice asnde,
Including the two aentloned above, 1*
equal to 33.6* ± 2.5* (sea also Henna and
a»®0 Youaaef. 19B7) . penetration testing.
Once the procedure baaed on Bolton's
(1986) st re* a -dilatancy theory outlined in
y«>D
Fig. 26 la accepted and validated, it can
be used to obtain the value of at any
value of p£ as a function of which is
of interest for design. An alternative ap¬
proach eight consist in the evaluation of
«™|> fron Fig.28 coablned with an assuaption
(
7 concurs10HS 2. Deformation Characteristics
Thin paper preterit* a critical review of a. The main area of interest in the use
new possibilities offered by penetration of penetration tests is to assess the
testing as an Important aid in geo techni¬ deformation character istics of cohesion-
cal design. The topic covered by the title less deposits. Existing experience is
of this lecture is extremely broad. The mainly limited to uncrushable and mode¬
Authors have, however, chosen to Halt the rately crushable silica materials.
topic to addressing: b. Because insertion of the penetrome¬
- The Indirect approach, which permits, ter obliterates the stress and strain
evaluation of the basic design parame¬ history of the deposit, no unique
ters (initial state variables, stress- correlation between penetration resistance
strain- strength and consolidation and nonlinear or elas to-plastic soil
characteristics) from the results of modulus can exist. To evaluate the
magnitude of medium- to-large strain
- Discussion of the three most widely used
penetration devices in practice, namely
deformation moduli of cohesionless soils
on the basle of penetration tests, one
the SPT , CPT and DHT. must estimate at least qualitatively the
The following conclusions can be drawn stress history of the deposit,
from this critical examination. c. Experience gained so far indlcatas
that the results of penetration tests can
1. Initial State Parameters be correlated in a quite reliable manner
maximum shear
to the linear-elastic

•™0
of a -
strength
f (Dg) appearing
envelope, using
in Ballgh's
thereafter
a. The existing correlations between DR
and penetration resistances qc) are
modulus G0,

aqn, (14) to obtain secant 4' at any desi¬ applicable only to NC unagad silica sands. 3. Shear Strength
U! TRIAXIAL TEST m*J. PLANK STRAIN TEST m.i
red level of
o£f.
Additional Information and details concer¬
Their use in other sands might cause ei¬
ther overestlmation (in the case of aged a. Theundrained shear strength of

( p.. REFERENCE STRESS •aa.lkPa

ning Bolton's (1986), (1986) strass-dlla-
tency theory can be found in Tateouka
and/or OC deposits) or underestimation
(in the case of more compressible sands)
eoft-to-stlff saturated intact cohesive

Fig.26 <p '

- f (qc) of sand fron (1987), Bolton (1987), Tateuoka and of the in- situ density.
deposits can be Inferred in a quite
reliable manner from CPT and DMT results.
o" Bolton's
theory
(1986) stress dilatancy Pradhaa (1988), Henna and
and Kanna at al. (1987).
Youseff (1987) \
J
b. The use of Harchetti's Flat Dilato-
meter to infer the stress history of
saturated cohesive deposits looks very
The use of the above mentioned correla¬
tions in hard clays with highly developed
macro -fabric might be questionable.
promising. Existing experience indicates When evaluating Cu from penetration tests,
I that profiles in clays are similar In it is always necessary to keep in mind the
•»! 1 »(>« (- e AUERAQE OPIUTX CKoD shape to the OCR profiles established reference strength to which the specific
.
COMPRESSION TESTS
|(- fi.dtfc) FROM J2t
CO TEST
through oedoneter tests performed on high-
quality undisturbed samples. Because this
empirical or theoretical procedure
referred.
is

correlation holds in clay deposits which b. The cone resistance qc offers a

subjected to different a
have been
mechanisms, values of 0ÿ resulting from
£ possibility to assess of freely
draining cohaslonless deposits. In silica
the DMT should be considered as a vertical sands the use of the rigid plastic bearing
I yield stress along the K0 stress path. capacity theory by Durgunoglu and Mitchell
c. The assessment of Ou0 and/or KQ in (1973) yields satisfactory results which
sands from penetration test results is In sre generally sligthly on the safe side.
a very early stage of development. The An estimate of +1 from qc of mors compres-
recently postulated ideas that or K0 slbLa (calcareous or micaceous) sands
might be inferred through correlations requires theories of expanding cavities to
between amplification factor (K])/K0 or take into account the influence of plastic
mora generally ®hp/ff£0) and stata parame¬ volumetric strain on the measured qc.
0 M SO
On f*> Fig. 28 Angle of shearing resistance ter + requires further experimental and The recently presented stress dilatancy
theoretical validations. theory by Bolton <1964, 1966) offers an
Fig. 27
-
9' f (qg) for NC end OC Ticino
send using Bolton's stress dilatsncy
theory (1986)
using Bolton's stress dilatancy theory0
(1986) excellent tool for assessing from qc.

288 289
 ( c
Furthtr valldxcion of thl* thaocy,
iipidAlly In morm conprtnlbU sands,
will ba axtcaaaly walcoaa.
c. Whan axsaaalng 4' from qc ualng all
of Cha abova aantlooad procaduraa , do*
attanclon should ba paid Co cha face ehae
Cha acrangth anvalopa of aoat natural
aanda la curvilinear. This naana that cha
Infarrad 4 ' corresponds Co the secant
angle of friction which depends on the
average existing around the penetra¬
tion device. To link with a specific
design problea, one eust take thla stress
dependency into account.
imswi«nciimT«
The writers acknowledge the contribution
of Dr. C. Baldl (ISMZS), Dr. 1. gellottl
(ISHES)
(ENEL CRIS) and Dr. D. Druzzl
whose fruitful discussions and Inform*-
ft tlons on the results of their recent re-
search have greatly contributed to the
present work. Host of the experimental
Li I
I data presented In the paper represent the
outcone of joint research among ENELCRIS
of Milan, ISMES of Eargamo and the Technl-
(f j cal University of Turin.
The writers wish to thank Dr.K. Stokoe (U.
&• ' of Texaa) for his critical review of the
manuscript. Also, the cartful typing of C.
i lamella and drafting of V. Hanerba and S.
Bacct are sincerely appreciated.
ÿ I'
umnca
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Sand*. Fundamanty Proekt, N.3. Cone penetration problems and solutions involving non-purpose-built
Yu, P. & Rlchart, F.E. Jr. 19*4.
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HughesInsifuEngineering Lid, Vancouver, BC, Canada

ABSTRACT: There is the potential to make almost any drill rig into a deployment
system for a cone, thus making the cone very accessible to almost any project where
the ground conditions are suitable. This paper discusses the problems with this
/ approach, and some of the solutions which have been adopted to solve them. The
approach suggested may seem inefficient, compared with that used for purpose-built
vehicles. However, it is possible in suitable terrain to test up to 200 m per day,
with no mobilization of heavy equipment. Further, there are few limits to the type
of material that can be tested. The field experience which has provided the basis of
this paper has been obtained in Canada or the United SLates, both on land and over
shallow water.

INTRODUCTION

The difficulties encountered with cone
testing are, for the mootl part, related
to the methods of deployment of the cone.
Deploying cones from purpose-built
vehicles, enclosed and etivironaentally-
controlled, is quite a different
situation from operating with a drill rig
from a floating barge, in a swamp or even
on firm ground.
I they are not addressed in this paper.
Although considerable effort has been
devoted to develop standards for the
external geometry of the cone, the
Internal details and some of the external
details of cones manufactured by
different companies vary. The inpacL of
this on commercial testing is that cones,
aven in calibration, can yield different
results. In most instances, this is not
a problem. However, if different types
of cones produced by the sane or
different manufacturers are used in the
i sane formation, there are situations in
which they will give different values for
friction and porepressure,
The need for further understanding of
the reasons for these anomolies, and the
need to set standardisation guidelines,
is well recognised. No doubt with time
all these anomolies will be resolved.
However, at present, the cone contractor
and Lhe design engineer must recognise
these problems.
The object of this article is to
concentrate on the use of cones,
particularly from non-purpose-built
deployment systems. Although it is
recognised that the above problems exist,
MosL of the background for this paper
has been based on experience in North
America, where engineers, with a few
exceptions, are not familiar with the
capability of Lhe cone. Purpose-built
deployment vehicles are few and far
between, but drill rigs of all shapes and
sizes are readily available.
COMMON GE0TECHN1CAL SITE INVESTIGATION
TEST PROCEDURES IN NORTH AMERICA
In North America the cone, particularly
the piezocone, is relatively speaking a
recent innovation. Hence, site
investigations are often not designed to
make the optimum advantage of the cone.
Ideally, it should be used to identify
the strata in which high-quality samples

296 297