Group A PDF

Urban Dwellings:
Farha Moon
2016345023
Introduction:
The coronavirus pandemic has gravely affected our lifestyles; how and where we live, work and play
have been stripped down to the core and turned upside down almost overnight. Our homes have
become our workplaces, exercise arenas and playgrounds. Some have found out the hard way during
this pandemic about the importance of design and the value of space with in the house, the poor
families living in tight quarters; migrant workers staying in cramped dormitories—and what this
ultimately means to curbing the spread of a virus like COVID-19.
These have clearly underscored the importance of holistic approaches to good design, where
architecture, ergonomics and performance strategies should collectively be carefully implemented to
promote good health and well-being.
We often don’t realize that our health and well-being are influenced by, and sometimes a direct result
of, our immediate environment. Since we spend around 90 per cent of our time indoors, our buildings
can greatly influence our health and well-being; perhaps without us even knowing. Buildings, therefore,
have the potential to act as public health tools.
Green buildings alone are not enough to create a sustainable future, as there needs to be whole
ecosystems solutions that are scaled up to have a greater impact on mending the planet. Occupants
need to change their behavior and mindset for change to be effective; building better will see greater
returns in the social and economic sense because the cost of not doing so will be higher than any
monetary or opportunity cost.
Cities are also making more safe space for walking, biking, eating and enjoying outdoor seating to help
restaurants recover. These are the users that were fighting for the leftover space after we surrendered
most of the space between buildings to cars. Changes are seen in regional and city scale and people are
trying to move to a more resilient city.
To understand the effect of Coronavirus in various sectors of housing area, to understand the problems
are there relatable solutions we divided the total study in three major categories:
1. Micro level analysis: House / apartments scale.

2. Meso level analysis: Neighborhood scale.
3. Macro level analysis: City scale.
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1. Micro level analysis: House form and Building pattern
In the current pandemic situation houses are serving both as a shelter and a protective cover to fight
against coronavirus. People are remaining inside the house in lockdown condition for over months and
with this they are feeling the necessities of some additional comfort within the house. Many houses are
failing to satisfy the rising demand of comfort by the residents.
As the days passed and people started to continue work from home and online based education started
to take place the demand for separate zones for study and work has raised. People are trying to
incorporate separate work zone or study area within the houses. But due to lack of space, rigidity of
house plan they are unable to accommodate such extra functions in the house.
The buildings are also consuming a large amount of electric energy as all the official, educational and
other works are now done from home. Many housings are failing to meet the rising demand for electric
power, water supply etc. and thus is failing to provide proper utility service to its residents.
Other major effect of corona virus is seen in the health of residents. As people are staying inside the
house for long time their mental and physical health has been disturbed. People are realizing the
necessity of open /recreational space within the house where they could breadth some fresh air. So, the
demand for large balconies or open space has raised.
1.1. Problems faced in houses/ apartments:
• Poor insulation and ventilation system.

• Inadequate open / recreational space within build form.
• Lack of public interactive space.
• Difficulties in accommodating work with living.
• No provisions for retrofitting.
• More dependent on active ventilation system.
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1.2. Solutions:
There are many effective solutions that will help to design a residence that will be more resilient and
sustainable. Some solutions can be applied easily by applying a little modification to the current building
design while some need a long-term planning and preparation. Based on the time duration the solutions
are categorized on three terms, thus
- Short-term solutions
- Mid-term solutions
- Long-term solutions
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Short-term solutions:
1. Rearranging existing programs to accommodate addition of new programs.
2. Reevaluate residential lobby sizes and gathering places - to accommodate for physical
distancing.
3. Use any corner of the house for work or study purpose.
4. Use balcony or veranda as a source of recreational space in the house
5. Adequate Hygiene insurance
Mid-term solutions:
1. Rethinking the plan layout of a house.
2. Incorporate separate study and work zone in the house.
3. Provide private open space within the house. At least 30%
4. Incorporating agriculture within households, sky garden, connected green roof, Rooftop farming
5. Design buildings having passive climatic control.
6. Changes in building materials.
7. Create provision for isolation rooms within the house
8. Adding/ Replacement of lifts, renovation of access halls, residence lobbies.
9. Unused ground floor be used as social space.
10. Retrofitted usage of built spaces to optimize functionality
Long-term solutions:
1. Introduce smart home concept: touch free doors and windows, vocal control devices in house
etc.
2. Design buildings with flexible floor plans or adjustable facades.
3. Increase of modular building design.
4. Use modern technology in building design.
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1.2.1. Short-term solutions:
1.2.1.1. Rearranging existing programs to accommodate addition of new programs.

As our houses and apartments are build in a way that there is no provision of extending and part of
it easily, so all we are left with is rearranging the space within our house to accommodate new
functions like work zone, study area, play zone etc.
1.2.1.2. Reevaluate residential lobby sizes and gathering places - to accommodate for physical
distancing.
Families—meaning households in which two or more people live together—have historically been
among the most significant hot spots of infectious-disease transmission, and that seems to be true
in this current pandemic as well. So, the common family gathering area like living room dining areas
should be re arranged such that the family members can maintain a minimum social distance
between themselves.
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1.2.1.3. Use any corner of the house for work or study purpose.
People's lives have been changed drastically around the world for the Covid-19 pandemic. We
are facing travel restrictions, educational institutions closures, mass religious activities bars
worldwide, and even curfew at some places. The pandemic is shaping our lifestyle and the
Coronavirus is going to be part of our lives. For social distancing purposes, millions of people
are staying at home. A large number of people are being forced to maintain a home office,
online classes, home fitness and so on. Most of the people in urban areas live in a small
apartment where decorating a dedicated room for a home office is quite impossible.
Transferring a small space or a corner of the living room into a home office can be a solution. The
workspace must have a separate feeling from the rest of the domestic work, as much as possible.
Use balcony or veranda as a source of recreational space in the house.

A breathing space, such as a balcony or terrace garden, is a mandatory criterion for stress relief or
just relaxation so that the tensions we are experiencing may not affect mental health. Besides, small
plants and bushes in the balconies and other natural means like sunlight and rain help improve
health.
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Veranda used as play
Veranda used as recreational space / garden area of the
zone.
house.
So, people should renovate the balconies of their house with plants, book shelves, install temporary
sitting in them so that the balconies can meet the need of recreational / open space for the people
of the house during the quarantine period.
1.2.1.4. Adequate Hygiene insurance
We are spending almost 90% time of our day in homes now a days. So maintaining proper hygiene
within the house should be major concern for people. It will be important for the residents to feel like
they are in a clean environment as it directly effects their health. Various exposed surfaces should be
cleaned and wiped much more frequently in the house.
Various home decor items should be cleaned and kept unexposed to direct air in the current pandemic.
Kitchens should be only used by elders at the time of need, access of children’s in kitchens should be
restricted.
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Hand-sanitation stations may become more prevalent and can be installed near the entrance door
of the house. Anyone entering the house should clean themselves up, use sanitization and then
enter the house. As houses are working as a major equipment to fight against the virus, we should
be aware to maintain proper hygiene in the house
1.2.2. Mid-term solutions:
1.2.2.1. Rethinking the plan layout of a house.

As we move forward in the different phases of the pandemic, we will focus again on our intimate spaces.
New configurations and new plans will take place to change the current idea of houses. The quality and
comfort of our homes will become at the top of the list. While we are confined in our houses, we are
rethinking our requirements and needs, along with the “new normal”: from green areas and gardens,
exploitable rooftops, natural light, and ventilation, balconies, and terraces, minimal and wholesome
indoor environments, transitional and filtered entrances, etc.
Some major innovative idea can be found while:
• Arranging and formatting the current programs into new size and dimension.
• Adding new programs within the bounding area of the existing house.
• Considering size of open space in the house.1
1
https://canurb.org/citytalk-news/cities-in-the-time-of-covid-19-what-are-the-impacts-on-urban-architecture-
and-design/?tab=summary
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1.2.2.2. Incorporate separate study and work zone in the house.
The pandemic showed many jobs can be done form home without going to an office. This will give rise
to “working from home", "freelancing” culture. Similarly, online based education will also get
popularized. So, the future homes will incorporate separate a study and workstation within the living
unit.
1.2.2.3. Provide private open space within the house. At least 30%
In the current pandemic situation, many people have felt the necessity of open / recreational space in
their house. As people remained inside the house for a long time, they desired for a space which will
help them to connect with the outside world. A space where they can breathe fresh air. So, the demand
for large open verandas has greatly increased.
Open spaces within the house like veranda / balcony, terraces etc. serves as the private recreational
area for the residents of the house. They help people to enjoy some fresh air and also communicate
with the neighbors. They serve as the play zone for kids, sometimes as workstations and sometimes a
place to enjoy leisure.
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A balcony obeying the minimum ergonomics for a family should be designed properly while designing
residents. It is considered that the open space area should be at least 30% of the total area of the
residence.
1.2.2.4. Incorporating agriculture within households, sky garden, connected green roof, Rooftop
farming.
In the current pandemic situation, the need of food was a major problem faced by people. People
cannot but had to go out to buy food, vegetables etc. to meet their basic nutrition need. The quarantine
has also thought many of us about indoor garden and showed us that we can grow our own crops all by
our selves in balconies, terraces of in the roofs. This practice should be encouraged and architects
should design buildings that has agricultural facilities in it. An example to this type of building can be the
planter box house,
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Planter Box House is designed to grow food for self-sufficiency. Apart from injecting multiple
passive design strategies to create a low-energy home, the house is all covered—from the front
to the roof and back—by more than 40 types of edible plants, and essentially tripling the green
area of the site. These plants are grown in concrete planter boxes, which serve as both a
stormwater retention tool and irrigation reservoir.
The planter box façade is utilized as a filter to redefine the internal and external spatial
relationship, introducing a new view for the internal living area and external public space. 2
This type of building design will not only help the residents to grow their own food, but will also
contribute in increasing the amount of green space in the surrounding environment.
1.2.2.5. Design buildings having passive climatic control.

Due to the pandemic situation office, work station educational institutes everything has shut down.
Everyone is continuing their jobs, works from home and students are continuing online based education
from their houses. Also, as most of the buildings are dependent on active ventilation residential
buildings are consuming a large amount of energy now than ever before.
2
https://www.futurarc.com/project/fgla-2019-winner-planter-box-house-kuala-lumpur-malaysia/
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It is now crucial that buildings should be able to produce their own energy. Architects and designers
should design passive buildings with proper insulation and ventilation system. Provisions for using
solar energy, rain water conservation system and bio gas all should be incorporated within the
building design.
1.2.2.6. Changes in building materials.
Focusing on health-oriented approaches, new standards are going to be set in every aspects of
design. Design and material both are rethought according to the current situation, generating new
forms of living. It is observed that as soon as coronavirus reach surfaces, such as walls, clothing,
furniture, or other objects, the virus behaves differently depending on the type of surface it lands
on.
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The Sars-Cov-2 remains alive on plastic and stainless-steel surfaces for about 72 hours. On copper
surfaces, however, the virus behaves differently, dying after 4 hours. On cardboard surfaces, the
virus remains alive for about 24 hours.
In future homes to keep the residents safe and secure it is thought that the surfaces will be covered
with materials that prevent the proliferation of diseases and the design will be oriented towards
eliminating risks of transmission. Even thinking about self-cleaning materials, which can react to
viruses and bacteria by killing them automatically, can be an interesting look towards the future of
materials.3
3
https://www.archdaily.com/936050/how-long-does-coronavirus-survive-on-everyday-
surfaces?ad_source=search&ad_medium=search_result_all
https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMc2004973?utm_medium=website&utm_source=archdaily.com
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1.2.2.7. Create provision for isolation rooms within the house.
The number of beds in hospitals is not enough to meet a large number of patients. Building a hospital
overnight like China is not possible for all countries if policymakers do not care for advanced planning.
Besides in the current pandemic situation houses served as a media to stay safe from mass
contamination. People will COVID symptoms were treated at house first and then in hospitals or in other
health institutions. But there was a risk of spreading disease to the other family members. An insolation
room can be a smart solution to such problem.4
It is desired that the futures home will have provisions for isolation room within the house.
It will serve as a multipurpose space and can be used as an isolation chamber during emergency where
an infected person can stay isolated. This will also prevent the diseases from spreading to the other
members of the family and ensure safety and security of the residents.
4
https://www.researchgate.net/figure/A-typical-Anteroom-plan-Source-international-health-facility-
guidelines_fig2_341218868
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1.2.2.8. Adding/ Replacement of lifts, renovation of access halls, residence lobbies.
Lifts, access halls, common lobbies of apartment buildings are those circulation places of the house
which are used by a large number of people. One cannot limit the number of people using these
areas or even can’t divide how they are used on time basis. As a result, there is a great possibility of
spreading disease from these common areas.
That’s why people are think alternatives to these places, an emergency lift of another entry or exit
way to the building can be designed that will be used as the time of emergency.
Nerigo evacuation lifts can be an example to this. These lifts are touch free , easily operable and
can be used during emergency.
1.2.2.9. Unused ground floor be used as social space.
The ground floor space of most of the residential buildings remains reserved for parking or remains
unused. The current pandemic showed us that we can easily create our own private open or
recreational space with the house or apartment building. And a ground floor area can serve as the
best space for such purpose. we can use the ground floor as a play zone for kids, can add gardens
there, use the space as social interacting area and many more.
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It is suggested that the future homes should utilize the unused ground floor space of the house for
betterment of its residents.
2.2.2.10. Retrofitted usage of built spaces to optimize functionality.
The environmental impact of buildings has become increasingly apparent. Many organizations recognize
the value of green buildings and sustainability as part of their responsibility to more than just the
bottom line. Certainly, a building doesn’t have to be new to be efficient. The number of existing, in-
service buildings dwarfs the number of new construction projects. Retrofits for existing buildings can
therefore produce outsized environmental impact as compared to a focus solely on green design and
construction practices.
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Retrofitting a building involves changing its systems or structure after its initial construction and
occupation. This work can improve amenities for the building's occupants and improve the performance
of the building. Retrofitted buildings often have improved ventilation and air filtration, resulting in
better air quality and a healthier living environment. Deep retrofits should aim to get buildings off fossil
fuels, improve their energy efficiency and make them more resilient to climate impacts and even health
crises like this one. 5
5
https://blog.senseware.co/top-10-retrofit-methods-for-sustainable-buildings
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1.2.3. Long-term solutions:
1.2.3.1. Introduce smart home concept: touch free doors and windows, vocal control devices in
house etc.
Smart Home is a residence enriched with modern technology that enables its users to operate and
regulate various home appliances remotely, usually with a smartphone or other mobile device.
Smart Home combines technology and services that increases comfort and makes our living quality
better, enhances home security and boosts up energy efficiency.
Smart home features include:
• Mobile app control of all electrical appliances and switches

• Alarm system
• Security cameras
• Door controls
• custom alerts
• time based controls
• Temperature and Music system control
• LCD Human interactive displays
• smart mirrors with chatbots
• GSM or WIFI/BLE based controls
• Vocal control devices.6
6
https://www.fiverr.com/hamza_majeed/smart-home-automation-projects
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1.2.3.2. Design buildings with flexible floor plans or adjustable facades.
The importance of adaptability has become increasingly evident during this pandemic. From
creating make- ’ ’
working remotely, flexible design has proven to be essential. An Australian architectural firm,
Woods Bagot, is already looking towards the future with their AD-APT system. It includes a
series of adjustable walls and screens that would be used to segment an open-plan apartment
into various dedicated spaces. Users can arrange the walls according to their need and also can
arrange and orient them in a different way during the time of emergency. The same approach
could be made in office buildings.
,F : “F , lexible and
space allocation will be adjusted. Families will want the ability to quickly modify and scale their
living area in the case that something li ”7
The idea may also incorporate moveable and adjustable modern furniture that will help users to
adjust and orient the indoor space more swiftly. These types of apartments will not only help the
users to design their house according to their need but will also help to create work zone, study
zone, or even isolation chambers easily during the time of emergency.
https://aplombtechbd.com/product/smart-home-solution
7
https://www.lifesize.com/en/video-conferencing-blog/future-workplaces?fbclid=IwAR2G-
l3P5LYm9GsJjPZ2KNp3fU1CcOZW4uvehnEQcM-b4dMHFfUdwLMduu4
https://architizer.com/blog/inspiration/industry/covid19-city-design/
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1.2.3.3. Increase of modular building design.
Modular building was always a preferable solution for building houses rapidly at a low cost without
compromising the quality.in the future city as rapid changes will be needed to achieve sustainability
so fast building technology is needed.
Modular buildings provide:
- They provide high quality.

- Can be build easily with low cost
- Standard of the buildings can be maintained
- Contain provision for passive ventilation
Modular building also provide flexibility to be expanded horizontally and vertically at any time
with less effort. So, for flexible and comfortable building design modular building are a great
solution.
1.2.3.4. Use modern technology in building design.

As our world continues to advance, so too must the design of buildings. Smart buildings are becoming
more commonplace and more advanced as technology continues to improve. These range from the
integration of software and design concepts to sensors and greater reliance on technology and
automation.
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There are several advantages to smart buildings over traditional building design techniques. A
few of them are:
• Data. When there are sensors in the building, they can collect and aggregate data into a
database that can be turned into a dashboard and visualized. By visualizing the data, it becomes
more readable and legible patterns begin to emerge. With these trends and patterns, clients and
design teams can make decisions about how to make the building perform better over time. The
building operates like a computer in this sense. Its operating system can be upgraded to perform
more optimally as we continue to learn and as occupants and uses change over time.
• Energy. Smart buildings can use algorithms to self-adjust, depending on the microclimate, in
real-time. This can ultimately save enormous amounts of energy, upfront and operating costs,
and carbon production. Building life spans will also be longer, lowering the needs for eventual
replacement.
• Functionality. The more that is known about the inhabitants and spaces in a building, the better
these spaces can perform. Decisions can be based on data and simulations, which will inform
what to do with spaces as needs and populations inevitably change with time. This results in
enhancing the functionality of a building and allowing it to have a longer lifespan.
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2. Meso level analysis: Within the Neighborhood area.
In meso level analysis we will be discussing the effects of COVID 19 in neighborhood or in communities.
In this pandemic situation even being locked down in homes we wre very close to our community. We
cannot but have to go out for food and grocery shopping, to buy necessary items and for other purpose.
A healthy neighborhood is thus a very important factor in the current pandemic situation.
As people are avoiding mass communication and are restricted to travel long distance it has become
important that the neighborhood should serve its people with all the necessary utilities and amenities. It
is now a matter of concern for many cities that, are our neighborhood able enough to meet our needs?
2.1. Problems:
As our neighborhood are not structured properly, they are unable to adapt themselves with the
changing world. In the pandemic situation the situation is even worse. People are facing many problems
to live a better life in their communities. Some major problems are:
• Densely populated neighborhood

• Scarcity of necessary utilities and amenities.
• Lack of health care facilities.
• Lack of open space, playgrounds and recreational zone.
• Scarcity of Vertical Solutions
3.2. Solutions:
Short-term solutions:
- Social Distancing Measures within Neighborhood
- Disinfection Facilities within neighborhoods.
- Infrastructural soundness of Parking garages, community halls for multifunctionality.
- Proper management of drainage and sewage system within the neighborhood.
- Natural Home Environments in micro retrospect.
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Long-term solutions:
- Mixed Usage of Building Facilities
- Integrated Green and Blue Spaces
- Vertical Farming Infrastructures
3.2.1. Short-term solutions:
3.2.1.1. Social Distancing Measures within Neighborhood:

In the current pandemic its clearly mentioned by the health organizations that maintaining 6’ distance
between person to person is essential to stop the rapid contamination of corona virus. Every
neighborhood should take necessary steps to ensure safety measures within the community.
Using color coding to mark the minimum distance between person to person can be effective.
Temporary barriers can also be used to separate zones within the neighborhood.
3.2.1.2. Disinfection Facilities within neighborhoods.

Every neighborhood should take necessary steps to maintain the hygiene level strong. These may
include:
- Using disinfected to stop the spread of virus and bacteria

- Spread mosquito prevalent sprays.
- Maintain proper drainage and sewage system.
- Clear the waste dumping zones regularly.
- Install hand sanitizing equipment’s within the community.
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They should also be involved in activities like spreading awareness among people. Providing
emergency health care facilities, providing food to the poor’s, fund rising activities for the benefit of
communities etc.
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3.2.1.3. Infrastructural soundness of Parking garages, community halls for multifunctionality.
The current pandemic has showed us the importance of safe and sound neighborhood. As people
are staying in the indoor environment for a long time they are hoping for some open space within
their community where they can take a morning walk or even come out to do exercise.
Every neighborhood should be designed such that there is proper zone for parking, community halls,
parks etc. There can be dedicated multifunctional space that ca be used as a market place or as
restaurant outdoor at the time of need. These areas can also serve as the place for setting
temporary hospital during emergency. As most of our neighborhood lack in providing such facilities
so we should utilize the unused lands or plots for these purpose.
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3.2.1.4. Proper management of drainage and sewage system within the neighborhood.
The importance of drainage and sewage system is known to the world from long before. This was also
thought to humanity by global pandemics. In the current pandemic we are leaning about social
distancing and about global health. But this does not mean that we should forget what we have learned
before.
Ensuing the proper maintain ace of drainage and sewage is thus a vital responsibility for every
neighborhood.
3.2.1.5. Natural Home Environments in micro retrospect.
A safe neighborhood is ensured by a safe home. Every house in the neighborhood sound be aware
about their safe and soundness. To build a sound neighborhood safe home objective discussed in
micro level should be ensured first.
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3.2.2. Long-term solutions:
3.2.2.1. Mixed Usage of Building Facilities
The idea of density is under intense scrutiny in this era of physical distancing, despite the many
positive outcomes associated with density in the urban environment. This is why the central
question for city planners is: How can cities make themselves stronger by reconsidering the nature
of density and its vital relationship to public health, wellness, and resilience?
Density and zooning closely related. in single zone neighborhood users are separated from each
other and the density division is not even. People need to rely on transportation to go to work,
shopping, restaurants and so on. These results in mass contamination.
, , ,
Mixed use neighborhood and mixed-use compact neighborhood can be an effective solution to this.
In mixed neighborhood various buildings remain side by side but can be identified as residential or
commercial or educational buildings. Sometimes the ground floor is used for various purpose but
upper floors are dedicated to living or work.
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:
In mixed use compact housing the amenities and living unit are combined together. this ensures
even distribution of density throughout the neighborhood and proper utilization of land. The
average building height also becomes lower in this type of neighborhood design.
3.2.2.2. Integrated Green and Blue Spaces
A new approach to city planning should bring open spaces, watersheds, forests and parks into
the heart of how we think about and plan our cities. And this practice should be started from
neighborhood design.
A more holistic approach to planning that combines gray, green and blue infrastructure supports
better health, better water management (flooding contributes to many epidemics and diseases
after natural disasters), and climate adaptation and mitigation strategies. Furthermore, larger
open spaces within the neighborhood can help implement emergency services and evacuation
protocols.8
8
https://thecityfix.com/blog/will-covid-19-affect-urban-planning-rogier-van-den-berg/?fbclid=IwAR3TKUtesR1xH-
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In Hong Kong, Mount Pavilia 31,500 square meters of green spaces in the form of landscaped
parks and garden, providing a significant contribution to the overall health and welfare of the
community. Architectural features such as large windows achieve a recommended 12-per-cent
daylight factor into the indoor environment. The physical needs of residents are addressed by
having parks, biking and walking trails, playing fields and swimming pools all within a 0.8-kilometre
walking distance of the residential buildings, thus promoting fitness, community inclusion and
wellness. Urban farming and hydroponic plants were designed to extend the vibrancy of residents’
lifestyles.
Such neighborhood is also effective in pandemic situation as the residents can enjoy the nature,
breath fresh air even being inside the house. 9
9
https://www.futurarc.com/commentary/covid-19-architecture-the-importance-of-designing-for-occupant-
wellness/
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3.2.2.3. Vertical Farming Infrastructures
As the land is limited in every neighborhood compared to density it is not possible for every
neighborhood to produce sufficient food for its people. Vertical farming can be a key solution to this
problem.
In vertical farming method, instead of farming vegetables and other foods on a single level, such as
in a field or a greenhouse, this method produces foods in vertically stacked layers commonly
integrated into other structures like a skyscraper, shipping container or repurposed warehouse.
Future neighborhoods/ community should be designed in way then they provide the scope of vertical
farming to its communities, connected roof gardens, green roofs etc. can help to minimize grey area
within the neighborhood and built an eco friendly community for the people.
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3. Macro level analysis:
The ’ have larger populations and higher economic outputs. But as they
grow in size and complexity, cities are also facing thorny challenges that threaten the health and
happiness of residents. Congestion, pollution and a lack of community spaces have become
major dra ’ I ,
their resources and priorities to create sustainable places for visitors and residents, and foster
innovation and growth.
How we plan our cities has always been a reflection of prevailing cultural and technological
trends and even major crises. The cholera epidemics in the 19th century sparked the
introduction of modern urban sanitation systems. Housing regulations around light and air were
introduced as a measure against respiratory diseases in overcrowded slums in Europe during
industrialization. The introduction of railroads had an immense impact on national urban
systems, and the mass production of the car has led to cities that bleed seamlessly into
sprawling suburbs, creating vast city regions. In recent years, digitalization and data have
changed the way we navigate cities and how communities mobilize and advocate for change.
The COVID-19 pandemic has already significantly altered urban life. The number of people
moving around has dropped to unprecedentedly low levels. Work from home is the new normal
– , ’ T
millions of small businesses and workers that make urban centers work is up in the air.10
These changes have sparked a debate about how cities should be built and, perhaps more
importantly, how they can better respond to current and future crises.
The major problems faced in city levels are
- Density
- Uncontrolled traffic
- Improper land use – improper division of amenities
- Unaffordable housing
- Improper management of drainage and sewage system
- Heavy traffic, busy roads
- Less recreational or open green space
10
https://thecityfix.com/blog/will-covid-19-affect-urban-planning-rogier-van-den-berg/?fbclid=IwAR3TKUtesR1xH-
HkQDyA0xqXCoifm0Kf7NsWvkHVvEal8o4_EqEOEBOOYiE
31 | P a g e
3.1. Short-term solutions:
The short-term initiatives that will benefit the city dwellers are:
- Install potential hubs for hygiene.

- Install sanitation booths for pedestrians, rickshaw pullers, vendors and mass public
- Install temperature screening booths.
- Restrict traffic in narrow roads 0or in some secondary roads.
- Travel restrictions at city and neighborhood level.
- Provide services such as testing and checkup for coronavirus should be conducted in clearly
designated areas.
- Establish temporary hospitals (emergency transportation facilities, water electricity access and
key staff.)
- Establish temporary Health facility centers.
- Mapped space both for food and wet market and field hospitals, gathering space.
3.2. Long-term solutions:

Every city has a slow and steady growth. They can’t be changed overnight. To plan the future city, we
need apply the learning that the current pandemic taught us. Some of the long term planning includes:
- Focus on Access to Core Services

- Decentralization
- Upgrading Amenities
- Controlling mobility and integrating public space
- Provision for affordable housing
32 | P a g e
3.2.1. Focus on Access to Core Services
The spread of COVID-19 ’ q

about healthy density. But ; ’
why they are economic, cultural and political powerhouses.
In fact, density is the precondition for effective urban service provision, and far too many people
in cities today lack a I’
water, housing and health care, that has exacerbated the challenge of responding effectively to
COVID-19 in many cities. Poor access makes lockdown orders impossible to comply with in
some places. 11
11
https://thecityfix.com/blog/will-covid-19-affect-urban-planning-rogier-van-den-
berg/?fbclid=IwAR3TKUtesR1xH-HkQDyA0xqXCoifm0Kf7NsWvkHVvEal8o4_EqEOEBOOYiE
33 | P a g e
3.2.2. Decentralization
At the time, Modernist city-makers like Swiss architect Le Corbusier and the designers from the
International Congresses of Modern Architecture (CIAM) advocated separating the city into
completely different functions – a commercial core surrounded by residential areas and
manufacturing zones – thus focusing the urban layout on the center.
However, due to urban population growth, ageing city infrastructure and a widespread
disenchantment with the idea of high-rise living, such designs have led to highly built-up
business districts surrounded by never-ending peripheral urban sprawl.
A key solution to this is breaking down the city and creating multiple centers.
Decentralization means creating multiple centers within the city to minimize load on the major
city center. Polycentric or multicentric city are the city design models that incorporates the idea
of decentralization.
The era of the traditional metropolis, with a central business core surrounded by rings of
decreasing density, may no longer be sustainable. As we approach a new normal for urban
density —  10 , 15 , — the cities that are best
positioned for the future are evolving along a polycentric, multi-nodal model.
3.2.2.1. Polycentric city:
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In this model, several key districts can coexist and offer something slightly different for the urban
inhabitant, while also functioning like a self- “ ”W -
districts are built around well-planned transit infrastructure, ample public space, and mixed-use
developments for work, housing, and leisure, they begin to suggest the best opportunity to
create a sustainable future for the millions who will move into cities over the coming decades.
T N Y ’ in different waves of
development before the city grew to incorporate its neighbors in the Bronx, Queens, Brooklyn,
and Staten Island. London, meanwhile, was polycentric almost from its earliest origins. But even
today, New York and London are seeing new urban clusters shift their centers of gravity.
Meanwhile, cities based on the core business district model — like Toronto or Hong Kong — are
starting to shift density out beyond the established center. As it becomes polycentric, a city
starts to take on an undulating form, with waves of density rising into a series of peaks across
the skyline.12
12
https://www.gensler.com/research-insight/blog/polycentric-cities-new-normal-manila-finance-centre
35 | P a g e
3.2.3. Upgrading Amenities:
In a pandemic like this, we see that a centralized city cannot cope with lockdowns. The
temporary collapse of centralized supply chains during lockdown and the problem of such large
population sets converging in city centers.
“W o smaller systems and into smaller urban systems. This is a way

“
- Moritz Maria Karl, researcher and lecturer at Berlin Technical University
Such concepts were already gaining traction pre-pandemic in cities like Portland in the U.S. and
Melbourne in Australia, but now COVID-19 is giving hyper-localized urban planning fresh
propulsion.
During her re-election campaign, Paris mayor Anne Hidalgo pledged to transform the French
capital – already relatively dense, with more than 21,000 residents per square kilometer – into a
'15-minute city': a collection of largely self-sufficient neighborhoods in which services, jobs, and
amenities are within walking and cycling distance.
Aside from the reclamation of roads for pedestrians and cyclists, they are hoping to break up the
city's centralized system by encouraging more localized commercial and public hubs.
To achieve this, one suggestion is to have more multi-purpose public buildings; for example,
schoolyards would moonlight as nighttime sports facilities, and small-scale retailers and cultural
spaces would be encouraged to set up shop in residential areas; dense, but self-sustaining.
3.2.3.1. 15 minutes walkable city:

As we move towards a future in urban areas where people travel less, buy locally and live more
convivial lives, we need vital and liveable neighbourhoods. This means we have to think
carefully about ne ‘ ’
One such innovation in neighbourhood thinking is the 15 minutes walkable city in Paris or 20
minutes walkable city in Portland, Oregon, and Melbourne in Australia.13
13
https://steadystatemanchester.net/2019/11/20/the-future-is-20-minutes-away-20-minute-neighbourhoods/
36 | P a g e
00
U , ’ —from work to shopping to leisure activities—

would all be found within a 15- 20 ’ Y
walk or bike to work in 15 to 20 minutes—and can make it to a grocery store, a park, cafés, your
’ ,
time.
The overall vision—focusing not just on how people get around the city, but on making sure that
people live near the places that they need to go. The quarter-hour city would reduce two serious
problems: the air pollution that kills 3,000 people a year, which is largely caused by car traffic,
and the many hours lost in transport suffered to go to work.14
14
https://www.fastcompany.com/90456312/pariss-mayor-has-a-dream-for-a-15-minute-city
37 | P a g e
3.2.3.2. Characteristics:
• Mixed use building pattern ensures diversity within the neighborhood.
• All the necessary utilities and amenities required for daily life are found within the
walkable distance.
• Safe, accessible and well-connected pedestrians and cycle lanes to optimise active
transportation.
• Facilitate access to quality public transport that connects people to jobs and higher-order
services
• High quality public realm and open spaces within the neighbourhood.
• Connected neighborhood
• Availability of multifunctional space within the neighborhood
• Ensures local business and agricultural facilities.
• Low carbon emission due reduced use of active transportation
• provide services and destinations that support local living

• deliver housing/population at densities that make local services and transport viable
• facilitate thriving local economies
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Macro level analysis:
Walkable neighborhood contains large diversity. They are dense, compact and designed such a
way that all the necessary amenities can be accumulated with 15 minutes or 20 minutes
walkway distance.
Under the macro level analysis, we can study under 3 major categories:
I. Density: How the city density can be utilized for the betterment of the city.
II. Diversity: how the people of various class, various job sectors and age gap
communicate with each other and how they can together build a city environment.
III. Design: Includes building design, Streets design and designing the green.
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Micro level analysis:
Under the micro level analysis, the impact of walkable city in human life is discussed. A
walkable city ensures the safety and comfort of the dwellers and also make every bit of the city
useful. It saves the time of people, allow them to enjoy break and also does not compromise in
aesthetic since.
The subdivisions under micro level analysis are:
I. usefulness
II. safeness
III. comfort
IV. aesthetics
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4.2.4. Controlling mobility and integrating public space
As the coronavirus pandemic continues, people living in metropolitan areas have been among
the worst hit, unable to socially distance effectively and sometimes plagued with preexisting
’ with highly
transmissible infectious disease—or human health—in front of mind, and the toll of Covid-19 is
“W ’ T
,” J , who studies urban health at UC
B “W ’ ”
The Covid-19 pandemic is a chance to focus that attention on what can and should be changed,
to reevaluate the way cities are built, maintained, and lived in.
In the midst of this crisis, some cities have already begun doing so by closing roads to cars to
create room for bicyclists and socially distanced pedestrians, or by building additional hospitals
and homeless shelters. These stopgap, reactive steps are important and needed, but they will
do little to slow or stave off this pandemic or help prevent the next one. To ward off the
o , ’ , -term.15
An example of such city design for long term solution that incorporates controlling traffic in the
city and opening up the city for the public is Barcelona Superblock city plan.
15
https://www.wired.com/story/coronavirus-covid-19-urban-planning-health/
41 | P a g e
4.2.4.1. Barcelona Superblock:
In Barcelona, the capital of Catalonia, Spain the urban and city planners came up with the
Super block solution in 2016.
Their main theme was “ , "
Superblocks are neighborhoods of nine blocks, arranged in a neat three-by-three-fashion. Car traffic is
traffic is restricted to major around the perimeter of each superblock, but most vehicles are barred from
the interior. As a result, Barcelona is taking space that was devoted to a single use—car travel—and
transforming it into space open to multiple uses—walking, biking, playing, lounging, eating and drinking,
and so on.
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Objectives:
• ’ limit traffic.
• Making mass transportation easy and accessible by every citizen.
• Encouraging cycling and the use of mass public transportation by arranging bus stops.
and train stations within 300-meter limit from each block.
• Reducing private driving.
• Less noise population.
• Less carbon emission.
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• Creating multipurpose spaces.
• Opening g up the streets for public activities.
• Increase the amount of green within the neighborhood.
• Incorporating the outdoor sitting of restaurants, café shops etc. with the inner block
streets
• Opening up streets as playground, park for kids.
• The octagonal nodes are used as public squares for the meeting of citizens
T B , B
201 ,
44 | P a g e
4.2.5. Provision for affordable housing
H (H ) ’
development and stability. However, its optimal measurement has remained a major concern
worldwide. In recent decades, methodological development and researches on housing
affordability measurement approaches (HAMA) have accelerated and continue to grow
exponentially. Despite this intensive global development, very few attempts have been made to
present the theoretical bases and track the developmental trends of these approaches.
A conceptual model for understanding the HA concept.
Housing shortage has been gradually shifting from rural to urban areas and it is changing from
"availability" to "affordability". Land cost and its availability, apart from availability and access to
finance (which is limited to salaried class), have been important determinants of house prices in
cities. By implication, housing has become out of the reach of several millions due to the high
rise of house prices in comparison to their incomes. Affordable housing has, therefore, become
buzzword among various circles.
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HAMA that is employed by housing researchers can be broadly classified into three distinctive
approaches. According to their frequency of application and developmental trend such as:
- conventional approach
- scarcely used approach
- emerging innovative approach
-
Each approach is unique, but fundamentally describes the assumptions of a reasonable

payment for housing and the interaction between income and housing cost, as well as the ability
for mortgage repayment.16
16
https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0221246
46 | P a g e
How we plan our cities determines to a large extent how resilient they are. Population density
without adequate public spaces or proper affordable housing provision will lead to problems.
Cities around the world are coming up with various design areas that provides affordable and
safe housing to its residents. Some of them are:
4.2.5.1. Singapore affordable housing practice:
It is seen in the 9th World Urban Forum in Kuala Lumpur that governments are struggling with
the provision of high-quality affordable housing, a key part of the Sustainable Development Goal
(SDG) 11 of building sustainable cities and communities. To make housing affordable
’ hilosophy has famously been
“think ahead, think again and think across ”
They came up with an integrated approach to housing—from planning and design, through land
assembly and construction, to management and maintenance.
Housing estates are carefully designed with mixed-income housing, each having access to high-
quality public transport and education, and the famous Singapore hawker centers where all
income classes and ethnicities meet, socialize, play, and dine together on delicious and
T “kampong” (
) “ ”( on the ground levels of the HDB blocks)
and common corridors (common linked spaces that provide access to individual units on the
same floor) that foster interactions between neighbors.17
17
https://blogs.worldbank.org/sustainablecities/what-about-singapore-lessons-best-public-housing-program-
world
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Singapore planners, constrained by the limited availability of land, chose to build up. This has
been done by carefully designing the height and proportion of buildings in relation to one
another. Buildings are also interspaced with high quality green open spaces.
The two residential towers in Singapore's Bishan neighborhood contain a total of 509
apartments, each with its own balcony overlooking a swimming pool and gardens slotted in the
central void.
They designed three broad bridges framed by thick white trusses to span this void. These
elevated "streets" feature areas of planning and seating, and are intended to provide communal
outdoor areas for high-rise residents.
Concept: high-rise urban gardens.
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4.2.5.2. Affordable housing project in San Francisco
San Francisco faces one of the worst housing crises in the country—an unsustainable situation
that not only contributes to homelessness but also perpetuates and exacerbates economic and
racial inequality.
To minimize the problem OMA / Jason Long and Y.A. Studio have been selected to design a
150-unit affordable housing project in San Francisco's historic Haight Ashbury neighborhood.
Dubbed 730 Stanyan, the project aims to provide a high-quality living environment for families
and seniors. The housing will be situated at the entry to Golden Gate Park and aspires to
addr ’ .
50 | P a g e
The building will provide a new community hub for the neighborhood at the ground floor in
addition to the affordable housing “I te
,” W , Y “Our firms complement each other well
and working with both Chinatown CDC and TNDC on this unique site promises to yield results
that will not only serve under-served members of the community but will also inspire diverse
resident and business groups to come together to create a vibrant cultural and community
”18
18
https://www.archdaily.com/941469/oma-jason-long-and-ya-studio-to-design-100-percent-affordable-housing-
project-in-san-francisco
51 | P a g e
4.2.5.3. Human-centered Carbon-neutral Housing for Sunnyside yard in Western Queens
PAU or Practice for Architecture and Urbanism, a multi-disciplinary design and planning firm
founded by Vishaan Chakrabarti, created a revitalization plan for Sunnyside Yard in western
Queens, New York. Envisioning a more equitable and sustainable future, the 180-acre human-
centered carbon-neutral master ’
I’ 100 percent affordable housing with an emphasis on lowest-incomes, new parks, and
open space. Forecasting the future, the urban plan puts in place the necessary social
infrastructure to accommodate the influx of residents, sustain healthy growth, and relieve
pressure on surrounding neighborhoods.
The project imagines a human-scale neighborhood with a robust mix of equitable uses including
12,000 new 100 percent affordable residential units, 60 acres of open public space, a new
Sunnyside Station that connects Western Queens to the Greater New York region, 10 schools,
2 libraries, over 30 childcare centers, 5 health care facilities, and 5 million square feet of new
commercial and manufacturing space that will enable middle-class job creation.
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Structured through a flexible street grid integrated with the open space and social infrastructure
network, the plan allows for flexibility in future building typologies. Designed to be carbon
neutral, the framework incorporates a robust sustainability program with low-cost and low-waste
construction techniques.
Through a bottom-up approach and after stakeholder engagement sessions, the project
implemented design strategies that
“deliver a variety of activated spaces for the community that encourages a walkable,
lively, and environmentally-sustainable project”.
The policies include:
- Improved public transit

- More affordable housing
- Equitable development and ownership models
- The desire for more open space
- Growing Western Queens as a job center
- Sustainable and resilient growth
- Planning for a Green Future
- Extending the built character of Western Queens
- Connecting neighborhoods: A safe street network19
19
https://www.archdaily.com/935001/pau-unveils-human-centered-carbon-neutral-master-plan-for-sunnyside-
yard-in-western-queens
53 | P a g e
4. Housing in Bangladesh:
Bangladesh is a densely populated country with 170 million people. A large number of people
live in the cities hoping for a better lifestyle. The recent pandemic situation has raised the
q “ ?”
Irregular and unsound urban development is the common problem of all urban settlements
today. The increasing continuation of this problem is inevitable in this order, where the
economy-ecology balance is not taken into consideration and economic concerns always win.
Urban growth, the density of which is continuing increasingly with the population increase that
has taken place in urban areas in the recent years, leads to the vanishing of an extremely
limited number of natural resources and to the occurrence of irregular and unsound urban
areas, along with impairing the agricultural lands
Due to the unplanned growth of the cities, our cities are unable to cope up with the changes
required for maintaining safety and security in the current pandemic situation. Even maintaining
social distance properly is quite difficult even while staying at home in the densely populated
cities of Bangladesh like Dhaka. Because the space between two buildings is one or two feet, or
less than that, in most cases in the city. The housing delivery system in Bangladesh consists of
a. Public Housing
b. Autonomous Bodies
c. Cooperative Housing
d. Private Formal Housing
e. Formal Individual Housing
f. Private Informal Housing
g. Slums
h. Squatter Settlements
i. Informal Accommodation in Non-Residential Spaces and
j. Homeless or Pavement Dwellers.
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4.1. Housing Problems in Bangladesh
Unplanned housing.
Scarcity of housing.
Unaffordability.
Lack of passive ventilation system in houses.
Lack of adaptive capability.
Scarcity of necessary utilities and amenities.
Lack of public recreational space.
High density occupancy.
Unsustainable built environment.
Utilization of old abandoned buildings.
Less flexible rigid environment.
Usage of old building technology in housing.
Improper sewage and waste management.
Creation of Squater and slum.
4.2. Solutions:
Sustainable urbanization policies and strategies are posited as a major tool by which to achieve
the sustainable development of growing towns and cities. A major challenge for sustainable
urbanization policies and strategies is how to address the complexity of urbanization, especially
the ongoing growth of informal settlements and slums in developing countries. To solve the
housing problem fo0r the people of our country we need to think about housing of various
levels:
I. Housing for the poor – residents of slum area, squatter and illegal settlements.
II. Housing policies in concentrated housing areas - housings in areas like old Dhaka.
III. Housing in the reserved housing areas – housings of Gulshan, Banani, Bashundhara
residential areas etc.
IV. Housing in rural area.
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The Urban Poor – Residents of Slum area.
The urban poor who are often neglected within health and education services, policy and
development practice, make up an important backbone of the economic and social fabric of
B B ’ rowth a “ ”
made possible due labor abundance, low wages, and informal jobs. Unfortunately, the urban
poor are forced to live in slums, squatter settlements or on the pavements in order to survive.
However, evictions of slums and pavements result in the urban poor being pushed to the
margins of the city, where their needs and stark income/health disparities are rendered largely
invisible. They are forced to stay in polluted environment were there are no provisions pf safety
security and life.
Yes, the poor can be arranged in the periphery of the city but how long? When the city develops
or extend, they are again forced to move away from resettle their habitats and start settlement
at new area. In this way thousands of poor people are loosening their home every day and
coming to stay at streets .
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4.3. Karail, the largest informal settlement in Dhaka.
The place in the image is Karail, the largest informal settlement in Dhaka. It is a community of
200,000 people. Convivial, walkable, six times the density of Manhattan but with a smaller
ecological footprint. It provides low-cost services and affordable housing mixed with productive
, I’ ty. Bu ’
enough to allow cars. The houses seem makeshift and the drains need work. The adaptations
make it look like a place under perpetual construction.
The only catch is this community has been built on unused public land. Now the residents face
“ ” So, where
these people will go now?
In addition, the ongoing lockdown measures are disproportionately affecting them, posing
greater challenges in everyday life. As many people become jobless during the quarantine
, ’ q
homeless and ended up into streets.
Problems faced by the poor people in this pandemic situation are:
57 | P a g e
• lack of basic services and infrastructure, such as water supply, sanitation, roads and
waste management, noting the burden of inadequate and poorly accessible water supply
often has the greatest impact on women;
• substandard housing, including inadequate and structurally unsafe buildings;
• overcrowding and high density, noting this varies between regions, towns and cities;
• rise in unhealthy conditions due to the high spatial concentration of population, animals
and resultant disease (such as the impact of Avian bird flu), environmental risks,
physical conditions, and a lack of basic services;
• development in high risk hazardous locations such as flood prone lands where impacts
are exacerbated by adverse housing construction, non-engineered physical adaptation
measures, and high population densities;
• insecure rights over land and housing and hence, uncertain and vulnerable tenure; and
• the presence of poverty including exclusion from other human rights, such as the ability
to vote and access services.
4.4. Short term solutions:
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4.5. Providing affordable and safe housing to poor:
Houses served as the major protective shelter for people in this current pandemic. While a
portion of the population of Bangladesh were safe and secure in their homes, a major portion,
the poor class people of Bangladesh were becoming homeless.
Slum residents can be moved to the periphery, of course, with an accessible income source.
Our policymakers never had a good solution for slums. Now, many housemaids who mostly live
in slums have become jobless and they will not get back their jobs so early. Slum-dwellers are
in great danger as they have to share a small space. Architects and policymakers can work
together for better housing in the periphery and create an income source for them. 20
4.6. Affordable housing project in Barking and Dagenham
Located in Barking and Dagenham, the modern 56 high-quality affordable rental homes are
designed for “residents ranging from single occupants to couples and families”.
20
https://www.dhakatribune.com/business/2020/07/12/how-covid-19-further-marginalized-bangladesh-s-urban-
poor
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Consisting of one- to three-story mews houses and three- to four-story apartment blocks, each
with its own front door entrance, the new street encourages social interactions. With
interspersed open spaces, ranging from private gardens, balconies, and terraces, to shared
communal spaces, the intervention encourages a sense of communality.
Aiming to reduce energy consumption and improve the performance of the buildings, Morris +
Company is integrating high-quality designs and passive principles into the fabric and
architecture of the mews
Implementing large windows, high ceilings, natural ventilation, views to trees and green spaces,
acoustic insulation, and visual shielding for privacy, the structure has been conceived around
contemporary concepts of quality living conditions.21
21
https://www.archdaily.com/940641/morris-plus-company-receives-green-light-for-an-affordable-housing-
project-in-barking-and-dagenham
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4.7. Housing in Concentrated area - Reshaping old Dhaka:
The city planning of old Dhaka in very concentrated. Narrow streets, densely built buildings with
almost no gap between them, dull grey color are the common image od cities like old Dhaka.
The life of city dwellers is suffocating, dust, pollution, bad odor etc. are the common problems in
the life of people. Hoe they can be solved?
The answer is not unknown to us. Architects and city planners and also give life in the grey
streets of old Dhaka. An ex q ’
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Like every house in old Dhaka this house is also surrounded by walls in 3 sides and with a
narrow street in front. But his design idea and principles allowed him to create a pleasing green
environment in his residence.
A free-flowing plan, with minimal use of interior walls, visual interplay of interior versus exterior
and the rich quality of soft but filtered light give a feeling of warmth and love. To bring back the
memory of the small back garden they had before, Rafiq Azam designed an extended Boithok
Khana {out house}, as a continuation of the new living space. Back from the road for visual and
sound privacy, this small green lawn or out house acted as a transitional space between the
dense urban exterior and the private family sitting. Bricks from the old house and stepped sitting
make it more intimate and nostalgic.
He also designed a small private courtyard to create aperture for the eastern & southern light
and air, in the impression of an Andar Mahal {private in-house}, as an extension of the dining &
informal living space. Framing the sky with pergolas, this space acts as a heaven on earth
bringing the nature close to the lives of the family members. The mysterious play of shade and
shadow in sunny days and moonlit nights creates a traditional environment with modern touch.22
22
https://worldarchitecture.org/architecture-projects/cemc/azam-residence-project-pages.html
62 | P a g e
So, what can we learn from our very own project?
The answer shall be innovation, thinking differently o may be connecting to roots. We can
definitely practice and apply to redesign the houses of old Dhaka. This will definitely change the
look of the whole city, boost up the public life and offer them a safe and health housing.
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4.8. Rethinking developed housing areas:
If we look at the most developed housing areas of our country we can find the surrounding
problems:
- Lack of social interaction space

- lack of park
- lack of playground
- lack of amenities within the housing
- No missed use buildings
- No central meeting zone, no plaza or no source of recreational zones.
Very few housings of our country contain one or two parks or play grounds in them. But the size
’
planed?
Along with large streets with pedestrians for proper transportation facilities, improved
drainage and sewage system our society should also focus of placemaking. They
should be aware about the importance of recreational or breathing space in the society.
Instead of planning a normal vertical building for the resi ’

BIG’
Amsterdam.
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4.8.1. Bjarke Ingels Group’s Sluishuis building in Amsterdam.
Bjarke Ingels Group (BIG) comes up with a mixed-use apartment building design in Amsterdam
that has changed the idea about green building.
The Sluishuis design is a floating mixed-use building that offers a variety of incredible amenities,
including cascading green terraces, floating gardens, and 380 zero-energy apartments.
It is a classical courtyard building that allows residents to totally embrace living on the water.
The building is intended to become an iconic landmark, offering places to dwell, walk, and
explore. In addition to the terraced main building, a promenade creates an archipelago of
islands, according to BIG, that include floating gardens and a sailing school.
Residents and visitors will be able to move around the complex by foot and by boat. There will
be spaces to dock houseboats at Sluishuis, and a public passage along the building will lead up
to a viewing platform where visitors can enjoy the scenery of IJ Lake. The building even rises up
;B I “
inside the port, with a port inside the building.
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In a flood prone country like ours we can easily adopt such innovative ideas in building housing
apartments. These apartments will not only serve the people but also will contribute to change
the lifestyle way of thinking of people.
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4.9. Rethinking villages/ rural design:
People prefer to live in a city because of the services it offers. People are forced to migrate from
villages to cities for better education, job and health facilities. If villages are offered the same
amenities, then we can hope for a solution to even out population density between urban and
rural areas.
Cities need to breathe, too. Villages need proper planning of sanitation, drainage and necessary
infrastructure. Architects can shift their focus on rural areas and reverse urbanization. What
villages need is proper rural planning and provide the residents with a standard of living. Many
people will prefer to live in a well-ventilated house with a nice court than a 500sq ft dark
apartment when s/he is bound to home and have to maintain a home office. It's not always
important to put all the important offices or universities in a city. Planners can move them to the
periphery, too. Our suburbs will not be a bad place to live in.
4.10. Learnings from Bangladesh housing study:
We studied the housing area of Bangladesh in various levels and come to know about their
current condition. We also discussed about some housing ideas practiced around the world and
in our country also. These housing ideas involves innovation, experimentation and many more.
They can be practiced in hour country to change the housing problems. They will provide the
neighborhoods with necessary utilities amenities, provide recreational spaces within their living
environment. Such housings will also make the city resilient and sustainable enough to face any
upcoming pandemics like this.
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5. Idea study:
5.1. Waterfont development in Bangladesh :
Banglkadesh is a river based country and many cities are bansed on river. Many commercial
and industrial zone has been set up, large amouth of settlements are established and huge
amount of public activity is based surrounding the river areas .
But the condition of the river fonts are miserable. In pandeic situatio like this the riverfornts have
become a prime zone for spreadig disease. So we should come up with idea to develop them.
Our neighbouring country have come up with a grat initiative in developing the riverfront area of
ganga river. Lets have a look at it :
68 | P a g e
5.2. River font development in india:
Delhi-based firm Morphogenesis has recently unveiled a proposal for a project that will
rehabilitate and develop the Ghats crematoriums along a 210-kilometer stretch of the Ganges,
India’
T , “ N ,” National Mission of Clean Ganga
(NMCG), I G ’ W
formed in 2011 with twin objectives:
- ’
- to conserve and rejuvenate it.
Morphogenesis worked on a total of 33 Ghats and 20 crematoria along the stretch of the river
between the holy cities of Allahabad and Varanasi. While looking at the rejuvenation of the river,
prime design concerns included the erosion of the river bank and flooding. The firm noted how
deforestation along the river-bank, resulting from the need for wood for traditional pyre
cremations, had scoured the land- “ q ”
69 | P a g e
This directed Morphogenesis to propose hume pipes to stabilize the bank, while they
redesigned the crematoria—and the pyres themselves—to reduce the amount of wood needed
to just thirty percent of the traditional requirement. This provided the added social benefit of
lowering the cost of cremation, which the firm found was often higher than the annual income of
a household.
The firm turned to a study of the vernacular in an effort to find ways to treat the riverfront: Ghats
were the natural answer since they lend themselves to stabilizing the river-edge while providing
an interface for human engagement with the river. Morphogenesis' design of the ghats
combined the use of several typologies of platform to account for diverse functions: extended
ones to access water-transport at all levels, smaller ones for daily rituals, and large performance
stages for events.
The provision is such that all activities use water in a controlled way, hence leading to reduced
pollution: Platforms were designed to be supported by colonnades to make sure that the river
flow remains uninterrupted. In addition, changing quarters were provided close to the ritual
bathing pond.
70 | P a g e
T ’ —different levels cater to different activities.
This segregation is based on flood-levels: While bathing spaces occupy the lowest rung, public
gathering spaces and amenities are conceptualized at safe higher levels, with ritual spaces
sandwiched in between. The firm reintroduced the historic Chaupal seating structure—gurus
would deliver lectures to their pupils under the shade of a tree—to provide for places of
community interaction; reforestation employed resilient plants that worked with the varying
levels. The design also incorporates informal and pop-up temporary retail to make sure that
ghats remain active through the day and the year.
I ’ , Morphogenesis designed the new

developments to be wifi-enabled; the firm envisions the ghats as important urban spaces for
discourse and dissemination of knowledge. The ghats will also run almost entirely on solar
: “ ,”
simultaneously fulfilling the essential functions of providing drinking water and internet
connectivity. Furthermore, locally-available and low-maintenance materials were used to reduce
ecological impact: the flooring will utilize porous stone to enable water to percolate through,
while the structures will be predominantly built in brick.
71 | P a g e
5.3. What we have learned?
As Bangladesh is a flood prone country every year the river banks get destroyed by flood. To
save the river banks we need to construct dams and Ghats to carry our activities smoothly.
The Ghats can be designed on levels and each level can be dedicate to each user group of
people
This will help to carry on the public activity even when the water level is high. The markets and
the vendors can carry their business, the travelers can travel safely and also at normal time
mass crowd in single level can be avoided.
72 | P a g e
The area can be divided on the basis of activity. Proper zooning should be zone and places
should be designed based on zoning.
The zooningsmay include

- area for market
- loading and unloading zones for various pproducts and people who travel through water
route
- area for public as a recreational zone
- area for relegious works etc.
73 | P a g e
6. Links:
6.1. Provided links:
1. https://canurb.org/citytalk-news/cities-in-the-time-of-covid-19-what-are-the-impacts-on-urban-
architecture-and-design/?fbclid=IwAR3FyYJWULhZp33-91gpFZanHzj3yXB4PzFwuGtU-
JyvdMj1yRj_W_PXOEU
2. https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20200527-coronavirus-how-covid-19-could-redesign-our-
world?fbclid=IwAR2VwTbWkZdz2tNXSH9cfk5pBu-3D9_yzZHPGgldMQ2OYNxz5Ay_sP_kljA
world?fbclid=IwAR2VwTbWkZdz2tNXSH9cfk5pBu-3D9_yzZHPGgldMQ2OYNxz5Ay_sP_kljA
4. https://www.researchgate.net/topic/Urban-
Design?fbclid=IwAR3dQ6HI_Cb7wIEtliXrMnA2upp_hEtTnMbZ-nFTSJP0MKilH4c6nE9uCjk
5. https://www.archdaily.com/939534/architecture-post-covid-19-the-profession-the-firms-and-the-
individuals?fbclid=IwAR3mWti6_geB7Yl06Yp2vIZlRbJ_XbB0Sqi-dmof4YgXv571NnHiVB0drAA
6. http://www.oecd.org/coronavirus/policy-responses/cities-policy-responses-
fd1053ff/?fbclid=IwAR3x5dNJb15JbOfOGnRgHQM1XEm4gZ3zmZhK3J8fzg9GazVN4rsRh5JQ0xs
7.2.Provided video links:
7. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dozFWaoMoRU&list=PL8NRsAoNKN_o1Q-
N6UJxpyhdTwk94XNSd&index=23&t=0s
8. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fEowwHNOY3I&list=PL8NRsAoNKN_o1Q-
9. https://www.youtube.com/user/CitySpaceArchiTube
10. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GtLOLOW8c8k&list=PL8NRsAoNKN_o1Q-
11. https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCH0hgTokzicn8UPicCoBMKg
12. https://www.youtube.com/user/Databarracks
74 | P a g e
7.3. Additional links:
8. https://theconversation.com/coronavirus-were-in-a-real-time-laboratory-of-a-more-sustainable-
urban-future-135712
9. https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/05/01/future-of-cities-urban-life-after-coronavirus-pandemic/
10. https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2020/apr/13/smart-lifts-lonely-workers-no-towers-
architecture-after-covid-19-coronavirus
11. https://www.planetizen.com/node/108814?utm_source=newswire&utm_medium=email&utm_c
ampaign=news-03262020&mc_cid=d25ba7e9c8&mc_eid=429b38995f
12. https://docs.google.com/document/d/1EK9MSBySLHLk9aqADj2k3i5Z7RD-
fKpLdAVplKBFw8w/mobilebasic
13. https://theconversation.com/how-pandemics-have-changed-american-cities-often-for-the-
better-137945
14. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/0002716209343546
15. https://www.archdaily.com/936050/how-long-does-coronavirus-survive-on-everyday-
surfaces?ad_source=search&ad_medium=search_result_all
16. https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMc2004973?utm_medium=website&utm_source=ar
chdaily.com
17. https://architizer.com/blog/inspiration/industry/covid19-city-design/
18. https://www.lifesize.com/en/video-conferencing-blog/future-workplaces?fbclid=IwAR2G-
l3P5LYm9GsJjPZ2KNp3fU1CcOZW4uvehnEQcM-b4dMHFfUdwLMduu4
19. https://www.futurarc.com/commentary/covid-19-architecture-the-importance-of-designing-for-
occupant-wellness/
20. https://tbsnews.net/feature/habitat/architecture-post-pandemic-world-93874
21. https://www.archdaily.com/939534/architecture-post-covid-19-the-profession-the-firms-and-
the-individuals
22. https://www.citiestobe.com/covid-19-how-are-public-space-and-social-life-going-to-change/
23. https://thecityfix.com/blog/will-covid-19-affect-urban-planning-rogier-van-den-
berg/?fbclid=IwAR3TKUtesR1xH-HkQDyA0xqXCoifm0Kf7NsWvkHVvEal8o4_EqEOEBOOYiE
24. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-07-14/10-design-concepts-for-city-living-
under-covid-19
25. https://www.stantec.com/en/ideas/content/video/2020/webinar-recording-mall-remix-
breathing-new-life-into-old-malls
26. https://www.stantec.com/en/ideas/content/blog/2020/5-strategies-for-creating-safer-healthier-
hotel-experiences
27. https://www.azuremagazine.com/article/will-covid-19-spell-the-end-of-urban-density-dont-bet-
on-it/
28. https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2020/mar/13/covid-19-could-cause-permanent-shift-
towards-home-working
29. https://phys.org/news/2020-03-post-pandemic-city-expert-coronavirus-impact.html
30. https://medicalxpress.com/news/2020-03-social-distancing_1.html
31. https://medicalxpress.com/news/2020-03-social-distancing-tool-coronavirus.html
32. https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20200812-exponential-growth-bias-the-numerical-error-
behind-covid-19
75 | P a g e
33. https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20200810-is-there-such-a-thing-as-a-good-or-bad-recession
34. https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20200424-how-do-you-build-a-city-for-a-pandemic
35. https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20200513-why-the-coronavirus-can-make-the-world-more-
accessible
36. https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20200521-can-staying-inside-weaken-the-immune-system
37. https://www.gsd.harvard.edu/2020/03/what-role-do-planning-and-design-play-in-a-pandemic-
ann-forsyth-reflects-on-covid-19s-impact-on-the-future-of-urban-
life/?fbclid=IwAR3kcPFTaR6IrT5HAenrENcLgbk67cyK_UL1XrSAH-Zksokfxyu8Fe1ahI0
38. https://moderndiplomacy.eu/2020/05/19/pandemic-and-the-lessons-for-global-metro-cities/
39. https://www.code-studio.com/zoning-post-covid-world-part/
40. https://www.firstpost.com/art-and-culture/how-public-spaces-could-be-customised-to-suit-the-
post-covid-19-world-read-in-new-comic-by-the-leewardists-8478601.html
41. https://www.archdaily.com/942388/muselab-wins-coronavirus-design-competition
42. https://medium.com/post-quarantine-urbanism/covid19-impact-post-pandemic-public-spaces-a-
case-of-indian-cities-3a6eab5f08aa
43. https://www.urenio.org/2020/05/06/new-report-public-space-public-life-during-covid-19/ -
44. https://www.theweek.in/leisure/society/2020/06/17/covid-19-to-lead-to-big-changes-in-
buildings-public-spaces.html
7.4. Barcelona super block:

46. https://www.slideshare.net/AbiramiBaburaj/barcelona-79203500
47. https://theconversation.com/superblocks-barcelonas-car-free-zones-could-extend-lives-and-
boost-mental-health-
123295?fbclid=IwAR1bWDToP8jpXU6aDrowFvch0WWjtX9ti1DJwtycx9K74NFLjeFWJKkBPkA
48. https://www.uni-med.net/en/the-superblock-model-in-barcelona-bringing-life-back-to-the-city-
by-improving-urban-mobility-management/
49. https://bicycledutch.wordpress.com/2017/11/07/the-barcelona-superblock-of-poblenou/
7.5. Polycentric city

50. https://www.gensler.com/research-insight/blog/polycentric-cities-new-normal-manila-finance-
centre
7.6. Walkable city

51. https://www.wired.com/story/coronavirus-covid-19-urban-planning-health/
52. https://www.fastcompany.com/90456312/pariss-mayor-has-a-dream-for-a-15-minute-city
53. https://steadystatemanchester.net/2019/11/20/the-future-is-20-minutes-away-20-minute-
neighbourhoods/
76 | P a g e
7.7. Housing and urban related:
54. https://www.wired.com/story/coronavirus-covid-19-urban-planning-health/
55. https://obj.ca/article/sponsored-architects-dca-how-covid-19-will-change-design-our-cities
56. https://www.gensler.com/research-insight/blog/cities-and-public-health-our-new-challenge-in-
urban-planning
57. https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0221246
58. https://blogs.worldbank.org/sustainablecities/what-about-singapore-lessons-best-public-
housing-program-world
59. https://www.straitstimes.com/multimedia/photos/in-pictures-public-housing-in-singapore-
through-the-
years?fbclid=IwAR0FP2Y8v_A79BFyJAGUX3NbALbUkpG6PqOGth1TEHE8Noz79tkJ0IIFLZo
60. https://www.assignmentpoint.com/other/housing-problem-in-bangladesh.html
61. https://www.archdaily.com/935001/pau-unveils-human-centered-carbon-neutral-master-plan-
for-sunnyside-yard-in-western-queens
62. https://www.archdaily.com/941469/oma-jason-long-and-ya-studio-to-design-100-percent-
affordable-housing-project-in-san-francisco
63. https://tbsnews.net/feature/habitat/architecture-post-pandemic-world-93874
64. https://theculturetrip.com/asia/bangladesh/articles/rafiq-azam-architecture-for-green-living-
and-the-poetics-of-space/
65. https://asiatimes.com/2019/08/dhaka-in-a-development-vs-slum-rights-debate/
66. https://asiatimes.com/2019/08/dhaka-in-a-development-vs-slum-rights-debate/
67. https://www.archdaily.com/941517/5-design-guidelines-for-a-safe-post-covid-19-transition
68. https://granitegeek.concordmonitor.com/2020/05/21/maybe-please-please-please-covid-19-
will-change-out-cities-for-the-better/
69. https://obj.ca/article/sponsored-architects-dca-how-covid-19-will-change-design-our-cities
70. https://www.australiandesignreview.com/architecture/a-crisis-poorly-ceased-upon-says-dr-
crystal-legacy-of-urban-planning-post-covid-19/
71. https://cnnphilippines.com/life/culture/2020/3/18/covid-urban-planning-manila.html
world
7.8. Bangladesh:
73. https://www.intechopen.com/books/advances-in-landscape-architecture/impacts-of-improper-
land-uses-in-cities-on-the-natural-environment-and-ecological-landscape-planning
74. https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0221246
75. https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/9/8/1436/htm
76. https://scroll.in/article/967981/how-strong-is-the-link-between-mumbais-slums-and-the-spread-
of-the-coronavirus
77. http://www.designcurial.com/news/the-design-of-homes-post-covid-7981176
77 | P a g e
78. https://www.un.org/sites/un2.un.org/files/sg_policy_brief_covid_urban_world_july_2020.pdf
79. https://unhabitat.org/sites/default/files/2020/03/rise_up_resilient_settlements_for_the_urban_
poor.pdf
80. https://unhabitat.org/sites/default/files/2020/05/unh_covid-19_ps_key_message.pdf
81. https://www.dhakatribune.com/business/2020/07/12/how-covid-19-further-marginalized-
bangladesh-s-urban-poor
82. https://bigd.bracu.ac.bd/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/Round-1_23_April_PPRC-BIGD-Final.pdf
83. https://contextbd.com/effect-green-building-pandemic-prevention-2nd-position-arcasia-idea-
competition/
84. https://contextbd.com/architectural-pedagogy-profession-bangladesh-towards-transition/
85. https://inhabitat.com/big-unveils-floating-mixed-use-building-for-amsterdam-with-cascading-
zero-energy-apartments/
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Urban Recreational
Spaces:
Rifatul Islam Pranto

2016345025
Contents
1. Introduction: ..............................................................................................................................3
2. Results of the impact of COVID 19 in public space: .......................................................................4
3. Short-term solutions: ..................................................................................................................5
• 3.1. Maintaining proper hygiene in public area:.................................................... 5
• 3.2. Social distancing in public space: .................................................................... 7
• 3.3. Rethinking public / recreational spaces ........................................................ 12
3.3.1. Converting Streets into public space: ................................................................................. 13
3.3.2. Terrace as public space ....................................................................................................... 16
3.3.3. Use vacant lands as public space : ...................................................................................... 17
3.3.4. Unused parking lots into community space: ...................................................................... 23
• 3.4. Creat provosion for Pop up neighbourhood hub :........................................ 25
4. Long-Term and mid-term solution: ............................................................................................ 26
• 4.1. Ensure Proper distribution of open spaces though out the city:.................. 27
• 4.1.1. Chandigarh city plan 27
• 4.2. Provision for community gardening: ............................................................ 29
• 4.3. Designing Neighborhood parks:.................................................................... 30
• 4.4. Redesigning parks: ........................................................................................ 31
4.4.1. Parc de la Distance - Distance Park ..................................................................................... 32
5. Playgrounds: ............................................................................................................................ 33
6. Stadiums: ................................................................................................................................. 37
• 6.1. ......................................................................................... Short-term Solutions
............................................................................................................................. 37
• 6.2. ........................................................................................... Long-term solution:
............................................................................................................................. 38
7. UN Habitat COVID-19 Responses on Public Space: ..................................................................... 39
• 7.1. ......................................................................................... Short term response:
............................................................................................................................. 39
• 7.2. ............................................................................................ Midterm response:
............................................................................................................................. 39
• 7.3. .......................................................................................... Long term response:
............................................................................................................................. 39
8. Bangladesh: .............................................................................................................................. 40
• 8.1. How can we move ahead? ............................................................................ 41
1|Page
8.1.1. Turning zoning regulations into national flagship missions ................................................ 41
8.1.2. Step by step access to spaces ............................................................................................. 42
8.1.3. Pedestrianization ................................................................................................................ 42
9. TACTICAL URBANISM – A key to restore public space in Bangladesh .......................................... 43
• 9.1. Ranchi Walks Ahead: The Overnight Transformation of M.G.Road ............. 44
• 9.2. The case of transformation along Sringeri Mutt Road ................................. 45
• 9.3. Where we can apply in Bangladesh? ............................................................ 46
9.3.1. To determine pedestrian: ......................................................................................................... 47
9.3.2. To define safe crossing:............................................................................................................. 47
9.3.3. For cycle lanes: .......................................................................................................................... 48
9.3.4. To establish temporary markets: .............................................................................................. 48
9.3.5. For parks and playgrounds:....................................................................................................... 49
9.3.6. For determining restaurant outdoors: ...................................................................................... 49
10. Restoring tourism ................................................................................................................. 49
11. Idea study ............................................................................................................................. 52
• 11.1. Multi-layer recreational zone – Creating green in Bangladesh .................. 52
11.1.1. Benefits: .......................................................................................................................... 53
12. Links: ......................................................................................................................................... 54
• 12.1. Provided links: ............................................................................................. 54
• 12.2. Provided video links: ................................................................................... 54
• 12.3.Additional links: ........................................................................................... 54
• 12.4. Recreational Space: .................................................................................... 56
• 12.5. Park Design: ................................................................................................ 56
• 12.6. Playground: ................................................................................................. 57
• 12.7. Stadium: ...................................................................................................... 57
• 12.8. Beach design ............................................................................................... 57
• 12.9. River side development: ............................................................................. 57
• 12.10. Tactical urbanism ...................................................................................... 57
2|Page
1. Introduction:
Restrictions on the use of public space and physical distancing have been key policy measures
to reduce transmission of COVID-19 and protect public health. Half of ’
been asked to stay at home or restrict movement in public. Most people are complying with
public health recommendations as evident in the striking images of empty city streets, parks,
beaches, plazas and promenades. Cities well-known for their active street life such as New
York, Rome or Barcelona now appear ghostly as city-dwellers stay home for the collective
public good.
In the midst of the COVID-19 crisis, we feel the sting of having lost our familiar, vibrant, social
and lively public places. While some us are prohibited from being in public unless
performing an essential service, others are able to enjoy some parks and green areas within
their house or in their neighborhood. Despite these different experiences, we share an
uncertainty about what lies ahead and fear that our sense of place and space may be
permanently transformed. When we venture outside our homes, we observe unfamiliar and
distant social interactions, raising questions about how social relations in public spaces may be
changing.
, ’
changing. People now place a greater value on open space due to the physical and mental
health benefits and the environmental benefits like carbon sequestration, water catchments, etc.
that open space brings to them.
3|Page
Planners, designers, architects, landscape managers and journalists are already writing about
how this crisis will transform our relationship with public space. There is great uncertainty about
how COVID-19 will impact future public space design, use and perceptions. The questions that
are frequently asked by people regarding the future of public space are:
• How will our relationship with public space change?

• How long will the changes endure?
• What is the relationship between public space design and disease transmission?
• Will the new social behaviors we observe today remain or be ephemeral?
• W ’ s with places change?
• How will the benefits we derive from urban nature change?
• Will the pandemic teach us new lessons to incorporate into our street designs?
• Is the attention devoted to COVID-19 distracting us from the existential challenges of
sustainability and climate change? Or, optimistically, will this global experience lead us
to rethink the way we develop and (re)design our cities? 23
In urban planning, public gathering space has historically been described as "open space",
meaning the streets, parks and recreation areas, plazas and other publicly owned and managed
outdoor spaces, as opposed to the private domain of housing and work. We can categorize
public gathering spaces into:
1. Recreational Space.
2. Bazar and Shopping Malls.
3. Public Transport and Stations.
4. Religious spaces
2. Results of the impact of COVID 19 in public space:

- Less social interactions and social relations
- Changes in human behavior, mental and physical health
- Restrictions in cultural and traditions programs, religious gatherings.
- Declination of tourism business
- Loss in business created surrounding public area.
- Declination of economy.
23
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/23748834.2020.1780074?fbclid=IwAR2IF6FU3ffE8Ae98idS5E7Oz9m33i17R55185xHXCBwu72nu
5XLIr1t0Cw
4|Page
3. Short-term solutions:
Due to the pandemic situation public life and public activities has faced a big pause. But this
cannot go long. We have to take immediate steps to activate public soon, activities maintaining
all the health rules. And to do so we need to focus on solutions that can be applied easily in
short term. The short-term solutions are:
- Maintaining proper hygiene in public area.
- Ensure social distancing in public space.
- Rethinking public / recreational spaces.
- Creat provosion for Pop up neighbourhood hub.
3.1. Maintaining proper hygiene in public area:
T ’
suggested to avoid public spaces strictly in the current pandemic. To activate the public life
again in the new normal situation public areas should be structured in a way that it enables
proper provision for maintaining hygiene.
One of the most effective ways to prevent the spread of bacteria and viruses is hand washing.
B ’ , ’ , ,
and a method by which they can mix these two and scrub their hands without contaminating
their living space.
‘H ’ hing booths can be installed in streets, market zones, plaza areas,
town halls, parks playground and in other public areas.
5|Page
Hygiene, Hon provides a framework for the re-opening of urban businesses and details several
methods to enable and emphasize physical distancing and effective hand hygiene.
I. Modular handwashing stations are equipped with a water reservoir and foot pedal for
hands-free operation. Waste water is filtered and collected as irrigation for adjacent
planters. The stations can be installed individually or block-wide, and nest when
grouped, creating a network of handwashing stations and physically distanced seating.
II. Graphics and signage demonstrate appropriate physical distances for queuing and
traversing, handwashing techniques, and other recommendations, using colored
markers along the sidewalk, building façades, at doors, and at handwashing stations.
6|Page
III. Adaptive door hardware allows the public to limit contact with highly-touched surfaces.
Small modifications to existing doors allow hands-free operation. The project aims at
reducing disease transmission by utilizing visual and spatial representations of national
health recommendations in the public realm.
3.2. Social distancing in public space:
Maintaining social distance is a key to activate public activates again. Public areas should be
redesigned temporarily so that people can ensure proper social distance even being in public.
There are many easy solutions that can be adopted to ensure social distance in public. People
throughout the world have come up with various innovative ideas and approaches that can be
applied in public area easily to active the dead spaces. Some of the ideas are the Using colors
and patterns to specify zones, using characters to understand height, Space Frame’s modular
solution, the Tropical Island approach and many more. Let us have a close look on some of
them –
7|Page
To encourage social distancing in Domino Park, a popular waterfront park in Williamsburg,
Brooklyn, New York, white circles, drawn six feet apart, designate places to sit or stand for
visitors. Applied with chalk paint on artificial grass, the eight-foot circles are arranged in
symmetrical rows and create a graphic, organized aesthetic for the park. White circles have
also shown up in San Francisco parks. Besides different cities around the world are coming up
with deferent solutions that can be applied to maintain social distance in public areas 24
New York-based Character designed a stencil kit for an asterisk that would make any space
appropriate for social distancing, something that Michon feels could easily be rolled out.
Brand consultancy Dn&co chose to focus its Augmented Assembly response on Parliament
square, although like many of the ideas it is designed to be appropriate for many open spaces.
24
https://www.dwell.com/article/public-space-design-coronavirus-covid-19-e8fdb774
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It proposes creating an app that would be used to project shifting patterns onto the ground so
that spaces can be broken up organically, rather than using grids. 25
Space Frame’s modular, multi-functional design aims to support socially engaging spaces
while encouraging physical distancing. Components are easily attached with bolts and screws,
or simply rest on the frame to create active, outdoor spaces for restaurants, retail, and
entertainment. Eating areas can be separated with plexiglass partitions while a standing counter
with a half partition allows for safe and easy food pickup.
25
https://www.dezeen.com/2020/06/26/outdoor-spaces-social-distancing-coronavirus/?li_source=LI&li_medium=bottom_block_1
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Retail stores can use the hanging rods, bar counters, and benches to display products and
clothing. This customizability makes it easy to add hand sanitizing stations, educational signage,
and incorporate other measures for physical distancing and hygienic habits. Readily available
materials like wood, paint, screws, and plexiglass make Space Frame a quick and colorful
solution that can be part of any street plan
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Again, Tropical Island is a Community driven place making approach to physical distancing.
Using a system of easy to find materials and objects. Together the community driven physical
distancing performance plaza, tropical lounge gathering spaces and tropical market spaces are
I 1’ - 6’
given to the activity level. A large social distancing performance stage sits in the center.
The materials needed to create the islands are spray chalk, temporary paint or vinyl graphics.
Sustainable reuse of materials such as old tires painted for seating, existing tables, umbrellas
and shelving will be used for the market spaces and relaxed physical distancing gathering
spaces. All items are encouraged to be sourced locally within the community. Overall Find Your
Tropical Island seeks to revive community and performance spaces by removing social
distancing and encouraging physical distancing
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3.3. Rethinking public / recreational spaces
While the coronavirus outbreak still has the world in its grips, we're seeing a slow and hesitant
return towards lifting lockdowns/shutdowns. As people resume in a limited way the rituals of
everyday life, public places will need to mold and adapt to the new normal. In fact, the very
perception of "public spaces" is likely to change, and in many instances, this process has
already begun. People are coming up to create local temporary public spaces to serve
themselves and the neighborhood with a space to breath, communicate and maintain social
interactions maintaining proper safety and security.
There are some innovative that we can adopt to create some pleasing recreational spaces near
within our surrounding environment with a little effort. Some of these are –
- Converting streets into public space.
- Terrace as public space.
- Use vacant lands as public space.
- Unused parking lots into community space.
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3.3.1. Converting Streets into public space:
With Covid-19 lockdowns vastly reducing the use of roads and public transit systems, city
authorities are taking advantage by closing streets to cars, opening others to bicycles and
widening sidewalks to help residents maintain the six-foot distancing recommended by global
health authorities.
There are many purported benefits of "reclaiming" the streets during a pandemic. Encouraging
cycling may reduce crowding on buses and subways, where people can struggle to get distance
from one another. Vehicle-free roads also offer those without access to parks the ability to
exercise safely.
As most of the public spaces are being closed and people are realizing the importance of
recreational zones within neighborhood, people are using the vacant streets as a source of
recreational space.
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Temporary park in Fosnavåg
New York has announced that it will temporarily close 40 miles of roads with a plan for 100
miles of road closures to provide more space and activity for communities during the pandemic.
They are using the empty road, painting cycle lanes and walkaways in them. The surrounding
space are also used for sitting installations arranged maintaining proper social distance.
This design helps to inform and organize streetscapes in dealing with social distancing
guidelines. This design looks at how to adapt the public realm for closing streets, adding
parklets in place of street parking and adding layers of human scale elements. The closed street
is organized to provide a promenade feel in the street, a dining zone and a curbside, business-
oriented zone. The street, with murals, graphics and patterns, takes over as the sidewalk
T 6’ ,
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hostess stand, sanitation stations and planters to separate adjacent businesses. The existing
sidewalk zone, which can be very narrow across Baltimore city, is set off for direct interactions
with businesses for curbside pickup or waiting for indoor service. Streetscapes and parklets
adjacent to active streets are organized in a similar fashion with street parking being used for
outdoor dining. The existing sidewalks include specific locations for curbside pickup and general
pedestrian flow. The outdoor dining is created with barriers to provide patrons a safer
environment to dine while adjacent to traffic
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3.3.2. Terrace as public space
This pandemic may also help to generate new patterns and configurations of use, potentially
reshaping public space in our cities. One of such way can be attained by regenerating the
dimension of our traditional terrace systems.
Historically, the terrace social systems were also equally important as street systems. As
urbanization took place the essentiality of terrace systems has become blurred in the nexus of
Indian cities. More optimistically, those who have lived through severe confinement or lockdown
may have a renewed appreciation of Terraces and balconies, although this may not be the case
for everyone. There are likely to be heterogeneous effects by individuals, and perhaps gender
and age, and other dimensions. It has become cliché to claim that this crisis is an opportunity,
and yet never before has so much attention been devoted to cities and health, making this is an
unprecedented opportunity to examine the links between urban planning, public space and
wellbeing. 26
26
https://medium.com/post-quarantine-urbanism/covid19-impact-post-pandemic-public-spaces-a-case-of-indian-
cities-3a6eab5f08aa
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Focus should be diverted on Terraces and balconies again, reshaping and remodeling them for
public benefit. There should be engagement through technology, environmental, social reforms
and public awareness and education. We need to focus on developing effective public health
infrastructure and making stronger social institutions.
3.3.3. Use vacant lands as public space :

We can use the vacant space in front of our houses, appartments and other buildings as public
space. As these space remain vacant they become the place for dumping waste, for grown of
grass. They usually do noy serve any benefit to public and remain damp or polluted most of the
time. These unpleasing vacant lands can be turned into pleasing recreational zones easily with
little effot.
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The vacant land in front of restaurents can be used for the outdoor dining purpose of the
restaurents. As in the current pandemic maintaining social distance is a major concern
restaurents can creat distance between the indoor sitting area and can arrange some dining
facility at the outdoor space. These will not only benefit their buisness but will also creat a
pleasing outddor environment.
Similarly we can also trasnform vacant lands, unused hard surfaces infront of our hgouses into
public space. These not only offers the residents with a recreation space but also increases the
amount of green space in the neighbourhood.
The return to social interaction is an opportunity to re-envision open shared space in the context
of small-business food/retail/service operations that shape urban experiences and promote local
economies. Infront of House is a design idea based on such concept
It proposes a framework of spatial components right outside a place of business, effectively
redistributing the previous front-of-house into the streetscape.
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This will help to create small local business near the households and will serve as an income
generating source in the pandemic situation. Acting as a continuous extension of the sidewalk, a
level platform occupies the zone typically dedicated to parking and provides additional space for
physical distancing while enabling business use and social interaction. The previous front-of-
business becomes an auxiliary entry for service and pick-up, shifting focus to the newly created
outdoor space.
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Planters/canopies/movable shelving/ demarcate the new zones while strategic lighting
components and ground surface treatment reinforce new movement patterns. Infront of House
introduces ‘ ’,
branded by the pandemic but rather by celebration of urban social lifestyle
Another such design idea is the Make ApART concept. This proposal, in a vacant lot across
the street from Creative Alliance in Highlandtown, provides a physically safe, collectively social
venue that brings diverse groups together using art classes, performances and other
encounters. The space is demarcated by shipping containers at each corner that provide art
storage, concessions, retail, or restrooms.
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The Food Court transforms vacant lots into communal, outdoor dining garden. Wildflowers
and tall grasses create a buffer zone between the mowed seating areas along a one-way gravel
path. An easily assembled umbrella stand provides shade for dining areas and doubles as a
light post for the evening. A hand-washing station at the end of the path encourages public
health practices. In general, the planted areas of the Food Court increase stormwater infiltration,
help reduce heat island effects, and add public green space.
The Food Court can be adapted to any number of vacant lots, implemented by a single dining
establishment, or shared between multiple retailers. The plans shown demonstrate a typical
application for a small lot and a large lot. There are five key steps to establishing a Food Court:
1) Clear and till the lot;
2) Stake the path
3) Seed grass, plant trees, and water;
4) Mow or trim back dining areas;
5) Furnish with tables, chairs, signage, and a handwashing station.
Already grassy or overgrown lots can easily be converted by clearing a path and mowing
seating areas. Furnishings can be customized or assembled with a simple set of off-the-shelf
materials.
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3.3.4. Unused parking lots into community space:
The current pandemic showed us that we can easily convert parking lots, garages into public
space. These spaces can be designed and molded easily and can be opened up for public use.
We can also ensure safety and social distance in such areas by installing low heighted
partitions, planter boxes and can use color to separate zonings.
In this picture a parking lane is converted into a public space for community, shopping, services,
and culinary encounters by using Curblet Commons
It is a modular structure that comes up with 3 parts:
- The Rampin Over
- T W ’I
- G ’
-
The Rampin Over acts as a ramp to provide adjustable height mobility access midblock.
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T W ’ I hinged partitions can be set at different angles to appropriately frame spatial
distance. Precast planters anchor the separators, provide beautification, and serve as protective
barriers for curb-life enthusiasts.
F G ’ tencils participants take visual and tactile cues for maintaining

T 6’ 6’
applied using spray paint and epoxy paint enhanced with pea gravel to be foot-felt by those
visually impaired. City-installed traffic bump-outs define the space with line striping, flex-posts,
and bike racks.
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3.4. Creat provosion for Pop up neighbourhood hub :
The COVID-19 pandemic has exacerbated the extent to which communities have been unable
to access essential amenities such as grocers, restaurants, and libraries. In these hardest-hit
communities, residents are forced to venture outside of their immediate neighborhood for basic
necessities. Additionally, because of complicated and cumbersome application processes, and
the reluctance of outside visitors to patronize businesses in under-served neighborhoods,
minority-serving businesses have been historically unable to bridge the access gap or
experiment with operating in the public. COVID-19, though, offers a unique opportunity to
change the narrative and embrace new opportunities that celebrate cultural diversity and
entrepreneurship in neighborhoods often left out of the conversation.
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Micro District is the solution: a staffed pop-up hub and neighborhood anchor that safely and
enjoyably meets neighborhood needs through a variety of functions, including, but not limited to,
’ , , , ts, art, mobile libraries, and
internet access.
These types of pop up hubs can be easily installed in any vacant or unused land in our
neighborhood. It will serve not only as a refreshment area to the community people but will also
make the daily necessary products available for the community persons.
4. Long-Term and mid-term solution:

The mid-term and long-term solutions come up with ideas that can be used to design the future
city or can be applied to improve the present city condition. The long-term solution contains:
- Ensuring Proper distribution of open spaces though out the city

- Provision for community gardening.
- Designing Neighborhood parks.
- Redesigning parks.
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4.1. Ensure Proper distribution of open spaces though out the
city:
The importance of proper distribution and availability of open space in every sector if city
life has been clearly observed by everyone in the current pandemic. Like transportation
and mobility open spaces should be also considered as a major element while designing
future cities. Local governments need to ensure that open spaces are evenly distributed
across the city, connected through a web of streets promoting walking and cycling whilst
embracing physical distancing and guaranteeing the multi-functional, flexible use of
public spaces.
4.1.1. Chandigarh city plan
We can take the city planning process by le Corbusier in Chandigarh as a good example
in this case. In the city planning Corbusier considered open spaces as a major element
that can shape a city. The city was designed as such that every neighborhood is blessed
with their own recreational area. The houses and other buildings were designed and
orientated with respect to the open spaces created within the city.
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An open space in sector 8B that serves as an open gym to An open park in the neighborhood community, Chandigarh
the community members.
Major nodes of the city, Chandigarh.
Even he designed the major nodes of the city as a recreational zone for the city people. The
nodes are large, allowing traffic to move freely and also allowing city people with a beautiful
landscape. There are curved pavements for people to walk freely, sitting arrangements and also
a large portion of green to keep grey the streets alive.
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4.2. Provision for community gardening:
Need for food was a major problem people faced in the current pandemic. People had to go out
to buy food for themselves and the family. Sometimes they had to travel even long distance.
Besides as the price of many products rase many people were unable tom meet their daily
nutrition needs. As a result, People understand the importance of food production and
gardening. Many stated to build up their own mini garden in the balconies or in any vacant
space in or near their house.
Community Garden | Flick User Karen Blakeman
This practice should be encouraged by designing community gardens in the future city. A
community farming or a community garden space can help the dwellers to produce their own
food and vegetables and meet their own needs. People will become more involved in their
communities. They can easily go outside and exercise in their local community. This will result
in cities looking to create more open space and green surfaces within the city.
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4.3. Designing Neighborhood parks:
The current pandemic showed us the importance of open space in human life. There will be
changes in ways we live and work, with people working from home, shopping online and looking
to gain more of a work-life balance we will see changes in education campuses, office buildings,
shopping malls, residences and neighborhoods. A new approach to city planning should bring
open spaces, watersheds, forests and parks into the heart of how we think about and plan our
cities. And this practice should be started from neighborhood design.
The future neighborhood should have small park or green area within it so that the residents can
enjoy some fresh air, take a walk and spend some quality time near the nature. It can also
combine fitness corners for adults and the , ’ T
for families to work out and play together, and bring different generations of residents together.
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4.4. Redesigning parks:
As coronavirus has changed our perspective about public spaces. Architects, urban planners,
landscape designers are trying their best to introduce innovative idea in every fields. It is
obvious that the future public spaces will also get some new dimension.
Some of the objectives that must be considered in future park design are :
- W 20‘-30‘ 6‘
between people.
- Parks may contain multiple looping paths.
- Central spaces should be expanded more.
- Siting arrangements should be redesigned keeping a minimum distance between them
so that the parks remain ready to face any upcoming pandemic situation like this.
- Proper provision of sanitation should be kept in parks and repeated after a certain
distance.
-
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4.4.1. Parc de la Distance - Distance Park
Public parks and gardens around the world have been shut for what feels like eternity during
this COVID-19 pandemic. As a response to the current scenario, a team of architects
comprising Fei Tang Precht, Chris Precht and Andreas Stadlmayer of Studio Precht have
‘ ’ T
garden is a proposal for a vacant plot in Vienna and has been designed keeping in mind
physical distancing rules.
“T q W
like and how would it function if it takes the rules of social distancing as a design guideline? And
what can we learn from a space like this that still has value after the pandemic? For now, the
park is designed to create a safe physical distance between its visitors. After the pandemic, the
,”
architect Chris Precht.27
27
https://www.architecturaldigest.in/content/austrian-architecture-firm-come-avant-garde-maze-like-design-
post-covid-19-park/#s-cust0
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5. Playgrounds:
Across the nation, many parks and open spaces remain accessible, providing lifelines to fresh
air and relief from stress and cabin fever. Playgrounds, however, have almost universally been
shuttered. According to a recent survey by the National Recreation and Parks Association, 91%
of playgrounds are closed. These closures while necessary for public health have underscored
just how important play areas are, for kids especially, but for communities at large as well.
Kids are, of course, finding innovative ways to play. Chalk-drawn race courses, hopscotch
games, backyard obstacle courses, and neighborhood scavenger hunts for rainbow paintings
’ aving fun within these new
boundaries. So how will the pandemic affect how we use, design, and think about play spaces
going forward? Play space designers should embrace kids' current actions, says Jennifer
DeMelo, director of programs and operations at Kaboom, a nonprofit organization that helps
, “W
,” 28
These natural tendencies could translate into things like way-finding games, permanent
hopscotches, or play pathways that carve out kid-centric space in dense urban neighborhoods
where open space is hard to find. Many people are working ato find out innovative ideas that will
allow childrens to play in small areas line in the living area or in balcomies of their own house.
28
https://www.architecturaldigest.com/story/covid-19-playground-design
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Coen Car is a concept design by Nando that envisions children playing with a fleet of
autonomous vehicles that function as pieces of mobile and interactive playground equipment.
Created for Tokyo-based tech company DeNA, the Coen Car concept comprises six different
mobile designs based on basic motions used during playground activities: climb, spin, swing,
slide, rest and jump. Curved edges and blinking eyes made from rows of flashing LEDs give the
black and white-striped vehicles a friendly appearance.
The design allows
- features a trolley-like structure that allows the child to stand inside while being driven
around.
- features a semi-circular design with soft spikes dotted across its surface, children can
use these spikes to climb on and over the piece of equipment.
- The Yureru operates an "unsteady sideway motion" similar to how children would play
on monkey bars and swings. It has one long spike that the child can hold on to as it
sways back and forth.
- The tubular Suberu design functions like a slide,
- the bowl-like Haneru apparatus can be used like a trampoline or a soft ball pit.
- The final object, Yasumu, is designed to encourage breaks from activity. A row of
interconnected pods forms a train, with the leading pod filled with a potted plant.29
29
https://www.dezeen.com/2020/04/21/nendo-autonomous-cars-playground-equipment-
children/?li_source=LI&li_medium=bottom_block_1
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Berlin-based designers Martin Binder and Claudio Rimmele have designed a concept for an
"infection-free" playground where children could play together safely during the coronavirus
pandemic.The resulting Rimbin concept is a playground made up of a group of individual play
areas shaped like a cluster of water-lily pads on a pond.
The proposed design enables the following advantages to the children :
- Each child can have their own playing platform, with individual paths leading to separate
entrances, from which they can see and communicate with each other from a safe
distance.
- Users can see when an area is occupied from the entrance gate. Once inside the
platform, children can communicate with one another between areas by speaking into
hollow tubes.
- The play platforms can accommodate different types of activities and games. Some
contain sand, while others have seesaws, ladders or "horizontal hamster wheels" inside.
- Elements that are exposed to direct contact with the children, like handles and tubes, are
made from metal in order to be easily sanitized. The duo proposes installing disinfectant
dispensers to aid this cleaning process. 30
30
https://www.dezeen.com/2020/05/19/rimbin-playground-concept-coronavirus-
design/?li_source=LI&li_medium=bottom_block_1
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Besides to make the playground active again many cities are applying various techniques.
London- & ’
allow for matches to restart. It proposes placing colorful marking on the pitch highlight the area
that each player can occupy so they do not come in contact with each other.
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6. Stadiums:
Almost all the stadium of the world has been shut down after the onset of Corona virus.
The sportsman and their activities were closed for a long time and a deep silence was observed
in the sports world. But how long will it continue like this? Will the sports world never go back to
its previous stage?
People around the world are thinking to go back to the normal life slowly and so is the sports
world. So how will be the future stadiums?
There are many short- and long-term solutions that can be applied in the stadiums to reactivate
the sports activity soon.
6.1. Short-term Solutions
Based on the study by Architect and engineering firm DLR Group, stadium should ensure
following conditions to start activity in short term duration.
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- social distancing layouts suggest sports arenas would be limited to less than half their
“ ” , h four seats separated by six feet in all directions from
other people in the seating bowl sections, would honor distancing rules.
- manage selling tickets to a certain number of people, identify their seats, and have fans
distance
- Entrance logistics should be reasonably straightforward. Arena staffs need to manage
access points differently.
- teams would need to invest in additional contact-less options for concession sales and
fan interactions.
- clean the surfaces more often, and if possible, we can change the materials, switching to
copper, which appears to be less hospitable to viruses than other metals. 31
6.2. Long-term solution:
- Mobile ticketing
- Touchless doors and automated technology that aids in hygienic practices will also be
key.
- Activation of lights by infrared detection systems,
- “ ” -flushing toilets and automatic
soap dispensers and mobile payment for tickets, drinks and purchases.
- Change the materials, switching to copper, which appears to be less hospitable to
viruses than other metals to minimize the touch-point.
- High tech, low capacity.
31 https://sports.yahoo.com/the-future-of-stadiums-how-will-americas-sports-venues-be-
transformed-by-the-pandemic-171657482.html
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7. UN Habitat COVID-19 Responses on Public Space:
7.1. Short term response:

- Well-connected and integrated system of public spaces including streets
- Expand the amount of land allocated to public space including streets.
- Embrace flexibility of functions
- Public spaces are an important asset in a time of crisis
- Public space and public facilities can provide essential services required for
marginalized communities during a pandemic
7.2. Midterm response:

- Equitably distribute public spaces across all scales
- The design, materials used, and management and maintenance of public space is key in
fighting the spread of the Corona virus.
7.3. Long term response:

- B “ ”
- Creating a shared policy agenda where urban planning, community development,
architecture, green building, public health.
- Future City Planning's aligned with the Sustainable Development Goals.
https://www.un.org/sites/un2.un.org/files/sg_policy_brief_covid_urban_world_july_2020.pd
f
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8. Bangladesh:
Public space is important to cities for several reasons. Firstly, they provide ecological services,
including air filtration, micro-climate regulation, noise reduction, and rainwater drainage
management. Secondly, they can reduce crime and violence, and increase happiness, while
providing city-dwellers a place to be in contact with nature. Third, they facilitate physical activity
through active recreation. As a result, they are able to improve overall population health.
Both the WHO and LEED ND have guidelines for minimum open green space provision which is
at least nine square meters of open green space per urban dweller and 20 square meters per
capita respectively.
If we consider the green network of Dhaka, the capital city of Bangladesh we can see Dhaka
has little open green space per capital by all accounts: between 0.052and 0.5 square meters
depending on the source. This lack of open green space is exacerbated by the threat of
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encroachment by both public and private sector entities. It is therefore important to understand
the ways in which Dhaka can both enhance and expand its network of urban green space.32
Not only the green network the condition of other public area of Dhaka are also devastating.
Due to unplanned growth of the city, the city is over crowded with little or no open recreational
area for the people. The streets are not designed with proper pedestrian connection, there are
no separate lanes for bicycles and the condition of bazars and marketplace are also very poor.
The picture of the other cities of Bangladesh are also similar.
In the current pandemic situation were avoiding mass contamination and maintain proper
hygiene were two major elements to fight against coronavirus Bangladesh faced a major
problem to continue the public activities of its people. Even now the public area lack in providing
proper safety to the people.
8.1. How can we move ahead?
Once the COVID-19 pandemic is under control, more holistic approaches are needed. Cross-
disciplinary collaboration of public policies, urban planning and design using open public
spaces, parks, urban forests and integrated blue and green infrastructure are needed as tools to
make cities healthy.
8.1.1. Turning zoning regulations into national flagship missions
Smart city and Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation (AMRUT) city missions
are major steps for managing cities. Both missions emphasize on environment sustainability,
governance, financial and service delivery reforms, self-reliant revenue mechanisms, etc.
Schemes under the missions have been moderately successful in maintaining existing parks
and green spaces.
32
https://www.mdpi.com/2071-
1050/10/11/3917/htm?fbclid=IwAR1OHWainhyIEzQbAAAGnJa2028oQGGjANfCVakqA7YGnU3jYDuwulyUYtM
41 | P a g e
Circumstantial planning, however, demands decentralization of essential services, designs of
open spaces in context with distance, proximity, size, quality and connectivity as a practical
response to pandemics. Promoting the use of blue-green spaces, physical activities on a
neighborhood or local and approachable level can help negate impacts of infectious diseases,
chronic illnesses etc. in the future.
8.1.2. Step by step access to spaces
The stigma attached to the pandemic will prolong a period of distancing, but the craving for
connection will be even more. We should gradually go back to crowded public places like
restaurants, theatres, etc. In some countries, the government has allowed people to leave their
homes for exercise and physical activity once a day. We can similarly limit these activities and
access to spaces through time regulations.
A guideline should be prepared on using green spaces. To reduce crowding, we could regulate
people inflows with time limits and over time periods. Thus, even in limited spaces, physical
distance can be maintained. Access to areas of school playgrounds, private golf clubs etc. with
time limits can also be open for public use.
8.1.3. Pedestrianization
Well-connected green spaces at local or neighborhood level have become important more than
ever. Some streets can be designated completely for walking and running while maintaining
distance and reduce crowding on roads and streets.
For example, several cities in the world have stopped cars and pedestrianized streets as a
social-distancing measure. In Toronto, temporary pedestrianization of downtown Yonge street
has been proposed.33
33
https://www.downtoearth.org.in/blog/urbanisation/covid-19-and-green-open-spaces-what-is-going-to-be-our-
new-normal--71501
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9. TACTICAL URBANISM – A key to restore public
space in Bangladesh
Tactical urbanism refers to a state and citizen-led approach to neighborhood building using
short-term, low-cost, and scalable interventions to catalyze long-term changes. With strokes of
brush and colorful imaginations, people of Coimbatore are using tactical urbanism to reclaim
what is rightfully theirs- street space--and improving safety and comfort for pedestrians and
cyclists.
It has been fast gaining ground across the globe and Coimbatore got a firsthand experience of
‘ - ’
‘Kovai Connect- Celebrating Public Spaces’- is an initiative by the Coimbatore City

Municipal Corporation (CCMC) in association with the Coimbatore City Traffic Police and
German International Cooperation (GIZ), to promote non-motorized transport (NMT) and public
, ‘I U T ’
(SMART-SUT).
The SMART-SUT is being implemented as part of the technical cooperation forged by the
governments of India and Germany for fostering sustainable urban transport system. The
implementation focuses on the pilot cities of Bhubaneswar, Coimbatore, and Kochi. The
objective of the project is to make transport in these three cities more sustainable.
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Checked patterns resplendent with hues of orange, yellow and violet, greeted road users
instead of the dull grey streets. Not just the brightly painted roads, but for commuters there were
makeshift seats in form of tire-piles and wooden structures while beautiful saris acted as
canopies to protect pedestrians from the sun. The transformation is brought about using
recycled materials like wood, tires, and clothes etc.
Implemented with public participation approach, the tactical urbanism exercise witnessed
people outlining geometrical shapes on the road and then filling them with bright colors along
lane dividers and traffic islands. The idea behind the exercise is not merely to transform the
physical appearance of the streets but to streamline vehicle movement and create enough
space for pedestrians and bus users.34
9.1. Ranchi Walks Ahead: The Overnight Transformation of M.G.Road

M.G.Road, leading to the Albert Ekka Chowk is one of the busiest streets of Ranchi. A street
filled with cars and two wheelers. Parked two wheelers lining both sides. E-rickshaws stopping
throughout the stretch to pick up and drop off people. The shopfronts overflo ’
left of the street. Somewhere in the middle of all this, despite little to no footpaths, every hour
more than four thousand pedestrians try to navigate through this chaos safely.
In early August, Manoj Kumar, the Ranchi Municipal Commissioner and Sanjeev Vijaywargiya,
the Deputy Mayor came together with the ITDP India Program to identify solutions to tackle
traffic congestion and lack of pedestrian space on M.G.Road. They showed great enthusiasm
for a tactical urbanism intervention – a low cost, temporary change with barricades and paints to
improve walking conditions on M.G.Road. The transformation aimed at creating wide dedicated
walking paths on the street, clearly demarcated and painted with colorful patterns with the
participation of pedestrians, in order to create a sense of public ownership of the streets. The
result of this intervention would help raise awareness and a public demand for a permanent
intervention.
34
https://www.sutp.org/reclaiming-public-space-in-coimbatore/
44 | P a g e
9.2. The case of transformation along Sringeri Mutt Road
Similar example of how the participatory deliberation of the people can shape spaces they live
in was observed in the case of the tactical urbanism intervention along the Sringeri Mutt Road,
facilitated by ITDP India Program in Chennai. The quick and cost-effective initiative that was
largely community driven, was aimed at enhancing the road and personal safety of the
neighborhood, primarily women and children.
45 | P a g e
The case of the Sringeri Mutt Road makeover is an encouraging example of citizens shaping
their public spaces and doing their bit to make streets safer. These small-scale initiatives feed
into the ongoing work of creating a city-wide network of streets that facilitate safe walking and
cycling for all. With over 1,500 anganwadis in the city, the Chennai Corporation envisions to
improve the mobility to all anganwadis and schools, thereby making a leap towards child-
friendly cities.35
9.3. Where we can apply in Bangladesh?

In Bangladesh w , ’
require improved skill. The community members with in any neighborhood can start the project
under local governments and can pull the project down. This can be applied in the following
sectors:
35
https://www.itdp.in/tag/tactical-urbanism/
46 | P a g e
9.3.1. To determine pedestrian:
9.3.2. To define safe crossing:
47 | P a g e
9.3.3. For cycle lanes:
9.3.4. To establish temporary markets:
48 | P a g e
9.3.5. For parks and playgrounds:
9.3.6. For determining restaurant outdoors:
10. Restoring tourism
49 | P a g e
Cox's Bazar, the longest sea beach in the world, lies terribly still and vacant. At Laboni Beach,
the most popular tourist attraction, in the absence of the crowds, you can hear the wild waves
crashing against the shore for a change, and the magnificent sunsets are perfectly visible to the
eye. But the seaside restaurants are no longer serving and hotels guests are no longer building
sandcastles, paragliding, surfing or playing volleyball. Local fishermen who go out to sea with
their wooden fishing boats are nowhere to be seen.
With the onslaught of Covid-19 weighing on its economy, tourism in Cox's Bazar has witnessed
a headlong decline in both domestic and foreign tourist visits after being categorized as a red
zone by the gover VI 19 ’
will be cured permanently or not, we should come up with effective solutions that will help us to
restore and reactivate our tourist areas like laboni beach, potenga beach etc.
We can also adapt effective ideas that are taken by various countries throughout the world.
Like Rome- ‘Safe Beach ‘. combining

partitioned areas for relaxing in with stringent social distancing measures, the project aims to
allow people to still visit the beach while staying safe.
A generous distance is provided between each box, with access to the open-air room
intended to be managed in shifts. by respecting social distancing rules yet still preserving a
50 | P a g e
summer tradition of going to the beach, Safe Beach proposes a cautious way to enjoy the
warmer weather. 36
Similar type of approaches is taken by Italy. they come up with a novel idea to encourage
people to hit the beaches once more, despite the ongoing coronavirus pandemic.
Italian manufacturing firm Nuova Neon Group 2 revealed its design for plexiglass boxes that can
be used on the beach for those worried about COVID-19. The 4.5-meter square clear boxes,
which stand at 2 meters high have been touted as the answer to safe sunbathing at seaside
resorts. Inside, they have enough space for two sunbeds and a beach umbrella, as well as
enough space for any youngsters to play - all in the safety of their own booth.37
In our country we can easily adopt such measures and apply modular boxes in the beaches.
This will not only help to restore the tourism of our country by ensuring safety and security to
people but also will help the local businessmen to regain their loss economy.
36https://news.sky.com/story/coronavirus-hope-for-holidaymakers-as-eu-urges-smart-solutions-for-
tourists-11976383
37 https://www.designboom.com/design/umberto-menasci-plexiglass-boxes-beach-summer-05-01-2020/
51 | P a g e
11. Idea study
11.1. Multi-layer recreational zone – Creating green in Bangladesh
Distributing recreational area in various level to reduce mass contamination.
52 | P a g e
11.1.1. Benefits:
The multilevel approach will allow to release the public pressure in ground floor level.
Help to reduce mass contamination
Create public open space for people
Increase amount of green in the city
53 | P a g e
12. Links:
12.1. Provided links:
1. https://newcities.org/the-big-picture-open-letter-to-citymakers-10-key-implications-of-the-covid-
19/?fbclid=IwAR3VW1WU5ZuZJGOcUxWy8FysxuFK1bkOzJ4bYJ4Ym68_xn4iHfpo8ZAayXU
2. https://penniur.upenn.edu/cities-and-covid-19-resource-library/collections-by-topic/planning-and-
design/?fbclid=IwAR3mp8E_G0FVVhl2RsyH08vEbUABbbeX7JEUyLpMnNukz3-
ece2AvTgHqOkhttps://www.citiestobe.com/covid-19-how-are-public-space-and-social-life-going-to-
change/
3. https://moderndiplomacy.eu/2020/04/22/building-urban-resilience-in-the-face-of-covid-
19/?fbclid=IwAR09dkjBzO_keR2zTqMhV_GW2qvYekdZcXy8YoiJKmmPXKY6um7ByH1XuIA
4. https://obj.ca/article/sponsored-architects-dca-how-covid-19-will-change-design-our-
cities?fbclid=IwAR09dkjBzO_keR2zTqMhV_GW2qvYekdZcXy8YoiJKmmPXKY6um7ByH1XuIA
5. https://www.urban.org/features/covid-19-policies-protect-people-and-
communities?fbclid=IwAR3wkqrTGyFhkYaUTX-CCsHODISfkqM48t09U8_UkyUxIjIu9kT-
ep9Cy0g#chapter-1
12.2. Provided video links:

6. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fKhYJV5CJNY&list=PL8NRsAoNKN_o1Q-
7. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3V42smsrDnQ&list=PL8NRsAoNKN_o1Q-
8. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5-JBZTfoukI&list=PL8NRsAoNKN_o1Q-
9. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=50Bkd-oYzMg&list=PL8NRsAoNKN_o1Q-
10. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gZIPn2Og-nc&list=PL8NRsAoNKN_o1Q-
11. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WWRBnDNbAR4&list=PL8NRsAoNKN_o1Q-
12.3.Additional links:
12. https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2020/04/how-to-rethink-public-space-after-covid-19-start-with-
tape.html
13. https://graphics.reuters.com/HEALTH-CORONAVIRUS/SOCIALDISTANCING/qzjvqenmyvx/
14. https://www.mckinsey.com/business-functions/organization/our-insights/reimagining-the-office-
and-work-life-after-covid-19
15. https://worldlandscapearchitect.com/how-will-our-cities-change-after-covid-19/
54 | P a g e
16. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/340819529_The_Impact_of_COVID-
19_on_Public_Space_A_Review_of_the_Emerging_Questions
17. https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2020/06/coronavirus-pandemic-urban-suburbs-
cities/612760/
18. https://penniur.upenn.edu/publications/rebuilding-urban-places-after-disaster-lessons-from-
hurricane-katrina/
19. https://www.stantec.com/en/ideas/content/blog/2020/a-global-view-of-design-and-urban-
planning-post-covid-19-part-2-changing-perspectives
20. https://edition.cnn.com/style/article/cities-design-coronavirus/index.html
22. https://www.archdaily.com/941517/5-design-guidelines-for-a-safe-post-covid-19-transition
23. https://www.archdaily.com/942388/muselab-wins-coronavirus-design-competition
25. https://www.urenio.org/2020/05/06/new-report-public-space-public-life-during-covid-19/ -
https://www.theweek.in/leisure/society/2020/06/17/covid-19-to-lead-to-big-changes-in-buildings-
public-spaces.html
27. https://www.futurarc.com/project/fgla-2019-winner-planter-box-house-kuala-lumpur-malaysia/
30. https://worldlandscapearchitect.com/how-will-our-cities-change-after-covid-19/#.X1eoZYtxWUl
31. https://www.hdb.gov.sg/cs/infoweb/residential/living-in-an-hdb-flat/my-neighbourhood/facilities
32. https://www.architecturaldigest.in/content/austrian-architecture-firm-come-avant-garde-maze-
like-design-post-covid-19-park/#s-cust0
33. https://www.citylab.com/design/2020/03/coronavirus-urban-planning-global-cities-infectious-
disease/607603/
34. https://blogs.worldbank.org/voices/strong-covid-19-response-and-road-
recovery?cid=ECR_E_NewsletterWeekly_EN_EXT&deliveryName=DM72709
35. https://commonwealthsustainablecities.org/onlineprogramme/session-3/
36. https://www.urbanstudiesonline.com/resources/resource/extended-urbanisation-and-the-
spatialities-of-infectious-disease-demographic-change-infrastructure-and-governance/
37. https://www.unsdsn.org/news-events
38. https://time.com/5864707/paris-green-city/
39. https://kleinmanenergy.upenn.edu/blog/2020/06/11/urban-resiliency-time-covid
40. https://architizer.com/blog/practice/details/ways-to-reconfigure-streets-during-covid/
41. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/01944363.2020.1777891
42. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/14/nyregion/coronavirus-nyc-bike-commute.html
55 | P a g e
12.4. Recreational Space:
43. https://www.nrpa.org/blog/a-park-planners-perspective-on-the-covid-19-pandemic/
44. https://www.downtoearth.org.in/blog/urbanisation/covid-19-and-green-open-spaces-what-is-
going-to-be-our-new-normal--71501
45. https://worldlandscapearchitect.com/how-will-our-cities-change-after-covid-19/#.X05juigzaUk
46. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/340819529_The_Impact_of_COVID-
19_on_Public_Space_A_Review_of_the_Emerging_Questions
47. https://www.dezeen.com/2020/06/29/outdoor-dining-coronavirus-interviews-ben-masterton-
smith/?li_source=LI&li_medium=bottom_block_1
48. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5ec2e7939ccfe46b4d0946b4/t/5efe3629cbffa3052c3193b8/
1593718320561/Ideas_Guidebook_Final.pdf?fbclid=IwAR3Cunf7yLTEatKdQib02idtww70YS4osmiws
V5JGOCyZ4zv3QBtMx5ijI
1593718320561/Ideas_Guidebook_Final.pdf?fbclid=IwAR0WCABLLiy8FsCvvUGA3o073Pl33Kez4WXG
-M38MJqayJY-PnxAmKsTUIU
1593718320561/Ideas_Guidebook_Final.pdf?fbclid=IwAR0WCABLLiy8FsCvvUGA3o073Pl33Kez4WXG
-M38MJqayJY-PnxAmKsTUIU
51. https://www.dezeen.com/2020/06/26/outdoor-spaces-social-distancing-
coronavirus/?li_source=LI&li_medium=bottom_block_1
52. https://www.pps.org/places/van-gogh-walk
1593718320561/Ideas_Guidebook_Final.pdf?fbclid=IwAR3Cunf7yLTEatKdQ
54. https://www.sfchronicle.com/bayarea/article/Post-coronavirus-landscape-Architects-imagine-
15230127.php#photo-19346284
55. https://www.fosterandpartners.com/plus/tactical-urbanism/
12.5. Park Design:
56. https://www.architecturaldigest.in/content/austrian-architecture-firm-come-avant-garde-maze-
like-design-post-covid-19-park/
57. https://www.rochestermn.gov/departments/community-development/urban-design
58. https://worldlandscapearchitect.com/how-will-our-cities-change-after-covid-19/#.X05juigzaUk
59. https://www.dwell.com/article/public-space-design-coronavirus-covid-19-e8fdb774
60. https://www.archdaily.com/940244/domino-park-introduces-social-distancing-circles-to-adapt-to-
the-covid-19-crisis
61. https://www.dezeen.com/2020/04/16/studio-precht-parc-de-la-distance-social-distancing-
56 | P a g e
62. https://www.susdrain.org/case-studies/case_studies/derbyshire_street_pocket_park_london.html
63. https://www.dezeen.com/2020/05/03/paul-cocksedge-here-comes-the-sun-social-distancing-
blanket/?li_source=LI&li_medium=bottom_block_1
12.6. Playground:
64. https://www.nrpa.org/blog/covid-courts-documenting-the-impact-of-the-pandemic-on-recreation-
spaces/
65. https://www.dezeen.com/2020/06/26/outdoor-spaces-social-distancing-
66. https://www.dezeen.com/2020/05/19/rimbin-playground-concept-coronavirus-
design/?li_source=LI&li_medium=bottom_block_1
12.7. Stadium:
67. https://www.cnbc.com/2020/04/26/coronavirus-social-distancing-could-require-necessary-
renovations-to-sports-arenas.html
68. https://www.hok.com/news/2020-05/technology-will-help-sports-venues-fill-again-after-covid-19/
69. https://sports.yahoo.com/the-future-of-stadiums-how-will-americas-sports-venues-be-
transformed-by-the-pandemic-171657482.html
70. https://sports.yahoo.com/the-future-of-stadiums-how-will-americas-sports-venues-be-
transformed-by-the-pandemic-171657482.html https://www.arup.com/perspectives/and-the-
crowd-goes-sile
71. https://www.designboom.com/architecture/milan-sansiro-monument-to-victims-of-covid19-07-10-
2020/
12.8. Beach design

72. https://www.designboom.com/design/umberto-menasci-plexiglass-boxes-beach-summer-05-01-
2020/
73. https://news.sky.com/story/coronavirus-hope-for-holidaymakers-as-eu-urges-smart-solutions-for-
tourists-11976383
12.9. River side development:

74. https://www.archdaily.com/876505/massive-river-development-plan-hopes-to-rejuvenate-indias-
relationship-to-the-ganges
12.10. Tactical urbanism

75. Tactical Urbanism: Reimagining Our Cities post-Covid-19 | ArchDaily
76. Tactical Urbanism Can Help Cities Meet Changing Livability Demands | From Rurban to Urban
77. Coimbatore reclaiming public space with coats of paint - SUTP
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78. Tactical Urbanism
79. Mobility in India – Recent developments and impacts - SUTP
80. U-SoA Alums Tony Garcia and Irene Balza complete Tactical Urbanism
Reviving the post pandemic Indian cities through Tactical Urbanism - RTF | Rethinking
The Future
58 | P a g e
Urban Streets &
Transportation:
2016345012
Ayon Deb
N ……………………………………………………………… ……
1)Transportation in post …………………………………………………… …9
1.1)Situation Analysis
1.2 )How has public transport been affected?
2) …………………………………………………………………………… ……10
2.1) 7 goals in public transportation after the COVID-19………………………… 11
2.1.1) Focusing on travel time goals
2.1.2)MaaS is multimodal
2.1.3) Public autonomous transport
2.1.4) Utilising Artificial Intelligence
2 1 5) ‘ ’
2.1.6) Kerb-side management
2.1.7) An open system
2.2)Proposed Conceptual Framework for

Transport Sector Response to COVID-19 Based on Avoid-Shift-Improve
………………………………………………………………………………………16
2.2.1)Phase 1: Manage the queue
2.2.2)Phase 2: Invest in digital wayfinding
3) …………………………………………………………………………… ……20
3.1 )Air tran …………………………………………………………………… 20
3 1 1) …………………………………………………………… …20
3.1.2 )Short- …………………………………………………………… …20

3.1.2.1)Limit queuing and congregation spaces through better process
3.1.2. 2)Use technology to pre-map the passenger experience
3.1.2.3)Accelerate biometric screening
3.1.2.4) Decentralize passenger processing
3 1 3) T W T T ……………………………………………… 22
1. Convert parking garages into check-in and screening centers
2. Rethink seating layouts in boarding areas
3. Create screening vestibules at airport entrances
3 2)B …………………………………………………………… ………24
1|Page
4) ( )………………………………………………25
4.1)During ……………………………………………………………………… 25
• Rail Based Transit
• Bus Based Transit
4 2)J …………………………………………………………………… 2
• Rail Based Transit
• Bus Based Transit
• Pedestrianization and Cycling
• Cab and ride-hailing services
4.3)Resuming Public Transport ………………………………………30
4.4)Future of Public Trans …………………………………………………………… 30
4.5)NemBot, a concept for convoys of electric ……………… 31
4 6)I B …………………………………………………………………36
5)W ( )…………………………………………………………………… 41
• Seafarers
• Operations & Supply Chain
• Communications strategy
• Head office functions
6) ………………………………………………………………45
6 1) …………………………………………………………………………… 45
6.1.1)Taking back streets for ……………………………………………………45

• Rebalance streets now.
• Anchor streets to public transit.
• Address COVID-19-related concerns for public transportation.
• Eliminate curbside parking.
• Lean into e-mobility infrastructure.
• Encourage alternative mobility.
• Consider electric-car-only zones.
6.1.2)There are 12 steps to take after pandemic to getting …………… …4
2|Page
6 2) ……………………………………………………………………………… 49
6 2 1)15 W VI ………………… 49
1. …………………………………………………………………… 49
• Goal
• Context
• Key Steps
• Timeline
• Duration
2. ……………………………………………………………………51
• Goal
• Context
• Key Steps
• Timeline
• Duration
3 E ……………………………………………………………… 52
• Goal
• Context
• Key Steps
• Timeline
• Duration
4. Safe ………………………………………………………………… ……53

• Goal
• Context
• Key Steps
• Timeline
3|Page
• Duration
5. Slow St ……………………………………………………………… …………54

• Goal
• Context
• Key Steps
• Timeline
• Duration
6. Open / Play ……………………………………………………… …………55
• Goal
• Context
• Key Steps
• Timeline
• Duration
7. B ………………………………………………………………… 56
• Goal
• Context
• Key Steps
• Timeline
• Duration
8. T …………………………………………………………………………5
• Goal
• Context
• Key Steps
• Timeline
• Duration
4|Page
9. T …………………………………………………………5
• Goal
• Context
• Key Steps
• Timeline
• Duration
10. Pick-U Z ……………………………………………………… 59
• Goal
• Context
• Key Steps
• Timeline
• Duration
11. Outdoor ………………………………………………………………………60
• Goal
• Context
• Key Steps
• Timeline
• Duration
12. …………………………………………………………………………………61
• Goal
• Context
• Key Steps
• Timeline
• Duration
5|Page
13. ………………………………………………………………………62
• Goal
• Context
• Key Steps
• Timeline
• Duration
14. …………………………………………………………………63
• Goal
• Context
• Key Steps
• Timeline
• Duration
15. G E ……………………………………………………………64
• Goal
• Context
• Key Steps
• Timeline
• Duration
6.3) Micro …………………………………………………………………………… 65
6 3 1) ……………………………………………………………………………65
• 1.Recommended
• 2.OPTIONAL
• 3.OPTIONAL
6 3 2) ………………………………………………………………………… …6
• 1.SIDEWALK ZONES
• 2.PEDESTRIAN THROUGH ZONE
• 3.STREET FURNITURE/CURB ZONE
• 4.ENHANCEMENT/BUFFER ZONE
6|Page
6 3 3) U B EXTEN I N ………………………………………………………… ……… 2
• 1.GATEWAY
• 2.PINCHPOINT
• 3.CHICANE
• 4.BUS BULBS
6.3.4)VERTICAL SPEED CONT E E ENT ……………………………… ……… 5
• 1.SPEED HUMP
• 2.SPEED TABLE
• 3.SPEED CUSHION
6 3 5)T N IT T EET ……………………………………………………………………
• 1.DEDICATED CURBSIDE/OFFSET BUS LANES
• 2.DEDICATED MEDIAN BUS LANES
• 3.CONTRA-FLOW BUS LANES
• 4.BUS STOPS
6 3 6) T W TE N GE ENT…………………………………………………… 1
• 1.BIOSWALES
• 2.FLOW-THROUGH PLANTERS
• 3.PERVIOUS STRIPS
• 4.PERVIOUS PAVEMENT
6.4) 6 Ways to Make City Streets Safer for Pedestrians in our Bangladesh(Dhaka)
context…………………………………………………… 4
• Provide Accessible and Continuous Sidewalks
7|Page
• Convert Underused or Inactive Spaces into Pedestrian Plazas
• Deliver Safe Zones for Children and Young Adults
• Create Shared Road Spaces
• Pedestrianism Streets
• Launch Car-Free Days
7)The Multilevel Metropolis(long term

)…………………………………………………… 90
7.1)The Circ I ……………………………………………………………93
2)V G G T ………………………………………………………94
3)T : ………………………………………… 96
7.4)Calgary: T U ……………………………………101
7.5)Manhattan: Access Trees, H , E …………………………… 103
6)H : ……………………………………………………106
) ……………………………………………………112
8|Page
Transportation in post pandemic
Situation Analysis
The coronavirus pandemic has shown the interlocked nature of the modern world,
where what happens in cities, does not stay in cities. With around two hundred
countries affected, the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID 19) pandemic has wrapped
its tentacles around the Indian population. The Government of
India took an anticipatory step to break the spread of the virus by declaring a nationwide
lockdown on the 21 st of March 2020. The lockdown, now approaching its fourth phase,
has brought life to a standstill.
In such situations, the Indian public transport has been profoundly affected by this
forced social distancing tool.
How has public transport been affected?

Across many countries, life as we know it has taken a hiatus. Governments have issued
warnings for people to stay at home, away from crowds and infectious environments.
The desertion of shared services includes public buses and trains, which has made
public transport sector its first casualty. People and goods use transport for what it
produces, and not just for its sake. It is a derived demand. Public transport has suffered
massive revenue losses since it is typically dependent on fares and subsidies.
The Covid-19 has crippled the businesses of shared mobility firms, snowballing risks
and financial pressure for the gig-economy workers, particularly the drivers.
Public transport systems have been considered a high-risk setting due to:
• no methods to identify potentially sick people

• a high number of people in a confined space
• Exposure to common surfaces (handrails, ticket machines, etc.).
• It is therefore vital to analytically identify areas of action to abate the risks for
public transport staff and passengers.
9|Page
Macro level
7 goals in public transportation after the COVID-19
1. Focusing on travel time goals
Meeting these goals will be facilitated by the use of technology-enabled mobility
services. The impact of COVID-19 is likely minimal on long-term travel time goals as
expressed by Dr Janil Puthucheary, Senior Minister of State, Ministry of Transport &
Ministry of Communications and Information in Singapore in a speech on 5 March
2020.1 He stated that while Singapore must address the immediate impact of COVID-
19, it must ’
Transport Master Plan for 2040.2 However, it is possible that transportation planning in
general may experience a two-fold change: one in which the modelling that forms the
basis of planning takes into consideration situations such as natural disasters and
disease outbreaks, such as the COVID-19 pandemic; and one in which the
transportation planning process is much more flexible than it is now.
Man in metro
10 | P a g e
2. MaaS is multimodal
The second prediction is that traffic management will be recognised as a significant
portion of Mobility-as-a-Service (MaaS). It is expected that Traffic Management 2.0 (TM
2.0) and Transportation Systems Management and Operations (TSMO) will be
integrated into MaaS in 2020. The potential impact of COVID-19 on this prediction is
minimal because including data from traffic management and operations should not be
affected by a pandemic even though mobility choices certainly will be affected.
3. Public autonomous transport

The third prediction is that autonomous vehicles (AVs) will actually be put into public
transport service, rather than being operated just in pilots and trials. COVID-19 is likely
to have a considerable impact on the deployment of AVs, particularly due to keeping
transit operators safe from the virus. Around the world, transit operators have lost their
lives to COVID-19, prompting transport agencies to employ safety measures such a
rear-door boarding, eliminating on-board fare payment and installing panels next to the
driver, significantly reducing driver exposure if travellers are paying their fare on-board
or simply boarding through the front door. If AVs could be pressed into service sooner,
drivers would not be exposed to the virus.
Further, public transport AVs with no human attendants are being used to carry critical
testing supplies to and from medical facilities, such as what the Jacksonville
T 2020 “T JT
with Beep, an autonomous shuttle fleet service provider, and French AV builder NAVYA
’ [ J ille] new
drive- F V ”3 T V
that wil JT ’ U U
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robo bus
4. Utilizing Artificial Intelligence

The fourth prediction is that we will see more use of artificial intelligence (AI) and deep
learning in public transport in 2020. The impact of COVID-19 on this prediction is
significant as it may already be accelerating the development and deployment of AI in
five of the six areas that I cited in the original article: (1) Customer experience
improvement through digital assistants; (2) Optimisation of operational efficiency
through predictive analysis of mobility demand; (3) Autonomous dispatching and
operations to better meet the increasing demand and dynamic environmental changes;
(4) Effective preventive maintenance operations; and (5) Preventive safety and security
management using AI powered video analytics.4
Each of these areas represents a reduction in staffing and human contact or proximity.
For example, digital assistants could be used to substitute for human contact regarding
purchasing fare products or even performing like a wheelchair tie-down after a traveller
in a wheelchair boards a bus. In terms of preventative safety management, AI could be
used to check the temperatures of boarding travellers and be used to regulate the use
of public transport. Optimisation of operational efficiency during social distancing could
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be accomplished by AI as well by examining demand and the limited supply of service.
AI in transport testing temperature
5. Perfecting the ‘complete’ trip

The fifth prediction is a continuation of one I made for 2019 – that there would be a
“ T ” bodied in the
USDOT Complete Trip – IT 4U , “
develop comprehensive, seamless and efficient transportation solutions to increase
mobility access. The goal is to enable people to travel independently from one point to
another, regardless of the number of connections, transfers, or modes of transportation.
The programme focuses on holistic approaches that create more choices and better
access for older adults, people with disabilities and underserved communities in rural
”5
Without a pandemic, there are numerous barriers to persons with disabilities, older
people and low- “ ” T
more barriers with COVID-19 – most of them are related to social distancing and
required human interaction. For example, while many transport systems have moved to
rear-door boarding, someone with a disability may need to board using the front door.
Further, if a vehicle has seating restrictions due to social distancing, a traveller will need
to know about seating availability before and while they are making their trip. Finally, if a
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passenger requires special assistance, such as having the vehicle operator secure their
wheelchair within the vehicle, it will be virtually impossible to maintain a safe distance
between the traveller and driver.
So attaining a complete trip in the time of COVID-19 may be challenging unless several
technology-enabled mobility solutions are advanced quickly. These include providing
real-time seating (and wheelchair space) availability taking into account social
distancing, automated wheelchair securement systems and AVs that incorporate
accessibility.
Wheelchair access for mobility after COVID-19
6. Kerb-side management
The sixth prediction is the proliferation of kerb management initiatives and systems.
COVID-19 has already had a great impact on this area due to the rapid changes in kerb
uses as well as parking reductions. Many cities have been making changes to allow
short-term parking to allow food take away, and reduce or eliminate parking near areas
that attract large groups of people (e.g., beaches, parks). Technology-enabled kerb
management solutions are facilitating these actions during the pandemic.
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testing mobility data in city after COVID-19
7. An open system
The seventh and final prediction is that in 2020, we will continue to move toward open
platforms and data to drive technology-enabled mobility services. COVID-19 has the
potential to accelerate the development and deployment of open platforms and data.
For example, incorporating social distancing into a MaaS platform would be one way of
ensuring that travellers are provided with all available and safe mobility options.
This type of MaaS platform has been dev I F “T E

MaaS (COvid-19 REsilient Mobility as a Service) project proposes to develop an open
[software development kit] SDK-based middleware platform that integrates available
mobility service providers (MSPs), public transport, taxis, and other mobility services
across multiple cities and regions within Continental Europe. The platform will provide
intermodal routing algorithms to allow users to select available mobility options within a
selected geography that optimise social , ”6
Further, from an open data perspective, COVID-19 may encourage open data by MSPs
since mobility services are changing sometimes on a daily basis. For example, a public
transport agency may decide to cutback bus service in a particular area of a city, but
t “ ” ,
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will be increased. With these decisions being made quickly, open data describing these
service changes should be made available in real-time to a variety of information
service providers. As mentioned in my original 2020 predictions, this data must be open
to facilitate real-time mobility decisions.
Proposed Conceptual Framework for Transport Sector

Response to COVID-19 Based on Avoid-Shift-Improve
Approach
Globally, cities and countries are currently implementing a large number of measures in
the field of transport to stop the further spread of COVID-19. It is not yet possible to
draw any conclusive conclusions about the efficiency and effectiveness of these
measures. At the same time, we should not and do not want to lose sight of the goals of
sustainable mobility. In order to create a better understanding of possible measures and
at the same time provide a link to the transport policy debate, we have arranged the
measures according to Avoid-Shift-Improve:
1. Avoid: Measures to reduce individual (motorised) transport demand - both in the short
term to combat the coronavirus epidemic and in the long term to reduce carbon
emissions, accidents and congestion,
2. Shift: Measures to direct users to safe, clean, low-contact means of transport in the
wake of the corona crisis. In the long term, promoting forms of active mobility such as
walking and cycling and attractive, reliable, accessible, affordable and competitive
public transport to keep cities liveable,
3. Improve: Improving quality of operations and services, especially in public transport,

in order to remain attractive and, in particular, to avoid crowding. An improved quality of
biking and walking will help to free space in other modes.
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Fig 6 Avoid Shift Improve Instruments Covid 19 203020
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Technological innovation and in particular digitalisation are important elements to
achieve improvements and developments in all three fields Avoid, Shift and Improve.
With the following overview, we want to suggest that the measures taken in the context
of the corona crisis are both fair (in terms of social participation, gender and
generational equity) and support the objectives of transport transformation in the long
term.
Transportation hubs — especially airports — were anxiety triggers long before we had
to deal with a global pandemic. To dispel that unease, designers have successfully
deployed signage and wayfinding strategies to guide travelers through unfamiliar
environments while communicating across languages and cultures.
The best signage and wayfinding strategies are often unseen, conveying the bare
minimum amount of information to get you from point A to point B. If, at the end of the
, ’ single thing about the signs that brought you home, that was
a good thing.
I , “ ” VI -
19 and the need to distance ourselves from other travelers. The stakes are too high to
risk someone missing the message.
Phase 1: Manage the queue

A primary hot button issue now, and for the immediate future, is queuing. We are seeing
ad hoc solutions pop up all over the place, with the most popular strategy of putting
stickers or tape on the floor at six-foot intervals in queuing areas. These floor graphics
could become much more sophisticated and effective.
W ’ ,
queuing happens. Subway stations, bus stops, clothing retailers, and restaurant chains
are likely to implement similar measures.
Airports happen to have a high number of places where pedestrian traffic clogs up.
Imagine the journey from curbside drop off to the TSA line to baggage claim — graphic
cues and explicit signage will be especially important in shaping behavior as travelers
move through that journey.
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Beyond social distancing, we may want to remind passengers to wash their hands or
cough into their elbows with strategically placed signage.
Temporary sticker solutions could also be placed on doors or anywhere we interact with
the physical environment. We can do it elegantly and in a manner that grabs your
attention, striking a balance that gets at the heart o ’
Phase 2: Invest in digital wayfinding

In the long term, there will be a more fundamental change. Over the past 20 years,
’ B
and wayfinding design is much more than a trend. This moment is a tipping point for
design. The future will be digital, and it will be flexible.
While analog signage strategies work well in normal times, they leave much to be
desired in a crisis. They are too static. Transit hubs must now accept the fact that they
might need to change their messages and norms on a dime.
H ’ :
Phase one: Solve for queuing. A ceiling-integrated lighting system could delineate
points on the floor for travelers to line up. Such a system could integrate biometric
sensors. This is far more elegant and eye-catching than pasting down stickers, and
digital solutions would have the added benefit of being adaptable to new circumstances.
Phase two: If social distancing guidelines relax, the lights could simply be turned off, or
q ’
Phase three: To take it further, if we extend our thinking about what could be digital,
even gate numbers could change to prevent crowding and overflow in hold rooms. This
would give airports flexibility that would have been unimaginable in the past.
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Micro level
Air transport
Airport redesign
Short-term responses
Our opportunity as architects and designers is to think about the possibilities for helping
airports and airlines begin to return to a new normal. There are immediate needs for
social distancing and changing the way that passengers use airport facilities.
1.Limit queuing and congregation spaces through better process
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In the short run, the solution will be to limit the amount of queuing and congregation
spaces. In some ways, this shift would be an acceleration of processes that some airlines
have already been moving toward. One example is giving passengers sole responsibility
for tagging and dropping their own bags at check-in. This is a strategy we implemented
at J B ’ T 5 JFK Airport in New York, converting the traditional ticketing
environment to a self-tag/self-drop operation.
2. Use technology to pre-map the passenger experience
Another response would be to leverage existing digital technology to pre-map the

passenger experie ’ F I ,
would check in using a self-tag/self-drop process as the default. Using smart phone
technology, the airport would assign passengers a dedicated time slot to pass through
the security checkpoint. This would enable airports to predict passenger loads and
F ’ ,
have the further benefit of speeding their journey through the terminal, minimizing their
close contact with other passengers and with surfaces that could possibly be tainted
with viruses or bacteria.
3. Accelerate biometric screening
In fact, we should be exploring how to minimize other touchpoints in the airport

experience. Airports can work quickly to accelerate the biometric screening process that
some have already begun testing through retinal and facial recognition technologies.
Already Delta Air Lines’ erminal at Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta Airport has implemented
a passenger processing system that is 100% biometric – from check-in to boarding –
and other airlines, such as JetBlue Airways, anticipate similar initiatives in their facilities
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at JFK Terminal 5 B ’ T T VI -19 crisis
provides the impetus to get every airport upgraded sooner than we envisioned.
4. Decentralize passenger processing
In any scenario, most airports are challenged for space. Existing terminals are
traditionally hemmed in from the airside by aircraft parking limitations, and on the
landside by an existing roadway network. The option in the departure process is better
utilization at the curb. Decentralizing passenger processing will be one of the key health
and wellness strategies that might be a near- ’ ,
despite the costly and operational challenges associated with this shift.
Solutions That Will Take More Time
Some solutions can be realized over a longer time frame. These ideas could be a
combination of reusing existing airport amenities and creating new facilities for new
types of passenger screening.
1. Convert parking garages into check-in and screening centers
For example, as the world adapts to the rise of autonomous vehicles, airport campuses
will look for ways to repurpose their parking garages. In particular, the garages that are
directly connected to terminals present the ideal place to house processes such as
check-in, security screening, and crowd control, providing new distance controls and
passenger flow metering, while also freeing the existing terminal to house more
passenger amenities in a less densified arrangement.
2. Rethink seating layouts in boarding areas
The incentive to de-densify terminals could also allow us to rethink traditional seating
layouts in boarding areas. Not only can we look at new seating types and configurations
that will allow for greater social distancing, but we can consider options like standing
rails with charging stations and other flexible seating.
3. Create screening vestibules at airport entrances
Ultimately, integrated security and bio-pathogenic screening would be the holy grail of
airport safety and security. This could be a game-changer, opening the entire terminal
to airside amenities and a better traveler experience. A revolutionary long-term process
change could be the dispersion of screening systems to elongated vestibules at the
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entrances to buildings. While this scenario is loaded with operational issues to solve, it
would accomplish security and medical screening prior to passengers stepping foot
inside the building.
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Bangladesh context:
On the above discussion we can take easily those polices and steps to post pandemic
redesign of airport .
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Land transport (train/bus based transit)
Public transport is essential to provide mobility to critical services and staff as a core
function and to
allow movement of patients, medical staff and supplies in times of pandemics.
Therefore, maintaining
the operation of public transport is crucial. Subsequently, public transport operators
should focus their pandemic plan efforts on staff safety, and preparing to deal with the
shortage of labour.
The efforts of public transport can be divided into three phases:
• During lockdown
• Just after lockdown
• Resuming urban transport post lockdown
During Lockdown
Rail Based Transit

Minimize the Spread of Infection
• Sanitization of coaches/rolling stock, station area, common areas and staff rooms
• Provide safety gear and PPE like masks, gloves and sanitizers
• Emergency Services
• Enabling the transport of essential staff and healthcare supplies
• Transportation of migrant labour back to their hometowns
• Usage of train coaches as quarantine and treatment facilities
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Bus Based Transit
Minimize the spread of infection
Operation at lower capacity (30-50%)

• Passengers to board/alight from rear doors
• Sanitization of buses, bus depots and common staff areas
• Providing safety gear for both the passengers and bus operators
• Transparent protective barriers placed near the driving area to protect the bus
driver and passengers
• Introducing changes in operation
• Buses to run as per demand, and will be available only to move essential staff
and supplies
• Information sharing through apps about real-time location and number of
passengers in the bus
• Any documents from the transport authority to be approved digitally
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Just after lockdown
Rail Based Transit

: ’ N
• Limiting the number of passengers per coach

• No cash transactions allowed for ticket purchasing
• Maintaining hygiene and sanitation of all common areas
• Issuing refunds of tickets
• Increasing the frequency of trains and metros to avoid crowding
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Bus Based Transit
• Marking seats as unavailable to reduce the number of passengers

• Only digital transactions to pay for the fare, to reduce chances of contact
• Sanitization of buses, along with compulsory masks, gloves and other PPE for
passengers and drivers
• Demarcation at bus stops to maintain an appropriate distance between
passengers and bus driver
• Support to transport authorities in terms of relaxation of KPIs and penalties
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Pedestrianization and Cycling
• Encouraging walking as a new means of public transport and creating new

walking zones
• Allowing only walking/cycling as a means of transportation within a certain radius
• Sanitization of cycles and docking stations while providing protective measures
such as gloves,
• masks and hand sanitizers
• Online registration for rental of cycles
• Closure of roads for vehicles to allow only pedestrians or cyclists
• Cycle sale and repair outlets to remain operational under essential services
Cab and ride-hailing services

• Limiting the number of passengers in a cab to 2

• Sanitization of cabs with compulsory PPE for drivers and passengers
• Rides restricted to passenger movement for essential services
• Free rides for health workers and transportation of necessary supplies
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• Apart from these measures, disseminating information and safety guidelines for
the general public is of critical importance, at all times.
Resuming Public Transport Post Lockdown

• Maintaining thorough sanitization of all kinds of public transport
• Ensuring communication of social distancing and hygiene guidelines while
introducing modifications to ensure the safety of drivers and passengers
• Managing a sudden surge in the rise of demand for PPE. People would be living
in a mindset that the person next to them is infected.
• Providing urban transportation to labourers and factory workers to return to their
work
• Building footpaths and cycling bi-lanes, while closing down streets for vehicular
traffic to encourage pedestrianization and cycling
• A gradual increase in the occupancy capacity of public transport
• Renegotiate contracts to support the private sector in terms of penalties,
changed working hours and staff salaries
Future of Public Transport

Social distancing measures on public transport will have to be maintained even after the
COVID-19 lockdown measures are revoked, and passenger traffic returns. The
fundamental basis of transportation will be questioned. People preferably would not
want to travel. If they do move, they would want it to be secure and affordable.
Post-COVID-19, behaviour will likely change. A vast number of people will try to move
away from public transport and will choose safer substitutes in a similar price range, and
people who can pay for might upgrade their choice of public transport, or may even buy.
Given rules regarding social distancing and safety, consumers would prefer self-drive
two-wheelers, along with long-term subscriptions and rentals, and move out of shared
transport. As Mr E Sreedharan rightly said, the metro is a social responsibility.
It will have to resume operations after the lockdown. But to make the commute safer for
people, Delhi Metro will have to enhance
capacity six times, while Mumbai trains will have to boost services 14-16 times. Cycling,
apart from being a healthy and sustainable mode of transport, is a good way to relieve
the burden on public transport systems.
There should be a conscious effort to bring about a change from
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private car usage, including ride-hailing and cabs to cycling but also walking to
safeguard the health of people during their day to day life.
NemBot, a concept for convoys of electric driverless

vehicles
Biomega founder Jens Martin Skibsted has created NemBot, a concept for convoys of
electric driverless vehicles to transport goods and patients around cities in isolation
pods.
The Non-Emergency Medical Transportation (NEMT) system was created by a team led
by Skibsted at design consultancy Manyone in response to the coronavirus pandemic.
NemBot would allow people such as asthma or cancer patients to be moved around a
city in their own quarantined cabins without putting key workers at risk.
Skibsted designed the NemBots during the coronavirus lockdown as a response to what
he called "very old school and rudimentary" urban mobility solutions for NEMT and
cargo delivery.
Typically, this type of transportation allows those who suffer from conditions such as
diabetes, heart disease, cancer and asthma to be taken safely to their appointments, or
enables the delivery of medical supplies.
"When Covid-19 hit, we realised that many of the freight issues were the same ones
that prohibited a good mobility response to the pandemic," said the Danish designer.
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"The existing solutions just clog up the city and pollute and hinder economic
development," he added.
As a concept, NemBot reimagines both freight and non-emergency medical transport as

convoys of six small electric vehicles. Skibsted imagined the pod caravan structured
"lego brick-like" in two rows of three.
These NemBots would be attached to a single human-operated vehicle, occupying less
space than a standard fire truck. This vehicle could travel into cities from another
location, before dispersing the convoy into individual pods to serve different areas.
As Skibsted explains, current NEMT services require manned vehicles, putting workers
at risk. The vehicles themselves are bulky and aren't designed to offer individuals a
quarantined environment.
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"The coronavirus has highlighted that we need better and more agile solutions to safely
transport patients, medicine, testing samples and – sometime soon – vaccines," said
the designer.
Related story
Seymourpowell designs Quarter Car private ride-sharing concept
"Current public transport solutions struggle with transporting large groups of people
while guaranteeing safe distancing, isolation and sanitation," he added. "So we need
more sensitive solutions to this complex logistical challenge."
NemBout could function both as a non-autonomous convoy road train for long
distances, or a driverless last-mile solution for cities.
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The basic interior cabin design would be adaptable to serve different transportation
purposes.
The pods could, for instance, be used to deliver cargo such as medicine or samples via
removable trolleys equipped with cryogenic units powered by the vehicle's battery
system.
Alternatively, they could be modified to transport patients or commuters in isolation.

Despite being designed to accommodate just one person, the interior would be large
enough to fit a sickbed and accompanying sanitation equipment.
By designing the pod with rear-wheel drive and steering, there would be more space in
the front cabin to make room for items like medical trolleys, monitors and wheelchairs.
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Ultra Violet (UV) sanitation systems would be included inside the NemBots to disinfect
the cabin after each trip, as well as on the exterior to sanitise the surroundings while in
transit. Both UV systems would be powered by the vehicle's battery.
Pre-set journeys could offer more efficient door-to-door transport, in turn reducing
waiting times and the crowds of people at train stations or bus sto
ps.
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Automatic doors and voice control also reduce the number of touch-points needed to
operate the vehicle.
Post pandemic, the units could be re-appropriated for ordinary cargo delivery or waste
collection
In Bangladesh context
• Firstly, most of the buses operating in Dhaka city are running beyond their life
cycle. They have scratches all over them. The dusty seats had been reorganised
and increased within the small buses a long time ago.
The distance (if there is any) between each of the front and back seat is almost non-
existing. I, being a decently tall person, have a very hard time sitting in one of those.
• Secondly, most of the buses operating in the streets of Dhaka only have one
door. Everyone goes in and out of the bus using that door, which increases the
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possibilities of virus spread among the passengers.
The authorities give examples of developed countries while talking about lifting the
shutdown and resuming public transportation. Are they aware of the differences
between the public transport in those countries and ours? Here's a photo taken from the
outside that shows the difference in size.
The photo on the left shows a bus in Luxembourg/ Reuters File Photo
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• Thirdly, and most importantly, ensuring a safe distance between the helper and
the driver of the bus is a must! Because if one of them gets infected with the virus
(considering that they already didn't), everyone getting into the bus will end up
getting the disease as well. With only one door in the bus, people really don't
have an option for a safe distance from the helper.
It is necessary to mention that while maintaining a distance of three feet between each
row might be possible, leaving one seat empty in each side, it is not possible to maintain
the same distance within the rows without deducting another half number of
passengers. Which will mean that a bus will be able to carry passengers not half but
only 25% of its capacity.
Germany, in an attempt to curb the spread via public transportation, has added a barrier
to separate the bus driver from the rest of the passengers. They have also sealed off
the front door of the buses and kept the door on the back of the bus open.
With only one door in most of the buses operating in Dhaka, we don't even have that
option.
In Germany, authorities added a barrier to separate the bus driver from the rest of the
passengers. Photo: Arafatul Islam
It raises another question: how can we be sure that the transport workers or the
passengers getting into the buses aren't already infected? If someone needs to come in
contact with thousands of people every day, isn't it necessary for us to test them before
they come into contact with others?
• The fourth point is with the cash payment of bus fare. We all know by now that
Covid-19 not only spreads through human to human, but this virus can also stay
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active in the everyday objects we use. One of which is the banknotes.
Cash money is the main method of the payment of fares in public transportation from
the beginning. File Photo: Reuters
While several cities of our neighbouring country India, including Ahmedabad, have
decided to go digital, do we have any such initiative taken?
We have bKash, Rocket, Nagad and many other mobile bank services. Does any of
them provide a cashless payment method of local bus fares? The answer is no.
• The fifth and last point is the position of the female seats at the front of the bus.
Those seats are at the perfect position for Covid-19 to spread. The people,
mostly females, sitting in those seats will come into contact with everyone who
gets into the bus and everyone who gets off. They won't have the safe distance
from the helper or the bus driver. The two people who will be at the highest risk
of getting infected with Covid-19.
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Then again, another question raises. The number of buses that operates inside Dhaka
city never had enough seats for the number of passengers. Half of the people always
had to keep standing.
With all the government and private offices reopening, how will the public transport, with
only half of the total seats, support a large number of passengers?
We, as a whole nation, has an amazing track record of following rules. Today,
numerous reports on television channels showed 3 to 4 people going to their
workplaces in one CNG because there wasn't any bus on the street.
While the government still didn't give permission to ride-sharing services, motorcycles
were seen on the streets waiting for passengers.
Are we going to see what we have already seen in the last couple of years? A bus with
passengers hanging from the door? Do you really need to be an expert to guess what
will happen in that situation?
If we really want to follow the developed countries, I think we should start by reforming
our public transportation sector. The local buses, in no way, can be declared safe from
Covid-19 contamination.
We need to make sure that every bus running on the streets has at least two doors and
at least a meter distance between each passenger. Meaning that most of the buses that
are active on the road right now will need to be dismissed.
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Water transport (ship)
In these unprecedented times, the ability of shipping services to continue undisrupted to

transport food, energy and medical supplies across the continents will play a critical role
in overcoming this pandemic. In parallel, shipping operations face great challenges such
as:
• On board safety: Crew must prevent at any cost an infection from being transferred
’ ,
be limited medical support in case of an incident
• Crew: Due to travel restrictions, crew is likely to be unable to travel to join a vessel
or be repatriated following the completion of their contract
• Supplies: There are difficulties in finding medical and other supplies for the vessel
and its crew as well as likely a shortage in mechanical and electronic parts for
vessels
• On board inspections: At many ports, specialised staff such as inspectors are
restricted from accessing vessels and thus conducting the legally required
inspections (safety, environmental, training, etc.) and other operations may be
severely disrupted
• On shore support: As head offices, ports and shore authorities operate with
emergency staff or remotely, vessels will likely experience delays as well as reduced
levels and quality of support from shore
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Senior management should now be focused on a Response Strategy Plan and ensure
that this plan is capable of keeping the lights on today, in the weeks and the months
ahead.
A Response Strategy Plan
requires first of all planning for the worst-case scenario, that is how the crisis will evolve
over time, which is the baseline to work out, what will be the biggest possible impact for
the organisation. For example, does management expect that government measures
will manage to contain the virus spread? Which locations are likely to come online and
back to business first? How soon does management expect that travel and people-
gathering restrictions will be lifted? Does management expect the virus-spread to
worsen in countries which are key to their supply chain or the regions in which it
operates? The evaluation of the worst-case scenario is an ongoing process as the crisis
continues to evolve and new insights and facts will become available.
For the shipping industry, below are key areas that are vital for the continuity of the
organisation and should be part of the considerations of a Response Strategy Plan:
1. Seafarers
Relevant policies and procedures must be put in place to address the risks identified by the
scenario planning process as well as any legal or regulatory requirements. For example,
shipping companies should make sure that comprehensive policies, which comply with
regulatory guidelines, have been communicated onboard to minimise any risk of infection and
any such cases are timely detected and isolated. Other considerations may include:
• Keeping full visibility of their officers and crew and especially supporting those on-board
vessels who cannot repatriate due to travel restrictions
• Identifying critical voyages whereby crew may not be able to get onboard due to port
lockdowns;
• Identifying cases of seafarers who will extend their onboarding period beyond the eligible
timeframes, and evaluate regulatory implications
• Developing programs for the wellbeing of seafarers spending an excessive amount of time
on board the vessels
2. Operations & Supply Chain

As vessels must remain operational in order to continue transporting critical cargo
across continents, it is necessary to maintain business continuity and ensure
replenishment of critical spares, provisions and stores. Areas of consideration may
include:
• Identify via clustering the most critical components and their spares, the most
essential dry provisions as well as the crucial stores, e.g. rags, plastic bags, etc.
• Estimate desired safety stock levels and consolidate demand in 3-Month
replenishment cycles to avoid stock-outs due to disruption
• Identify previously convenient ports which might be subject to lockdown and try to
pre-build stock-onboard, should voyage planning allow it
• Assess business continuity status of forwarders and discuss with them the option to
stock stores and common spares in convenient locations
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• Liaise with key third parties (i.e. shipyards, agents, forwarders) and vessel suppliers
(i.e. original equipment manufacturers, makers, shipchandlers etc.) to ensure that
they will be able to continue to deliver the minimum allowable service levels to keep
critical voyages operational. This is exceptionally critical in case of Scrubber and
Water Ballast Treatment Systems retrofits due to the limited slot availability and
impending class surveys
• Identify how the operational departments, e.g. technical, purchasing, operations,
safety & quality can adapt – i.e. to ramp up or down – to the evolving market
conditions and the fluctuations in the Tanker TCEs, that might shift focus from cost
minimization to zero time off-hire and back again if the Russia – OPEC+ price war
subsides
• Evaluate available strategies for alternative sourcing of bunkers, in tandem with the
IMO 2020 regulations (provided Scrubber retrofits are pending), alternate voyage
planning options, switching to makers of spares due to their stock availability versus
OEMs or buying the majority of supplies locally to ensure on time and in-full
forwarding deliveries
• Reassess the need to retrofit vessels with Scrubbers given the currently projected 4-
year ROI, the shipyard availabilities and the logistics challenges imposed
• Identify alternative options for the interim for Seafarer availability from nationalities
where time offboard is in excess of 4 months
• Run scenario planning exercises to understand the operational implications, both
financial and non-financial, of various scenarios
Source: Pwc, GettyImages
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3. Communications strategy
It is important to ensure that all stakeholders of the business, such as employees,
suppliers, customers, investors, banks, etc. remain fully updated and engaged as
’
consideration may include:
• Internal and external stakeholders are mapped for key communications
• There is a clear communications strategy to protect reputation and maintain the trust
of stakeholders
• Communication channels with stakeholders are operational
• Communication with stakeholders is regular, clear, consistent and reassuring
• There is an active and open communication with the regulators to explore areas for
aligning regulatory obligations with the current situation, such as extending deadlines
or providing industry knowledge and support where needed
4. Head office functions
Head office operations must find the right balance in order to continue to support critical
operations of the company, particularly voyages and seafarers, while maintaining safety
of the workforce and complying with health and safety as well as legal guidelines. Areas
to consider may include:
• Updating working capital plans and forecasts and look for access to emergency
funds
• Timely identifying contractual options which can be either used against the company
as a supplier or are available to the company as a customer
• Identifying insurance policies in ’
response plan scenarios and how these can be activated if needed
• Activating teleworking capability to employees or as a minimum to critical staff and
single point of failure
• Evaluating cybersecurity risks emerging from the wide and extended use of remote
access and teleworking of staff
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Mobility and urban street
Macro level
We all look forward to recovering safely from this pandemic and reopening our schools
and businesses, but along the way the crisis is shedding light on some old and new
concerns about mobility, our streets, and the future of cities. Our wholesale shift in live-
work-play behaviors as a result of COVID-19 have provided us an opportunity to
rebalance public rights-of-way.
Taking back streets for people
W ’ ,
transitioned into much-needed release valves for pedestrians and cyclists seeking a
break from quarantined isolation. To maintain safe social distancing, cities have
extended sidewalks into the roadway by temporarily blocking off travel lanes and
curbside parking.
The City of Oakland, for example, announced plans to open up 74 miles of streets for
pedestrians and cyclists to get outdoors and exercise safely. Implemented in phases,
’
“ ” , ,
Many other U.S. cities, from Boston to Minneapolis, are initiating similar measures. And
in Italy, the city of Milan has announced it will rapidly transform 22 miles of streets in an
experimental expansion of cycling and walking space to protect residents as COVID-19
restrictions are lifted.
Without the threat of infectious disease, it has proven all but impossible to create
protected rolling lanes and/or widen sidewalks when faced with opposition from
motorists, who are already frustrated by congested streets. Sidewalks, in fact, have
been losing ground. Just stroll along any sidewalk in any American city and take note
of all the real estate lost to traffic lights, electrical equipment, outdated telephone
booths, bus stops, newspaper boxes, and roadway signs. Providing a place to walk
seems almost an afterthought.
B ’ ,
knew to be true: gas-powered cars pollute. Communities around the world are
experiencing clean air for the first time in living memory. Los Angeles, the poster child
for air pollution, has been logging some of the cleanest air of any city in the world.
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We suddenly have living proof that any move away from fossil fuel-burning vehicles,
whether by shifting modes (to public transportation, walking, biking, or micro-mobility)
or by widespread adoption of electric vehicles and green-charging infrastructure, will
have a measurable positive impact on human health and the environment.
Our collective over-dependence on fossil fuels has been the major roadblock to carving
out more public space for safe pedestrian and active transportation options — and to
B , ’
behaviors so radically, we have a unique opportunity to adopt new behaviors and
expectations as we slowly get back to normal.
Here are some strategies and tactical moves to consider right now:
1. Rebalance streets now.

Use low-cost and easy-to-deploy tactics to rebalance streets. Transition parking and
extra travel lanes to create broader sidewalks and protected rolling lanes for bikes and
micro-mobility devices like scooters. As cars return, new street designs can be tested
as temporary measures and then refined before becoming more permanent.
2. Anchor streets to public transit.
Design pedestrian and active transportation streets as part of a network that is ideally
anchored by fixed public transit stations and mobility hubs. The LA Metro Pathway
concept provides a great methodology on how to plan such networks, connecting
people to where they want to go.
3. Address COVID-19-related concerns for public transportation.
Public transportation is facing its own post-COVID questions relating to personal health
and well-being concerns, which can be partially addressed through touchless ticketing
technologies, better cleaning practices, and operable windows on trains and buses that
operate at and above grade. More study is required on this issue, because no one is
excited to get on a packed train.
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4. Eliminate curbside parking.
Eliminate curbside parking and replace it with mid-block drop-off/pick-up zones.
Eliminate all free parking in the public right of way. Our street space is way too
valuable to use as free car storage.
5. Lean into e-mobility infrastructure.

Support active transportation and emerging e-mobility through continued testing of new
operating models (like shared scooters) and build-out of robust supportive
infrastructure. Behaviors around the use of shared devices must change, but these
devices are still viable in a post-COVID world. Cities need to start building much more
robust parking and electric charging infrastructure to support all micro-modes, no
matter what ownership and operation might look like in the future. Santa Monica, the
birthplace of the shared scooter revolution, has plenty of great thinking to share and
has found through data analysis that nearly half of all scooter trips replace auto trips.
6. Encourage alternative mobility.

When cars start to reappear on city streets, enact policy measures that encourage
better behaviors, such as carpooling, public transit, active transportation, and remote
working as an alternative to non-essential trips.
7. Consider electric-car-only zones.

Finally – ’ W -only zones within
dense c W ’ ?
Early data coming out of China suggests that as people have come back to work, they
are opting out of crowded mass transit options and into both private automobiles and
active transpo , , ’
make the healthy paths the easy ones.
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There are 12 steps to take after pandemic to getting to
work
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Micro level
15 Ways to Reconfigure Streets after the COVID Pandemic
The National Association of City Transportation Officials has released a handy guide to
temporary street reconfigurations to facilitate safer and more efficient services and
activities during the COVID–19 crisis. The document comprises a variety of 3D
diagrams, each showing different ways that streets can be reprogrammed for different
stages of the pandemic, including the expansion of pedestrian zones, safe outdoor
, , “ ve use of
streets can lead the global response and recovery to this crisis, keeping people safe
,” J -Khan, Chair of the
National Association of City Transportation Officials and Principal at Bloomberg
Associates. The following 15 diagrams suggest just some of the ways in which streets
can be utilized for different functions throughout the crisis, with an eye to more
permanent solutions in post-pandemic urban planning.
1. Critical Services
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Goal: Provide space for critical/temporary food, sanitation, health, medical, or social
services distribution centers.
Context: Near key essential destinations such as markets, clinics, community centers,
and transit stops. Adjacent to hospitals or medical centers that require additional
capacity.
Key Steps
• Identify and prioritize relevant locations based on city demographic/health data and
medical center locations.
• Work with local medical centers to forecast where expanded capacity might be
needed.
• Fully or partially close streets to erect tents, distributions centers, or mobile
stations.
Timeline: Days to weeks.

Duration: Hours, days, weeks or months.
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2. Managing Speeds
Goal: Manage vehicle speeds to enhance the safety of all street users.
Context: Streets with long, straight stretches or inadequate traffic-calming
infrastructure; intersections with wide turning radii. Wide, typically congested streets
currently experiencing higher vehicle speeds. Citywide speed limit reductions, critical
corridors; specific streets, intersections and zones.
Key Steps
• Reduce the posted speed limit to a level consistent with eliminating serious injuries
and update markings and signs.
• Deploy quick-build designs and/or pair with other street or public space
interventions.
• Publicize speed limit and anti-speeding message with media campaigns.
Timeline: Days to weeks to plan, hours or days to implement.

Duration: Days to months.
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3. Sidewalk Extensions
Goal: Provide space for people to comply with physical distancing guidelines while
walking or waiting.
Context: Along main/high streets and major thoroughfares with essential
businesses/services, high transit use, or crowded recreational paths. On streets with
narrow or missing sidewalks that cannot be converted to local traffic only.
Key Steps
• Convert curbside parking or motor vehicle lane to pedestrian space.
• Protect lane with reflective barriers such as freestanding delineators or traffic
barrels.
Timeline: Days to plan, hours to implement.

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4. Safe Crossings
Goal: Improve crossings to help people walk/ bike safely given increased volumes
and changing travel patterns.
Context: Crossings at or near essential services (pharmacies, hospitals, grocery
stores, transit stops, parks, etc.) Mid-block locations with high crossing demand,
especially on multi-lane streets. Streets with transit stops at unsignalized locations,
fast or high-volume traffic, and/or high crash rates.
Key Steps
• Use vertical elements to delineate curb extensions or refuge islands.
• Shorten crossing distance and reduce speeding by repurposing or
narrowing vehicle lanes.
• Apply reflective traffic tape or paint to delineate pedestrian space and
increase crosswalk visibility.
Timeline: Days.
Duration: Weeks, months, years.
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5. Slow Streets
Goal: Reduce traffic volume and speed to a minimum so that people can walk, bike
and run safely.
Context: Streets with low vehicle volume and low to moderate speeds, where vehicle
volumes have dropped, or serve redundant through-traffic role during COVID
disruptions.
Key Steps
• I “ T ”, ,
( “ H ”)
• For neighborhoods, establish a grid of entry points into the local street
network where barricades should be installed.
• Identify stewards to take care of and monitor barricades.
• Allow local access, deliveries, and emergency vehicles.
Timeline: One week.
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6. Open / Play Streets
Goal: Provide safe space for physical activity, play, distant socializing, etc.
Context: Parkways or waterfront corridors with few intersections. Low-volume
residential streets. Commercial streets with local restaurant/retail clusters and no
transit.
Key Steps
• Install temporary traffic ba “E V ”
signs at intersections.
• Establish grid of entry points into local streets where barricades should be
installed.
Timeline: One week.

Duration: Time of day, day of
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7. Bike and Roll Lanes
Goal: Provide space for essential workers and others to bike and roll safely while
maintaining sufficient physical distance from others.
Context: Multilane streets, streets with wide lanes where demand is high. Streets that
provide access to hospitals and other essential services; connector routes to parks
and other open spaces.
Key Steps
• Convert curbside parking or motor vehicle lane to bike lane. Optional:
convert adjacent vehicle lane to passenger or freight loading, or parking.
• Designate start of lane with a barrier and sign, positioned so as not to
block cyclists.
• Use reflective barriers such as traffic cones, flexible posts, bollards, plastic
barriers, freestanding delineators, or traffic barrels.
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8. Transit Lanes
Goal: Provide or expand transit-only/ transit-priority lanes to make onstreet transit a

reliable and efficient form of transportation for the people who need it most.
Context: High-ridership transit corridors and routes that serve transit-dependent
communities and essential businesses/services.
Key Steps
• Convert curbside parking or motor vehicle lanes to surface transit lanes.
• Designate the transit lane with lane markings, regulatory signs, electronic
signs if available, and vertical elements such as cones.
Timeline: Weeks to plan, days/weeks to implement.
Duration: Several months to two to three years.
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9. Transit Stops and Access
Goal: Provide sufficient waiting area for transit passengers and allow rear door/all-
door boarding to reduce queuing and boarding time.
Context: Transit stops with high daily boardings or boarding concentrated at specific
times of day. Transit stops on sidewalks that are too busy or too narrow for physically
distant waiting.
Key Steps
• Deploy platforms with interim materials, such as curbs plus asphalt and
modular islands
• Install ramps, crosswalks, and safety islands to access mid-block stops.
• Ease rear boarding via mobile ticketing, on-board contactless payment,
and off-board fare collection.
Timeline: Days to weeks to plan, hours to weeks to implement.
Duration: Months to years.
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10. Pick-Up and Delivery Zones
Goal: Convert curbside parking spaces or travel lanes to high-turnover pick-up or

delivery zones serving essential businesses.
Context: Most relevant at restaurants, laundromats, pharmacies, and other essential
services.
Key Steps
• Use spray chalk, paint, stickers, or traffic tape, as needed to delineate
space.
• Alter management and enforcement policy, and cover meters or machines.
• Set time limits (~10 minutes max.) to enable turnover/quick access to
essential services.
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11. Outdoor Dining
Goal: Provide space for outdoor dining so that restaurants can comply with physical
distancing guidelines while resuming dine-in operations.
Context: Where restaurants, cafes, food stalls, and/or street food vendors are
clustered along several blocks.
Key Steps
• I ‘ ’
• Waive existing permit fees for outdoor dining within preselected zones, as
necessary.
• E ( ) ‘ ’
zones.
Timeline: One week.
Duration: Months.
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12. Markets
Goal: Expand market footprints into adjacent streets to relieve crowding and support
physical distancing.
Context: Streets with permanent or active open-air markets. Streets adjacent to
market buildings or public spaces with markets. Periodic farmers markets.
Key Steps
• Allocate street space to allow markets an expanded footprint to operate
with safe physical distancing.
• Alter management and enforcement policy.
• Define safe layout and spacing for vendor stalls and circulation routes
based on local physical distancing guidelines.
Duration: Hours, days, months, or permanent.
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13. School Streets
Goal: Provide outdoor classroom and recreation space, and safe pick-up/ drop-off
and health check zones.
Context: Streets and parking lots adjacent to schools, daycares, and facilities used
by students and children. Streets near and around schools used as routes for walking
and rolling to school.
Key Steps
• Provide car-free on-street space for schools and care facilities to conduct
classes and hold recess and assemblies.
• Create safe routes to schools using expanded sidewalks, bike and roll
lanes, safe crossings, and speed management.
Timeline: Days to weeks to plan, hours to implement.
Duration: Hours, months, or long-term.
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14. Streets for Protest
Goal: Facilitate safe access to public spaces for demonstration and protest as a
fundamental civic right.
Context: Iconic parks, streets, and squares typically used for demonstrations or
rallies. Decentralized in neighborhood public spaces and streets. Large streets and
bridges; locations of community or historical significance.
Key Steps
• Iconic parks, streets, and squares typically used for demonstrations or
rallies.
• Decentralized in neighborhood public spaces and streets.
• Large streets and bridges; locations of community or historical
significance.
•
Timeline: Hours to days.

Duration: Days, weeks, months.
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15. Gatherings and Events
Goal: Use full or partial street closures to provide outdoor space for cultural, religious,
or civic gatherings.
Context: Low-volume residential streets, laneways, or pedestrian streets.
Commercial streets or other corridors with no transit. Multi-lane streets with low
vehicular volumes. City or organization-owned parking lots and open-air garages.
Key Steps
• I “ T ” “ ”
signs matching closure type.
• Identify agency and local stewards to install and monitor barricades during
events.
• Ensure access for essential deliveries and emergency vehicles.
Timeline: Days to one week.
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Duration: Hours, days, weeks. The elements that make up city streets, from sidewalks
to travel lanes to transit stops, all vie for space within a limited right-of-way.
Transportation planners and engineers can use this toolbox to optimize the benefits the
community receives from its streets.
Micro level
The elements that make up city streets, from sidewalks to travel lanes to transit stops, all vie for
space within a limited right-of-way. Transportation planners and engineers can use this toolbox
to optimize the benefits the community receives from its streets.
Lane width
The width allocated to lanes for motorists, buses, trucks, bikes, and parked cars is a sensitive
and crucial aspect of street design. Lane widths should be considered within the assemblage of
a given street delineating space to serve all needs, including travel lanes, safety islands, bike
lanes, and sidewalks.
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1.Recommended
Lane width should be considered within the overall assemblage of the street. Travel
lane widths of 10 feet generally provide adequate safety in urban settings while
discouraging speeding. Cities may choose to use 11-foot lanes on designated truck and
bus routes (one 11-foot lane per direction) or adjacent to lanes in the opposing
direction.
2.OPTIONAL
Parking lane widths of 7–9 feet are generally recommended. Cities are encouraged to
demarcate the parking lane to indicate to drivers how close they are to parked cars. In
certain cases, especially where loading and double parking are present, wide parking
lanes (up to 15 feet) may be used. Wide parking lanes can serve multiple functions,
including as industrial loading zones or as an interim space for bicyclists.
3.OPTIONAL
For multi-lane roadways where transit or freight vehicles are present and require a wider
travel lane, the wider lane should be the outside lane (curbside or next to parking).
Inside lanes should continue to be designed at the minimum possible width. Major truck
or transit routes through urban areas may require the use of wider lane widths.
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Sidewalks
Sidewalks play a vital role in city life. As conduits for pedestrian movement and access,
they enhance connectivity and promote walking. As public spaces, sidewalks serve as
the front steps to the city, activating streets socially and economically. Safe, accessible,
and well-maintained sidewalks are a fundamental and necessary investment for cities,
and have been found to enhance general public health and maximize social capital.
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NEIGHBORHOOD NARROW SIDEWALK
Narrow neighborhood sidewalks should be redesigned to provide a wider pedestrian through
zone and street furniture zone whenever practicable.
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1.SIDEWALK ZONES
Prevailing design guidelines recommend a minimum sidewalk crosssection of 5 feet,
exclusive of other amenities and large enough for two people walking side by side.
While this dimension meets minimum ADA accessibility standards, many cities have
chosen to adopt wider standards. Sidewalk standards should accommodate higher
anticipated pedestrian volumes and provide ample space for an expanded frontage
zone as well as other street furniture, such as trash receptacles, bus stops, signage,
and bike share stations.
2.PEDESTRIAN THROUGH ZONE

The pedestrian through zone is the primary, accessible pathway that runs parallel to the
street. The through zone ensures that pedestrians have a safe and adequate place to
walk and should be 5–7 feet wide in residential settings and 8–12 feet wide in downtown
or commercial areas.
3.STREET FURNITURE/CURB ZONE

The street furniture zone is defined as the section of the sidewalk between the curb and
the through zone in which street furniture and amenities, such as lighting, benches,
newspaper kiosks, utility poles, tree pits, and bicycle parking are provided. The street
furniture zone may also consist of green infrastructure elements, such as rain gardens
or flow-through planters.
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4.ENHANCEMENT/BUFFER ZONE
The enhancement/buffer zone is the space immediately next to the sidewalk that may
consist of a variety of different elements. These include curb extensions, parklets, storm
water management features, parking, bike racks, bike share stations, and curbside bike
lanes or cycle tracks.
CURB EXTENSIONS
Curb extensions visually and physically narrow the roadway, creating safer and shorter
crossings for pedestrians while increasing the available space for street furniture,
benches, plantings, and street trees. They may be implemented on downtown,
neighborhood, and residential streets, large and small.
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1.GATEWAY
Curb extensions are often applied at the mouth of an intersection. When installed at the
entrance to a residential , “ ”
treatment and is intended to mark the transition to a slower speed street.
2.PINCHPOINT
Curb extensions may be applied at midblock to slow traffic speeds and add public space. When
utilized as a traffic calming treatment, mid-block curb extensions are referred to as "pinchpoints"
or "chokers".
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3.CHICANE
Offset curb extensions on residential or low volume downtown streets create a chicane
effect that slows traffic speeds considerably. Chicanes increase the amount of public
space available on a corridor and can be
activated using benches, bicycle parking, and other
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4.BUS BULBS
Bus bulbs are curb extensions that align the bus stop with the parking lane, allowing buses to
stop and board passengers without ever leaving the travel lane. Bus bulbs help buses move
faster and more reliably by decreasing the amount
VERTICAL SPEED CONTROL ELEMENTS

Vertical speed control elements manage traffic speeds and reinforce pedestrian-friendly, safe
speeds. These devices may be appropriate on a range of street types, but are most widely
applied along neighborhood, residential, or low-speed streets where freight traffic is
discouraged.
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1.SPEED HUMP
Speed humps are parabolic vertical traffic calming devices intended to slow
traffic speeds on low volume, low speed roads. Speed humps are 3–4 inches
high and 12–14 feet wide, with a ramp length of 3–6 feet, depending on target
speed.
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2.SPEED TABLE
Speed tables are midblock traffic calming devices that raise the entire wheelbase of a
vehicle to reduce its traffic speed. Speed tables are longer than speed humps and flat-
topped, with a height of 3–3.5 inches and a length of 22 feet. Vehicle operating speeds
for streets with speed tables range from 25–45 mph, depending on the spacing
3.SPEED CUSHION
Speed cushions are either speed humps or speed tables that include wheel cutouts to allow
large vehicles to pass unaffected, while reducing passenger car speeds. They can be offset to
allow unimpeded passage by emergency vehicles and are typically used on key emergency
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response routes.
TRANSIT STREETS
Dedicated transit lanes, appropriate base signal timings, and operational traffic improvements
ensure that the transit vehicle experiences minimal wait time at intersections and can move
freely regardless of traffic congestion, providing a passenger experience competitive with
driving.
1.DEDICATED CURBSIDE/OFFSET BUS LANES

Dedicated bus lanes are typically applied on major routes with frequent headways (10 minutes
at peak) or where traffic congestion may significantly affect reliability. As on-time performance
degrades, consider more aggressive treatments to speed transit service. Agencies may set
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ridership or service standard benchmarks for transitioning bus service to a transit-only facility.
2.DEDICATED MEDIAN BUS LANES

Dedicated median bus lanes are typically applied on major routes with frequent headways or
where traffic congestion may significantly affect reliability. Median bus lanes are applied along
the centerline of a multi-lane roadway and should be paired with accessible transit
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3.CONTRA-FLOW BUS LANES
Contra-flow bus lanes are typically applied to bus routes to create strategic, efficient
connections rather than as a continuous application along a corridor. The ideal contra-flow bus
lane is designed similar to a regular 2-way street, with non-transit vehicles barred
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4.BUS STOPS
Bus stop planning and design involves thinking about existing and new stops from both the
macro framework of system design and the micro-level of conditions around the transit stop.
Many cities and transit agencies have developed internal guidelines to
determine
STORMWATER MANAGEMENT
Sustainable storm water management treats and slows runoff from impervious roadways,
sidewalks, and building surfaces. In urban areas, natural drainage patterns have changed over
time due to the incremental increase of impervious surface areas. Hardscapes, such as
concrete
1.BIOSWALES
Bioswales are vegetated, shallow, landscaped depressions designed to capture, treat, and
infiltrate stormwater runoff as it moves downstream. They are typically sized to treat the water
q , “ ,”
water resulting from a storm event
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2.FLOW-THROUGH PLANTERS
The elements that make up city streets, from sidewalks to travel lanes to transit stops, all vie for
space within a limited right-of-way. Transportation planners and engineers can use this toolbox
to optimize the benefits the community receives from its
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3.PERVIOUS STRIPS
Pervious strips are long, linear landscaped areas or linear areas of pervious pavement that
capture and slow runoff. Depending on the underlying subsurface soil condition, pervious strips
can provide some infiltration, but to a much lesser extent than bioswales.
4.PERVIOUS PAVEMENT
Pervious pavement effectively treats, detains, and infiltrates stormwater runoff where
landscape-based strategies are restricted or less desired. Pervious pavements have multiple
applications, including sidewalks, street furniture zones, and entire roadways (or just their
parking lane or gutter strip portions).
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6 Ways to Make City Streets Safer for
Pedestrians in our Bangladesh(Dhaka) context
1. Provide Accessible and Continuous Sidewalks
A make-do sidewalk in Bengaluru, redesigned into a wide, continuous, protected

sidewalk with fixed bollards to prevent motor vehicles from encroaching onto the
pedestrian space. Photo by Jana Urban Space (India)
Comfort, continuity and safety determine the success of a sidewalk. Well-planned
sidewalks are continuous – not stopping abruptly mid-block or at road crossings – and
provide space for pedestrians to move around, sit, shop, eat, meet and socialize.
Recommended width is at least 1.5-1.8 meters (5-6 feet) for low-volume areas and 2.5
meters (8 feet) for high-volume areas. Social distancing may require even more space
in high volume areas.
A make-do sidewalk in Bengaluru, redesigned into a wide, continuous, protected sidewalk with fixed
bollards to prevent motor vehicles from encroaching onto the pedestrian space. Photo by Jana Urban Space
(India
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A sidewalk sh : “ ” ,
furnishings and other elements of the commercial establishment; an obstacle-free
“ ” ; “ ”
includes trees, signage, trash cans, street furniture and drainage. A safe and
accessible sidewalk should also incorporate curb ramps to improve accessibility, use
anti-skid paving materials to reduce the risk of slips and falls during poor weather
conditions, and tactile surfaces to assist pedestrians who are visually impaired.
Evidence from the United States shows that pedestrian traffic crashes are more than
twice as likely to occur in places without sidewalks, while streets with sidewalks on both
sides have the fewest crashes
2. Convert Underused or Inactive Spaces into

Pedestrian Plazas
The Cidade 2000 neighborhood in Fortaleza, redesigned in 2017 to create an attractive pedestrian plaza,
improving safety and enhancing public space. Photos by Rodrigo Capote/WRI Brasil
Pedestrian plazas can inexpensively transform under-used spaces into community

assets. Unstructured, under-occupied or misused dead zones can be revamped with
the help of paint, planter boxes, artwork and street furniture, along with high-resistance
and low-maintenance lighting and landscaping.
These transformations have an important impact on pedestrian safety. New York City
has seen a 16% decrease in speeding and a 26% reduction in traffic crashes along
streets that contain pedestrian plazas. They also support local businesses and foster
neighborhood interaction.
Residential neighborhood Cidade 2000 in Fortaleza, Brazil, was often taken over by
201 , ’
traffic-calming street transformation – G (“
”) W upport from WRI Brasil, the intervention turned 1,200 square meters of
parking space and traffic lanes into a functional pedestrian plaza. This included
removing a traffic lane, decreasing the speed limit to 30 km/hr, widening sidewalks,
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and implementing curb extensions and five new pedestrian crossings. Street art,
furniture and green infrastructure was also added to create a more defined and
welcoming space for ’ , F
intervention permanent, and it is now a citywide example of how smart design and
tactical urbanism can improve streets for everyone.
3. Deliver Safe Zones for Children and Young Adults
Children cross the street after school at Yokota Air Base, Japan. Signs and design features urge
motorists to pay extra attention. Photo by Sgt. Stacy Moless/U.S. Air Force
Children are more vulnerable to collisions than adults due to their size, limited impulse
control and slower reaction time. In Hyderabad, India, 25% of boys and 11% of girls
aged 11-14 reported a road traffic injury over the course of one year during school
journeys.
Areas around playgrounds, parks, schools and community centers require special
attention and safe zones. Safe zones should be equipped with good conditions for
walking and cycling, as well as designated pick-up and drop-off areas. Traffic signs and
road markings should warn drivers that they are entering a special zone. Skid-proof
pavements, high-visibility crosswalks, and wide and accessible sidewalks should make
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it easy for pedestrians to navigate. And traffic-calming infrastructure should be
implemented to reduce vehicle speeds.
SARSAI, the winner of the 2018-2019 WRI Ross Center Prize for Cities, helped reduce
traffic injuries among school children in Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania, and other African
cities by 26% through targeted interventions in school areas.
4. Create Shared Road Spaces
A vibrant shared street in Stockholm, used by pedestrians, cyclists and motorists. Photo by Michael
Kodransky/Flickr
Although not advisable under pandemic conditions, in high-density areas with low
volumes of slow-moving vehicle traffic, opening streets to allow cars, pedestrians,
cyclists and other road users to mix within the same space can actually improve road
safety under normal conditions.
Shared streets do not have typical street elements, like vertical curbs, signs, level
differences, pavement markings or colors that segregate different modes. But they
often include elements that promote pedestrian priority and encourage social,
economic and cultural exchange, such as street furniture, landscaping and gathering
spaces. The end result of these design cues is that all road users exercise more
caution, and vehicles tend to travel at much lower speeds.
Data from the Netherlands indicates that creating shared streets can reduce the
incidence of crashes by up to 50%
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5. Pedestrianize Streets
A pedestrian-only shopping street in Lviv, Ukraine. Photo by Brian Woychuk/Flickr
As some cities are now doing in response to COVID-19, in areas with especially high
pedestrian volume, cities should consider banning vehicle traffic entirely to allow people
to move freely and safely without dodging vehicles.
Pedestrian-only streets not only improve overall safety for those on foot, but they can
also boost local air quality, land value, store sales and overall health, while reducing
noise levels. A 2016 study of more than 100 cities around the world that maintained
multiple pedestrian-only streets found that retail sales increased 49%. Cities in Austria,
Germany and Scandinavian countries had more than 60% increase in sales.
Pedestrian-only streets should be strategically located and easily accessible from

residential and commercial spaces. They should be well-connected to the public transit
systems, bicycle routes, parking and other access points.
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6. Launch Car-Free Days
B á’ í , cyclists to take over. Photo by

Carlos Filipe Pardo/Flickr
Car-free days, when cities shut down a street or network of streets to vehicle traffic, encourage people to
explore their city by bike or foot and help change perspectives about streets and public space. More than
2,000 cities celebrated World Car-Free Day on September 22 last year across 46 countries.
Bogotá, Colombia, ’ -free event, La Ciclovía, which takes place every Sunday
from 7am to 2pm, covering a majority of the city. It provides more than 75 miles of car-free space to more
15 (U ’ VI -19 travel restrictions, parts of the route have been
opened during the weekday, too, to allow essential workers alternatives to public transport.)
Car-free days are opportunities to revive, liven and transform neighborhoods. Car parking spaces and
vacant street corners are converted into parklets for games, leisure activities, sports and performances,
while the streets are taken over by pedestrians and cyclists of all ages.
Regular car-free days can increase physical activity, decrease pollution levels, aid social inclusion and
community building, provide opportunities for economic revitalization, and promote biking and walking in a
safer environment. When Paris held its first car-free day in 2015, there was a 40% reduction in exhaust
emissions and a 50% reduction in sound levels in the city center.
I I’ , , r and
healthier. As cities respond to the effects of COVID-19, efforts to rethink road space should place these
pedestrian-focused principles among their highest priorities. People know how to use a good street when
they see it, and it is the responsibility of urban planners to create them.
Nikita Luke is a Senior Project Associate for Health and Road Safety at WRI Ross Center for Sustainable
Cities.
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The Multilevel Metropolis
Pedestrian skyways in Hong Kong.
The grade-separated pedestrian systems built in the 20th century have a variety of
names: skyways, skywalks, pedways, footbridges, the +15, and the Ville Souteraine.
But they have one thing in common — they have radically altered the form and spatial
logic of cities around the world. North American cities like Minneapolis, St. Paul, Des
Moines, and Calgary have extensive skyway systems that parallel the original streets.
Montreal and Toronto have subterranean labyrinths. Hong Kong has floating three-
dimensional circuits that connect transit stations, shopping malls, office towers, and
parks. And multilevel urbanisms continue to expand. In the last decade, Mumbai has
relieved its crowded streets by building nearly 40 pedestrian overpasses. Yet even as
such infrastructures proliferate, they receive scant critical attention, despite their
fundamental role in the production of urban space.
Since the 1960s, seventeen notable pedestrian systems have developed in the United
States and Canada. 1 Whereas early experiments in multilevel urbanism belonged to
social utopians and the architectural avant-garde, the systems that were built at scale
were advanced by pragmatists who embraced both the public and private spheres. As
cities struggled to withstand the growing economic power of suburbs, civic leaders
“ ” rban centers. What better way to compete with the
suburban shopping mall than to mimic its enclosed form? Cities began to connect and
consolidate interior spaces through skybridges and arcades, in an effort to make
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downtown convenient, comfortable, safe, and climate controlled for office workers and
shoppers.
T “ ”
“ ” T
doubling, or sometimes tripling, of the street was described by urban critic Trevor Boddy
19 0 “ ”2T ity created by the stacked
circulation levels — which often lack suf-ficient vertical connections — can render the
urban layers as fully inde-pendent realms. For that reason, skyways and tunnels are
seen by many theorists as deviant or untenable urban forms.
Dallas, Texas. Mumbai, India
Minneapolis, Minnesota. [Photo by the authors]
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Nevertheless, they are attractive to city planners and business leaders for their ability to
concentrate transit, commerce, and real estate value. Once established, such systems
tend to expand, incrementally and informally, according to private and public
development interests. What begins with a few interconnected blocks in the downtown
core grows over decades into a pedestrianized, multilevel central business district. The
largest networks reach an autocatalytic stage, like the 69-block Minneapolis Skyway,
where future developments must be connected to be competitive. At that point, these
systems have to be acknowledged as durable urban forms. Among the major pedestrian
networks in the United States, only the Cincinnati Skywalk has been terminated. (It is
now mostly dismantled.) Many of the others are still growing after 50 years, defying
conventional modes of urban development.
In the 21st century, we see a new wave of interest in the skyway as architectural form.
H ’ -wire act in Beijing, the Linked Hybrid complex (2009), features
bridges stretched taut between buildings, while his Vanke Center (2009) in Shenzhen
links buildings and programs in an elaborate city-scaled lattice. MVRDV has proposed
high-rise towers in Seoul (2011) and Shanghai (2015) that are grafted together by
pixelating the building module to form a bridge of housing and public space. Urban retail
complexes by Zaha Hadid Architects, Foreign Office Architects, and Future Systems
weave layered bands of horizontal circulation, extending interiorized commercial space
to an urban scale. Elsewhere, planners and architects propose elevated green
walkways, hoping to repeat the success of New Yor ’ H (2009–2014) by
James Corner Field Operations and Diller Scofidio + Renfro
Steven Holl, Linked Hybrid, Beijing, China. Trevor Patt
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Zaha Hadid Architects, Galaxy Soho, Beijing, China. [Iwan Baan]
While architects of such high-profile projects knowingly or unknowingly reference the

concepts of an earlier avant-garde — “ ,” “ ,”
“ ” — they have mostly ignored the multilevel urbanisms that have
developed continuously for half a century in cities like Minneapolis and Calgary. In
Parallel Cities, we aim to recover a critical history of those seemingly mundane projects,
which actually are radical experiments in urban design and planning. What do urban
skyways offer the city as a social and political apparatus? What does the success of
their incremental growth suggest about processes of urban transformation? What are
the opportunities and risks of deploying these forms on a large scale?
The Circulation of Ideas

Every skyway project seems to have its own origin story, the legend of a visionary hero
or partnership of developers and bureaucrats who willed it into existence. But as it turns
out, those heroes invariably got their ideas from the mid-20th century European avant-
garde, occ 1939 W ’ F N Y W
Expos of the 1950s and 1960s. Yet the main proponents were directly influenced by
ideas developed at the International Congresses of Modern Architecture (CIAM) and
imported to North J í , H ’
Graduate School of Design from 1953 to 1969. At Harvard, Sert continued to push the
I : “T H ,” ial
structure of the urban core and three-dimensional pedestrian network strategies derived
from Le Corbusier, as well as experimental schemes by British architects. Historian Eric
Mumford describes the Harvard dean as presiding over a reconciliation betwe I ’
doctrinaire modernists and the socially-oriented CIAM apostates known as Team 10.
Under Sert the two initially adversial urbanisms became nearly indistinguishable. 3
The first Harvard Urban Design Conference, in 1956, ratified that merger. Among the
participants was Victor Gruen, the architect who not only conceived the modern
shopping mall but also proposed some of the first downtown pedestrian zones. He later
published a book, The Heart of Our Cities: The Urban Crisis: Diagnosis and Treatment,
I ’ T H t of the City: Toward the Humanization of Urban Life.
92 | P a g e
Another conference participant was Jane Jacobs, the urban theorist and activist who
I G ’
proposals.
In the years that followed, the architectural design and planning faculty at Harvard and
MIT coalesced around a growing interest in grade-separated pedestrian systems.
Members of Team 10 were in the mix, along with Metabolist architects Kenzo Tange
and Fumihiko Maki. The Ford Foundation supported the MIT-Harvard Joint Center for
Urban Studies (1959–1971), which explored modernist approaches to city planning, with
funding directed toward research-based projects that supported larger domestic and
international policy agendas. 4 Architecture and urban design were tied to the social
sciences, information sciences, and sys-tems theory; and it was all intertwined with
research from CIAM/Team 10 and from the Conference of Architects for the Study of
the Environment (1964–1974), instigated by Peter Eisenman. Their experiments in
multilevel urbanism were carried forward by a new generation at the Institute for
Architecture and Urban Studies and in the 1967 exhibition New City at the Museum of
Modern Art.
But that rich intellectual activity would have remained largely unrealized were it not for
the students and practitioners who took those ideas from academia and started working
with developers and city governments in Middle America. The two most influential
architects in the deployment of multilevel pedestrian systems were Gruen and Vincent
Ponte. They elaborated on the work of CIAM to invent new typologies that were applied
in urban design proposals for cities such as Fort Worth, Dallas, and St. Paul, laying the
foundation for the modern skyway and subway systems.
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Norman Bel Geddes and Eero Saarinen, Futurama , 1939 W ’ F [F
Bel Geddes, Magic Motorways]
Victor Gruen Goes to Texas

The rapid dissemination of those CIAM 8 concepts was a direct result of how they were
designed and promoted. Gruen understood the complex forces underlying urban
development and renewal. His politics were an unusual combination of socialist idealism
and capitalist pragmatism, and the spaces he designed were eminently practical, rooted
in modernist postwar plan-ning principles and incremental methods.
Gruen had been educated in Red Vienna, where he was influenced by the work of Adolf
Loos and Erich Mendelsohn. A committed socialist, Gruen embedded his politics in his
architecture; he saw pedestrian separation as a way to cre-ate more active and socially
oriented urban centers. Shortly after emigrating to the United States, he worked on
No B G ’ E ’ F 1939 W ’
F , T G ’
in urban design with his background in retail architecture, an experience that he
describe “
”6
centered on retail environments became one of his passions, and in 1956 he included
downtown skybridges in his proposal for a pedestrian center in Fort Worth, Texas.
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Victor Gruen, Plan for Fort Worth, 1956. [Courtesy Gruen Associates]
That was a momentous year for Gruen. Not only did he attend the Harvard conference
and publish his Fort Worth plan; he also opened the first enclosed shopping mall in the
United States, the Southdale Center in suburban Minneapolis. The project had strong
social ambitions and attempted to create the type of civic space that might be found in a
traditional European square. Gruen envisioned the mall as a center for local art and
culture, as well as a place to buy necessities. That program was implemented for a
time, but later Southdale evolved into a more conventional shopping center, with
renovations to accommodate ever-shifting national brands and chain stores
G ’
contemporary terms as a form of tactical urbanism: a vocabulary of adaptable
components, such as pedestrian bridges, plazas, and arcades, that could be deployed
selectively. Construction could thus proceed incrementally, radically changing a city
over time G ’ Fort Worth proposed to reorder the city around a central
pedestrian plaza with shop-ping. Vehicles were relegated to the periphery, and elevated
pedestrian bridges connected parking ramps to the walking zone at the urban core.
Although it was framed within a compelling narrative that referred to everyday life in
E ,G ’
J J F W ,“ I
” G ’ erior to the early modernism of CIAM
’
W G ’ ,
that clients and others who enacted his plans would overlook that critical point, focusing
,G ’
for incremental development proved tenuous as his proposals — or something like them
95 | P a g e
— were built in cities across the country. Local governments implemented only those
components that were desirable at a given time to particular political constituencies,
with little regard for the whole. The concept of a vehicle-free center was often
abandoned as the cities evolved. The socially-oriented urbanism that was so crucial to
G ’
St. Paul, Minnesota. [Photo by the authors
Twin Cities: Minneapolis and St. Paul

When the Southdale Center opened, its success threatened businesses in downtown
Minneapolis and St. Paul. Civic leaders looked to Gruen for concepts to reactivate their
commercial cores. It was common at that time for master plans to be produced by
nongovernmental entities, such as business councils and chambers of commerce.
Government agencies would then pick and choose from the available plans,
implementing whatever components fit their agenda. In 1956, a group of local young
architects influenced by Gruen proposed a car-free zone with skyway connections for
downtown St. Paul. The next year, architects at the University of Minnesota (under MIT
graduate Walter Vivrett) presented a similar plan for downtown Minneapolis. Both
groups were theoretically grounded and aware of the international discourse on
multilevel urbanism that was being promoted through the efforts of Team 10.
Gruen himself was hired in 1957 to work for a private company on the Capital Center
project, a 12-block centralized pedestrian mall in downtown St. Paul that would
96 | P a g e
incorporate principles of the Fort Worth plan. He is cred-ited as the designer of a
department store and parking ramp for that project, but his larger contribution was
, , ’
comprehensive skyway proposal. In 1961, the Capital Center project was taken over by
the three architects who had originally proposed it (Louis Lundgren, Grover Dimond,
B G ) B G ’ ,
urban renewal project and skyway system that would cover nine blocks. 9
Across the river, Minneapolis followed similar planning strategies but skipped the
federal funding. The first two skybridges were built in 1962 and 1963 as part of a private
H ’ N , -oriented pedestrian mall, was
completed in 1968. The skyway system was defined in 1972 with the construction of a
J ’ I , ,
’ ,
building owners negotiate with the city for air rights over the street. The city
in ’
the location, orientation, and basic dimensions of its components, and air rights are
granted for bridges roughly centered within each block. The result is a regular pattern of
bridge connections between labyrinthine block interiors. Design efforts are generally
focused on the form of the individual components rather than the overall system, often
resulting in chaotic paths.
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Minneapolis Skyway system, phased growth: 1970s, 1980s, 1990s, 2016. [Drawings by
the authors]
St. Paul finally began construction of its skyway system in 1967 and, unlike
Minneapolis, adopted a public model. Bridge placement was deter-mined by the
Department of City Planning, and the designs were based on a single prototype.
Construction was funded by the federal government and regulated by the state
Department of Transportation. Because St. Paul has more historic buildings than
Minneapolis and an irregular sloping topography, bridges were designed to adapt to
highly com-plex conditions, creating a very circuitous network. Urbanist William H.
Whyte criticized the system, calling St. Paul “ U ,”
’
the windowless side walls of buildings. 10
G ’ N , but in a diluted
form. At the height of suburbanization in a car-crazed country, his plans for urban
pedestrian zones were rarely implemented as he envisioned. Instead, city planners and
developers spanned streets with footbridges, or tunneled under them, creating a more
unified retail experience without threatening the primacy of automobiles. The economic
“ ” ,
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phenomenon exacerbated by the implementation of con-venient and secure pedestrian
pathways over and under existing city streets
St. Paul, Minnesota. [Photo by the authors]
The Multilevel Man in Montreal and Dallas

Vincent Ponte was a very different kind of protagonist. Described in Time magazine as
“ ,” -use superblock plans in the
1950 ’60 , ,W , , ,
and Dallas. Ponte was a key speaker and participant at the 1956 Harvard Urban and
Design Conference, which furthered the ideas and influence of CIAM 8. As planner for
’ V (T U , 1962),
of pedestrian and automo-bile traffic. Montreal was the first case of a com-prehensive
below-grade pedestrian system implemented at an urban scale.
Ponte was driven by economics more than social or environmental concerns. Working
with Montreal City Transit and Eatons Department Stores, he catered to the inter-ests of
downtown business communities and local politicians. Despite his affiliation with CIAM,
Ponte claimed that his vision of the multilevel metropolis was inspired by Leonardo da
V ’ es and Antoni ’E ’ 11 G ,
planner than developer. He introduced skyways as a malleable urban tool and left it to
others to build them.
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Vincent Ponte, Place Ville Marie, 1962, Montreal, Canada. [© Mark Pimlott]
Most skyway cities are hybrids that combine characteristics of both planned and self-
organizing systems. Montreal is an excellent exam-ple of this in a subterranean
network. La Ville Souteraine was conceived by I. M. Pei and Henry Cobb in the 1960s
as a self-contained, fully complete underground pedes-trian zone, emulating New York
’ I q , nd it ultimately
evolved into a loose network that moved beyond its original boundaries and grew like
other ad hoc systems in the United States and Canada
Similar to his superblock proposals for Montreal, which integrated shopping malls and
transit, Ponte’ the Dallas Pedestrian Network encompassed the entire
downtown. His clients were the corpora-tions that occupied the majority of the office
space, including powerful oil and tech companies. The system he designed comprised
one mile of overhead walk-ways and two miles of underground tunnel links, connecting
a total of 36 blocks. Here, too, the network evolved into a more informal configuration,
despite the comprehensive master plan. The combination of above- and below-grade
connections amplified its discontinuities. Responding to the car-centric culture of Dallas,
developers prioritized parking ramp connections and vertical links to surface parking
“
the 1960s has become 1990 ” T ’
many retail spaces off the street and into the tunnels, which created a caste system
“ , ,
disenfranc ” e air-con-ditioned interior to a homogenous population of office
workers. 12
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Dallas, Texas. [Photo by the authors]
Calgary: Toward an Urban Megastructure
The first multilevel urbanist projects influenced by CIAM and Team 10 appeared in
England as buildings connected with open-air bridges. Soon there were more spatially
complex mat buildings, mega-structures, and fully interiorized urban networks. The
skyway-subway cities that later developed in North America were strikingly similar in
scale and patterns of growth. Unlike rationally planned gridiron cities, they exhibited
self-regulating behaviors in their organic development, which was mediated by
economic, political, and bureaucratic agendas, not to mention architectural conditions,
building codes, and the idiosyncrasies of property owners.
Calgary, Alberta, is the one of the few counterexamples — a project that was conceived
as a complete urban ’ +15
an elevated pedestrian system named for the height of its footbridges above street
level. It was conceived by chief city planner Harold Hanen, who was hired immediately
after graduating from MIT in 1966. Hanen had studied under Jerzy Soltan, and he was
immersed in the theories of Team 10, Le Corbusier, and the Metabolists. His final thesis
(a group project crediting Soltan) was a multilevel city with a fully integrated public
transit system.
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Calgary, Alberta. [Photo by the authors]
Within six months on the job in Calgary, Hanen had proposed a similar plan that
combined mass transit with a pedestrian network. The plan allowed for acquisition of
public right-of-way through private buildings and created bonus-density incentives that
accelerated the development of the network throughout the city. Hanen also proposed
urban amenities like the Devonian Gardens, an elevated, interiorized public park that
now generates revenue for the city as an event venue. Although Hanen stayed in the
position for only three years, his plan lives on. 14 Recent projects like the National
Music Centre of (2016), W , ’
density to extend large volumes of space over the street, creating interior connec-tions
’ +30 +45
One common thread across all of thes ’

tools of public policy. Gruen, Ponte, and Hanen were passionate about the multilevel
city, but they were not especially driven by a need to design all physi-cal form or
architectural experience. Rather, they had a shrewd understanding of urban economics.
As a result, these few men almost single-handedly transformed more than a dozen
cities in North America, sometimes without presenting drawings, designs, or detailed
plans. They devised regulatory codes and tax incentives that could be described as
programmatic strategies rather than master planning. Even the systems that were
comprehensively planned at inception tended to grow informally over time, which
proved the resiliency of the programming script.
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Allied Works, National Music Centre of Canada, Calgary, 2016.
Manhattan: Access Trees, Hubs, and Enclaves

One of the more radical proposals for the multilevel city was developed in New York
City by the Regional Plan Association in the late 1960s. It was later published as Urban
Design Manhattan, one of a series of reports that led to the Second Regional Plan.
From 1960 to 1968, the effort was led by planner Stanley Tankel, a proponent of garden
cities who had studied under Walter Gropius at Harvard and worked for the London
County Council on the post-Blitz multilevel reconstruction. In New York, Tankel
collaborated with Jane Jacobs and other Greenwich Village professionals to execute the
1956 Village Study, which examined the segregation of pedestrian and vehicular traffic.
Tankel hired planning consultants Rai Y. Okamoto and Frank E. Williams to develop the
proposals for Urban Design Manhattan. 15.
Grand Central Station and Rockefeller Center were described as prototypical multilevel
“ ,”
chambers, or social hubs. The proposal identified specific multilevel districts where
planners should concentrate multi-use public spaces, and it identified diagonal
connectors to link the different zones against the generally orthogonal matrix. In
Midtown Manhattan, the authors proposed connecting sites like Grand Central Station,
Times Square, Columbus Circle, and Rockefeller Center. This work culminated with the
Special Greenwich Street Development District, approved in 1971, which attempted to
zone a complex multi-level urban design solution into an area around the World Trade
Center in lower Manhattan.
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Regional Plan Association, Movement Systems Regional Plan Association, Access Tree
Diagram, Urban Design Manhattan, 1969.
The history of the WTC district, from the 1970s through the design competition after 9/11,
represents the end of one kind of three-dimensional urbanism oriented toward the street, and
the transition to a future city form based on the elevated enclave. In the 1970s, the special
district promoted the orderly and vertical expansion of commercial development to
accommodate multilevel public spaces. That included grade-separated pedestrian circulation
improvements with strong connections to street-level retail and transportation hubs. The plan
used familiar incentives like floor area bonuses, but also created a diverse set of design
prototypes to achieve specific objectives. 16
The original goal was to build interconnections between the first two levels of the city, conjoining
the buildings into megastructures, although the reality was more limited in scope. The first
project built under this system was the multilevel Deutsche Bank Building complex, designed by
the architectural firm Shreve, Lamb & Harmon, at what was formerly the Bankers Trust Plaza
(1971–1973). The first elevated bridge and tower plaza was designed by M. Paul Friedberg in
1974. It was damaged on 9/11 and demolished along with three pedes-trian bridges at Liberty,
Vesey, and Chambers streets. Although formal regulations for elevated pedestrianization had
ended in 1998, 17 public reaction forced the installation of new bridges designed by SHoP
Architects (2002, 2003) at Rector Street.
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Regional Plan Association, A New Office Cluster, Urban Design Manhattan, 1971.
The sectional logic of New York City can be traced through three distinct epochs of
urban design. The first, exemplified by the 1929 Regional Plan, was driven by a desire
to accommodate higher urban densities through the layering of transportation systems
and the regulation of building mass to permit light and air onto the street. The next
epoch began in the 1960s and culminated with the Second Regional Plan. This era was
dominated by systems thinkers who proposed to rationalize the Manhattan gridiron as a
three-dimensional infrastructural problem that would be solved by increasing efficient
movement between commuter hubs and workplaces. But even as these ideas took hold,
alternative forms of multilevel urbanism were emerging: superblocks, megastructures,
and other clustered developments. By the 21st century, it was clear that the enclave
had replaced the network as a preoccupation of urban designers.
Architects who wished to create interconnected public or quasi-public space within

consolidated architectural projects gravitated toward ideas that corre-sponded with the
concentrated capital investments of public-private developments. Among the design
submissions for the reconstruction of the World Trade Center site, eight out of nine
schemes proposed elevated bridges or tangential intersections connecting building
clusters high above the streets of Manhattan. The international attention focused on the
competition further legitimized the three-dimensional urban enclave as the
quintessential form of interiorized neoliberal urbanism. Networks that were primarily
driven by public investment, outside the boundaries of individual projects, seemed to be
a thing of the past.
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SOM, Grand Central Station Next 100 Years, 2012. [© SOM/Crystal]
However, recent proposals suggest that a synthesis of those three epochs of multilevel
, F , ’ 2012
Grand Central Station envisions a high-density cluster of towers that would surround the
station with densely layered transportation systems, including pedestrian walkways and
concourses, mass transportation, shopping malls, rooftop gardens, and a circular
observation deck that hovers over Grand Central like a halo. In this way, the project
“ ” f the Second Regional Plan with the
multilevel enclave and branded urban spectacle of contemporary neoliberal
developments.
Hong Kong: City as Process

Space, it is said, is both socially produced and produces the social; but to this we will
have to add that it has become so complex and enigmatic that it cannot be directly
described. Urban spaces in particular are like black holes: we perceive them only in the
effects they produce.
— , “B V I ,” 2010
We conclude with Hong Kong, which has the most extensive multilevel pedestrian
system in the world. Its form has evolved organically from ’
complex street pattern with the steep hillside terrain. Although not directly influenced by
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, ’ 00
contemporary examples of the Metabolist concept of t “ ”
Hong Kong have followed a distinct trajectory since the 1960s, using multilevel
strategies reactively to accom-modate increased density and reduce congestion,
pollution, and crime, while promoting economic development.
The British colonial government first proposed an elevated pedestrian net-work
connecting the Central and Admiralty di 1961 H ’
Plan in 1969 described a more complete vision: a multilevel city with elevated public
spaces connecting housing, businesses, offices, and parking in a single megastructure
elevated above a mass transit line. 18 After the first elevated footbridges were
constructed in 1963, a more interconnected system began to take form, beginning with
the creation of 19 0 “ ”
connections across congested streets and roadways enabled greater com-mercial
H ’
significant historic conservation agenda, the implementation of this system proved far
more successful than in other cities.
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Pic ; the city with no ground hongkong
Elevated walkway systems now span the majority of the Sheung Wan, Central,
Admiralty, and Wan Chai districts. The pedestrian network features a range of
connector prototypes, including deck-access plazas and podiums, flyover bridges,
open-air footbridges, and high-bridge networks (exterior pedestrian bridges over
streets), interiorized walkways, elevated parks, and exterior escalators that scale the
steep hillsides. The most significant of these is the Central Escalator, a series of
, 2000 H ’
business district to the Mid- H “ -demand
” ystem and respond to changing circumstances.
Planners use data-mapping to focus on specific districts and neighborhoods rather than
trying to achieve a continuous urban network. 19
Since the government owns all land and leases it to developers, the system is inherently
temporal and adaptable. The process for each new development is not simply about
negotiating a building on a site, but about integrating each new component as part of a
larger interconnected urban condition. On-demand planning supposedly ensures that
the condition generates the form. Although the system is meant to serve the public,
there are inevitably political and economic agendas underlying decisions about control
and access
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Hong Kong. [via Wikimedia Commons
As the population of Hong Kong and its surrounding districts grows, the city continues to evolve into
greater three-dimensional complexity. Land reclamation projects have been ongoing since the 1890s, and
in the early 21st century the government has created more than 6,000 hectares of new land along the
waterfront. This expansion has been accompanied by massive multilevel infra-structural improvements
and building development. The pedestrian network that began in the 1960s as an effort to reconcile urban
density with the steep natural topography has escalated to a project of an entirely different order.
Planners create complex interconnections within the new artificial topography of the autonomous urban
form. Walkways emerging from underground transit hubs connect exterior terraces and podia with interior
atria, shopping mall spaces, and the extended urban realm. Analogous to the ossification and resorption
of growing bone tissue, the transformations of Hong Kong reveal the metabolism of the modern
metropolis
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Transportation and urban mobility
Provided link
link 1
https://www.intelligenttransport.com/transport-articles/98257/how-has-covid-19-
impacted-2020s-mobility-trends/?fbclid=IwAR3FyYJWULhZp33-
91gpFZanHzj3yXB4PzFwuGtU-JyvdMj1yRj_W_PXOEU
link 2
https://www.transformative-mobility.org/news/the-covid-19-outbreak-and-implications-
to-public-transport-some-
observations?fbclid=IwAR00lXhqXniB1ec20nntQ3SUqSV6XiuEx2H1hqoYnysmzPkI6
S1dc2ajbyg
Others
Link 3
https://theconversation.com/why-urban-density-is-good-for-health-even-during-a-
pandemic-142108
Link 4
https://cnnphilippines.com/life/culture/2020/3/18/covid-urban-planning-
manila.html?fbclid=IwAR1rZUnxRiZ-
nsKHqdnMFkMCzF7s8ZNfAFS2gYKDMrBt3j1uzkJv88xn2O0
Link 5
https://www.archpaper.com/2020/06/research-and-changes-to-urban-life-driving-
design-innovation-during-the-pandemic/
Videos:
1. https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=yqmso0c9CBs&list=PL8NRsAoNKN_o1Q-
N6UJxpyhdTwk94XNSd&index=2&t=0s#
2. https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=8C2jAuSl1Ak&list=PL8NRsAoNKN_o1Q-
N6UJxpyhdTwk94XNSd&index=2
3.https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=OfV22QOFH_M&list=PL8NRsAoNKN_o1Q-
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4. https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=VWSMJORJdsw&list=PL8NRsAoNKN_o1Q-
5. https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=vnKbYta-0A0&list=PL8NRsAoNKN_o1Q-
6. https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=TTLKxn1Uf9s&list=PL8NRsAoNKN_o1Q-
7. https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=DqmP4M-rAVQ&list=PL8NRsAoNKN_o1Q-
External link:
https://www.gensler.com/research-insight/blog/new-opportunities-for-mobility-amid-covid-19
https://nacto.org/streets-for-pandemic-response-recovery/
https://architizer.com/blog/practice/details/ways-to-reconfigure-streets-during-covid/
https://www.archdaily.com/940245/nacto-releases-streets-for-pandemic-response-and-
recovery-in-the-fight-against-the-covid-19?ad_source=search&ad_medium=search_result_all
https://nacto.org/publication/urban-street-design-guide/street-design-
elementshttps://www.gensler.com/design-responds-to-a-changing-
world?fbclid=IwAR0tUlPn3SP-nikvA-AO5O38OoukL-9Jd_GUACzPF4V6hPTchPR6q568e6U
/stormwater-management/
https://placesjournal.org/article/multilevel-metropolis-urban-skyways/?cn-
reloaded=1&fbclid=IwAR1JyvVE3vqpZoSsDyqfsYxpbtejC7N5FA6XntsYXX5UGIhQZl0gRoqki1
M
https://www.planetizen.com/news/2020/05/109418-nacto-releases-pandemic-streets-design-
guide
https://www.gensler.com/research-insight/blog/airports-are-facing-a-new-reality
https://www.instagram.com/pandemic_architecture_design/?hl=en
https://www.gensler.com/research-insight/blog/time-to-rethink-signage-and-wayfinding-for-
transportation
https://www.gensler.com/design-responds-to-a-changing-world?fbclid=IwAR0tUlPn3SP-nikvA-
AO5O38OoukL-9Jd_GUACzPF4V6hPTchPR6q568e6U
https://www.gensler.com/research-insight/blog/time-to-rethink-signage-and-wayfinding-for-
transportation
https://cnnphilippines.com/life/culture/2020/3/18/covid-urban-planning-
manila.html?fbclid=IwAR1rZUnxRiZ-
nsKHqdnMFkMCzF7s8ZNfAFS2gYKDMrBt3j1uzkJv88xn2O0
https://www.intelligenttransport.com/transport-articles/98257/how-has-covid-19-impacted-2020s-
mobility-trends/?fbclid=IwAR3FyYJWULhZp33-91gpFZanHzj3yXB4PzFwuGtU-
JyvdMj1yRj_W_PXOEU
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https://www.planning.nsw.gov.au/Plans-for-your-area/Priority-Growth-Areas-and-
Precincts/Western-Sydney-Aerotropolis?fbclid=IwAR0LiASFyptwM4vnMatnG3aQN-
PBib49wG1dixB2M08N_X4TxM4iSjZwuaY
https://www.archdaily.com/941517/5-design-guidelines-for-a-safe-post-covid-19-
transition?fbclid=IwAR13qKiV_bdeZanTvxleUSOYVVcsGukGP__lHJOqiujyMKXlA8eupVSwsm
0
https://www.behance.net/gallery/95260079/NEUFERT-COVID-19-EDITION
https://www.dmagazine.com/business-economy/2020/03/lessons-learned-impacts-of-the-new-
normal-on-aviation-design/
https://www.metrorailnews.in/urban-mobility-redesign-and-rethinking-during-the-coronavirus-
pandemic/
https://tbsnews.net/thoughts/social-distancing-public-transports-yet-another-cruel-joke-
87106?fbclid=IwAR0LiASFyptwM4vnMatnG3aQN-
PBib49wG1dixB2M08N_X4TxM4iSjZwuaY#lg=1&slide=3
https://www.hellenicshippingnews.com/shipping-industry-responding-to-the-covid-19-pandemic/
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Urban Amenity Spaces:
The contextual approach in designing public gathering
urban amenity spaces
Maisha Anan Prova

2016345019
T
N ……………………………………………………………… ……
1. Educational Institutions:
i. Introduction: ..................................................................................................................................... 3
ii. Problems: ...................................................................................................................................... 4-6
iii. When, where and which schools to reopen? ................................................................................ 6-8
iv. How to reopen schools:.................................................................................................................... 8
v. Ideas for the future: ..................................................................................................................... 9-10
vi. For schools:
a. Micro Level:
• Temporary solutions: ...................................................................................... 10-12

• Long term solutions: ........................................................................................ 13-15
b. Macro Level:
• Long term solutions: ........................................................................................ 16-22
vii. For Universities:
a. Long term solutions:
• Macro: ............................................................................................................. 23-24
• Meso: .............................................................................................................. 24-25
• Micro: .............................................................................................................. 26-27
viii. Education in Bangladesh in COVID situations: ......................................................................... 28-29
ix. Salutogenic designs:

a. Our Lady of the Assumption Catholic Primary School: ..................................................... 30
b. University of Chicago Center: ........................................................................................... 30
c. The International School of Kuala Lumpur: ...................................................................... 31
x. Temporary solutions:
a. can rosés temporary school: ............................................................................................. 32
b. Casa Fundamental: ...................................................................................................... 33-36
2.Healthcare:
i. Introduction: ................................................................................................................................... 37
ii. Why should we think about health care units? .............................................................................. 38
iii. Reimagining Healthcare Design After COVID-19: .................................................................... 38-41
iv. Considerations for Post-Coronavirus Hospital Design: ............................................................. 41-42
v. How hospital designs will change? ........................................................................................... 43-49
vi. Alternative Care Sites, Temporary Hospitals + Pandemic Containment: ................................. 50-53
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vii. Micro Level:
a. Temporary solutions:
• Emergency Quarantine Facilities to help hospitals: ....................................... 54-57
• Mobile military hospital in Romania: ................................................................... 58
• Mobile hospital for Covid-19 patients: ................................................................. 58
• Shipping Containers into Intensive-Care Pods: ............................................. 59-61
• HGA, Boldt build critical care units to address hospital bed shortage: ............... 62
• Adapta, a spatial protocol in case of emergencies: ....................................... 63-64
• Mobile Hospital 1:............................................................................................ 65-66
• JUPE Health Designs for health care workers: ................................................... 67
• New Berlin Airport as a COVID-19 Hospital: ................................................. 68-69
• Redesigning hospital spaces on the fly to protect healthcare workers: ......... 70-71
• COVID-19 hospital in Kazakhstan: ..................................................................... 72
• Mobile Hospital 2: ............................................................................................... 72
• The MONARCH System for a Mobile & Modular Hospital: ................................. 73
• Mobile infectious diseases hospital design: ........................................................ 74
• COVID Modu-Care, modular hospital: ........................................................... 75-77
• Temporary Emergency Hospital: ........................................................................ 77
viii. Macro Level:
a. Long Term solutions:
• Epidemic Babel: Healthcare Emergency Skyscraper: .................................... 78-79
• Future hospital facilities: ...................................................................................... 79
ix. Health Care in Bangladesh in COVID situation: ....................................................................... 80-81
x. Field Hospital during COVID-19 Emergency: ................................................................................ 84
3.Idea Study:
Metabolist Utopias:
i. U ’H ...................................................................................................................... 85-90
ii. Marina City ................................................................................................................................ 91-95
4.Links:
i. Provided links & videos: ................................................................................................................. 96
ii. External Links & videos:
a. For Educational institutions: ............................................................................................... 97-99
b. For Healthcare: ................................................................................................................. 99-103
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Educational Institutions:
Introduction:
The COVID-19 pandemic has created the largest disruption of education systems in history,
affecting nearly 1.6 billion learners in more than 190 countries and all continents. Closures of
schools and other learning spaces have impacted 94 per ’ tion,
up to 99 per cent in low and lower-middle income countries. The crisis is exacerbating pre-
existing education disparities by reducing the opportunities for many of the most vulnerable
children, youth, and adults – those living in poor or rural areas, girls, refugees, persons with
disabilities and forcibly displaced persons – to continue their learning. Learning losses also
threaten to extend beyond this generation and erase decades of progress. Some 23.8 million
additional children and youth (from pre-primary to tertiary) may drop out or not have access to
’
Similarly, the education disruption has had, and will continue to have, substantial effects beyond
education. Closures of educational institutions hamper the provision of essential services to
children and communities, including access to nutritious food, affect the ability of many parents
to work, and increase risks of violence against women and girls. As fiscal pressures increase,
and development assistance comes under strain, the financing of education could also face
major challenges, exacerbating massive pre-COVID-19 education funding gaps. For low income
countries and lower-middle-income countries, for instance, that gap had reached a staggering
$148 billion annually and it could now increase by up to one-third. On the other hand, this crisis
has stimulated innovation within the education sector. We have seen innovative approaches in
support of education and training continuity: from radio and television to take-home packages.
Distance learning solutions were developed thanks to quick responses by governments and
partners all over the world supporting education continuity, including the Global Education
Coalition convened by UNESCO. We have also been reminded of the essential role of teachers
and that governments and other key partners have an ongoing duty of care to education
personnel. But these changes have also highlighted that the promising future of learning, and
the accelerated changes in modes of delivering quality education, cannot be separated from the
imperative of leaving no one behind. This is true for children and youth affected by a lack of
resources or enabling environment to access learning. It is true for the teaching profession and
their need for better training in new methods of education delivery, as well as support. Last but
not least, this is true for the education community at large, including local communities, upon
whom education continuity depends during crisis and who are key to building back better. The
COVID-19 crisis and the unparalleled education disruption is far from over. As many as 100
countries have yet to announce a date for schools to reopen and across the world,
governments, unions, parents and children are grappling with when and how to approach the
next phase. Countries have started planning to reopen schools nationwide, either based on
grade level and by prioritizing exam classes, or through localized openings in regions with fewer
cases of the virus. These decisions carry enormous social and economic implications and will
have lasting effects on educators, on children and youth, on their parents – especially women –
and indeed on societies as a whole.38
38
https://www.un.org/development/desa/dspd/wp-content/uploads/sites/22/2020/08/sg_policy_brief_covid-
19_and_education_august_2020.pdf
3|Page
Problems:
Reference: https://www.un.org/development/desa/dspd/wp-
content/uploads/sites/22/2020/08/sg_policy_brief_covid-19_and_education_august_2020.pdf
4|Page
Figures correspond to number of learners enrolled at pre-primary, primary, lower-secondary,
and upper-secondary levels of education [ISCED levels 0 to 3], as well as at tertiary education
levels [ISCED levels 5 to 8]. Enrolment figures based on latest UNESCO Institute for Statistics
data. See methodological note.39
39
https://en.unesco.org/covid19/educationresponse/
5|Page
Why re-open schools?
Disruptions to instructional time in the classroom can have a ’
learn. The longer marginalized children are out of school, the less likely they are to return.
Children from the poorest households are already almost five times more likely to be out of
primary school than those from the richest. Being out of school also increases the risk of
teenage pregnancy, sexual exploitation, child marriage, violence and other threats. Further,
prolonged closures disrupt essential school-based services such as immunization, school
feeding, and mental health and psychosocial support, and can cause stress and anxiety due to
the loss of peer interaction and disrupted routines. These negative impacts will be significantly
higher for marginalized children, such as those living in countries affected by conflict and other
protracted crises, migrants, refugees and the forcibly displaced, minorities, children living with
disabilities, and children in institutions. School re-openings must be safe and consistent with
’ VI -19 health response, with all reasonable measures taken to
protect students, staff, teachers and their families.
When, where and which schools to reopen?

The timing of school re-openings should be guided by the best intere st of the child
and overall public health considerations, based on an assessment of the
associated benefits and risks and informed by cross -sectoral and context-specific
evidence, including education, public health and socio -economic factors. This
analysis will also help to prioritize risk mitigation me asures. Decision-making
should be done together with subnational stakeholders so that actions are based
on an analysis of each local context.
Decisions on reopening will require countries to quickly gather cr itical information
on how schools, teachers, students and communities are coping with closures and
6|Page
the pandemic. Rapid response surveys of school and local leaders, teachers,
students and parents can help provide this information. Decision makers must then
assess how learning and wellbeing can best be s upported in each context, with
special consideration of the benefits of classroom -based instruction vis-à-vis
remote learning, against risk factors related to reopening of schools, noting the
inconclusive evidence around the infection risks related to scho ol attendance.
• How essential is classroom instruction to achieve the respective learning

outcomes (foundational, transferable, digital, job -specific), recognizing
issues such as the importance of direct inte raction with teachers for play-
based learning with younger children and developing foundational skills?
• How available and accessible is high-quality remote learning (for respective

learning outcomes, age groups and for marginalized groups)?
• How long can the current remote learning approach be sustained, including
learning achievements, and social-emotional wellbeing, given domestic
pressure on caregivers and other context -specific factors?
• Do caregivers have the necessary tools to protect children from onli ne

harassment and online gender-based violence, while they are learning
through online platforms?
• H ‘ ’
(readiness for school; primary completion and transition; secondary
completion and transition to tertiary) affected by the pandemic and
responses to it?
• How ready and able are teachers and educational authorities to adapt to
different administrative and earning approaches? Are they able and ready to
implement infection prevention and cont rol measures?
• Are there protection-related risks related to children not attending school,

such as increased risk of domestic violence, child labour, or sexual
exploitation against girls and boys?
• Do school closures compromise other support services provid ed by schools,

such as school health and nutrition activities?
• What are the social, economic and well-being related implications of children
not attending school?
• What is the capacity of the school to maintain safe school operations to

mitigate risks, such as social distancing (i.e. size of classroom compared to
number of students); and water, sanitation and hygiene facilities and
practices?
• What is the level of exposure between the school population and higher -risk
groups, such as the elderly and those wit h underlying medical conditions? If
exposure is high, can sufficient mitigation efforts be taken?
7|Page
• How does the school population travel to and from school?
• What are the community-related risk factors considering epidemiological

factors, public health and health-care capacities, population d ensity and
adherence to social distancing and good hygiene practices?
Analyzing the context -specific benefits and risks enables prioritization of schools
(or components of schools) for reopening; prioritization of risk mitigation measures
within schools and communities; and areas of focus for remote learning.
How to reopen schools

When select schools have been identified for reopening, six key dimensions should be used to
assess their states of readiness and inform planning: policy, financing, safe operations, learning,
reaching the most marginalized and wellbeing/protection. Policy considerations and financial
requirements together create the enabling environment needed to support each of the other
dimensions. Contextualization and adaptation will be critical to respond to local needs and
conditions, particularly in contexts where there are multiple deprivations (such as densely
populated areas, low water settings, conflict, etc.) Analysis must be done against pre-pandemic
conditions, with an acknowledgement of both existing limitations in low-resource contexts, and
current goals Learning including the most marginalized Wellbeing and protection Safe
operations Policy Financing to improve operational and learning conditions. The response
should serve as a catalyst to improve learning outcomes, in-crease equitable access to

education and strengthen the protection, health and safety of children.40
40
https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000373348
8|Page
Ideas for the future:
The International Commission on the Futures E ’ E n in a post-
COVID world: Nine ideas for public action presents ideas for concrete actions today that will
advance education tomorrow.
“ VI -19 has the potential to radically reshape our world, but we must not passively sit back
and observe what plays out,” E HE -Work Zewde, Chair of the
I F E “N
and democratic accountability. Now is the time for intelligen ”
Nine ideas for public action
1. Commit to strengthen education as a common good. Education is a bulwark against
inequalities. In education as in health, we are safe when everybody is safe; we flourish
when everybody flourishes.
2. Expand the definition of the right to education so that it addresses the importance of
connectivity and access to knowledge and information. The Commission calls for a
global public discussion—that includes, among others, learners of all ages—on ways the
right to education needs to be expanded.
3. Value the teaching profession and teacher collaboration. There has been remarkable
innovation in the responses of educators to the COVID-19 crisis, with those systems
most engaged with families and communities showing the most resilience. We must
encourage conditions that give frontline educators autonomy and flexibility to act
collaboratively.
4. , ’ I
and democratic principles should compel us to prioritize the participation of students and
young people broadly in the co-construction of desirable change.
5. Protect the social spaces provided by schools as we transform education. The school
as a physical space is indispensable. Traditional classroom organization must give way
to a variety of wa ‘ ’ -time of
collective living, specific and different from other spaces of learning must be preserved.
6. Make free and open source technologies available to teachers and students. Open
educational resources and open access digital tools must be supported. Education
cannot thrive with ready-made content built outside of the pedagogical space and
outside of human relationships between teachers and students. Nor can education be
dependent on digital platforms controlled by private companies.
7. Ensure scientific literacy within the curriculum. This is the right time for deep reflection
on curriculum, particularly as we struggle against the denial of scientific knowledge and
actively fight misinformation.
8. Protect domestic and international financing of public education. The pandemic has the
power to undermine several decades of advances. National governments, international
organizations, and all education and development partners must recognize the need to
strengthen public health and social services but simultaneously mobilize around the
protection of public education and its financing.
9. Advance global solidarity to end current levels of inequality. COVID-19 has shown us the
extent to which our societies exploit power imbalances and our global system exploits
inequalities. The Commission calls for renewed commitments to international
9|Page
cooperation and multilateralism, together with a revitalized global solidarity that has
empathy and an appreciation of our common humanity at its core.
COVID-19 presents a real challenge and a real responsibility. These ideas invite debate,
engagement and action by governments, international organizations, civil society, educational
professionals, as well as learners and stakeholders at all levels.41
For schools:
Micro Level:
Temporary solutions:
Curl la Tourelle Head Architecture (CLTH) has imagined a new design approach for classrooms
when schools reopen as the lockdown eases in the UK. The architecture practice based in
London has “
” 42
41
https://en.unesco.org/news/education-post-covid-world-nine-ideas-public-action
42
https://www.archdaily.com/939683/clth-proposes-adaptive-design-for-schools-post-covid-
19?ad_source=search&ad_medium=search_result_all&fbclid=IwAR0ymehBbXOi6oMPQe8cN_oZUoU4AleMkDF448
zLN23LeJm-cWx-YqPDx4k
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Considering outdoor learning,using tent like structures:
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series of pop-up, tent-like structures, each
of which is arranged to follow the two-
meter social distancing rules with the
adaptability to host different classroom
setups.
Using marquees and portable bathroom facilities, with renewable energy sources like PV arrays
and solar evacuated tubes for hot water heating, the project aims to utilize existing resources,
not used during this pandemic. Moreover, staff and students will be encouraged to establish
clockwise movements within and outside the structures, to avoid crossings. The simple and
adaptable concept can be applied to different outdoor settings, encouraging new public spaces
practices. In fact, the concept suggests opening up the streets to people, maximizing the use of
residential areas, and encouraging safe community integration.
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Long term solutions:
The American Institute of Architects (AIA) has just released strategies, illustrations, and 3D
design models in order to help reduce the risk of COVID-19 in schools. In an effort to assist
education officials with reopening schools during the pandemic, the design guidelines are part of
the AIA’ “Reopening America: Strategies for Safer Buildings”
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Reference: https://www.archdaily.com/942114/aia-releases-design-strategies-for-safer-schools-post-covid-19
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Macro Level:
Brooklyn Laboratory Charter Schools (LAB) is committed to making any return for the 2020–
2021 school year as safe as possible for all students and staff. Given the current public health
pandemic, LAB is exploring ways to adapt school facilities and school operations in a manner
that prioritizes ’ T B’
Sands Street middle and high school location, but the concept can be adapted to work in other
schools or locations.43
One of the most critical challenges will be entry bottlenecks due to social-distancing and other
safety measures. Without changes to the arrival and departure process, experts predict
students could be in mile-long lines, waiting for hours to enter the school. Although they
identified alternative entries to the school, another challenge remained: how to provide shelter
and welcoming spaces for students to be screened and wait their turn to enter. In the short term,
our “ ” during COVID-19.
In the future, this front porch will become a long-term gift to the community by providing places
43
https://e82589a9-6281-40c3-81a5-
087eb2ac5db9.filesusr.com/ugd/e57059_8a435b75404c4966875e9d2980e0ad4f.pdf
16 | P a g e
of respite from extreme weather events , , B’
serve as a bridge connecting our school to the communities they serve by providing information
about school activities, supporting gatherings, and offering more appealing public spaces.
Strategy for Design and Construction

They identified a solution that builds off the framework of the award-winning Urban Umbrella
construction shed and developed a kit of parts specific to the needs of schools planning for
social distancing and health checks at entry points. Design elements are standardized to
significantly reduce costs and provide a template for use by any school.
Urban Umbrella owns the shed structures and rents them out, which provides upfront cost savings
and flexibility, as components can be added, subtracted, or moved. Additionally, permitting and
other coordination costs are included in the contract for installation and rental. The process for
adapting the kit of parts to a particular location and getting a front porch installed can take less
than two weeks once the pilot project has been tested.
Vision:
Permanent structures provide opportunities for communities to engage with each other and
enjoy improved outdoor public spaces. Many of the concepts incorporated into the front porch
can serve important functions and create inviting beautiful public spaces.
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Mapping a safeguarded journey from home to the school
The first set of ideas focus on the arrival and entry process as students and staff transition into
the building, taking into consideration the egress challenges LAB and many other schools face.
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Upgrading classrooms
The second set of ideas focuses on practical and feasible re-mapping of classrooms, breakout
rooms, and common spaces to comply with social distancing requirements.
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For Universities:
At the advent of the current crisis, campuses across the world shut down and student
residences were vacated, with a caveat: after initial confusion, stories emerged about stranded
students who, unable to travel to their homes, have been granted permission to continue in
residence. If we have learned anything from our current situation, it is that we cannot predict the
future. What we can do though, is create a framework for nimble, resilient, forward-thinking
student residence projects with vibrant live-learn environments, which are adaptable to change.
The impact of full or partial social distancing is foremost going to be felt in the process of site-
specific and place-centric design itself. Participatory design and approvals processes, although
differing from place to place, usually involve a series of touchpoints with various stakeholders –
campus planners, faculty, subject matter experts, city departments, city councils, public
agencies, interest groups, neighborhood associations, and the public at large – which we
collectively label as stakeholder or public engagement.
Our world is changing fast and physical engagement, for all the benefits it provides, is cut out of
the equation for the foreseeable future. Technology, well utilized and attuned to the specific
engagement need, can be leveraged immediately to do most of what we do now in a face-to-
face setting. The platforms exist; it is up to us to leverage them the best we can. In the following
pages, we discuss the design impacts on three different levels44:
Macro Meso Micro

Campus Level: Macro
1. Extend the learning continuum to student residences at various scales and
configurations to support individuals and small-group interactions, as well as experiential
learning for single persons and groups.
2. Design to promote virtual community engagement and combating isolation and
loneliness at a campus level – even during unexpected emergencies – will be an
important aspect moving forward.
3. Campus placemaking that can flex to adapt to individual enjoyment and small gatherings
in addition to supporting a broader community, will be an important aspect of design.
44
https://www.ibigroup.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/IBI-Designing-Student-Housing-in-a-Post-Covid-19-
World.pdf
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4. Provide an appropriate mix of spaces that can enable safety and self-sufficiency for
those students who remain in residence during times of emergency.
5. Facilitate physical and visual access to green spaces, biomimicry, and enhancing
naturalistic features to contribute to overall human health and well-being.
6. Explore strategies and design options to provide easy access to food (food farms on
roofs or on a nearby open space associated to the building) would be another important
issue to consider.
Residence Level (Hostels): Meso

While this would appear to be an overstatement, it is not far-fetched to conclude that what local
and regional schools have to offer – relative seclusion, proximity to family and social support
networks may be in vogue again. Students and parents may have a compelling reason to prefer
the regional school a town away instead of the big brand schools across the country.
Furthermore, the future sustenance and growth of the internationalization of campuses, which
has a direct impact on student residences, is certainly in flux. The facilities that higher education
institutions offer and their improved design features will become even more important in student
attraction and retention.
Some factors with an increasing impact on building design are:
1. Defining active outdoor destinations within and adjacent to the building;
2. Framing the building as a social ecosystem and a hierarchy of socio-spatial
engagement;
3. Shaping clustered and distributed social spaces;
4. Fostering learning outside the classroom for both academic and life skills; and
5. Embedding strategies and design elements that enable the separation and engagement
of spaces – from the public to the private – in a manner that is agile and adaptable to
changing function and circumstance.
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Floor levels: Micro
Factors having an increasing impact on floor design are:
1. Design for Indoor Air quality (top-of-the-line fresh air ventilation) – Present
considerations for student wellness require us to re-examine fresh air changes in student
residences. With respect to functioning as temporary healthcare facilities, a rough
estimate would be to design redundancies that will allow them to operate at three times
better than Code for ACH.
2. Unit Mix – Communal washrooms/shared/independent – This will be an important factor
to discuss since communal washrooms could compromise the containment of future
virus spreads or other emergency responses.
3. Adaptability – We believe Student Residences will fall into the H2HC category
mentioned above, and in the future need to remain adaptable to Emergency Health
Shelters.
4. Food Access – Explore options to provide easy access to food (food farm on roofs or
on a nearby open space associated to the building).
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Education in Bangladesh in COVID situations:
Renowned educationist and social activist Rasheda K. Chowdhury has signaled five major
consequences, including large scale dropouts, amid disruption of educational activities due to
COVID-19 and sought a comprehensive recovery plan involving teachers.
"It has to be a comprehensive recovery plan. In any recovery plan (for the education sector),
teachers need to be involved," said Rasheda.
Anything otherwise, and whatever has been achieved till now in the education sector will be at
risk.
‘ ’( ) ,
also mentioned a possible concurrent increase in child labour, or early marriage for girls which
will consequently increase early pregnancy and increasing malnutrition. The educationist said
the COVID-19 is impacting on everything and there is need for COVID-19 recovery plan in
education system. "There has to be investment."
Rasheda highlighted the educational deficit between Bangladesh and other countries citing UN
statistics.
"Globally 1.2 billion learners are still out of educational institutions. Developed countries have
reached out to those among their own populations but in Bangladesh we have 40 million
students, ranging from pre-primary to higher education level," she said.
She noted that the government has been trying four methods to reduce learning loss after the
closure of educational institutes due to COVID-19 pandemic –
• televised lessons,
• online courses,
• radio broadcast and
• through mobile devices.
"(Despite the effort) we have not been able to reach out to large number of vulnerable student
groups including women and ethnic minorities," said the educationist.
The CAMPE Director said girls will be hard hit all the time due to the pandemic and gender
based violence inside home will increase as well.
The world, in the post-COVID-19 era, will be different one and the recovery will come in different
ways. COVID-19 will remain a continuing challenge which will require a continuing response.45
45
https://unb.com.bd/category/Bangladesh/experts-for-converting-covid-19-challenges-into-opportunities/53721
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Figures correspond to number of learners enrolled at pre-primary, primary, lower-secondary,
and upper-secondary levels of education [ISCED levels 0 to 3], as well as at tertiary education
levels [ISCED levels 5 to 8]. Enrolment figures based on latest UNESCO Institute for Statistics
data. See methodological note.46
46
https://en.unesco.org/covid19/educationresponse/
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Salutogenic designs:
Our Lady of the Assumption Catholic Primary School:
In Australia, ‘Our Lady of the Assumption Catholic Primary
School’ is enclosed in a high-performance envelope with light,
airy interiors. An educational space that elevates well-being, a
vast four-storey atrium acts as the main entry via a central
circulation spine, connecting all areas on the upper levels of the
building with the ones on the ground floor.
In stage two, a new hall, library with a suspended reading net,
arts space, balconies and rooftop playgrounds were added to
the school. A vast four-storey atrium acts as the main entry via a
central circulation spine, connecting all educational areas on the
upper levels of the building with the administration area and
playground located on the ground floor. Classes are situated on
either side of this large timber stairway, which also forms an
extension to the learning spaces, further encouraging activity
and interaction amongst the school community along this central
circulation route. By removing most of the internal walls from the
existing structure, classes can also gather on either side of an
open timber corridor that runs the length of the campus.
University of Chicago Center:
In Hong Kong, the

University of Chicago
Center offers maximised
views via generous floor-
to-ceiling glazing with
custom-designed frit
patterns, allowing for
light/shadow to further
connect the building with
its surroundings.
The single, curvilinear expression of the building discreetly weaves the academic programme
’ terrain, touching only at points of least intrusion and bridging the
heritage blocks to reconcile the old and new, natural and man-made. Evoking a contemporary
‘ ’, elics,
and incorporates several heritage structures that are now repurposed as classrooms and
T ’ caped deck and heritage courtyard serve as focal
points and are open to the public. Similarly, the preservation and refurbishment of existing trails
and lookout points allow for public access to continue uninterrupted.
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The International School of Kuala Lumpur:
In Malaysia, the International School of Kuala Lumpur has created voids or courtyards in the
spine building, which not only serve as breakout areas for students and staff, but also allow for
breezes to cross ventilate the building.
Designed to be Mala ’ G B I (GBI)
rating, the new campus of the International School of Kuala Lumpur (ISKL) is currently being
constructed on a 26-acre site in Ampang Hilir and expected to open in August 2018.
The maste I ’ :
1. bring the three schools together without losing their individuality, yet keeping a shared
sense of identity;
2. stimulate learning and enrich the sense of community; and
3. become a sustainable exemplar across the region and the world.47
47
https://www.futurarc.com/commentary/covid-19-architecture-the-importance-of-designing-for-occupant-
wellness/?fbclid=IwAR16UQcz2IPIZAiKNUlrnLKP9UUe326ncE8IQvDMMRqEx4XP4wyQeLnrXBs
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Some Temporary solutions:
can rosés temporary school

The space is occupied by
wooden division walls, with a
modular design by 2cm thick
pine wood slats, to be able to be
manufactured and assembled
quickly.
On the ground floor, the
reception areas and the
administration office, the dining
room and a multipurpose room.
The stage of it is placed in the
center of the floor, and
articulates all the spaces around.
On the first and second floors, two classrooms at the edges and a free space in between, for
indeterminate uses that promote the application of new pedagogies and shared education
between classrooms.48
48
https://futurearchitectureplatform.org/projects/f70b499b-d61c-4f90-bfaf-47b0b62afc82/
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Casa Fundamental
Casa Fundamental is a kindergarten and elementary school. It was conceived to be a space for
"teaching and learning, essentially for socializing, educational debate, academic rigor,
pedagogical experimentation, more careful and kind relationships", as the founders-educators
put it. The school's architectural project was developed simultaneously with the search for
innovative educational proposals that consider space as an active element of the teaching and
learning process, such as Loris Malaguzzi and the Reggio Emilia network, Herman Hertzberger
and Montessori schools, AltSchool and researcher Doris Kowaltowski.
Integration with the Castelo neighborhood and the local community is one of the pillars of the
School, which incorporates the public square Manoel de Barros as a place for external activities
with students. Considered as a continuity of the street, the internal square proposed in the
project is the articulating space of the school, the collective living environment, socialization,
games, and various events for the school community - students, parents, and educators - as
well as neighbors and inhabitants of the neighborhood. The project was settled in an existing
warehouse, configuring a transformation from industrial to educational use. An unconventional
choice but with interesting characteristics because it is a wide-open space, high ceilings, and
little space. To solve the critical conditions of temperature, lighting, and acoustics, the existing
structure was intervened with the replacement of sealing materials by perforated tile and
cobogó, the creation of new openings, the increase of zeniths, and a thermo-acoustic blasting
over the roof.
A dry constructive solution was adopted in view of the advantages that the industrialized system
allows, such as simplified assembly and faster execution, a cleaner and more organized
construction site, promoting greater worker safety. The constructive elements adopted were
laminated steel profiles to compose the structure, Wall Panels as a slab system, Drywall and
joinery, and metalworking solutions for vertical partitions and closings. Because they are
modular, they also facilitate future flexibilities.49
49
https://www.archdaily.com/946887/casa-fundamental-kindergarten-gabriel-castro-plus-marcos-franchini-plus-
pedro-haruf?ad_source=search&ad_medium=search_result_projects
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Health Care:
Introduction:
The speed and intensity of this coronavirus has challenged us to reflect on what the hospital of
W ’
before the pandemic, which are dramatically reshaping healthcare. These trends are the
concept of a networked healthcare system, the acceleration of telehealth and virtual care and
guidance, and the increase in consumer engagement in our own health and that of our families.
The hospital of the future is a network with flexible capacity, connected by a single digital
infrastructure: critically ill patients are cared for in (remotely supported) ICUs; regular care takes
place in connected health hubs in the community; while the at-risk patient population is
monitored remotely and more engaged with their health than ever before.50
Modern hospitals often lack the flexibility to accommodate a sudden surge of patients. In
particular, many hospitals have been running out of space and resources to treat Covid-19
patients with severe symptoms, while at the same time handling those with mild symptoms and
the asymptomatic who may infect health care workers and other patients.
One limitation is that the heating, ventilation, and air conditioning systems of many converted
’ B
nonetheless function as quarantine centers for milder Covid-19 cases so that hospitals can
focus on the most seriously ill patients who require critical care and strict isolation.
Hospital design can also do more for health care workers. Even as the public has hailed nurses
and physicians as heroes, hospitals have moved toward eliminating sleeping quarters for
hospital staff and reducing the number and size of break rooms and rest areas, Anderson says.
The current pandemic has shown the need for giving health care workers a place to rest in
between grueling shifts, especially given reports of nurses and physicians sleeping in camper
vehicles and avoiding their homes to protect their families from possible infection.
Break rooms and rest areas for hospital staff usually only come up at the end of discussions
about designing and building hospitals, Anderson explains. As both a physician and architect,
she sees such spaces as hugely important in both permanent hospitals and in the newly
converted spaces.51
50
https://www.philips.com/a-w/about/news/archive/blogs/innovation-matters/2020/20200707-what-will-the-
hospital-of-the-future-look-like-in-a-post-covid-19-world.html
51
https://undark.org/2020/04/16/covid-19-modified-hospital-design/
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Why should we think about health care units?
Hospitals are the most complex buildings in society and environments that people inhabit during
the most vulnerable moments in life. These buildings represent huge investments so a future-
proofing agenda must be highly valued at all stages.
The question now is, what lessons can be learnt for the future design of hospitals, as well as
other healthcare buildings? Do we need to adapt and refurbish in preparation for a second, third
or fourth wave of infections? What will the longer term impact be on building typologies and
layouts, strategic planning and investment?
As the outbreak subsides and spaces used to deal with coronavirus are handed back, new
protective measures and triage points may be required to separate the infected from the
‘ ’
These new design considerations and how new models of healthcare are delivered are set
against a backdrop of an ageing heal ’ -suited to meet the
demands of a growing population, a changing workforce and new technologies. And it is
important to the public. A poll by Policy Exchange ahead of a call for evidence on the future of
building hospitals showed that 81% of respondents put it at in the top three priorities from
government infrastructure projects, with younger respondents emphasising the importance of
light and green spaces.
It is a tragedy what has happened in care homes during the pandemic. The crisis has really
highlighted the flaws in traditional care homes and their inherent inflexibility to adequately
respond in terms of the physical environment and care and management strategies.
Physical distancing is incredibly difficult to achieve in a care setting, mainly because it makes
physically caring for a vulnerable resident almost impossible. It can also have a negative impact
on their mental wellbeing.52
Reimagining Healthcare Design After COVID-19

Each day we watch in awe as doctors, nurses, and caregivers bravely take on the greatest
public health challenge of our lifetime, putting their own health at risk to save countless lives. As
, “ ” fferent.
While we may not know what healthcare in the U.S. will look like in a few years, those of us in
healthcare design can help our clients find possible solutions to these changes and prepare for
future unknowns. Working with some of our clients from around the coun , ’ 10
areas where we see change coming:
1. Improving infection prevention
T ’
design meetings going forward. There will be increased pressure to make design features more
easily cleaned and use finishes that withstand harsher chemicals. More health systems will use
UV light or sterilizing mists in high- and medium-risk areas. Low-risk areas like exam rooms will
52
https://www.ribaj.com/intelligence/future-of-healthcare-design-in-post-pandemic-world
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need more thorough cleaning protocols and room turnover processes. All this needs to be done
’
2. Increasing isolation room capacity
The biggest conversion most facilities have undertaken during the pandemic is increasing the
number of isolation rooms. Going forward, hospitals will need groups of rooms and entire units
and wings that can be negatively pressurized and cut off from the rest of the hospital in a
pandemic. These units will need easy ways to get patients in from the ED, as well as trash out,
without going through the entire hospital. While anterooms are not required in the Facility
G I ’ ,
PPE without contaminating the hallway outside isolated patient care areas.
3. Limiting shared staff spaces
’ ,
including the size and separation of workstations within a staff workspace, number of people in
an office, and number of people sharing each workstation. Large, shared break rooms and
locker rooms may be eliminated in favor of smaller, more discrete spaces. Additionally,
administrative departments may be moved off-site or work-from-home arrangements may be
devised to reduce the staff on campus. The numbers of students and vendors onsite at a given
time may be limited, too.
4. Triaging patients before they enter the ED
The prevalence of tents outside of EDs during this crisis, and their susceptibility to weather
events, points to a need to help our clients re-envision the triage and intake process. We need
ways to triage people before they walk in the front door, including tele-triage, apps, and multiple
entries and waiting solutions, based upon medical needs. Overflow facilities that are external to
the hospital need to be sturdy, durable, and quickly erected, with utility connections planned for
and already in place.
5. Re-imagining waiting rooms and public spaces
Nobody liked the waiting room previously, but now it seems inconceivable that people will be
willing to sit next to possibly infectious strangers while they wait for an appointment or a loved
’ T -check-in and self-rooming will accelerate to minimize
interactions with other people. Patients and families will be encouraged to wait outside or in their
car. All public spaces including waiting rooms, lobbies, and dining facilities will have to be
carefully planned and designed to create greater physical separation between people, with
appropriate queuing.
6. Planning for inpatient surge capacity
W ’ ,
hospital could accommodate double or triple the number of patients. Questions to ask include,
“H ?” “W I U
?” “H U I U ?” “I
, ?” W explore these questions
through every building system (HVAC, E-power, med gas, etc.) to make sure that services to
these units can meet the vastly increased patient and equipment load.
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7. Finding surge capacity in outpatient centers
The continued growth in ambulatory care will resume as soon as our current crisis passes.
Because many of these facilities are often owned by healthcare systems and already have
emergency power or limited medical gasses, they have the potential to provide faster surge
capacity, with fewer disruptions, than the field hospitals being erected in hotels and convention
centers. Many hospitals already include these buildings within their surge plans, even though
’ tpatient clinics,
freestandi E , , ’
necessary for these facilities to support sicker patients during the next pandemic.
8. Greater supply chain control
Hospitals and health systems will seek greater control of their own supply chain and will likely
stockpile key supplies, equipment, and medication to avoid future supply shortages. They may
develop acquisition agreements with third party supply and equipment vendors for stockpiles
they cannot afford to maintain on their own and will expect greater support from their group
purchasing organizations. Some stockpiles may be at individual hospitals, while larger systems
may maintain supplies regionally or nationally. We will need to design facilities to house these
inventories as well as systems to maintain, refresh, and replenish them.
9. T ’
Telemedicine has boomed throughout this crisis, allowing clinicians to perform routine check-
ups and triage with patients without putting either doctor or patient at risk. While the future
reimbursement for telemedicine is unclear, the impact on our designs will be tremendous. The
technology is relatively cheap, physicians can see more patients in the same amount of time,
and there are virtually no q I’
outpatient centers in the future as telemedicine reduces the need for exam rooms, waiting
rooms, and support spaces. Clinicians may even be encouraged to do a portion of their clinic
days from home, rather than from their on-site office.
10. Isolation operating rooms and cath labs
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention guidelines on how to operate on an infectious
patient require that the operating room remain positively pressurized, that it stays sealed
throughout the surgery, and that no activity takes place within the room for an extended time
after intubation and extubation. While important, these processes greatly extend the length of
surgical cases and limit staff mobility in and out of the room before, during, and after cases. To
function more effectively and efficiently, many more hospitals will want ORs and cath labs with
the proper airflow and design to protect the patient from surgical infection while protecting the
staff in the room and the surrounding facility from the patient. This will require the addition of
pressurized anterooms from the OR to both the hallway and the surgical core or control room,
careful balancing of HVAC systems, and modeling of airflow within the lab or operating room
itself to ensure that potentially contaminated air is drawn away from the staff to minimize risk of
infection.
Unlike most healthcare design trends that develop over several years, these 10 changes have
already become necessary in just a few short weeks as hospitals and health systems were
forced to figure out how to make emergency changes with limited supplies and resources. In the
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coming years, these organizations will need to adjust their operations for future pandemics,
codes will need to be rewritten to safely meet these new situations, and government grants will
be necessary to encourage hospitals to make these changes permanent.53
Considerations for Post-Coronavirus Hospital Design

Each day the news bombards me with stories and images of overwhelmed hospitals and
healthcare workers battling COVID-19. While the coronavirus pandemic is full of unknowns and
has created more questions than we have answers for, one thing is clear: many of our hospitals
lack the flexibility to accommodate the surge of patients and the medical professionals treating
them.
As health systems and healthcare providers consider how we can avoid repeating the current
national crisis, we have an opportunity to combine healthcare data with design knowledge to
analyze how current hospitals are performing and which design elements could play a role in
defending against the next health crisis. Keep reading for my thoughts on the hospital spaces
and infrastructure we should c ’
1. Administrative Offices and Other High-Density Areas

J , ’
in close quarters. However, thanks to the pandemic, dense packing may be a thing of the past.
Health systems should examine their workforce mobility before considering whether they need
to increase square-feet-per-person in high-density areas, or reduce square footage and offer
fewer permanent work spaces and more touchdown spaces for employees who will more
frequently work from home. In other departments where working remotely is not an option, such
as laboratories and pharmacies, consider spacing and arranging benches, furniture and
equipment to reduce cross traffic and provide separation.
2. Patient Rooms
While w ’ , ’
that not all COVID-19 patients are in the ICU. Many patients have spent their time in typical
medical/surgical patient rooms and other non-traditional areas of the hospital, especially now
that some doctors are turning to less invasive treatment methods to boost oxygen levels.
However, while less invasive, these treatment methods actually pose a greater risk to
healthcare workers as leaky masks can expose virus particles.
To mitigate virus spread we should examine the need for additional negative pressure rooms in
both ICUs and med/surg units. In addition to designing flexible spaces that can adapt quickly,
we should also consider creating units that can be easily segregated into a series of risk zones.
, “ ” “ ” ,
allowing freer movement and reducing the amount of necessary PPE within portions of the unit.
3. Emergency Department
The pandemi ’ ,
act as gateways to our hospitals. The emergency physician is responsible for determining who
53
https://www.healthcaredesignmagazine.com/trends/perspectives/reimaging-healthcare-design-after-covid-19/
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is at risk, who is infectious and who is not, while at the same time limiting exposure and keeping
healthcare staff safe. From the moment patients arrive at the check-in or reception desk,
measures should be taken to create separation and contain germs.
W ’ ’ ve minimal or zero emergency department wait times, the

reality is that there are often significant waits. Future waiting rooms will likely see smaller
seating groups surrounded by low walls or decorative panels that provide separation and
privacy. Fabrics and seamless finishes that can withstand harsher cleaning solutions will need
to be incorporated throughout the space as well.
, ’
conversion to negative pressure relative to adjacent hospital zones, as well as allow the
emergency department to be 100% exhausted with no air recirculation. Increasing air change
rates and exhaust would help the ED mimic the pressures in isolation rooms and should
especially be considered for all waiting areas where potentially infectious patients could be
present.
4. Pharmacy
One of the largest threats to patient care is a drug shortage. In addition to creating a system-
wide drug shortage plan, health systems should decide if high-demand medications and other
needed supplies will be stockpiled onsite. Additionally, to enhance communication with
physicians regarding drug availability and applications, design professionals should consider
adding pharmacist touchdown stations on bed floors so that they can work hand-in-hand with
providers during surge events.
5. HVAC
Heating, ventilation and air conditioning systems throughout hospitals are space/unit specific,
making it difficult and expensive to change or enhance its use for the space it serves. In many
facilities, the lack of oxygen outlets has prohibited the use of available space as patient care
areas. As designers, we should consider integrating more robust HVAC infrastructure so that
spaces can be converted as quickly and efficiently as possible, enabling providers to create
temporary patient treatment areas safe for patients and staff.
6. Telehealth
Health systems are pushing patients towards virtual visits for both virus containment and cost
reduction. As providers begin implementing more telehealth services post-pandemic, hospitals
should consider how the increased activity will affect their IT infrastructure. Additionally, it may
be wise to create designated rooms for providers to use during telehealth visits.
As health systems take it one day at a time, our job as design professionals is to remember that
the coronavirus pandemic will have long-term implications on how we design hospitals. From
being proactive with patient unit design and strategically locating supplies and PPE to
’s impact, we have a responsibility as designers to use this experience to
inform the future of healthcare design and defend against devastating health events.54
54
https://www.greshamsmith.com/blog/considerations-for-post-coronavirus-hospital-design/
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How hospital designs will change?
Review of air-conditioning systems:
Experts caution that with the possibility of the virus spreading through the recirculation of air-
conditioned air, the use of air conditioning in non clinical areas would be revisited.
As most hospitals are completely airconditioned, and return air is not often ducted in Indian
hospitals, it would not be easy to create air tight temporary partitions within existing hospitals.
While COVID-19 is spread by droplets and not really airborne in the sense that it will not float
around in the air for very long, the next virus may not be so; in which case air conditioning
systems can spread it rapidly across the whole hospital.
Hospital lobbies can become non air conditioned, semi open, well ventilated spaces. As long as
one can make them comfortable and spacious, people will tend to feel safer in such spaces
than in air-conditioned ones. This has been tried out successfully in some hospitals with
success but expected to become more common.
Use of fresh air:
Another important area in the design would be the air quality. Designs will have to ensure
proper zoning and exhaust system to take out air especially from intensive care area and
isolation areas. The air exhausted will have to be let out in the atmosphere after proper
treatment / filtration, so that microbes are not let open and pose danger to others outside the
building.
Hospitals can take efforts to bring more fresh air from outside, so that the concentration of the
virus in the indoor air could be diluted. This could be done by opening the damper to outside air
of the air handling unit. Higher air humidity can reduce the air bone transmission of viruses.
Use of anti-bacterial material:
Anti-bacterial materials need to be considered for elevators, hand rails, door knobs, etc as these
are frequent touch points in a hospital set up. Few manufactures have already innovatively
introduced anti-microbial coatings into the floorings, facade, paints and furniture.
Experts suggest more use of copper- based products, especially which are used for direct touch
(such as washroom fittings), and hardware like door handles, railings, door knobs, etc. Copper
has long been known for its anti-microbial properties. The toxicity mechanism of Copper ions
makes it an ideal product for curtailing infections which spread through touch surfaces, as is
considered the case for COVID-19 virus. The cost of these might be slightly expensive, but
adoption may start from installing the same in isolation facilities, etc.
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Use of non-porous materials:
The material changes to opt for are products that are non-porous, wipeable and cleanable, such
that they are not effected by regular fumigation and spraying of disinfectants.
The products that would gain application would be PVC, UPVC, Glass, Poly-carbonate, high-
pressured laminates etc. Gypsum-based products would probably get modified with addition of
lamination layers to comply with these requirements.
Others predict that the use of cloth fabric as furniture upholstery and curtains will decline. Easy-
to-clean and sanitize synthetic materials will be used widely.
Touch-free controls:
Now the designers will focus more to ensure that there is minimum hand contact with either the
patients, amongst the staff and also various other touch points. Design features like touch-free
control of lighting, temperature controls, sensor-based taps and other building functions will
avoid touching surfaces. Functional hospitals with minimum shutdown time can also easily
install sensor taps in toilets, occupancy sensors for lights, etc.
Automatic doors and e-switchable privacy glass: In running hospitals, automatic sliding doors or
swing doors can be incorporated in place of conventional doors in high traffic areas. Innovations
in foot operated latches and handles can easily be developed and used extensively, point out
experts.
Smart facade glazing systems (which allow occupants to electronically control the quantity and
quality of daylight into the interiors) will be explored by some. Such glass technology allows
doing away with fabric blinds which harbour germs and are not easy to clean and sanitize."
Flexibility in design:
The future hospitals should also have more flexibility for pandemics and other outlier events that
create temporary surges in demand every five or ten years. It may be possible for some
hospitals to build some degree of flexibility into their operational systems - design and
compartmentation strategies to enable negative pressure in a certain inpatient ward zone as
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and when the need arises. However, such strategies will also have to be in sync with relevant
fire and life safety regulations. The design should have the ability to quickly convert the regular
beds into an ICU ward. It should be temporarily having capacity to expand during emergencies
and contract when they are over.
There are already a number of products under the pre-fabricated products range that are
already being utilised for the construction of healthcare facilities. The use of such products
would probably gain wider use, such that it allows more flexibility to modify spaces for quick
conversions for space requirements for epidemic outbreaks.
The parking areas could be designed in a way that they could be converted to a containment
zone. Some hospitals can convert their car parking garages (basements or multi-level car parks)
into temporary COVID treatment facilities, as is already being done in many parts of the world.
Wider corridors:
Future hospitals could have more physical barriers between public and staff within the facility.
Space standards could increase - e.g., all inpatient corridors could be mandated to be at least
10'0" wide instead of the current 8'0" minimum width. Even OPD and other hospital corridors
could be mandated to be at least 10'0" wide.
However, such measures may not be practical in all situations, especially small healthcare
facilities, nursing homes, clinics, etc. Number of people that can be allowed to be waiting in
hospital lobbies may be limited to a certain maximum with specific minimum spacing between
seats. So, future waiting lobbies could be in smaller clusters.
Design of emergency and seating areas:
The emergency care area originally designed for patient triaging and attendant waiting now
needs to be redesigned to prevent the spread of the virus. There needs to be design to route all
the patients, attendants, visitors and others through a channel, where sanitizing tunnel and
thermal fever screening cameras are fixed. There should be a separate complex to treat the
positive cases and facility to quarantine the staff every shift.
Many hospitals are exploring increasing the seating spaces, so that individual seats can be
provided at a distance to maintain social distancing. Nurse station design is being looked into,
so that the care givers also maintain adequate distance. To adopt the social distancing concept,
the new design needs to give more space between the beds. Instead of placing ICU beds as a
common ward, the design will have individual cabins with proper air circulation system in place
to avoid any infection spread.
According to experts, if living with the disease is what we eventually end up with, there would be
a certain impact, certain measures, which will become part of our lives, and so also in how
hospitals are designed.55
Distance / Separation
Healthcare entrances, including emergency department entrances, will need to be designed to
take into consideration queuing that is needed with social distancing requirements for patients
entering the hospital. There were long lines in hospitals that were hit hard by the virus. We can
55
https://www.healthcareradius.in/projects/26279-10-hospital-design-changes-post-covid
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mitigate waiting outside though the design of modular elongated entry vestibules that allow for
patients to queue without being exposed to the outside elements.
Additionally, exterior entrances can be designed in such a way as to extend entrance vestibules
by designing new buildings, or retrofitting existing buildings to allow plastic curtains to be
attached to the structure at an overhang. This would allow entrances to be extended in length
in the same way that mass casualty preparation would provide tenting. Rather than utilize
plastic badges or tabs that have to be cleaned in between each use, sticky labels could be
printed so that the public could pull off just their label for security in hospitals. PPE stations may
be considered at entrances and waiting areas.
In the ambulatory setting, procedures will have to be assessed before a patient arrives at a
facility. To limit contact with staff, check-in could happen with your phone. For those that arrive
not checked-in, when a technological solution is not available, clear plexiglass screens will be
needed to provide separation for reception/check-in areas, along with more space for social
distancing. Converting more of the usual paperwork to a digital format will decrease the amount
of materials being passed around, making one less touch point between staff and patients. We
have seen the increase in tele-health reduce costs for non-emergent issues even before this
pandemic. Tele- ’
with their physicians, but It is not an ideal solution for certain specialties such as physical
therapy and radiology diagnostic testing. For these practices where in-person visits will still need
to happen, we need to develop ways to still maintain safe distance and separation as much as
possible.
In the hospital setting, waiting room design will also need to change post Covid-19. Social
distancing will require that hospital waiting rooms have less seating, as well as more spacing
between seating.
Key to this is how patients enter and are screened. As mentioned previously, for intake triage
this could mean creating a third entrance – “ ” – which will handle Covid-19
46 | P a g e
patients. The traditional walk-in vestibule will have remote biometric temperature screening. If
patients have a fever of 100.4 degree “
” T :
emergency department, and a quarantine unit with isolation. Each of the quarantine areas
should house a separate staff and clean/soiled utility spaces. Multi-bay treatment in these
environments has been difficult, with those who are sick infecting those who are not. Care must
be taken in future designs to isolate the entry sequence into the emergency department.
Patient, Staff and Supply Flow

The circulation of patients, staff and supplies must also be considered for distancing and
separation to provide proper flow. Even though the clinical teams do interact with patients,
providing off-stage staff circulation could decrease exposure. Corridors could also be widened
so that a two-way flow could happen with the appropriate amount of distance.
How the exam rooms are utilized could also be controlled.
We predict that there will be a need for a higher level of cleaning that happens between
patients, taking longer for rooms to be ready for the next patient. Before Covid-19, the cleaning
of exam rooms between patients was limited to the exam table. Strategically using exam rooms
at a 50% rate will allow for the remaining percentage to be cleaned simultaneously. Each
practice will need to evaluate what makes sense for their operations. Other approaches to
consider: every other exam room in a corridor could be used, or one pod or group of exam
rooms could be used while another is being cleaned.
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Providing off-stage staff
circulation could decrease
exposure
Corridors could be
widened for a two-way
flow with the
appropriate amount of
distance
Surge Design
Healthcare institutions have been stretched to accommodate the surge of Covid-19 infected
patients requiring ventilators and ICU levels of care. As new medical/surgical patient units are
designed, consideration should be given for surge design and for providing future flexibility to
create Acuity adaptable plans with remote servers and ante-rooms or alcoves to house sicker
patients needing ventilators and ICU care. New units that are designed in this manner would
allow regular patient units to flip over to accommodate infectious disease patients faster and
more efficiently. All the required needs for an ICU level room would be included in this med/surg
room, such as medical gases, regular and emergency outlets, patient monitoring and code-
mandated mechanical requirements. Working with your engineering partners to create options
that allow for easy switch over to higher levels of HEPA filtration and pressurization changes
needed in the rooms.
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In these new patient units, space is needed to quickly convert regular patient rooms into ICU
level rooms. PPE donning and doffing should be considered at the entrance of each unit. Space
should be defined to allow an ante room either permanently or temporarily set up, and portable
and collapsible vestibules that are needed to seal off rooms so that disease does not escape.
T , ’-0” H
look at that dimensions with a critical eye, and allow for space for the ante room as well as
space to remove all unnecessary equipment to storage just outside the room. We suggest that
’-0”
Acuity adaptable unit in

normal condition
Acuity adaptable unit in

surge condition
During the pandemic, hospitals were turning prep and recovery spaces for operating rooms and
cath labs dedicated to elective use into Covid-19 treatment areas. Looking at the future design
of these types of spaces, planning will not only accommodate their proposed use but each will
have a unique strategy to allow a seamless accommodation for the treatment of infectious
patients if needed. Ventilation, medical gases, and normal and emergency outlets should be
considered when designing these prep/recovery spaces.
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Alternative Care Sites, Temporary Hospitals + Pandemic Containment
A crisis has once again thrust the topic of temporary hospital spaces into our daily lives.
Previously we may have seen these systems utilized in coping with natural disasters. But today
’ U VI -19 pandemic.
The following are lessons learned through recent experience planning temporary spaces for
B , ’ :
Why do healthcare facilities need temporary hospital spaces?
Healthcare facilities use temporary hospital spaces to support the surge of patients that require
treatment in an event such as COVID-19. Temporary facilities can support a range of patients,
depending on the need. They can serve as a triage area as patients arrive, a walk-up or drive-
through testing facility or treatment space for acute and non-acute patients. Each facility should
assess what types of patients this space will support. In this way, these healthcare institutions
can maintain their acute care and intensive care beds for those acute patients who need more
attention or use of a ventilator. Temporary hospitals can also be used for serving specific patient
populations, such as the incarcerated, away from the general public.
What is an alternative care site? Where can an ACS go?
A surge in the need for medical care will require healthcare entities, including state and local
authorities, to establish an alternative care site (what the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers calls an
“ ”) ,
hospital. A public entity such as a local government may choose available land as an ACS to
serve the overflow from nearby hospitals or larger populations. Existing buildings such as
convention centers, gymnasiums or auditoriums can be adapted to become ACSs. These sites
have great advantages in terms of utilities and power, ventilation and open spaces, which allow
for flexible patient cubicle layout.
Hospital systems are more likely to explore land adjacent to their main hospital buildings or on
their campus as an ACS to leverage the logistics support offered by this nearby facility. This
alternative site could be a greenfield, parking lot or parking deck. But its proximity to utilities
such as water and power should be a prime consideration.
Triage
Hospitals may want to create a staging area for triage outside the healthcare facility in an ACS
to maintain privacy and prevent cross-contamination by sending non-respiratory patients one
way and sending patients presenting respiratory distress or COVID-19 symptoms to where they
can be routed to receive the care they need. This triage area can be separate from the
temporary hospital and the hospital, and generally does not require any jurisdictional input to
implement.
Getting down to details: design considerations
In terms of design and planning, there are basic needs for temporary hospitals to consider,
including the following:
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Infrastructure:
1. Ventilation, HEPA filtering, plumbing, electrical and medical gas
Plans for temporary hospitals will need to deliver ventilation that achieves the necessary air
changes per hour, makes medical gases available to sealed-off patient pods or tents and filters
contaminated air with HEPA filters.
Ventilation is perhaps the most critical and complex need to plan for in a temporary hospital—
proper ventilation is critical for infection control. The plan should maintain negative air pressure
and at least one change of air per hour for non-acute care patients in common areas. In
isolation pods treating acute patients, 5-10 air changes per hour are desired if achievable.
Greater air changes are critical to flush out acute patient areas more quickly and allow for
quicker patient-to-patient turnover. Areas where patients are receiving ventilator treatment need
12 or more air changes per hour per CDC guidelines.
Explore manipulation of the existing ventilation system to ascertain whether adequate negative
pressures can be achieved in the ambient air system. This approach will support non-acute
patients. Areas serving acute care patients require additional localized HEPA filtering to protect
patients.
2. Plumbing
In converted facilities, patients who are ambulatory can use regular bathrooms. For those
unable to leave a HEPA-filtered environment, mobile commodes must be made available. For
mobile hospitals deployed outside in a greenfield situation, a commode system, as well as
portable hand-washing stations, will require a system such as a removable black water tank for
waste removal.
3. Power and water
The converted facility offers us the opportunity to tap into existing power and water systems but
may still require creation of local systems for distribution, backup and emergency in the
temporary rooms.
When greenfields or parking lots are selected for the ACS, it may be necessary to tap into the
systems of nearby healthcare campus buildings. But if the site is a parking lot or parking deck,
’ ent the patient care areas with additional HVAC, generators, medical
gas equipment and more.
4. Utility routing
One novel approach to organize the utilities supporting acute care and localized filtering is to
build a temporary platform surrounding the group of patient rooms and layer the ducts, oxygen
vacuum and air pipes, as well as regular and emergency power in a mini-utility tower
arrangement.
5. Four-walled spaces with privacy
Inside or outside—whether made from fabric, plastic, metal or even drywall—temporary
healthca “ ,”
healthcare professionals can obtain a degree of privacy. These spaces also help contain the
51 | P a g e
spread of infection. How to achieve these spaces becomes a function of availability of systems
and costs.
6. N ’
Centrally located nurses stations with visibility to easily accessible patient areas, as well as
nursing support spaces, should be placed with access to utilities. Often, staff for alternative care
is pulled from ’
leverage a minimal staff to monitor as many patients as possible.
7. Multipurpose functional spaces
A pop-up multipurpose modular room can fulfill functions from pharmacy pod to housekeeping
pod, equipment storage or medical gas storage. Temporary care facilities need central locations
for both clean supplies and for soiled supplies. Plans need to account for space on the exterior
for medical tank farms that serve the patient areas.
8. Available temporary solutions
For hospitals in need of a temporary solution for deployment outside or in a parking lot, myriad
products are available, which provide privacy and the required utilities. The options range from
200-bed mobile hospitals to modular pop-up hard-shelled rooms to open ward systems for
patient treatment. As a smaller-scale mobile solution, trailers (available in 9-bed unit format, for
instance) can be outfitted with screens between patients or even walls and additional bays that
serve as entryways for donning and doffing of PPE.
To transform a convention center or gymnasium and meet the need for hundreds of patient
rooms, we have seen both off-the-shelf options, such as an isolation pod, as well as a timely
customization of a plastic panel wall system with modular headwall and built-in HEPA filter.
Temporary solutions must be evaluated for ease of transport and lead time. A trailer solution or
prefabricated enclosure takes roughly 2-3 weeks for production and delivery from a vendor,
w “ - ” -tech system may require more lead time and complex delivery, but has
materials and labor that can likely be sourced locally.
9. Reuse
Fabric isolation tents may not be reusable but what about hard-paneled systems built to order—
could they be sanitized and made reusable as deployable temporary hospitals? Who will store
and maintain them? Will metropolitan areas maintain networks for future pandemic response?
Finally, how will health authorities certify that a space, once used as a temporary hospital, is
safe to use again for its intended purpose?
These are all important questions to consider.
Advocacy and preparation
The need for temporary deployable hospitals, whether mobile or on a converted site, will
continue. Before COVID-19, there was already a prototype for the temporary hospital. FEMA
maintains a number of mobile hospital kits of approximately 250 beds each, which it is currently
deploying. In light of the current pandemic, we wonder if temporary systems could be expanded
and managed at the local or regional level.
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A future for temporary hospitals
F , ’
B ’ althcare organizations to
articulate and advocate for a more formalized system, whereby major responder hospitals in
metro areas are funded to maintain a discrete number of temporary facilities to deploy as
needed in emergencies. It will take time some time for the industry to evolve this idea to
suggested language to code. The more we know about temporary hospitals, the better we are
positioned to respond to an uncertain future.
Non–COVID-19 patient temporary inpatient facility provides beds separated by curtains.
Temporary inpatient facility with solid sliding doors in the COVID patient rooms allowing achievement of localized
HEPA filter treatment of the air in the room and increased air changes.
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Micro Level:
Temporary solutions:
Emergency Quarantine Facilities to help hospitals:
The Manila-based WTA Architecture + Design Studio has designed a simple and easy to build
and execute Emergency Quarantine Facilities (EQF) to help hospitals accommodate more
people and not send patients home because of less rooms. William Ti, the Principal Architect of
WTA Architecture + Design Studio, and Dr. Glenn Angeles collaborated with Maj. Carmelo
Jaluague and Maj. Banjo Torres Badayo to mobilise the construction of an Emergency
Quarantine Facility.
EQFs have been designed as temporary structures to augment and increase the capacity of the
local hospitals in Manila, Philippines, in the wake of the global coronavirus pandemic. The EQFs
will house Person Under Investigation (PUI)s to keep them from spreading the infection. The
idea is to be able to build enough facilities to house all PUIs and allow the virus to eventually die
out. This will also prevent the hospitals from being overwhelmed due to space constraints during
the COVID-19 pandemic and allow and help the country ’
growth.
F EQF q “T
behind EQF has been speed, closely followed by scalability and buildability. The motivation to
actualise the idea comes from the fact that these facilities can control the rapid spread of the
,” T
simple form with such basic material requirements that it can be built in a span of five days.
EQFs have been inspired from WTA-designed pavilion, a part of the recent Anthology
F q , B ‘
speed, scalability and simpli ’ T ,“
logistics are difficult under enhanced community quarantine, we need something that utilises
q q ” T EQF
materials that are readily available and understood by anyone such that any worker can work
with it, not just throughout the city but nationwide.
Each facility measures 6 x 26m and will have 15 beds and two toilets. Patients and healthcare
workers have different entrances with doctors having their own external testing box to check
patients without having to go inside the facility. Airflow is directed one way from front to rear with
side vents that discharge air away from each bed and prevent recirculation.
The construction requires basic materials such as wood pallets, wood frames, insulation foam,
and polyethylene sheets.56
As hospitals around the world are reaching their capacity, the architecture and design
community is developing new alternatives to fight COVID-19. In order to build 60 Emergency
Quarantine Facilities (EQF), WTA was inspired by their pavilion developed last year, part of the
Anthology Festival. A viable quarantine structure, the Boysen “ ,
scalability a ”
56
https://www.stirworld.com/see-features-manila-based-architecture-firm-wta-designs-emergency-quarantine-
facilities
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The construction and building of the facility made simple and scalable.
Project Details
Name: Emergency Quarantine Facilities (EQF)
Architects: WTA Architecture + Design Studio
Location: Manila, Philippines
Height: 3.1 meters
Width: 6 meters
Capacity of 1 EQF: 15 beds
Construction period: Construction - 3 days, Finishing - 1 day, Interior and On-boarding - 1 Day
55 | P a g e
Exterior view of the Emergency Quarantine Facilities
The facility is being made of basic materials such as wood pallets, wood frames, insulation
foam, and polyethylene sheets
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Floor plan of the Emergency Quarantine Facilities
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Mobile military hospital in Romania:
Mobile military hospital installed near Bucharest57

Mobile hospital for Covid-19 patients:
A mobile hospital with 250 beds for patients diagnosed with Covid-19 will be set up in the area
of the TransAgropolis Industrial Park in Letcani, close to the city of Iasi, according to Maricel
Popa, president of the Iasi County Council. The new medical unit will serve the entire northeast
region.
The new medical facility will have a special area for medical analysis and patient testing,
operating rooms, intensive care wards with 50-70 beds, and storage rooms for medical
materials. The hospital can be used even after the pandemic, for campaigns or medical
caravans in rural areas of the Moldova region, for any other medical emergency, or may be
passed under the administration of the Inspectorate for Emergency Situations.58
57
https://www.romania-insider.com/coronavirus-military-hospital-bucharest
58
https://www.romania-insider.com/coronavirus-mobile-hospital-iasi
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Shipping Containers into Intensive-Care Pods:
CRA-Carlo Ratti Associati with Italo Rota in collaboration with an international team of experts
developed CURA (Connected Units for Respiratory Ailments), plug-in Intensive-Care Pods for
the COVID-19 pandemic. An open-source design for emergency hospitals, the p ’
is currently under construction in Milan, Italy.
Converting shipping containers into plug-in Intensive-Care Pods to fight the coronavirus, CURA,
a ready-to-use solution, consists of rapidly mounted, easily movable and safe units. Thanks to
biocontainment with negative pressure, the 20-foot intermodal containers are safe isolation
ward, each containing all the medical equipment needed for two COVID-19 intensive-care
patients, including ventilators and intravenous fluids stands. In fact, each compact pod for
patients with respiratory infections can work autonomously.
On another hand, the modules can be interconnected with an inflatable structure, creating
different configurations. Actually, “
the ICU capacity, while others could be used to create self-standing field hospitals of varying
” U , , ly deployed system, that can be immediately
implemented around the world, promptly responding to the shortage of ICU space in hospitals
and the spread of the disease. Aiming to generate more ICUs, as the pandemic is evolving,
U “ r COVID-19 hospitals issued by the Chinese authorities, while
”
The project is with the support of the World Economic Forum: COVID-19 Action Platform, and
Cities, Infrastructure and Urban Services Platform and its first unit, currently under construction,
is sponsored by UniCredit.59
Improving the efficiency of field hospitals, each CURA unit, assembled as fast as a hospital tent,
“ q -to-deploy solution to expand emergency facilities and ease the pressure on
healthcare systems treating patients infected by coronaviru ”
force, including Carlo Ratti Associati with Italo Rota, engineers at Jacobs, health technology
company Philips for medical equipment supply, and supported by the World Economic Forum,
CURA, the successful design collaboration, has its tech specs, drawings and design materials
made accessible for everyone online.60
59
https://www.archdaily.com/936247/carlo-ratti-converts-shipping-containers-into-intensive-care-pods-for-the-
covid-19-pandemic
60
https://www.archdaily.com/938074/carlo-rattis-first-intensive-care-pod-installed-at-a-temporary-hospital-in-
turin-italy?ad_medium=widget&ad_name=related-article&ad_content=936247
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HGA, Boldt build critical care units to address hospital bed shortage:
HGA, a design firm, and Boldt, a US-based construction company, have collaborated and
designed the Strategic Temporary Acuity-Adaptable Treatment Mod (STAAT Mod), a critical
care solution to address the shortage of hospital beds due to the coronavirus pandemic. Boldt
has agreed to build the STAAT Mods and will immediately distribute them across the nation.
The companies claim that the STAAT Mod can be deployed across diverse environments from
convention centres to free-standing hospital expands. The designers also focused on the safety
of healthcare workers treating the patients with COVID-19. HGA and Boldt have partnered with
Tweet/Garot, Faith Technologies and IMEG to provide the STAAT Mod solution. The modular
units can be configured for the applications. The first is a two-room isolation unit for use in an
interior shelter, such as in a convention centre and this unit can be deployed quickly from the
point of order.
The second is an eight-bed unit of critical care isolation rooms consisting of four two-bed
modules designed to connect to a hospital or existing structure. The third is a 12-bed unit of
negative-pressure open-bays that include four three-bed open bay modules connected to a
support spine. Several additional self-sustaining tiers can be added to this module. Multiple
independent modules can also be connected to each other or to a hospital with segregated
spaces for patient care and healthcare workers. Such units can allow for additional capacity to
be added or re-deployed at sites where there is a higher need.
The new STAAT Mod is touted to be on the only
temporary care unit that can be deployed quickly,
offering hospital-level care to patients suffering
from COVID-19. HGA national healthcare practice
leader Kurt Spiering said: “The STAAT Mod answers
the escalating demand for more treatment space.
“This engineered, modular design of hospital-level

care environments puts the safety of the patient
and healthcare worker first while still
accomplishing speed and capacity of other
solutions.”
T T T ’ V (V )
exercises. It can offer hospital-level clinical care to control infections, patients can be isolated,
while offering access to life-saving technology. The mods can also be used as isolation rooms
for extended periods. The mods can be pre-fabricated for speed, quality and are claimed to cost
significantly less than conventional construction. The HGA and Boldt also stated that the STAAT
Mod meets the US Center f ’ ( )
T B : “B trolled
environment allows us to set and achieve aggressive production schedules that improve quality
for the end user and maintain safety for our team members. By standardizing the process we
”61
61
https://www.worldconstructionnetwork.com/news/hga-boldt-build-critical-care-units-to-address-hospital-
bed-shortage-due-to-covid-19/
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Adapta, a spatial protocol in case of emergencies:
Through adaptability, prefabrication, optimization, rapidity, re- and up-cycling, as well as
"updatability", Adapta is a spatial protocol based on resilience, on preparation and collaboration
beforehand. A globally adaptable design that can be deployed in a crisis, Adapta creates a
spatial solution that can be applied anywhere in the world, and in a matter of seconds, reducing
the overhead of the human design process to almost zero. Assuming modular pre-existing units,
which are ideal for emergency construction, 50SuperReal designed a solution where all
additional construction materials are sized to fit in the modular unit itself, in case the building
needs to be packed down and moved to a new site.
Adapta, generates designs for emergency constructions in a matter of seconds and that can be
applied anywhere in the world, reducing the overheads of the human design process to almost
zero.
In a single hour, plans can be drafted for emergency constructions on any continent, all based
on the same idea but adapted to each context and needs. Adapta uses a set of dimensional
relationships in interior layouts to create a functional space. Based on the amount of people that
are expected to use a facility, the program automatically calculates the number of bathrooms,
laboratories, storage areas, treatment units, and other infrastructure. The facility is also fitted
with its own fabrication unit, allowing hospital staff to use 3D printers to make scarce equipment
or parts. The designers have considered both patient comfort and the protection and care of
medical professionals. Durin , ’
working extremely demanding shifts. In some cases, our medical professionals even have to
live for long periods of time inside the hospital. Our proposal, therefore, includes rest pods and
comfort rooms for hospital staff, separated from patient areas by decontamination units.
The project invites reflection on how disciplines such as design can work on solutions to crises
such as the current Covid-19 outbreak when rapid and coordinated responses are needed that
I :“
static conce I ,” : “W -
growing global population and freemovement of people and goods, we do not have spatial
protocols in place in case of a pandemic, a climate catastrophe, or a rapid and unforeseen
?”62
For example, by applying the algorithm to a 1,500 sqm plot, Adapta is able to provide a project
suitable for 200 patient beds, 27 sleeping pods for medical staff, 10 treatment units, 16 intensive
care units, 4 diagnosing units, 10 analysis labs, 18 storage units, a canteen fitting 100 people at
once with 2 kitchens, 5 patios for natural light and ventilation, bathrooms with showers, waiting
rooms and 3 vertical circulation cores.63
62
https://www.ie.edu/school-architecture-design/news-events/news/ie-university-professors-create-spatial-
protocol-algorithm-emergency-situations/
63
https://www.theplan.it/eng/architettura/adapta-by-ruxandra-iancu-alessandro-mattoccia-rodrigo-rubio
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Mobile Hospital:
The Mobile Hospital by Kukil Han is designed to provide immediate aid in hard hit disaster
str ,H ’
Hospital can either function individually or as a larger modular unit. Deliverability of the units by
ground or via helicopter if the situation calls for it, provides a shorter response time to
emergency areas.64
64
https://www.archdaily.com/153047/mobile-hospital-kukil-han?ad_medium=gallery
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JUPE Health Designs for health care workers:
As hospitals in the United States are about to hit capacity due to the COVID-19 pandemic,
startup JUPE HEALTH is creating a series of mobile units to address the lack of beds. The team
explains that with a healthcare system on the verge of collapse, the project is designed as
rapidly deployed rest and recovery units, as well as mobile ICUs.
T JU E HE TH ’ ’ ,
designed by leading healthcare professionals and mobile shelter experts. At "1/30th the cost of
a hospital room", they are designed and built for doctors by doctors, and can be shipped
anywhere. Using technology inspired by the auto-industry, Jupe created a patent-pending, IoT,
network-ready treatment space.
The treatment space includes bedding and is surrounded by a flat-packed modular
interchangeable chassis for easy mobility to areas in need. Jupe can deploy up to 24 health
units wit 40’ U
500,000 can deploy on a single cargo ship. They include three types:
JUPE REST: A rest area and sleeping unit for medical professionals.
JUPE CARE: An off-grid Deployable Wellness Unit for isolating non-critical patients with
connected don/doff chamber.
JUPE PLUS: T W ’ F - “ ”
PPE ready, Ventilator and connected don/doff chamber.
JUPE HEALTH was started as a rapid-deployment recovery space designed for comfort, care
and wellness. The units are "highly scalable, cost effective, and easily transportable." The
project aims to be an immediate response for emergency bedding solutions, equipped with
technology and amenities to support containment efforts in hospitals and clinics.65
65
https://www.archdaily.com/936378/jupe-health-designs-mobile-units-to-address-hospital-bed-shortage-from-
covid-19?ad_source=search&ad_medium=search_result_all
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New Berlin Airport as a COVID-19 Hospital:
Opposite Office has proposed to transform the new Berlin airport, under construction since
2006, “ ” coronavirus patients. In an attempt to prepare the healthcare
system and increase its capabilities, Opposite Office presented an adaptive reuse alternative,
drawing contextual solutions to fight the pandemic.
H , “ ”
airport in the world since traffic is restricted or limited nowadays. Before the pandemic gets out
of control in Germany, Benedikt Hartl from Opposite Office has proposed to anticipate the
problem and redesign the controversial new Berlin airport in order to prepare for a higher
number of infected people.
Benedikt Hartl considers that, because of the coronavirus situation, the new Berlin airport will
not be needed in the near future. Therefore, he imagined converting the structure into a project
that can hold a large number of infected people. With the advantage of space and complete
isolation, the airport, spread on 1470 ha can guarantee that patients would be completely
secluded and would not come into contact with others. Moreover, the main building alone, with
an area of 220,000m2, can offer plenty of space for emergency medical care.
E “ VI -19 BE ”, q
cabins, located at each gate, consisting of simple elements made of steel profiles with planking,
put together by booth builders. In order to generate a more pleasant space, a curved round
spatial structure creates personal confined spaces for recovery. The fast construction process
can allow the facility to be open within a few days.66
66
https://www.archdaily.com/936568/opposite-office-imagines-the-new-berlin-airport-as-a-covid-19-hospital
68 | P a g e
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Redesigning hospital spaces on the fly to protect healthcare workers:
MASS Design Group has partnered with the Mount Sinai Hospital and Ariadne Labs, a
healthcare innovation consultancy founded by Atul Gawande, to redesign hospital spaces on
the fly to protect healthcare workers during the Covid-19 pandemic.
The novel coronavirus (COVID-19) has posed an unprecedented challenge to healthcare
W F “ , , , ”
have been pushed to their limit. There have been many stories about the crisis of stuff, staff,
and systems, but fewer discussions about space. One reality that links them together is that
healthcare workers—who are particularly vulnerable to exposure and more severe infection—
must remain healthy in order to protect patients, families, and communities. And the design of
hospital spaces must help protect us.
The space of the hospital itself however, will continue to facilitate nosocomial (hospital borne)
infection, unless infection control protocols are established and adhered to. And herein lies the
problem: validated protocols designed to prevent COVID-19 transmission do not yet exist,
and therefore, hospitals are implementing spatial redesigns on the fly, doing their best to learn
from protocols based on other diseases, like Ebola and tuberculosis.
U ’ , ’
our existing spaces to adhere to new and higher standards of infection control guidelines. In the
meantime, hospitals will continue to repurpose and convert their spaces adhoc to meet surge
demand—adapting idealized infection control protocols to unideal spaces and situations. This
means healthcare workers and administrators must quickly adapt inflexible spaces, recognizing
that the resulting adaptations may put healthcare workers and our communities at risk unless
we
can quickly create site-specific guidelines that are adherable and implementable based on the
best available knowledge. So, while we need research to understand who is at increased risk for
complications of COVID-19 and to develop effective vaccines and best therapies, we also need
research that identifies how spatial design and awareness can mitigate risk.
The group's preliminary conclusions suggested at Mount Sinai:
1. While infection control protocols have been quickly adopted, hospitals are not designed
to easily pivot to support the infrastructural changes needed at the scale of a pandemic
surge. One major shift is the focus from individual patient care to unit care, which create
processes for COVID-19 units that place a heavy reliance on interstitial spaces. This
lesson means that enforcing proper infection control protocols in hallways and key
thresholds may be as important as in patient rooms.
2. Variability exists both in the adaptations from floor to floor and unit by unit, as well as in
personal perception of risk zones within care units. These differences affect how health
workers behave and interact, sometimes introducing new elements that may impact the
risk of infection among staff and patients.
3. Spatial literacy (i.e., the ability to read and understand space) can be a powerful tool to
orient healthcare workers within unfamiliar and rapidly-changing COVID-19 caregiving
environments. Simple visual aids and design nudges can help mitigate infection
, “ ”
activities, and aligning behavior with policy. Design can help advance the sociology of
infection control, along with our developing understanding of its biology.67
67
https://massdesigngroup.org/sites/default/files/multiple-file/2020-
04/Redesigning%20Hospital%20Spaces%20on%20the%20Fly%20to%20Protect%20Healthcare%20Workers_4.pdf
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COVID-19 hospital in Kazakhstan:
In only 13 days, Kazakhstan has built a new hospital for patients infected with coronavirus in the
capital Nur-Sultan, a feat comparable only to what China achieved earlier this year.
The hospital, assembled out of modular blocks using the technologies for constructing
prefabricated buildings, is designed for 200 beds and equipped with modern equipment to
ensure the safety of medical staff and patients. According to the authorities, the hospital
complies with all the standards of the World Health Organization. The total area of the hospital
is of 7,000 square meters.68
Mobile Hospital:
68
https://www.euractiv.com/section/central-asia/news/kazakhstan-builds-covid-19-hospital-in-just-two-weeks/
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The MONARCH System for a Mobile & Modular Hospital:
N H™, -Nomadic-ARCHitecture, is a system for providing
scalable medical care, and the modular design of the trailers allows customization for the
required situation. Each trailer is customized to a different medical need, whether that be patient
rooms, surgical suites, clinics, cafeterias, labs, and more. A group of trailers can be assembled
into one large complex in order to offer a full-scale hospital, a teaching facility, or maybe just a
few trailers for a local health clinic, which could be set up in a couple days.
Hord Coplan Macht and SPEVCO are jointly working on this mobile 48-bed acute care hospital
and presenting the design at the upcoming Arab Health 2010 Congress in Dubai, which is why
the renderings show it placed in a desert surrounded by palm trees. The MONARCH seems a
bit like propaganda for western based medicine, or maybe just a movie set complete with gift
shop and craft service. We applaud the spirit of the ’ ough all
the design challenges of a mobile medical facility, especially providing power and water. And we
sincerely hope that those trailers are covered in solar panels.69
69
https://inhabitat.com/the-monarch-systems-mobile-modular-hospital/monarch-mobile-hospital-9/
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Mobile infectious diseases hospital design:
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COVID Modu-Care, modular hospital:
In response to the call for projects for innovative solutions to combat COVID-19 initiated by the
F F ( è é ), î ’E (LCDE), La
Salle Blanche (LSB) and architect Maria-Noel Garcia (NEL architecture) have developed a
partnership to offer an effective, reliable, high-quality technical and medical solution supporting
the safety of medical personnel and patients.
From their combined experience and reflections arose COVID Modu-Care, a modular hospital
concept, based on structures in containers and/or modules tailored to specific functions and
easily duplicable.
Tailored solutions for all types of patient care
The functional design of COVID Modu-Care fulfils a key objective: to provide facilities tailored to
the specific needs of SARS-Cov-2 patients, at all stages over the course of the disease,
featuring open and scalable general organisation and autonomy in terms of technical support.
The concept developed offers the possibility of custom composing each sector by adding
primary-function sub-modules or an open number of specific-function sub-modules,
corresponding to the different types of patient care.
The solution is broken-down into 5 functional sectors:
• A COVID screening and diagnosis module

• A COVID monitoring module
• A COVID intensive care module
• A COVID radiology module
• A support facilities module
The COVID screening and diagnosis module is made up of a fully-equipped and entirely
autonomous P2 molecular biology laboratory. Support containers can be added as needed
(storage, reception, monitoring, triage, etc.).
The COVID monitoring module allows for 2-bed continuous monitoring rooms with all necessary
support functions for a unit to operate in complete autonomy. Support modules are added to
provide all necessary utilities for the operation of monitoring beds.
The COVID intensive care module allows for the installation of intensive care rooms with
anterooms and equipped with all functions and equipment. This module has its own air
treatment system, in accordance with NF EN 14-644.1. Here too, support modules are added to
provide all necessary utilities for the operation of intensive care beds.
The COVID radiology module is equipped with a CT-scan integrating all functions and
equipments. This radiology technique is the fastest diagnosis for COVID-19, especially for
countries where the test kit is not available. The module provides follow-up exams for serious
patients every 3 to 5 days highly recommended to report on the evolution of the pathology.
Independence and scalability
Each module can operate independently of the others. This is a major advantage and the
primary distinguishing feature of our solution. The reproducibility and ease of adding modules as
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needed make it possible to create a custom field hospital within controlled lead times, and
adapted to any geographical area.
Utility production modules (electric power generation, medical utilities, etc.) can be added and
connected if ne ’
Rapid deployment and safety of modules
T ’
deployment to any installation location. Because the modules are autonomous, any outage or
failure will not affect the operation of the hospital as a whole. A core aspect of each module is
B’ B G , H
utility needs for each function: ease of cleaning, high-quality air treatment considering the
contagiousness of the virus, decontamination (H2O2) and the durability of the modules are all
key strengths of the COVID Modu-Care solution.
Deployment on site is facilitated by the logistical experience of LCDE and LSB in implementing
complex solutions in very short time frames.
The highly simplified implementation of the modules can be carried out in partnership with local
companies or other organisations (armed forces, technical department, etc.) to enable the
’ q
The limited lead time for manufacturing the modules and containers and the possibility of adding
new modules without altering the operation of those already active make our proposal a reliable
and scalable technical solution.
Unprecedented know-how to combat the COVID sanitary crisis
To sum up, thanks to their expertise in hospital and medical engineering, LCDE, LSB and NEL
architecture can provide healthcare establishments, their medical personnel and patients with
solutions offering the following advantages and exclusive features:
• ’
• Modular, configurable and scalable solutions
• Fast implementation70
70
https://www.lasalleblanche.com/en/covid-modu-care-modular-hospital/
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Temporary Emergency Hospital:
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Macro Level:
Long Term solutions:
Epidemic Babel: Healthcare Emergency Skyscraper
The Epidemic Babel is a rapid-deployment health care skyscraper designed as a response to
the current Coronavirus pandemic that originated in Wuhan, China. The project takes into
consideration that an epidemic outbreak is usually fast, leaving no time for governments and
policymakers to react. Under these harsh circumstances, a weak healthcare infrastructure will
soon be torn apart turning the epidemic into a deadly catastrophe.
The Epidemic Babel features two very important advantages: simple construction and rapid
response. The entire building consists of a steel frame with several functional boxes with a very
small footprint. The building pattern is simple enough that any qualified construction team can
have it ready in five days. Once the steel frame is erected, the healthcare team will choose the
appropriate functional boxes to be attached to the steel frame. This building pattern allows the
skyscraper to respond to the outbreak in a very short time and relieve the burden of the existing
health care infrastructure. All the programmatic boxes are pre-manufactured in factories and
need no extra time for construction. The lightness of the frame and boxes also makes it easy to
transport to remote locations. Compared to the temporal hospitals currently built in China, the
Epidemic Babel is faster to construct and potentially less expensive.71
71
http://www.evolo.us/epidemic-babel-healthcare-emergency-skyscraper/
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Future Medical Facilities:
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Health Care in Bangladesh in COVID situation:
As the coronavirus outbreak quickly surges worldwide, many countries are adopting non-
therapeutic preventive measures, which include travel bans, remote office activities, country
lockdown, and most importantly, social distancing. However, these measures face challenges in
Bangladesh, a lower-middle-income economy with one of the world's densest populations.
Social distancing is difficult in many areas of the country, and with the minimal resources the
country has, it would be extremely challenging to implement the mitigation measures. Mobile
sanitization facilities and temporary quarantine sites and healthcare facilities could help mitigate
the impact of the pandemic at a local level. A prompt, supportive, and empathic collaboration
between the Government, citizens, and health experts, along with international assistance, can
enable the country to minimize the impact of the pandemic.
As mentioned earlier, Bangladesh did not impose any strict protocol initially, and millions of
people were out on the streets, especially in Dhaka, which is a megacity with 46 thousand
people living per square kilometer. It appears that social distancing is tough while taking public
commutes and living in the slums. In the context of massively populated and lower-middle-
income countries like Bangladesh, enforcement of social distancing—as recommended by the
WHO to stop the nCoV-2 spread—sounds fancy but impractical. Indeed, staying at home is
unlikely to be as effective here.
Dhaka, the capital of Bangladesh, is alone home to some 1.1 million slum dwellers. These slum
dwellers, most of whom have never gone to school and currently live in extremely close
quarters, are hardly aware of the threat from nCoV-19. The range of household earnings of slum
dwellers in Dhaka is around BDT 8,000/month (<100 USD/month), and they spend >70% of
their earnings on food and housing. Even a 400-mL bottle of hand soap per slum, which costs
around BDT 80 (~1 USD), is hard for them to afford. Besides, every 10–16 families have access
to only one bathroom/toilet, where there is no regular supply of water. Along with the slum
dwellers, Bangladesh also hosts over a million Rohingya refugees, most of whom are living in
close quarters in refugee camps where the sanitization facilities are even scarce. Fear of
COVID-19 is already gearing up among the displaced people in these camps. Immediate
enforcement of social distancing is, in every way, practically impossible in a country like
Bangladesh.72
Health workers are concentrated in urban secondary and tertiary hospitals, although 70% of the
population lives in rural areas (Country Case study (GHWA, 2008). Major challenges include: an
overly- centralized health system, weak governance structure and regulatory framework, weak
management and institutional capacity in the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (MoHFW),
fragmented public service delivery, inefficient allocation of public resources, lack of regulation of
the private sector – which employs 58% of all physicians, shortage of HRH, high turnover and
absenteeism of health workers, and poor maintenance of health facilities and medical
equipment.73
In 2015 the total number of hospitals in Bangladesh was 5,816, which is not sufficient for highly
densed country like Bangladesh.
72
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7203732/
73
https://www.who.int/workforcealliance/countries/bgd/en/
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A total of 7% of the country's population are senior citizens. Most of these senior citizens and
many mid-aged people in the country have non-communicable disorders, including chronic
obstructive pulmonary disease (11.9%), cardiac disorders (4.5%), diabetes (9.7%), and asthma
(5.2%), and they are especially vulnerable to COVID-19.
Besides, there are around 1.3 to 1.5 million cancer patients in the country. Moreover, the
prevalence of smoking is highest in Bangladesh among the South Asian countries. Studies have
reported that people who smoke and have cancer have a higher risk of developing serious
complications.
Although there is still a dearth of understanding of the association between COVID-19 severity
and cancer and smoking, these could likely be correlated. In the case of an upsurge of people
who belong to the vulnerable groups contracting COVID-19, they may require hospitalization
and intensive care.
Hence, ventilation supports in every hospital, clinic, and medical center is a must. The country
has so far arranged only 112 beds across the country in intensive care units for patients with
COVID-19. The tech start-up and innovation companies emerging in the country should take it
as a challenge to design a cheap but rapidly deployable mechanical ventilator device. All non-
essential surgeries and hospital admissions should be canceled immediately to make sure the
hospitals are not unnecessarily occupied.
Hospitals can become a source of COVID-19 transmission, and it is advisable to decentralize
healthcare services and, whenever possible, to provide care at home. Government rest houses
and private hotels can be turned into emergency response healthcare facilities. Moreover, as a
riverine country, Bangladesh has a huge water transport system. Large water vehicles, including
steamers and launches, can be used as mobile healthcare facilities for the people who live in
remote areas.
Lack of discipline pervades many organizations and institutions in Bangladesh and is commonly
manifested in absenteeism and non-performance of prescribed duties. Manipulation of or non-
adherence to written rules are also not uncommon. In the hospital environment, lack of
discipline can be tremendously disruptive, attenuating perceptions of quality services. Thus,
maintenance of the facilities or ensuring that the staff maintain clean and proper appearances
are some indicators of the extent of discipline in the environment. Adherence to visitation hours
and keeping noise down to acceptable levels in the hospital environment are additional
indicators of discipline or the lack thereof. Six items were used to measure discipline.
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Field Hospital during COVID-19 Emergency
During the emergency time, we can take the concept of Cura (Temporary ICU in shipping
container pod) to solve the lackings of hospitals and ICU unit in our country.
H B ’
So, we can think about the alternatives of that container pod. We can reuse the train buggies to
solve the problems of less amount of ICUs. & we can place these things in the public places,
like, parks, fields, stadiums etc. Now a days, less people go to the public place to spend the
time. So these removable buggies can be placed in these places as temporary solutions.
6 ’ I U , 2
I’ & &
are fixed in the buggies from the beginning, are also can be used.
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Reference: https://contextbd.com/field-hospital-during-covid-19-emergency/
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Idea Study:
Multi-layer recreational zone – Creating green in Bangladesh
Metabolist Utopias:
Unite d’Habitation
A more substantial influence on the Metabolist concept of collective living, however, came from
’ U ’H ,
complex comprised 337 apartments arranged over 17 stories suspended on large pilotis. It not
only hosed around 1,600 inhabitants, but also incorporated commercial services for daily needs,
such as shopping, laundry, catering, medical offices, and education facilities, as well as hotel
rooms on two communal levels. The flat roof could also be used as a public terrace offering
recreational spaces including a swimming pool, a 300- , ’ I
contrast to these communal services, the apartments were strictly private. Despite generous
exposure to nature through their large windows, the flats could be accessed through somber
“ ” of as a self-contained mini-city situated in as park-like setting. Unit
’H “ ” pected it to
serve as a prototype of a neighborhood unit for the massive redevelopment of industrial cities.
T “ U é 'H ” ,
certain of the normal disastrous restrictions. Made for men, it is made to the human scale. La
Cité Radieuse is located at the heart of a large park. With a length of 165 metres and a height of
56 metres, it rises over the surrounding treetops with its base raised up on pilotis and its two
main elevations facing east and west.
These elevations comprise a series of balconies and deep-set windows that reveal the spacing
of the internal floor plates. Le Corbusier developed this grid using a proportional measurement
system based on his Modulor Man – a concept that combined the proportions of a six foot tall
human figure with the mathematics of the golden section.
It has also the robustness which is inherent in modern technique, and it shows the new
splendour of bare concrete. It brings into the home sensational modern resources."
The concept of creating sense of intensely private life within a large community was inspired by
’ W
monastery of Ema near Florance, the surreal setting ha “
harmony which results from the interplay of individual and collective life, when each reacts
” The monastic integration of individuality and collectivism shaped a
fundamental dualism that Le Corbusier later continued to pursue in his ideal cities. The
, , ’
74
communal living.
74
https://www.architectural-review.com/essays/views-on-le-corbusiers-unite-dhabitation
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Marina City
Another example of that metabolist utopias is Marina City. In 1959 when Bertrand Goldberg was
commissioned for the project, he had no prior experience designing at such a large scale; he
mainly worked on smaller scale residential and institutional projects. However, the developer,
William McFetridge, president of the Building Service Employees International Union, entrusted
G ’
1960s, those that lived in the city were growing tired of the dense, overcrowded conditions and
“ ”
was an attempt at combating and reversing the flow of people back into the city, so close to the
Loop. It was a model of efficiency and convenience for modern living in a metropolitan area.
Goldberg thoroughly believed that people wanted to live in downtown Chicago. His approach to
“ ” ’
needs and activities just a short distance from their homes. It was a method of bringing
suburban commodities and ease of access to an urban setting.
At the time Marina City was completed, it was a programmatic treasure trove consisting of a
theatre, gym, swimming pool, ice rink, a bowling alley, stores, restaurants, and a private marina
for the residents. All of these amenities were just a few of the measures taken to emphasize
that everything one can find in the suburbs is available in one small urban area.
G ’ -use residential project. The
buildings programmatic complexity and unparalleled formal aesthetic creates a unique presence
’ 3 acre site, two cylindrical residential towers bring
urban living to a new found height. The two reinforced concrete towers are designed around a
35’
residential units on each floor. T 360° “
,”
Marina City consists of 5 buildings - two residential towers, an office building (now a hotel),
theater building and a large base structure upon which the buildings are sited. The residential
towers included twenty lower floors of ramped parking and forty floors of apartments. The
apartments were built for economy, with large windows and balconies to enhance the views.
Based on a "pie-shaped" layout, there was a gentle flaring in the layouts directing the viewer to
the outdoors views. Prior to construction, full-size mockups were made of both the apartments
and the office building, allowing people to test the designs. An intriguing blend of sculpture and
structure, the round, "corn-cob" shaped apartment buildings, the towers rose from the plaza
and, as described by critic Allan Temko, supported themselves as they ascended, "uncommonly
strong and efficient." Even before completion there were 3,500 applications from prospective
tenants hoping to rent one of the coveted apartments. The first apartment tower was finished in
1962 and eager tenants moved in while the second tower was still going up, completed in
1963.75
Each tower incorporates a spiral parking garage on the first nineteen floors. It is one of the first
non-enclosed parking garages ever incorporated into the design of a residential high-rise. The
20th floor of each tower serves as unit storage and laundry services for the residents. The
75
http://bertrandgoldberg.org/projects/marina-city/
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remaining forty stories of each building offer approximately 450 units; offering a total of 900
units categorized by studio, one bedroom, and two bedroom units.
The units themselves give Marina City its distinctive features; each unit has a balcony that
“ - ” B ç
standardization of the units makes the tower seem as a simple design gesture. However, each
floor contains a different type of dwelling unit so that no two similar floors are repeatedly stacked
on one another; making for an interesting spatial juxtaposition in regards to the balcony. The
wedge shaped units blossom from the core towards the city offering up uninterrupted views of
the city. Every unit is especially unit in that there is not a single right angle in any unit. The lack
of hard edges and sharp corners opens up the plan of each unit flowing from one space to
another with ease.
1967 MARINA CITY AMENITIES
• Theater
• Gym
• Swimming Pool
• Ice Rink
• Bowling Alley
• 19-floor Parking Garage
• Retail Shopping and Restaurants
• Marina
• Laundry Facilities with Panoramic Views of the City
• 360-Degree open-roof deck on top of each building
Today, Marina City still features most of the original program from when it was completed in
1964. The entire complex has been transformed for more contemporary uses; the
auditorium/theatre has been converted into the House of Blues, adjacent to the residential
towers is the Sax Hotel, and above the marina is an upscale restaurant Smith & Wollensky,
while the units have been converted into luxury condominiums making it one of the most sought
after residences in all of Chicago. Marina City sits as a modern architectural icon along the
Chicago River serving as precedent for contemporary practices of cross-programming and
dense urban development, as well as gracing the diversely, magnificent skyline of Chicago.76
76
https://www.archdaily.com/87408/ad-classics-marina-city-bertrand-goldberg
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Provided Links:
how cities will change / urban challenge after covid -19
Link1 : https://www.stantec.com/en/ideas/content/blog/2020/a-global-view-of-design-and-urban-planning-
post-covid-19-part-2-changing-
perspectives?fbclid=IwAR1q8anh_ih0T7XTbluSlXBsWzP6fRTp88YQH4LG2AmE_CkJiQ3uNaEWhtQ
Link 2 : https://www.emeraldgrouppublishing.com/architecture-urban-design-post-covid-19-city-
transcript?fbclid=IwAR3x5dNJb15JbOfOGnRgHQM1XEm4gZ3zmZhK3J8fzg9GazVN4rsRh5JQ0xs
Link 3 : https://thecityfix.com/blog/will-covid-19-affect-urban-planning-rogier-van-den-
berg/?fbclid=IwAR09dkjBzO_keR2zTqMhV_GW2qvYekdZcXy8YoiJKmmPXKY6um7ByH1XuIA
Link 4: https://www.gensler.com/research-insight/blog/cities-and-public-health-our-new-challenge-in-
urban-planning?fbclid=IwAR0FW3tWPhkp-uNLhiiuaGvgYFPgprry47NoS20Gf1DSa75unZEzUatANzw
Link 5: https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-03-06/how-the-coronavirus-could-change-city-
planning
Link 6: https://www.wired.com/story/coronavirus-covid-19-urban-planning-
health/?fbclid=IwAR1_vzFhSQ45T5VeJ2uUKjMe1IK6muq9_dhjE3hqsqjZM4hkcNmCahGv868
Provided Videos:
1. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8nxKnBSSySk&list=PL8NRsAoNKN_o1Q-
2. https://www.youtube.com/user/thebostonglobe
3. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IWJTQneutIg&list=PL8NRsAoNKN_o1Q-
4. https://www.youtube.com/user/UChicago
5. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iskLzSlkZ34&list=PL8NRsAoNKN_o1Q-
6. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q_XOTshs5IU&list=PL8NRsAoNKN_o1Q-
7. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dozFWaoMoRU&list=PL8NRsAoNKN_o1Q-
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Additional Links & Webs:
Educational Institutions:
1. https://www.archdaily.com/939683/clth-proposes-adaptive-design-for-schools-post-
covid-
19?ad_source=search&ad_medium=search_result_all&fbclid=IwAR0ymehBbXOi6oMPQ
e8cN_oZUoU4AleMkDF448zLN23LeJm-cWx-YqPDx4k
2. https://www.archdaily.com/942114/aia-releases-design-strategies-for-safer-schools-post-
covid-19
3. https://www.steelcase.com/research/articles/topics/education/designing-post-covid-
learning-spaces/
4. https://www.steelcase.com/research/articles/topics/education/covid-19-accelerates-
blended-learning/#accelerating-the-trends
5. https://www.hamessharley.com.au/knowledge/post-covid-school-design
6. https://www.architectmagazine.com/design/the-back-to-school-facilities-toolkit-helps-
visualize-school-design-after-covid-19_o
7. https://prakashnair.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/Newsletter.pdf
8. https://www.ribaj.com/intelligence/post-pandemic-school-design-drmm-ahmm-van-
heyningen-and-haward-hampshire-cc-property-services
9. https://www.gensler.com/research-insight/blog/planning-for-a-post-covid-return-to-
campus
10. https://www.gensler.com/research-insight/blog/coronavirus-paradigm-shift-for-higher-
education
11. https://www.gensler.com/research-insight/blog/will-campus-life-translate-to-a-virtual-
environment
12. https://www.gensler.com/research-insight/blog/graduation-goes-digital-for-the-class-of-
2020
13. https://www.gensler.com/research-insight/blog/what-going-back-to-school-might-look-like
14. https://www.gensler.com/research-insight/blog/a-day-in-the-life-going-back-to-school-in-
china
15. https://www.gensler.com/research-insight/blog/6-considerations-for-transitioning-back-to-
school
16. https://www.ibigroup.com/ibi-insights/designing-student-residences-for-higher-education-
in-a-post-covid-19-world/
17. https://knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu/article/how-should-universities-be-redesigned-in-
the-wake-of-covid-19/
18. https://www.ibigroup.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/IBI-Designing-Student-Housing-
in-a-Post-Covid-19-World.pdf
19. https://www.acha.org/documents/resources/guidelines/ACHA_Preparing_for_COVID-
19_March-3-2020.pdf
20. https://www.iau-aiu.net/COVID-19-Higher-Education-challenges-and-responses
21. https://verfassungsblog.de/bangladeshs-unofficial-emergency-managing-the-covid-19-
crisis-by-notifications/
22. https://en.unesco.org/sites/default/files/education_in_a_post-covid_world-
nine_ideas_for_public_action.pdf
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23. https://unb.com.bd/category/World/covid-19-causes-biggest-disruption-of-education-
system-in-history/55518
24. https://reliefweb.int/report/world/education-post-covid-19-2020-high-level-political-forum-
side-event
25. https://www.bd.undp.org/content/bangladesh/en/home/stories/education-is-never-locked-
down-during-the-covid-19-pandemic.html
26. https://www.dhakatribune.com/world/2020/08/04/covid-19-causes-biggest-disruption-of-
education-system-in-history
27. https://tbsnews.net/thoughts/are-we-prepared-post-covid-19-education-sector-68911
28. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s42438-020-00164-x
29. https://www.dhakatribune.com/opinion/op-ed/2020/06/14/op-ed-reimagining-education-
in-covid-19-and-beyond
30. https://en.unesco.org/covid19/educationresponse/
31. https://en.unesco.org/news/education-post-covid-world-nine-ideas-public-action
32. https://en.unesco.org/node/282002
33. https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000373348
34. https://www.economist.com/international/2020/07/18/school-closures-in-poor-countries-
could-be-devastating
35. https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/education/publication/the-covid19-pandemic-shocks-
to-education-and-policy-responses
36. https://www.unicef-irc.org/article/2027-40-million-children-miss-out-on-early-education-
in-critical-pre-school-year-due-to.html
37. https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000373718
38. http://www.iiep.unesco.org/en/covid-19-school-closures-why-girls-are-more-risk-13406
39. https://ec.europa.eu/jrc/sites/jrcsh/files/fairness_pb2020_wave04_covid_education_jrc_i
1_19jun2020.pdf
40. https://www.un.org/development/desa/dspd/wp-
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29. http://www.harpconsultancy.com/20
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35. https://www.nsmedicaldevices.com/news/hga-and-the-boldt-company-build-staat-mod-
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36. https://www.worldconstructionnetwork.com/news/hga-boldt-build-critical-care-units-to-
address-hospital-bed-shortage-due-to-covid-19/
37. https://medicalxpress.com/news/2020-05-architect-healthier-temporary-icus-covid-.html
38. https://network.aia.org/blogs/maggie-brown/2020/04/03/covid-19-
archmap?CommunityKey=5ac54771-1122-4d1f-ac18-d2d12d6a94fb&tab=
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40. https://tbsnews.net/bangladesh/health/private-hospitals-unable-unwilling-treat-
coronavirus-patients-54169
41. https://www.bsmiab.org/jabet/178-1592312166-covid-19-transmission-diagnosis-policy-
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100 | P a g e
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43. https://undark.org/2020/04/16/covid-19-modified-hospital-design/
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design-180974697/
45. https://www.commercialdesignindia.com/insights/6332-why-healthcare-design-will-
influence-the-whole-industry-post-covid-19
46. https://www.ribaj.com/intelligence/future-of-healthcare-design-in-post-pandemic-world
47. https://www.expresshealthcare.in/covid19-updates/how-covid-19-is-transforming-
hospital-design/422712/
48. https://www.healthdesign.org/covid-19-resources-healthcare-facilities
49. https://www.architectmagazine.com/practice/these-architects-are-addressing-covid-19-
health-care-infrastructure-capacity_o
50. https://www.healthcaredesignmagazine.com/trends/perspectives/implications-of-covid-
19-on-healthcare-design/
51. https://www.healthcareradius.in/projects/26279-10-hospital-design-changes-post-covid
52. https://prismpub.com/healthcare-design-post-covid-19/
53. https://facilityexecutive.com/2020/06/healthcare-facilities-design-after-covid-19/
54. https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/covid-strategy-update-
14april2020.pdf?sfvrsn=29da3ba0_19
55. https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/nprp_covid-19_v6_18032020.pdf
56. https://www.dezeen.com/2020/04/22/hospital-non-healthcare-building-coronavirus-jason-
schroer-opinion/
57. https://www.dezeen.com/2020/02/03/coronavirus-hospital-complete-wuhan-china-news/
58. https://www.dezeen.com/2020/04/09/architects-designers-coronavirus-covid-19/
59. https://www.dezeen.com/2020/04/21/shipping-container-intensive-care-unit-installed-at-
turin-hospital/
60. https://www.archdaily.com/937579/a-closer-look-at-the-chinese-hospitals-built-to-control-
the-covid-19-pandemic
61. https://edition.cnn.com/2020/02/07/asia/wuhan-coronavirus-hospital-design-intl-
hnk/index.html
62. https://www.worldconstructionnetwork.com/news/aecom-builds-two-temporary-hospitals-
in-new-york-for-treating-covid-19-patients
63. https://mcdmag.com/2020/04/alternative-care-sites-temporary-hospitals-pandemic-
containment/#.X1cQCHkzaUl
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hospital-made-from-shipping-containers
69. https://www.ryancompanies.com/news/designing-change-healthcare-design-post-covid-
world
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design/
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73. https://www.philips.com/a-w/about/news/archive/blogs/innovation-
matters/2020/20200707-what-will-the-hospital-of-the-future-look-like-in-a-post-covid-19-
world.html
74. https://contextbd.com/field-hospital-during-covid-19-
emergency/?fbclid=IwAR0qZxL3St7B9YQTpWfEekWkvhqKlkcm5TFuwnM4fdIBRn6dYT
x-g_HeBhE
75. https://www.healthcareradius.in/projects/25265-philips-unveils-its-hospital-of-the-future-
vision-at-india-hospital-design-build-summit-2020
76. https://en.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/city/only-67-icus-in-dhaka-for-treating-covid-19-
patients
77. https://cool.culturalheritage.org/byauth/paine/protocol.html
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hive-mind
79. https://labblog.uofmhealth.org/industry-dx/medicaid-expansion-brings-hospitals-across-
board-relief
80. https://labblog.uofmhealth.org/industry-dx/how-hospitals-can-improve-crisis-
management-when-tragedy-strikes
81. https://www.nwd.usace.army.mil/Media/News-Stories/Article/2140289/us-army-corps-of-
engineers-building-17-alternate-care-sites-in-8-states/
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cy7Dm3ZL_9Cf3qfKAc485ysgAAAqUwggKhBgkqhkiG9w0BBwagggKSMIICjgIBADCCA
ocGCSqGSIb3DQEHATAeBglghkgBZQMEAS4wEQQM2_UoUEThihmRTjYmAgEQgIIC
WBNxRSXjZAH-Ly1nYGkh36AgoOWICavTO-
4aJwRu1XG3yJS6KYAREok0aO1_pEdgSKwsnEvSuaJT2dkM5bdCHCTZPNBoXQlYSe
6DmROdu9fRk_Rl3YA9n38js75wQoaCVr24r6l1NIosoeo0YWKW6f0XO2V4luAITzUm51
zB-b4YH8EB-WTsbQEek2eM3m9c6l-
D7spH8bocSAN5VAsnV6P1aFZxt0AKfp3J30FRdo5WCwypUvzp8xSEtKYg3RY_5p4F1
usPwD4g1Pyteeg4dUs7cNAXvskVp7HhUniVrH3XNpnT-
2Wf7pJGGTVd5zcF9vIaphkdLazTbPRA22Y6ogA__ezVE7mVxVv9857O26yaLPeTELAp
N2TiG66aD2_arLQtPpAepS8le7VD9dXvtxCOqeEy5RWDdSh_lQPRYJ0rtGtCCbIUs_Lc
VMIGpBNDdeQxfS-4t07rNTRHHes-
dTfGUg5MXfYSQgt8rcCb9_UmmWyDI6T9CE1b3kZHcvEB5n6PlcKikLAYhP-
eJudG_iJDr-
N_rc96qDoQvJrFajwBXiFdiUiU5VPi2QwYyJk6KAlRZheS4tyjZIPAXnneDXeSUC_uK7sG
EMkPwMazeKJIWJRQCcAZw4BuzTO5Lz0mSKPXkazIGAgIsMOqxYRHBajDiStvL8RHV
8qiAEbZzDj5-
93fYZ7R3npB_ji8gP6VCodGYKZKg5Ev0Pzfgci2iykn5acQXAxle8sAvjsvjn7LEufhyCCKN
N2ZWKS0wGPqMq83zizycWXmbdZ68nPlhjTPFkybDl-BiA
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angladesh_Service_quality_and_predictors_of_hospital_choice
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85. https://global.ctbuh.org/resources/papers/download/2781-challenges-and-opportunities-
in-vertical-healthcare-design.pdf
102 | P a g e
External video links:
1. https://youtu.be/7Mit-UmI6as
2. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hzT1T7l_PCU&feature=youtu.be
3. https://youtu.be/iHa-BaJytgQ
4. https://youtu.be/sdXlcs0vRHU
5. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jJNKQGO33bQ
6. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lg8Y4MSYUto
7. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f1M-f3s_zkk
External idea study links:

1. https://www.dezeen.com/2014/09/15/le-corbusier-unite-d-habitation-cite-radieuse-
marseille-brutalist-architecture/
2. http://www.fondationlecorbusier.fr/corbuweb/morpheus.aspx?sysId=13&IrisObjectId=523
4&sysLanguage=en-
en&itemPos=58&itemCount=78&sysParentId=64&sysParentName=home
3. https://archello.com/project/cite-radieuse-marseille-unite-dhabitation
4. https://www.architectural-review.com/essays/views-on-le-corbusiers-unite-dhabitation
5. https://99percentinvisible.org/article/unite-dhabitation-le-corbusiers-proto-brutalist-urban-
sky-villages/
6. https://sitelecorbusier.com/en/unite-dhabitation/
7. https://www.archdaily.com/85971/ad-classics-unite-d-habitation-le-corbusier
8. http://bertrandgoldberg.org/projects/marina-city/
9. https://www.archdaily.com/87408/ad-classics-marina-city-bertrand-goldberg
10. https://www.marinacity.org/history/mobi/goldberg_architect.htm
11. http://www.architecture.org/learn/resources/buildings-of-chicago/building/marina-city/
103 | P a g e
Urban Retail Space:
How commercial space will work after covid 19
Mayeesha Maimuna
2016345028
Table of Contents
N ……………………………………………………………… ……
Office Space:
Problems ....................................................................................................................................................... 3
Solution Analysis .......................................................................................................................................... 4
Micro level analysis
1.Redesign the office floor plans ................................................................................................................ 5
2. Reopening: The Tech-Enabled Office in A Post-Covid World................................................................. 6-9
3. Changes in built form: ............................................................................................................................ 10
4. Ideas of work from home: ...................................................................................................................... 11
Meso level analysis

1.Change in commercial buildings function .......................................................................................... 12-13
2.Redesigning Mixed-Use Environments for a Post-Pandemic World ...................................................... 14

Macro level analysis
1. Distribute office space throughout sub urban area:............................................................................... 15
2.Self-sustaining districts and connected communities will experience a resurgence .............................. 16
Restaurants and food courts:

Problems ..................................................................................................................................................... 17
Solution Analysis ......................................................................................................................................... 18
1.Redesign strategies of restaurants ..................................................................................................... 19-20
2.Considerations for Restaurants as They Reopen During COVID-19......................................................... 21
3.Rearranging the seating ergonomics: ..................................................................................................... 22
Meso level analysis
1.More use of outdoor dining:. ............................................................................................................. 23-24
2.Reimagining dining space after covid: ................................................................................................ 25-27
1.Retrofitting restaurants in City Space: ............................................................................................... 28-29
2.How Restaurant Design Is Changing as a Result of COVID-19 ............................................................ 30-31
1|Page
Street markets and vendors:
Problems ..................................................................................................................................................... 32
Solution Analysis ......................................................................................................................................... 33
1.The Bandra Collective, Mumbai, proposes short term post-lockdown safety initiatives……………… .. 34-35
2.How to design retail in post pandemic city: .......................................................................................... 36
Meso level analysis
1.Shift AU creates research-by-design market to control COVID-19 contamination ............................ 37-39
1.Use urban streets and pedestrian as market place: .......................................................................... 40-41
CONTEXTUAL SOLUTION FOR BANGLADESH:
1.Solutions to run commercial or office buildings: ................................................................................ 42-45
2.Confronting COVID-19:
What We Can Learn from Other Nations and What We Can Plan in Bangladesh ................................ 46-50
3.Possible solution for open street market .......................................................................................... 51-52
URBAN RETROFITTING:
1.Definition and tactics .......................................................................................................................... 53-54
2.Retrofit City Futures: Visions for Urban Sustainability ....................................................................... 55-63
3. Local Strategies for Retrofitting ......................................................................................................... 64-66
4. A former Cement Factory is now the workspace and residence of Ricardo Bofill ........................... 67-74
5.Local Strategies for Retrofitting .......................................................................................................... 75-78
6. Blythe Oldfield Master Plan ............................................................................................................... 79-84
7. Seun-nect : Restructuring Seunsangga City walk ............................................................................. 85-89
2|Page
Office space:
Problems:
▪ Many high-rise office buildings and office spaces are vacant as they are
continuing work from home.
▪ T ’
▪ Retrofitting the office spaces is not planned
▪ Safety measures are not taken properly in many places
▪ There is not proper work environment in every house so work from home is
difficult for them.
▪ Rent of the office spaces is an extra burden in this economic condition.
▪ The common work environment in an office is gone.
▪ Lack of technology and software to continue office in this pandemic.
3|Page
Solution Analysis
▪ Rearrangements in office floor plans.

▪ Confirm the ’ ing necessary safety measures.
▪ Create a dedicated zone for work in home to avoid distractions.
▪ Reconsider the office ergonomics.
Meso level analysis:

▪ Rethinking the function arrangements in mixed use buildings.
▪ Connect the employees from neighbourhood and they can share a common
working space

▪ Create cluster office throughout the urban and suburban area to avoid mass
gathering in office.
▪ Think office space as a part of amenities and place it near living place.
MICRO LEVEL ANALYSIS
4|Page
1.Redesign the office floor plans
• The reconfigured open office will seat fewer people, as the space allocated to each
employee has increased with larger workstations and higher partitions, in keeping
with social distancing norms.
• Workstations are connected through digital tools that allow multiple users to work
simultaneously and attend video conferences from their own stations.
• The reception, an area of face-to-face interactions has been replaced by a virtual

reception that relies on smart technology and digital screens to convey information
to visitors.
• Technology can also be used effectively to minimize touch points like blinds, light
switches, and toilets. Simple sensor-activated lights and faucets and smart window
shades can be used, instead.
• Where earlier the movement was more free-flowing, a post COVID office must
stagger entry and exit times to decongest arrival and departures.
5|Page
2. Reopening: The Tech-Enabled Office in A Post-Covid World
In this report, we dive into some of the technologies that will help address these concerns and
influence the future of the office space, from autonomous cleaning solutions to people-counting
sensors.
Lobbies and building entrances: pre-entry wellness checks
’s first point of contact — and first line of

defence — entrances and lobbies are poised for a revamp
in policies and procedures when it comes to fighting the
spread of Covid-19. The criteria for authorized occupants
could include pandemic-specific considerations like
employee schedules, health indicators, and contact tracing.
Many companies that have already returned to work are

using apps and daily health surveys to screen employees
before arrival. This ensures that employees experiencing
symptoms or who have been exposed to a positive case of Covid-19 do not come in.
6|Page
Elevators and common spaces: touchless entry and air filtration
Approximately 75% of the air in the office is

recirculated and filtered indoor air. As a result,
air filtration systems and humidity controls are
top of mind for building management and
companies in countries like China that have
already returned to work.
The particular matter (PM) size of airborne

coronavirus particles is much smaller than its surface-borne counterparts, which has implications
for the density of HVAC filters. In addition to stressing the importance of social distancing and
handwashing, businesses can improve air quality by properly installing and maintaining existing
air filtration systems.
Another popular approach for some reopened offices has been to use UV lights to kill airborne
pathogens.
Elevators and doorways are a key point of contact between people working throughout the
building, maintenance staff, visitors, vendors, and others.
Desk space: social distancing sensors
Social distancing in the office may be one of the

most important factors in reducing transmission’
In the first phases of returning, businesses may
look at rearranging workspaces and reducing
occupancy by as much as 50-70% as some
employees continue working from home.
But in recent years, companies have generally

moved away from cubicles toward open floor
plans. As businesses have focused on maximizing the corporate real estate footprint, square
footage per employee has trended down over the last decade. These shifts are not conducive to
preventing the outbreak of infectious diseases, and open floor plans have been linked to an
increase in sick days. I ’
the spread, underscoring the importance of social distancing between employees as a primary
risk mitigation strategy in reopened offices.
7|Page
The image above ’ ,
positive marked in blue
Conference rooms: remote collaboration tools
Social interaction and collaboration are major

underpinnings of the in-person office space, which helps
facilitate communication and connection.
But meeting and conference rooms, a core component
of in-person collaboration, will undergo a transformation.
The resulting arrangements will need to accommodate
for a likely increase in remote presence, as well as
altered in-office presence.
8|Page
Bathrooms: autonomous cleaning solutions
Hand sanitizers and disinfectant wipes will

likely be staples around the office. Cleaning
frequently touched surfaces and shared
spaces both efficiently and thoroughly are
among the challenges companies face. Some
companies that have returned to the office are
cleaning shared surfaces as frequently as
every hour.
Ideally, fully enclosed bathroom stalls, which are more common outside the US, can help better
contain germs spread by toilet flushes over large areas. Every flush can spread germs as far as
six feet.
One exception to touchless features is hand dryers, many of which actually blow bacteria from
the air onto hands during drying. Companies may want to consider upgrading to one with UV and
air purifying features, or replacing these with paper towels.
Kitchens: low-touch and voice-enabled tech
Kitchens and break rooms are other high-

traffic areas throughout the day,
particularly during lunchtime.
Cutlery and cups, if provided by the office,
will likely be disposable. The CDC
recommends replacing high-touch
communal snacks and beverages,
including the office coffee pot and water
cooler, with individually packaged
servings or bottles.
Like other parts of the office, the kitchen will require more frequent cleaning. For businesses
concerned about the safety of harsh cleaning chemicals around food, start-up Sanitizer makes a
quick-drying disinfectant that is safe for food preparation areas.
For workplaces that depend on corporate cafeterias to feed employees, on-site food services,
particularly those with buffets and self-serve dining options, offer more opportunities for
contamination that companies may not want to risk.
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3. Changes in built form:
Use of movable partition to create
private space or barrier.
The main conference room, which is typically

one of the largest spaces in an office, is being
reimagined as an indoor-outdoor space.
The trend of open office spaces is not going

anywhere.
open floor plans are much easier to clean and
limit the amount of surface areas employees
will touch.
Providing a workstation with the appropriate

social distance so that employees can focus on
output, instead of worrying about getting sick.
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4. Ideas of work from home:
Brazilian architecture firm Atelier Marko Brajovic ℓ ⱴε ( ve) and
Oca Brasil has just launched their new project, HOM, a kind of portable capsule that provides
suitable workspace inside the house. The design explores a relatively new demand of the post-
pandemic household, offering "a safe, controlled and equipped workspace," which integrates
organically with the home environment.
there will be a rising need for functional private offices to be an integral part of the home. Some
have even conceptualized ways to integrate home offices into private outdoor spaces. Brazilian
architect I ’ “B ” features a workplace designed into the front garden
, ’
Find a corner in the home to work, so that other family members are not bothered to do their
works.
Encourage a routine that helps get work done efficiently and effectively. For some people, this
means rebuilding their home office environment.
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MESO LEVEL ANALYSIS
1.Change in commercial buildings function
More than 40 years ago, in his studies of the nature of public life in cities and spaces, the
sociologist Richard Sennett found that people in work settings need the freedom to distance
themselves in order to maintain the quality of their social relationships. But as much as we need
private places to go to when we seek separation, we also need public places to bring us together.
mixing business offices with amenities such as event spaces, restaurants, and gyms within
commercial buildings would allow these sectors to complement rather than compete with one
another.
For example, bars could be placed at rooftop level to take ’ while
fitness spaces could be located on a mezzanine or at mid-level to take advantage of larger floor
areas. Today, individuals have more options available to them around where and when they do
their work. Between the proliferation of co working spaces and other wi-fi equipped public-facing
spaces (coffee shops, libraries, lobbies, etc.), we have witnessed work packaged and sold as a
consumer service.
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2.Redesigning Mixed-Use Environments for a Post-Pandemic World
Modular building systems will gain traction
One outcome of the COVID-19 crisis has been a surge in the need for rapid-response, temporary,
prefabricated, and/or highly adaptable venues — facilities that are tailor-made for modular
construction and mixed-use with the amplification of pop-up, flexible, and adaptable spaces.
▪ A healthier, more efficient alternative to traditional construction. Fabricating and
assembling building components offsite in contained warehouses could prove to be a
healthier alternative to traditional construction.
▪ Reducing development risk. Modular building systems can also reduce development
risk for mixed-use and multi-phased developments. The use of modular makes these
developments less reliant on market timing
▪ A renewed focus on making our spaces and places healthier and safer
As designers, we need to understand and address how to make our spaces and places
healthier and safer. Some of these required actions are already embedded in the nature
of planning and designing mixed-use developments.
A diagram of The Hub on Causeway in Boston demonstrates how a mix of uses plug in to the
podium.
▪ The introduction of outside air will become a greater part of new-builds. The
introduction of fresh, clean air not only helps maintain healthier environments, it can help
dilute the human-to-human passage of airborne elements
▪ Smaller, horizontal distribution systems will likely become more prevalent. A typical
mid- or high-rise building today distributes air vertically. While efficient from certain
perspectives, this one-size-fits-all approach is actually not the most effective way to
control, monitor, and distribute air to our occupants.
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MACRO LEVEL ANALYSIS
1. Distribute office space throughout sub urban area:
• We argue that distributing workers throughout the city or region into smaller workspaces
and giving them the chance to collaborate more with colleagues who live in close proximity
could create several benefits.
• teams located close to their

areas of residence inherit the
benefit of creating mini cross-
functional clusters that might
not otherwise coalesce if
people worked in a
centralized office with single
function work areas.
▪ At a community level, a distribution of organizations throughout multiple locations can

bring new life to obsolete spaces in both cities and suburbs. One of the effects of the
pandemic is the shuttering of retailers and small businesses throughout communities.
Converting storefronts, defunct

retail space or other large
buildings to office workspace can
help revitalize struggling
commercial districts in order to
help ensure their vibrancy.
▪ In large metro areas where commuting times are long but where co-presence with
colleagues is still important, satellite offices or work clusters within shared co working
spaces could be incorporated into storefronts or other pedestrian-scale buildings. The
“ ” the possible tenant mix
of small-scale buildings alongside ancillary services such as food and retail.
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2.Self-sustaining districts and connected communities will experience a resurgence
Mixed-use developments are at their most efficient and most effective when they leverage a
diversity of uses and users to create a balanced, dynamic, and integrated development.
▪ Micro grids provide efficiencies
On the technical side, micro grids are rapidly being considered by both the development
community and municipalities as a way of providing highly targeted, flexible, and efficient
utility services to districts or large-scale developments. Micro grids provide a number of
advantages and are particularly well-suited to mixed use. In the simplest terms, a micro
grid is a localized energy source with control capability, which means it can both connect
and disconnect from the traditional grid and function independently as physical or
economic conditions might warrant. Micro grids can also effectively integrate various
sources of energy, especially from on-site renewable sources, and allow these districts to
operate and behave independently and self-sufficiently.
West Edge, a transit oriented development proposed for west Los Angeles, is designed to act as
a neighborhood hub and gathering place.
▪ Integrated districts forge human connections.

Mixed-use environments bring the best of residential and commercial architecture
together and create shared environments. Unlike single-use development, a mix of uses
forms the backbone of diverse self-sustaining districts and connected communities.
People have a desire to be connected, and these districts bring goods and services closer
to inhabitants, provide better support mechanisms, and even make it easier to contain and
communicate health concerns. By designing and developing better hyper-local, integrated
mixed-use districts, we create healthier, safer, and more connected communities.
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Restaurants and food courts:
Problems:
▪ Many restaurants are thinking of closing down as people are not going there due to
safety reasons.
▪ To maintain social distancing in a dine in restaurant is quite difficult.
▪ ’
▪ Kitchen and service zone is a high compact area, safety measures there are very
important.
▪ I
▪ ,
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▪ Rearrangements in restaurants floor plans

▪ ’ ’
measures.
▪ Create a dedicated zone for take away or food parcel.
▪ Reconsider the sitting ergonomics.
▪ Ensure passing of more air flow in the space.
▪ Introduce home delivery through software.

▪ Rethinking the orientation in indoor and outdoor spaces.
▪ Let the kitchen area indoor only and dining area outdoor.

▪ Connect restaurants and food courts with street to create urban recreational space.
▪ Use restaurants in urban hub to run successfully.
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1.Redesign strategies of restaurants
The team has identified five key strategies to guide redesign: updating food safety and sanitation
codes, sequencing and designating all points of exchange, creating space for a variety of seating
configurations, amending current zoning regulations and designing legible signage
The studio suggests that bar seating should be phased out because of its difficulty to enable safe
distancing practices. Tables would be further spread out to meet the recommended six feet (two
metres) spacing. Higher barriers could also provide an alternative to the necessary distancing
rule, as they separate guests from one another by decreasing the risk of airborne infection with a
protective shield.
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Diagrams show the layout and division of space in each restaurant in its pre-Covid-19 state,
current condition and a proposal for post-Covid-19. They point out that kitchens and food prep
areas near dining spaces are subject to possible contamination, and propose moving seating
away from those areas and creating food pick-up locations closer to the entrances.
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2.Considerations for Restaurants as They Reopen During COVID-19
▪ Develop a comprehensive workplace plan
Review every process performed in the operation of the restaurant to ensure it meets your
local and state regulations as well as follows current safety recommendations. Create a
worksite-specific COVID-19 mitigation plan for every location and perform a
comprehensive risk assessment of all work areas.
▪ Consider your menu format.

Before COVID-19, many people could touch a menu each day, including hostesses,
, G , ’ -use menus that can
be disposed of after a guest use.
▪ Provide employees with necessary equipment.

To keep your employees and guests safe, provide employees with masks, gloves and
clean aprons for every shift. Create signs for employees to return items to buckets at the
end of shifts for either disposal or cleaning.
▪ Eliminate items shared between guests and employees.

Instead of setting the table with salt/pepper shakers and condiments, move to single
servings or pre-sealed packets. Make sure items such as bread baskets, pizza stands and
serving trays are properly sanitized between uses.
▪ Create additional outdoor dining spaces.

Because guests may feel safer outside, many restaurants are adding additional outdoor
space or making existing space more attractive to diners. If your deck or patio often gets
hot in the glare of the day, consider adding a tarp and fans to provide a more welcoming
option for those not comfortable going inside a restaurant.
▪ Strategically communicate safety measures throughout the restaurant.

Create signs reminding employees and guests of important measures, such as a wearing
face coverings and physical distancing. In addition to outside signs letting people know
, G ’ 1 ” 22”
where to stand while picking up takeout.
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3.Rearranging the seating ergonomics:
The biggest challenge stems from
accommodating the social distancing rules, as
these establishments tend to be based on high
turnover, low margin models. Another key factor
’
return safely, in high numbers. We have spent the
last three months practicing social distancing and
adapting to hygienic safety measures, so we will
need to be confident that each social environment
is 100% Covid-compliant
Those restaurants and pubs which can adapt to the new environment quickly and easily should
be able to rec ‘ ’ .
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1. More use of outdoor dining:
As a result of social distancing rules many restaurants will have to reduce their indoor capacities
when they reopen. Architect Ben Masterton-Smith believes that creating enjoyable alfresco dining
areas may be key to restaurants' survival.
Restaurants "don't have budgets to commit to grand designs"

Masterton-Smith designed Social Soho, after speaking with local operators, to focus on low-cost,
understated ideas that could potentially be implemented by 4 July – the date set by the UK
government for the reopening of restaurants and bars.
Masterton-Smith’s proposals include placing two-metre-wide shared tables on the streets.
"This is really a last chance for many in the hospitality industry, so they don't have budgets to
commit to grand designs outside of their restaurants,"
"We are in talks with some landlords about what some more communal spaces could look like,
but there is obviously a very short timeframe to opening – and still a lack of clarity from local
councils and central government on whether these are feasible or achievable.
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"In spatial terms, it is still about creating enticing environments"
Masterton-Smith believes that creating enticing and safe outdoor areas is essential for attracting
people into restaurants.
He suggests creating a one-way circulation route on the pavement directly in front of Soho's
buildings. This would leave the pedestrianised streets completely free to accommodate seating
areas shaded by colourful umbrellas, with groupings of tables and chairs placed at a distance
from one another
Alternatively, diners could sit spaced out along a banquette that runs down the centre of the street,
with decorative hygiene screens or greenery used to separate sections belonging to different
eateries.
"In terms of identity, for example, a facemask, can become another piece of uniform, so then it's
a conversation about brand and identity, and making it your own," he continued.
"In spatial terms, it is still about creating enticing environments, and intimate spaces. Though that
might be more challenging in the current climate, it's not impossible."
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2.Reimagining dining space after covid:
As pandemic restrictions are being eased around the globe, the question of resuming life-as-
normal is still a long way off for those in the hospitality industry. Looking to ease the transition
back into operation for a sector heavily hit by lockdown measures, there are a number of solutions
being proposed by designers to allow restaurants and bars to reopen safely while respecting
social distancing measures.
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1.Retrofitting restaurants in City Space:
In most cities, the routine of social life was made up of exactly the kinds of businesses that had
to close during the pandemic: restaurants, bars, hotels, and cafés. New development was
happening in the commercial sector, Papa Georgiou said.
N “ y space we can use is private space or public space; there is no in ”J
’ , ’
of public space.
Streets are empty, but sidewalks can be crowded with people and must be approached
defensively. Infrastructure like parks, pools, beaches, and playgrounds—all the facilities that
make dense urban living bearable—are either shuttered or paranoia-inducing, the temptation to
visit them balanced by the threat of exposure to the virus.
, ’ as shown up in small changes that can be

implemented faster than a new building or zoning plan.
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2.How Restaurant Design Is Changing as a Result of COVID-19
▪ Making the Most of Outdoor Space
New York restaurants have been scrambling to expand their outdoor dining space
however possible, and fortunately, the mayor is making it easier. As part of the Open
Streets plan, 67 miles of streets are closed to vehicular traffic, with over 2.6 miles
dedicated to Open Restaurants, an initiative that gives restaurant owners permission to
expand their footprint onto the sidewalks and streets on the weekends provided they
meet certain criteria. So far, 6,800 restaurants in New York City have reopened for
outdoor dining.
▪ Other Ways of Ensuring Social Distancing
one restaurant in Amsterdam created a solution so appealing that it might just stick
F ’ E mini
greenhouses along the side of a canal that allow couples and small groups of up to four
people to dine without being exposed to other guests. In the evening, they seem to glow,
creating a romantic atmosphere that guests can appreciate regardless of COVID-19
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Mediamatic Amsterdam installed a series of mini greenhouses to keep diners safely distanced from
other visitors and servers.Photo: Willem Velthoven for Mediamatic Amsterdam
▪ More Takeout and Flexible Options

T ’ , ning options at a variety of
sit-down and even fine dining establishments. Brooklyn chef Greg Baxtrom, for example,
, B ’
’ than diners would
find at the restaurant.
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Street markets and vendors:
Problems:
▪
,
▪ T
,
▪ T ,
32 | P a g e
▪ E ’
▪ Maintain social distancing while shopping.
▪ Use of disinfectants and sanitizer properly.
▪ Mark zoning on road to maintain the new market strategy
▪ Introduce neighbourhood street market for small areas to avoid mass gathering.
▪ Bring shop to door to avoid the mass jobless situation of vendors
▪ Use the roads or parking lot to create steer market to avoid congested situation in
pedestrian.
▪ Street markets are an essential part of an urban area; they give security in roads
also. Street markets are in our cities from ancient time so it must be there to run a
city.
▪ Create market place from temporary structure it can be removed after pandemic.
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1.The Bandra Collective, Mumbai, proposes short term post-lockdown safety
initiatives
In the wake of the coronavirus pandemic, it was important that the current situation and its impact
’ in our urban environments be discussed by the members of the Bandra
Collective. Now the collaborative has proposed a series of short-term post-lockdown initiatives to
focus on the immediate spatial futures.
Existing pedestrian are coloured to maintain the flow of people and social distancing. People can
maintain their physical distance by the circular grid around them.
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Place for hand wash is created in a repeated pattern to ensure the hygiene and safety.
Sanitization station is attached with every sanitization station.
Each vendors stall will have its own safety measures. Direct physical contact between customer
and seller is very limited almost zero.
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2.How to design retail in post pandemic city:
I ’ rly days, scores of cities closed streets to vehicle traffic to make room for
pedestrians and allow restaurants to claim more sidewalk space.
Now that the perils of reopening indoor activities are becoming tragically clear, outdoor space will
need to work even harder — hosting stores, performances, and all manner of public services.
The designs go beyond the ad-hoc bollards-and-traffic-cones approach that cities have used to
widen sidewalks and carve out space for pedestrians in the earlier days of the
pandemic: They include modular concepts for outdoor retail, public cleansing stations, community
art classes, and pop-up services like haircuts and mobile libraries.
“T , ,”
Keisha Pollack Porter, a professor of health policy at Johns Hopkins who consulted on the project.
“ ?”
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1.Shift AU creates research-by-design market to control COVID-19 contamination

The present pandemic has made us rethink the way we use our community spaces while making
every effort to maintain social distance to contain the spread of coronavirus. However, since
online shopping cannot replace physical outlets in terms of capacity, variety, accessibility and
reach, supermarkets and independent retail shops remain a vital part of the food distribution
infrastructure across the world.
Consequently, management of customer movement to achieve physical distance becomes a
challenge in the new context and hence it becomes imperative to rethink the design and
functioning of local markets across the world.
Supermarkets are most difficult to organise, since the interior layout does not allow for the ideal
1.5m distance between two people. Although public spaces and outdoor markets serve a large
portion of customers, these are forced to shut down due to lack of management.
Shift Architecture Urbanism (Shift AU) – a Rotterdam based design office has addressed this
concern with a self-initiated research-by-design prototype of a safe hyperlocal-scale micro-
market.
The alternative to local markets proposed by the firm focuses on two main ideas - decentralising
the open-air markets and creating a shopping environment that is not only risk-free but also
convenient. In the proposal, large markets continue to exist in a different form, place and time.
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The dissemination of the former concentrated model was broken down from large markets into
multiple micro-markets that can be spread over the city and are open for a longer time to further
reduce the assembly of people. In addition to releasing the pressure on supermarkets, the
hyperlocal character of the project also limits the amount of travelling for customers through the
city.
Neighbourhood square plan showing the proposed micro-market.

The proposal puts in place a 16 square grid, aligned with three market stalls, each selling a
different kind of fresh produce. The grid is taped on the pavement and fenced off with standard
crush barriers, creating 1 entrance and 2 exits.
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Discussing the current status of mobilization of the idea, Timm ,“ ,
rules of safety imposed on the region do not allow any public gathering in the public spaces of
the city, including open air markets.
These six people can move freely

around but must observe only a
,‘ ne person can
occupy a square on the grid at a
’T
that this particular system can be
implemented by the town or city
councils that are managing the
markets.
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MACRO LEVEL ANALYSIS
1.Use urban streets and pedestrian as market place:
▪ a grid of six-foot circles. Differently painted, they have separate usages: here, blue
indicates pedestrian flow, green, a sanitation station, and yellow, zones for customers to
wait.
▪ Other strategies to enable physical distancing includes insertion of sanitization stations

and planters as partitions.
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▪ Overall, the modular approach is scalable and can easily be applied to street markets,
parks and other public spaces around the city.
These interventions in this space go hand-in-hand with a pedestrian station of the market, which
W ’ -based application which tracks
density (and not personal data) to encourage citizens to check the live feed of public spaces
before going, hence empowering them to know the risks beforehand and make informed
decisions.
Overall, the modular approach is scalable and can easily be applied to street markets, parks
and other public spaces around the city. We have already implemented such a grid of circles at
Bhaji Galli, a market in Grant Road with the assistance of Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation
officials, and aim to scale the initiative around the city in the coming weeks.
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CONTEXTUAL SOLUTION FOR BANGLADESH:
1.Solutions to run commercial or office buildings:
The office breakroom may have unexpected health hazards.
According to a study conducted in 2012 by Kimberly-Clark Professional, you may be surprised

H ’ : ’
The majority of germs and bacteria is actually where food may be prepared and eaten. Break
rooms and kitchens are at the top of the list for being the worst offenders of germs at the office.
You may be shocked to find out that the dirtiest surface of all is not the toilet seat – it was
actually found to be the microwave door handle!
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Safety in using elevator
After all, most elevators are inherently cramped, enclosed spaces that can barely fit two people
when they are safely spaced 6 feet apart, much less the dozen or more that elevators in
commercial and residential buildings were designed to hold.
They're a minefield of touchable buttons and surfaces. Air circulation is limited to what a few
vents and the opening doors can manage. Plus, they're usually mobbed during the morning,
lunchtime and evening rushes.
In any commercial ,office or mixed use buildings we use elevator daily. We are using it in
shopping malls and apartments also.
During these pandemic its very basic to control the safety measurements here in our country.
In any further virus spreading situation these techniques will help us to pevent that.
To mitigate those risks, elevator experts stress that people riding elevators should wear masks,
resist touching surfaces as much as possible and use items such as disposable tissues or
indeed those toothpicks to touch the buttons. Also, use hand sanitizer frequently.
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommends limiting time in elevators and
taking one-directional stairs instead, when possible, as well as maintaining 6 feet of distance.
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Using software to avoid crowded place and to know the availability of space:
When we return to the office, transitional measures will need to be put in place, such as
workplace distancing. Technology can help keep people safe and we are working with major
real estate players to quickly implement solutions. Beyond this transition phase, the coronavirus
crisis will also have a lasting impact on how we work and what we expect from our workspaces.
Workplace guidance is now more important than ever.

Digital floor plans with real-time occupancy information enable people to see which spaces are
busy and which are still quiet – at a glance, even if the office extends over several floors. That
, ’ ,
information readily available on a range of user-friendly touchpoints.
Real-time crowdedness indicator

W ’ d a real-time crowdedness indicator to help employees and visitors avoid
busy spaces and reduce the risks of viral transmission. This information is visible on the Kiosk
display across several floors at once, without even the need to touch the screen
This is a very useful software made by a company called spacewell.
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It gives all the information of a floor just by selecting it one can select a vacant space for him.
One can book any

Conference room
With it.
It can help to find your

Co-workers just by
Searching their names.
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2.Confronting COVID-19: What We Can Learn from Other Nations and What We
Can Plan in Bangladesh
A strategic analysis – learning from Taiwan, China, South Korea and Singapore
COVID-19 is not only a public health or medical issue; it requires a multidisciplinary planning
and approach. The outbreak and spread of the virus challenges not only the virological and
epidemiological fields but also requires the critical intervention of spatial planning. Urban
systems and deadly diseases have maintained a correlation that functions in parallel during and
after the outbreak.
Many of the successful measures taken by some countries to reduce the spread of COVID-19,
as well as to bring down the number of deaths, are based on a collaborative and multi-agency
action.
Of all countries, South Korea, Singapore, China, and Taiwan have taken effective strategic
measures at the right time, and have been largely successful to slow down the spread of
coronavirus compared to many developed countries.
Taiwan: Taiwan implemented a 124-point action plan to keep the death rate to less than 2% of
the confirmed cases. The country was also very strict about border control and screening.
Government policies to isolate people and mandate on the mask export, and fixing selling price
and local production proved effective for public health
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Hangzhou, China: Hangzhou is the capital city of Zhejiang Province, about 1,000 miles away
from Wuhan, the epicentre of COVID-19. The city was cautious the very moment a pandemic
broke out in Wuhan, and went into a lockdown to prevent the infection.
’ , onitor and treat positive
cases with accuracy. With constant tracking there was a breach of privacy but identification of
infected cases was prompt and efficient. This also reduced the contamination in clusters.
South Korea: Having conducted over 15,000 tests daily, South Korea also maintains an
expansive and organised texting system.
This allows the country to completely isolate the patients from the virus-free people. With the
, ’ hereabouts, and also lets people know
who may have come in contact with the patient in recent times based on their recent locations.
The idea is to identify and isolate every single person who may come closer to the affected
person.
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Singapore: The early preparation taken by the authority has been in favour of Singapore. It
relied on tracking the affected people using the vast network of social media, apps and text
messages. Over 9000 temporary health clinics have been established to keep the patients
isolated. The goal is to keep the affected people completely separated in temporary clinics from
the virus free community, and to make sure no transmission takes place through them.
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As the virus slowly spreads its insidious tentacles, Bangladesh stands on a vulnerable precipice.
With a high transmission rate, especially in densely populated places, it becomes a challenge to
tame the numbers of people getting infected.
Many actions are already being taken in Bangladesh. The country has been under lockdown
since 26th March, that involves suspending all modes of inter-city transport and shutting down
of institutions, offices and businesses.
Testing for COVID-19 infection is now being conducted in 14 labs: 9 in Dhaka and 5 in different
districts. Private groups have started setting up temporary hospitals around Dhaka to
accommodate the vast number of infected people.
Few awareness campaigns are already in circulation on social media, television and
newspapers. While these developments are crucial to tackle this crisis, the outbreak requires
‘ VI -19 ’
scale.
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Prevention measures can certainly begin from the national scale, but they can be applied to
three key scalar conditions: city or town, neighborhood and health care facilities. For each city
or town administration, action measures may be taken to locate the critical nodes of the city. At
those nodes – such as gateways and entry points – strict screening may be applied. Travel
restrictions and control may be applied at city and even at neighborhood level, that can be
eased only with the lowering of transmission and hospitalization rate.
At the metropolitan scale, such as with Dhaka, decisive public health and hygiene actions come
with a demand for logistics. A surge may not only require setting up of more health facility
centres but sadly burial grounds. In Dhaka city, there are at least 247 mosques and 22 parks
under renova W , ‘ ’
At the neighborhood scale, public places can be mapped both for the facilitation of regulated
food and wet markets, and setting up field hospitals if needed. Such mapping is important as
amenities and facilities are not equal for every neighborhood. Points of crowding can also be
mapped and measures taken for regulating gathering, as well as setting up sanitization booths,
especially for pedestrians, rickshaw pullers and certain vendors.
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3.Possible solution for open street market
A pandemic as Covid-19 turns everything upside down. With lockdown in place and people
forced to stay at home, the biggest challenge is the regular procurement of food.
Bazars, wet markets and shopping will remain essential hubs for exchange and interaction.
However, such hubs need extra precautions in terms of personal safety for everyone involved
there. Movement, sanitation, and layout are critical in such situations.
Bengal Institute proposes c “ ”,
presents two plans.
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T ’ arrangements in
various city neighborhoods. With variations, the arrangements of these safe markets may be
applied to any bazars or outdoor markets. Bengal Institute offers these plans to any
organizations willing to implement.
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URBAN RETROFITTING
1.Definition and tactics
Retrofitting refers to the addition of new technology or features to older systems, Urban
retrofitting refers to create new functions in old structures.
This line of thinking overlooks the reality that more potential gain could be achieved by focusing
on adapting our least sustainable landscapes, in suburbia, to transform them into more resilient,
equitable, adaptable, walkable, transit-oriented, and more public-oriented places. In a stagnant
economy it is imperative that the built landscape be as self-sustainable and energy efficient as
possible. Retrofitting and planning for retrofitting are more important than ever.
The three main strategies for retrofitting are:
• Re-inhabitation, or various forms of adaptive reuse,
• Re-development, or urbanization by increasing density, walkability, use mix, and
• Re-greening, from small parks and plazas, to restoring wetlands ecologies.
changing the urban structure rather than the current building uses and densities – which are
more easily changed – constitutes the primary task of suburban retrofitting
Tactic #1: Reuse The Box

Adaptive reuse of vacant commercial buildings for new, often community-serving uses, such as
libraries or medical clinics, is both socially desirable and reduces waste.
Tactic #2: Provide Environmental Repair: Restore Wetlands and Creeks

Retrofits sometimes provide the opportunity to reconstruct wetlands and creeks, components in
the metropolitan watershed that were erased or diminished by suburban development patterns.
Tactic #3: Revise Zoning Codes and Public Works Standards (Re-development)
Make it easier to build compact, mixed-use developments with complete streets, and make it
harder to build single-use, auto-dependent places.
Tactic #4: Keep Block Size Walkable

Without careful modulation, the hybridization of suburban building types and parking into urban
blocks and streets can lead to oversized blocks and monotonous building fronts. The rule of
thumb for a walkable block is a perimeter dimension of less than 1700 linear feet.
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Tactic #5: Establish a More Continuous Streetscape with Shallow Liner Buildings
Wrappers can be employed around reused box buildings and liners can screen surface parking
lots to provide a more continuous streetscape.
Tactic # 6: Use Appropriate Street Types and Real Sidewalks

Many suburban streets are overly wide, and lack sufficient sidewalks and crosswalks. The
Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) 2010 manual on designing walkable urban
thoroughfares provides recommended design guidelines for a broad range of context-sensitive
street types.
Tactic #7: Improve Connectivity for Drivers, Bicyclists and Pedestrians

Build interconnected street networks to increase walkability and public safety, while distributing
traffic and reducing overall vehicle miles travelled (VMT)
Tactic #8: Consider Future Connectivity and Adaptability

If desired street connections cannot be achieved when the retrofit is initially designed and
constructed, because of NIMBY concerns or other barriers, design in easements for future
linkages. If desired densities and parking decks cannot be justified yet, design parking lots as
future building sites, with utilities placed in the future streets at the outset.
Tactic #9: Diversify Housing Choice and Price

The future success of suburbs will hinge on their ability to respond to changing demographics;
provide more housing choices.
Tactic #10: Add New Units to Existing Subdivisions

Infilling residential neighborhoods with accessory dwelling units (ADUs) can provide affordable
housing choices for singles and seniors, and increase residential density without dramatically
altering the morphological pattern.
Tactic #11: Invest in Quality Architecture

The most successful and sustainable retrofits will be beautiful, durable, culturally significant, and
built to meet high standards of environmental performance both in the public spaces and the
buildings.
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2.Retrofit City Futures: Visions for Urban Sustainability
I ‘ ’ -engineer existing buildings and urban infrastructures

has gained increasing prominence. At a global scale, increasing concentration of our growing
human population within urban centres has focused attention on the role of cities in climate
change mitigation and adaptation, and in achieving the broader goals of sustainable
development. Whilst cities are seen as the source of many of our most pressing environmental
and resource depletion problems, the creativity and innovative potential of cities may also
provide their solutions.
In the UK as with many parts of Europe and the US, particularly those with a long history of
urbanisation, a critical challenge is how best to deal with an ageing building stock and urban
infrastructure. In the UK for example, less than 1-2% of total building stock each year is new
build, and some 70% of total 2010 building stock will still be in use in 2050; renovation and
refurbishment rates are between 2.9% and 5% of existing stock for domestic buildings and 2-8%
for commercial stock, depending on the sector.]
By itself a carbon emissions reduction target, no matter how important, can tell us rather little
about the sort of future cities in which we might want to live. Now more than ever, cities need to
envision and strive for a more sustainable future. Shared visions help people make sense of the
future; they can open-up and make transparent societal choices; they help us to determine what
sort of future we want; they promote discussion and debate; and they allow us to see how we can
mobilize, deploy, and manage resources to achieve a desired future. This report sets out three
contrasting long term (2050) visions for retrofit city regional futures, developed through an in-
depth participatory back casting and foresight process. These contextual scenarios are intended
as a tool which can be adapted and used by a wide variety of stakeholders and organisations to
stimulate discussion and inform future policy and long-term planning.
The Retrofit 2050 Visions

The three visions set out in this report each describe distinctive long-term visions of what a
sustainable future might look like for core UK city regions in 2050. The scenarios are not
predictions: they are intended to open up debate and inform current societal choices, through
illustrating a range of possible sustainable urban futures. Each represents a distinctive articulation
of urban sustainability.
The three visions are:
Smart-Networked City: envisages the city as a hub within a highly mobile and competitive
globally networked society.
Compact City: envisages the city as a site of intensive and efficient urban living.
Self-Reliant-Green City: envisages the city as a self-reliant bio-region, living in harmony with
nature.
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E ‘ ’
change for systemic urban retrofitting (figure 1):
• -use and urban form: This dimension describes the extent of change in patterns
of land use and urban form within the city- , ‘ ’ ‘H ’
of this axis changes in the built environment and urban infrastructure are largely overlaid upon
or accommodated within existing patterns of land use and urban forms. At the high end, land
use and urban form are radically reconfigured.
• : This dimension describes the structure of social relations and
patterns of economic activity, including policy styles and consumption behaviour. At one end of
this axis market oriented solutions to delivery of public goods predominate, together with
individualist values emphasising short term private consumption. At the other end public goods
are delivered through cooperative and collective institutions, with a strong role for civil society.
The individual is seen as part of a wider community and mechanisms for the allocation of
resources are aligned with long term social goals. Between these two, communitarian values
couple with strong local governance institutions to drive social investment at neighbourhood and
city scales.
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The Smart-Networked City
The city as a hub within a highly mobile and competitive globally networked society Pervasive,
information-rich virtual environments integrate seamlessly with the physical world.
ICTs provide real time information to drive efficiencies through automation and intelligent
control, and advanced market oriented solutions allow for the internalisation of environment
costs. This is an open, outward looking society in which the mobility of people, goods and
services remains high.
Basis
This is a growth oriented vision predicated on high levels of trade and private consumption.
Significant growth in UK population is accommodated through a mixture of densification of
existing city centres and new suburban and green field development largely in line with current
trends. The private sector takes the lead in the retrofitting of new technologies, systems and
infrastructures, which are largely layered on to the existing built environment. Where changes in
land-use do occur they are driven by demand for new housing and the impacts of e-commerce
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and ICT on the commercial and retail sectors. E-mobility (battery electric and hydrogen fuel cell
vehicles) enables the decarbonisation of private transport and persistence of current mobility
patterns.
Energy
this is an electric future. Despite significant improvements in end-use efficiency and widespread
diffusion of building integrated renewables, total energy use remains high. Electrification of heat
and transport result in very significant increases in electricity demand. Alongside the role out of
smart grids and appliances, there has been widespread application of novel materials and
products (vacuum panels, phase change materials, etc) to improve the performance of existing
building envelopes. The focus of deployment of micro-generation and renewable technologies
(heat pumps, PV, etc) is at the individual building scale.
Water
Smart metering and appliances coupled with market instruments, such as rising tariff structures
and trading of water credits, drive improvements in the efficiency of water use. Industry supports
continued capital intensive investment in centralised infrast ‘ ’
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supply through water recycling (advanced treatment of grey water for portable use, etc) and
desalination.
Waste and Resource use

The development of novel materials, technological obsolescence and continued growth in
absolute consumption represent significant challenges for waste management, requiring high
levels of investment in infrastructure for recycling and resource recovery. As with energy and
water, advances in ICT facilitate the development of market based mechanisms to enhance
incentives for resource recovery and recycling.
The Compact City

The city as a site of intensive and efficient urban living
Urban land-use, buildings, services and infrastructure provision are optimised in order to create
dense urban settlement forms that encourage reduced demand and more efficient use of energy
and resources. Concentration in urban centres reduces pressures on the periphery. Significant
efficiencies are obtained through systems integration and re-design.
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Basis
This is a moderate growth vision where regional economies are strongly coupled to investment
in community infra U ’
and rural migration into the city are accommodated through increasing urban densities, entailing
significant retrofitting of neighbourhood level infrastructure and built form. Mixed use
neighbourhoods, coupled with developments in ICTs, reduce the need to travel; walking, cycling
and public transport predominate. Regional government, local authorities and social housing
providers play an active role engaging communities, regulating social behaviour, intervening in
property markets and leading the development of local infrastructure projects. Concentration of
population in urban centres reduces pressures on the rural environment. Within the city there is
intensive use of green and blue space, including green roofs and walls to fulfil multiple functions
(leisure, combating heat island effects, water management, food production, etc).
Energy
In this vision, area based solutions combine options from a limited portfolio of successful low
carbon technologies which are deployed at scale. Improvements to individual building
envelopes, distributed micro-generation (e.g. fuel cell CHP) and building integrated renewables
(solar thermal. PV, heat pumps, etc), sit alongside the development of community and city scale
heat and power networks (exploiting biogas & biomass CHP, industrial heat, etc). Walking,
cycling and low carbon mass transit systems contribute to significant reductions in transport
energy use.
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Water
Area based initiatives link deployment of Rain Water Harvesting (RWH) technologies and
investments in SUDS with stricter regulation of individual consumer behaviour.
Waste and Resource use
Efficiency gains are sought through systems integration. Heat and power from advanced waste
(including sewage) treatment technologies make a significant contribution at an urban scale.
The Self-Reliant Green City

The city as a self-reliant bio-region, living in harmony with nature
A self-replenishing, largely self-reliant system of circular metabolism, where resources are local,
demand is constrained and the inputs and outputs of the city are connected (cradle to cradle). In
, ‘
within its ’
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Basis
This is a low growth vision where systems of community ownership, trading and exchange focus
on the creation and maintenance of local value, equity and sustainable wellbeing. Lower UK
population growth is accompanied by o ‘G ’
replace the green belt as the intensification of urban living and rise of urban agriculture
promotes the blurring of urban-rural boundaries. Despite falling urban densities, the transport
intensity of economic activity declines significantly with the clustering and re-localisation of
production and consumption. A high level of diversity and experimentation underpins the
development of local solutions, exploiting the principles of urban metabolism through
fragmented and piecemeal retrofit activities. Green and blue space, local biomass and
biodiversity are all harnessed in the provision of ecosystem services (food production, energy,
shelter, water and waste treatment).
Energy
Demand reduction, facilitated by significant behavioural changes, results in a Demand
reduction, facilitated by significant and universal behavioural changes, results in a significant
decrease in overall energy consumption. The limits and rationing of energy use are widely
accepted. A diverse range of distributed renewables (PV, micro hydro, wind, etc), coordinated
through local grids at the community level, provide a significant proportion of the energy mix.
Insulation and improvements to building envelopes maximise the use of local, recycled and
carbon neutral/negative materials (hemp, wool, straw, etc). There is extensive use of local
biomass and solar thermal technologies for domestic heat and hot water
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Water
A more holistic and decentralised approach seeks to integrate water management into urban
design, as lower urban densities and re-greening of city centres provides extensive
opportunities for retrofit of SUDS. Changing social norms support demand reduction.
Decentralisation of the industry is accompanied by a shift to low capital cost RWH and
decentralised water treatment technologies.
Waste and Resource Use Reduced

demand coupled with a mend and make do culture significantly reduces pressure on non-
renewable resources. Small scale, low capital cost solutions (anaerobic digestion with bio-gas
production, composting, etc) are favoured for waste treatment, energy recovery and materials
and nutrient recycling. There is an overall focus on optimising sustainable use of renewable
resources, including use of locally sourced carbon neutral and negative materials in construction
sector.
Using the Visions
The Retrofit 2050 visions are intended as a starting point from which to explore the future of
core UK city regions, although the prospective social and technological changes, and
accompanying societal choices, they highlight may have a wider resonance beyond the UK
context. Whilst the visions represent competing, to some extent incompatible, views of urban
sustainability, they are not exclusive.
One can certainly imagine how elements of these visions might exist alongside each other,
albeit at different scales within a city-region. Of course every city is to some extent unique.
When considering the future of real cities one must consider not just their natural and built
environment, but also their particular economic, social, political and demographic structures.
Moreover, it is necessary to recognise the diversity of values and interests, which will shape
different expectations of the future within any individual city.
https://orca.cf.ac.uk/56912/1/retrofit2050%20visions%20report.pdf
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3. Local Strategies for Retrofitting
Introduction
In the 1945s, migration from rural areas into big cities began with the onset of industrialization in
Istanbul. Istanbul has been one of the most important cities in the industrialization process. The
Republic of Turkey was very young and had a quite limited amount of capital to both
industrialize and provide housing opportunities for immigrants. Therefore, the government at
that time had to choose one of these two ways. Investment in the industrialization for the
development of the young republic was inevitable.
People living in rural areas, who were in difficulties to afford their lives, began to migrate to
Istanbul so as to be employed. Thereupon, millions of immigrants started working as labourers
in the industries, but there was a big problem with respect to accommodation. The immigrants
tried to “G ”
T “G ” “ ”, “ ” “ ”
“G ” “ ”
The term has evolved to encompass a variety of informal settlements and building typologies.
Its usage denotes a bottom up, spontaneous action, especially prevalent during the first wave of
mass migration, to provide mass housing under conditions in which conventional or government
init T I ’ ’
, q “I ’ G ”
Esen, urban researcher.
Derbent Neighbourhood is one of the oldest informal settlements in Istanbul. Almost all buildings
are of one or two story type buildings along with their own gardens. Derbent is quite a sloping
terrain and as a consequence, all the buildings are constructed inlaid in the ground. Naturally,
there emerge problems about the physical conditions of the buildings such as thermal and water
insulation, structure etc. The relationship among the residents of Derbent is particularly strong.
In the 1990s, the industry areas on the Bosporus cost line was removed so the residents lost
their jobs.
Thereupon, many residents started working as dayworkers and lost their regular salaries. Thus,
they became dependent with each other to be able to survive in difficult life conditions. Near the
Derbent district, there are some places that are strategically important such as north forests,
metro station, Darussafaka Institution, Acibadem Hospital, Ataturk auto repair industry site and
a highway. All these things provide convenience for the urban transformation in terms of political
economy. Today, Derbent is still under the pressure.
of urban transformation. Again, a possible earthquake is the most pronounced excuse to justify
the transformation. In the face of this excuse, developing economically feasible strategies such
as retrofitting of buildings with local sources could stand against the urban transformation that
throws the habitants from their houses.
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The Concept
“W demolished, the relationship between this house and
other houses will no longer exist. Likewise, when a neighbourhood in a city is demolished, the
”
The main idea of this proposal can be summarized by this quote. The general strategy is to
come up with minor interventions with respect to the physical structure using local upcycling
resources. These local upcycling resources mainly involve urban transformation, using raw
materials from Ataturk auto-repair industry site and manufacturing process of detergent Indus-
try.
Today, Istanbul is under construction. It means that lots of usable materials such as windows,
doors and other kinds of furniture are discarded every day in the demolition process of the
buildings. Following the trace of these materials, most of them cannot be used or recycled
whatsoever. For this reason, urban transformation can positively feed the renovation of gece-
kondu settlements.
Being in a close proximity with Derbent neighborhood, this site contains many parts of cars that
are discarded. Some of them, especially metal parts, can be recycled with a high energy
consumption. Some parts such as tires, cracked glass can not be used or recycled in any
process.
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Derbent is quite a sloping terrain, therefore, there are a lot of retaining walls between the streets
and houses. Retaining walls have deteriorated and have lost their disabilities for ages, so they
’ ings confront retaining walls. It is one of the
most conspicuous characteristics of Derbent. Soil filled tires could be an alternative for retaining
wall, if needed. Raining water is filtered through the soil in tires, transferred from drainage
system to be collected in water tanks. This water could be used in gardens and toilets.
Today, we can see lots of detergent bottles in different shapes that are to impress customers. In
this schema, the radical intervention on the manufacturing process affects the shape of product
and it could be upcycled as a wall brick. Bottle-Fit is the name of product that could be used as
a brick for retrofitting. Its shape was designed so that it can be interlocked without being
cohesive.
Gecekondus gets built by their own habitants. Inspired by the construction methods of the
gecekondus, Bottle-Fit Composite Wall can be easily generated. It could be used only as a
masonry wall system but we propose it to be used with a skeleton system, because Istanbul is
in the earthquake zone.
Detergent bottles are made of HDPE (High-density Polyethylene) that have high durability in
nature. It can stand over 100°C, and bear UV and air. Empty Bottle-Fit as a wall brick provides
high quality insulation.
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4.A former Cement Factory is now the workspace and residence of
Ricardo Bofill
Architect: Ricardo Bofill
Program: Architectural offices /archives /model laboratory /exhibition space /Bofill's-apartment
/guest rooms /gardens
Location: Barcelona, Spain
Total floor area: 3,100 square meters and gardens
House area: 500 square meters
Date Completed: 1975
The Cement Factory was

discovered in 1973, it was an
abandoned cement factory and
partially in ruins, comprised of over
30 silos, underground galleries and
huge engine rooms; Ricardo
Bofill bought it and began renovation
works. He identified the
program; The Cement Factory was to
be used as architectural offices,
archives, a model laboratory, and
exhibition space, an apartment for
him, as well as guest rooms and
gardens. He defined the space by
demolishing certain structures,
cleaning cement, exposing
previously concealed structures and
creating the landscape architecture
by planting various plants such as
eucalyptus, palms, olive trees and
cypresses; renovation works lasted
nearly two years.
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Bofill imagined the future spaces and created a layout according to the different aesthetic and
plastic predispositions that had developed since WWI and were present within the factory. A
compendium of surrealist elements; paradoxical stairs that climbed to nowhere, the absurdity of
certain elements that hung over voids, compelling but useless spaces of strange proportion but
magical because of their tension and disproportion. Elements of abstraction; pure volumes
which reveal themselves at times broken and impure as well as elements of brutalism; abrupt
treatment and sculptural qualities of the materials.
Being seduced by the elements of contradiction and the vagueness of the space he decided to
preserve the factory and modify the original brutality (due to the coarse of nature and the former
program), and sculpt it like a work of art. All these magical elements stand in the midst of
transformed gardens which were once the yard of a cement factory.
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Various spaces came into view, and the structures were given a use; their characteristics are
what assigned their new program: the cathedral, the garden, and the silos.
The renovated construction incorporates various languages from history of Architecture, a
cultured language in opposition to vernacular architecture with windows, doors, stairs and false
perspectives and applied them to the exterior walls and some interiors. Slowly with the help of
Catalan craftsmen the factory was transformed but will always remain as unfinished work.
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The abundant space and the height provided demonstrate inconceivable moderation; the
interior space has not been crammed up with too many decorative elements; rather the interiors
are deliberately appointed with casual contemporary elements. Carefully casual slip-covered
white sofas, white canvas sling-back seating, tobacco coloured leather sofas, large
monochromatic rugs with no reference of detailing, the inconceivably tall curtains and many
more elements add to the lofty style of The Cement Factory. The office area features
spectacularly lengthy conference tables paired with leather seating and beautifully framed
architectural prints which hang on the walls or are displayed on wooden easels.
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Ricardo Bofill currently lives and works in The Cement Factory better than anywhere else, it is
the only place where he can concentrate, associate ideas in the most abstract manner, and
finally creates projects, and constitutes a specific vocabulary for his architecture.
“ , understand space organized by man, to

decipher the spontaneous movements and behavior of people, and to detect the needs of
change that they might unconsciously express. It is essential to track down these issues if we
want to contribute with our personal ” Ricardo Bofill
Overall, The Cement Factory is a building with unique design and architectural elements; a lofty
interior full of style. A mixture of textures and forms, materials and impressions; the enormous
spaces, the large arched windows and the stunning quality of natural light throughout the day
makes it a unique place to live in and work in. Moreover, these magical elements stand in the
midst of transformed gardens which were once the yard of an abandoned cement factory
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https://www.yatzer.com/A-former-Cement-Factory-is-now-the-workspace-and-residence-of-Ricardo-Bofill
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5. 'New Acadia, Retrofitting Urban Decay' Winning Proposal / Garrett
Rock
Designed by Garrett Rock, the New Acadia, Retrofitting Urban Decay proposal was the winning
entry for one of six sites in the Lafayette Design Competition which aims to be a re-imagination
of urban density within the ’ city core. The design offers Lafayette an alternative
mode of development that stimulates street life in hopes of attracting a young, creative class
that are leaving the city for more amenity-rich urban enclaves.
Lafayette, like many mid-sized

American cities, is losing a young
and highly-educated creative class
of millennials. These children of
baby boomers, raised most often
in a suburban condition, are
seeking out stimulation brought
about by more walkable cities
defined by their street life.
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If cities like Lafayette ’ ,
after demographic to cities like Austin and Portland whose vibrant public image has attracted a
renewed growth. Lafayette can exploit its position as a central hub for South Louisiana by
solidifying its downtown through an investment in mixed-use and pedestrian-friendly
developments.
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The site provides an interesting opportunity for developing a mixed-use neighbourhood because
of its location hinging between Downtown Lafayette U ’
Despite the promising location linking the primary business district with a focal point of higher
education, the neighbourhood remains a collection of underperforming surface parking lots and
underutilized low-rise buildings.
New Acadia is a response to a growing demand for pedestrian-friendly and self-sufficient

neighbourhoods within the urban core. By creating a layering of diverse programs over the site,
the neighbourhood is used more evenly and efficiently. Local residents can benefit from reduced
travel times by commuting closer and spending less money on transportation.
Convent Street is closed to car traffic between Johnston Street and Lee Avenue; it becomes a
spine for pedestrians and bikers to permeate across the site. The blocks between Main Street
and Jefferson Street are divided between north and south to create an open axis that creates a
central heart of the neighbourhood. Street lanes are narrowed to twelve feet to slow drivers
down and a dedicated two-way bike lane is introduced on Johnston Street linking the site with
U ’
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The neighbourhood is designed around self-sufficiency and multiplicity of program. Retail and
restaurants occupy the ground floor while housing, offices, and institutions constitute the upper
floors; three to five story buildings replace current single story structures to increase density in a
site appropriate manner. A variation in housing types, from micro-unit studio apartments aimed
at college-aged students to three-story town homes geared toward families, ensures the
neighbou ’
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6. Blythe Oldfield Master Plan
Location: Cleveland, Tenn. [map]
Client: City Fields
Type: Urban Design: Revitalization, Infill & Retrofit
Acres: 300
Program: Neighbourhood Square, new mixed-use
buildings, cottages, thoroughfare & trail
network improvements, regional park
Transect Zones: T3, T4, T5
Website: www.cityfieldscdc.com/about-us/
B “ ”
history in the city. It is a neighborhood in the southeast quadrant of Cleveland, Tennessee, a
small city north of Chattanooga. As the first planned neighborhood in Cleveland, Blythe Oldfield
housed a population of workers who supported the downtown manufacturing economy. Even
so, Blythe Oldfield has always been physically and experientially disconnected from downtown;
an abandoned factory site and freight railroad tracks with only one crossing render this
neighborhood isolated from its greater city.
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before
after
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before
After
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City Fields is a local non-profit organization which hired Michael Watkins Architect, LLC to lead
a charrette in January of 2018 to propose a master plan for the neighborhood. Through the five
focus areas of physical revitalization, social revitalization, economic development, neighborhood
safety and leadership development, City Fields invests in the well-being of Blythe Oldfield while
maintaining a commitment to the quality of life of the existing residents. The organization is
passionate about creating value without displacing the current residents of the neighborhood.
The design charrette was a week-long, open process which invited neighbors and city officials
alike to share their opinion on how the neighborhood might improve. Prevailing requests among
the attendees include more civic spaces, improved walkability and connection to downtown
Cleveland. ,“ ’
; I’ ”
The charrette team presented before-and-after proposals of thoroughfares and potential public
spaces, utilizing the unbuildable floodplain to create public parks and proposing a trail network
throughout the neighborhood to provide a safe walk to school. On the abandoned factory site,
the charrette team proposed a regional park which reconnects the neighborhood to downtown
and provides a destination for people outside the neighborhood.
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7.Seun-nect : Restructuring Seunsangga Citywalk
Concept:
The future of business is about collaboration, sustainability and customization. Seun-nect is
meant to provide a collaborative environment to connect work and play. By weaving the public
area into the private buildings, the park is architecturally and structurally part of the Seun
complex (aka Seunsangga). Pedestrian seeking pleasure can experience different programs for
work, play, eat and rest. People seeking opportunities can see the park as an open platform for
experimentation, collaboration and exhibition.
Geometry:
The geometry of the park was inspired by Korean Sangmo to provide a weaving experience
from Jongmyo Park to Namsan Mountain. The width of the project is divided into 3m ribbons.
These ribbons weave the outdoor and indoor together and provide a smooth transition from
ground to deck level. Modules are also undulated or bent in three dimensions to provide
programmed spaces like cafe, water playground, and planters.
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Business Evolution:
The construction of the park is

designed to be part of the
evolution of Seun existing
businesses. Adapting 3d printing
technology and customization
process, local businesses can
start providing pavement modules
for the park before the
construction. Global participants
can be part of the design process
to provide unique pavers with their
name. The process will add
international diversity to this local
project.
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Master Plan:
The deck is typically 9m wide and it is subdivided into three 3m wide ribbons for circulation,
greenery and program. This typical relationship changes at areas we dedicated as special
program and landscape. This dedicated soft cape transition from Jongmyo Park which is more
urban to Namsan Mountain which is more natural. The program responds to each block
differently. The program of work, play, eat and rest are scattered through the site, but each
block will have a focused theme to make the experience more unique to the business nature of
its corresponding building.
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Seun Plaza:
The slope of the north plaza will not only serve as the grand entrance to the deck level, the
greenery and water will also climb the north façade of the building. People are encouraged to
see on the Plaza. Jongmyo Park serves as the backdrop view for this plaza. Art installation and
movie can be display at the front and the grand slope become an theatre seating cladded in
greenery. The plaza will become a landmark for Seoul and also a case study for the world to
see how old buildings can be rehabilitated to provide new opportunities.
Landscape Treatment:
Native plants in Korea
will allow for xeriscaping.
The species and form
are chosen to match the
theme of play, work, eat
and rest. Planters has
three typical soil depths
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Below Deck:
The area below the deck receive a linear geometry that are related to the pattern on the deck
level. The business on first floor is dedicated for machinery and craft studio. Existing parking
and road layout will be kept below the deck to allow transportation of goods, but the function of
the road will be turned into a
multi-modal path. Bicycles,
movable landscape, electric
cars and people are
encouraged to share the path.
Local business can use
movable pallet on rail to
promote their art and craft. This
shared path will also be lighted
by skylights. The vibe and
excitement below the deck will
encourage people to appreciate
local art and craft more.
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Provided links:
How commercial/office space will be designed
Link 1
https://www.thefifthestate.com.au/columns/spinifex/will-we-have-business-as-usual-or-a-brand-
new-world-after-covid-urban-planning-impacts-and-some-thoughts-from-home-and-
abroad/?fbclid=IwAR2Nty5JcRCdA4oNxGw1BhfI_UQ_DehvST5LL7aSf_UrwplJA-aFXDBW3s4
Link 2
https://hbr.org/2020/08/reimagining-the-urban-office
Link 3
https://archinect.com/features/article/150191694/update-for-may-21st-archinect-s-covid-19-
guide-for-architects-
designers?fbclid=IwAR1_vzFhSQ45T5VeJ2uUKjMe1IK6muq9_dhjE3hqsqjZM4hkcNmCahGv86
8
Link 4
https://www.curbed.com/2020/5/20/21263319/coronavirus-future-city-urban-covid-19
Link 5
https://vancouver.ca/home-property-development/covid-19-coronavirus-within-
vancouver.aspx?fbclid=IwAR3co5Nhvm6-NtO3qPTk-
bjPb51Sv7wy3AWFi7_j34KWUMjMZaNIASx_y78
Videos:
1.https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=ESpNacl3O1g&list=PL8NRsAoNKN_o1Q-
2. https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=KJQoj3-GV2U&list=PL8NRsAoNKN_o1Q-
3.https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=jYYAOAOWC0w&list=PL8NRsAoNKN_o1Q-
4.https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=dwvBgefQ4n0&list=PL8NRsAoNKN_o1Q-
5. https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=17zaLPwPDks&list=PL8NRsAoNKN_o1Q-
6.https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=u8RlwkuRPS0&list=PL8NRsAoNKN_o1Q-
7.https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=-fb0yA1LeTE&list=PL8NRsAoNKN_o1Q-
8.https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=zJCScGKCoHM&list=PL8NRsAoNKN_o1Q-
90 | P a g e
External links:
1. https://hbr.org/sponsored/2020/07/6-ways-to-avoid-isolation-fatigue-while-balancing-the-
demands-of-remote-work
2. https://vicuspartners.com/articles/6-office-design-trends-post-covid-19/
3. https://www.architecturaldigest.com/story/covid-19-design
4. https://www2.deloitte.com/us/en/insights/economy/covid-19/covid-19-implications-for-
commercial-real-estate-cre.html#
5. https://www.achrnews.com/articles/143673-commercial-building-trends-shift-to-address-
covid-19
6. https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2020/apr/13/smart-lifts-lonely-workers-no-towers-
architecture-after-covid-19-coronavirus
7. https://www.archdaily.com/architecture-news?ad_source=jv-header
8. https://www.archdaily.com/946633/atelier-marko-brajovic-creates-home-office-capsule-that-
fits-in-any-house
9. https://www.hindustantimes.com/real-estate/urban-design-in-times-of-covid-19-imagining-a-
post-pandemic-city/story-V0phVoGL4gF3sgvnclBNqJ.html
10. https://news.mit.edu/2020/street-commerce-urban-book-0828
11. https://www.archdaily.com/946114/post-covid-more-office-designs-include-permanent-
outdoor-workspaces?ad_source=search&ad_medium=search_result_all
12. https://www.archdaily.com/936082/tips-for-architects-working-at-home-during-covid-
19?ad_source=search&ad_medium=search_result_all
13. https://architizer.com/blog/inspiration/industry/covid-19-home-design/
14. https://www.gensler.com/research-insight/blog/redesigning-mixed-use-environments-for-a-
post-pandemic-world
15. https://lompocrecord.com/news/national/what-eating-in-a-restaurant-may-look-like-during-
the-pandemic/article_f5427721-a3bd-512b-850b-b592525a8887.html
16. https://www.dezeen.com/2020/05/29/mass-design-strategies-restaurants-in-response-to-
17. https://blog.epson.com/small-business/7-considerations-for-restaurants-as-they-reopen-
during-covid-19/#
18. https://www.feast-magazine.co.uk/hospitality/food-drink/the-adapted-covid-19-pub-
restaurant-28863
19. https://www.dezeen.com/2020/06/29/outdoor-dining-coronavirus-interviews-ben-masterton-
smith/
91 | P a g e
20. http://www.designcurial.com/news/rockwell-group-reimagines-dining-for-post-pandemic-
new-york-7949822
21. https://www.newyorker.com/culture/dept-of-design/how-the-coronavirus-will-reshape-
architecture
22 .https://www.architecturaldigest.com/story/restaurant-design-covid-19
23.https://www.stirworld.com/see-features-the-bandra-collective-mumbai-
24. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-07-14/10-design-concepts-for-city-living-
under-covid-19
25. https://www.stirworld.com/see-features-shift-au-creates-research-by-design-market-to-
control-covid-19-contamination2
26. https://bengal.institute/research/safe-marketplace/
27. https://www.ecosourcellc.net/2017/08/07/office-germ
28. https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2020/06/08/869595720/the-office-elevator-in-
covid-times-experts-weigh-in-on-safer-ups-and-downs
29. https://spacewell.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/Kiosk-social-distancing-720p.webm
30. https://bengal.institute/news/confronting-covid19/
31. http://buildabetterburb.org/11-urban-design-tactics-for-suburban-retrofitting/
32. http://buildabetterburb.org/11-urban-design-tactics-for-suburban-retrofitting/
33. https://orca.cf.ac.uk/56912/1/retrofit2050%20visions%20report.pdf
34. https://shelterglobal.org/competition/2015/retrofitting/
35. https://www.yatzer.com/A-former-Cement-Factory-is-now-the-workspace-and-residence-of-
Ricardo-Bofill
36. https://www.archdaily.com/371686/new-acadia-retrofitting-urban-decay-winning-proposal-
garrett-rock?ad_medium=gallery
37. https://www.michaelwatkinsarchitect.com/projects/revitalization-infill-retrofit
38. https://www.michaelwatkinsarchitect.com/midlothian-1
39. https://www.michaelwatkinsarchitect.com/projects/gra
40. https://aoarchitect.us/projects/seun-citywalk/
41. https://www.fairwear.org/covid-19-dossier/work
42. https://www.businessinsider.com/going-back-to-work-office-design-coronavirus-2020-
5#theres-also-the-option-to-implement-soft-architecture-for-workstations-that-could-mean-
placing-panels-or-sneeze-guards-atop-desks-to-allow-for-more-confinement-galullo-said-8
43. https://www.wiego.org/blog/how-are-perus-street-vendors-facing-covid-19
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Economic sector: Industries, Traditional bazaar,
Market, Retail and Shopping malls.
Submitted by:
C.M Arif
2016345016
Session 2016-17.
Contents
N ……………………………………………………………… ……
1. Industries .............................................................................................................................. 4
• Problems in industries for Covid 19 : ....................................................... 4
• Ideas for Industry Design & Maintainance : ............................................. 5
2. Market ..................................................................................................................................13
• Ideas for Market & Retail shopping : .......................................................13
• Ideas for Market & Retail shopping .........................................................16
3. Temporary Market & retail shops ......................................................................................19
• Ideas : ....................................................................................................19
4. Shopping malls ...................................................................................................................23
• Ideas: .....................................................................................................23
• Planning Safe Marketplaces ...................................................................27
• Village market ,Dumuria Khulna .............................................................27
• Sccopes of works for traditional market system: .....................................31
5. Vancouverism .....................................................................................................................32
• Vancouverism:........................................................................................32
• Meta Vancouverism ................................................................................35
6. Ideas can be applied in Bangladesh Context: ...................................................................37
• Vancouverism:........................................................................................37
• Floating cart : .........................................................................................37
• Blue sky thinking: Epidemic Babel design for large industries...............38
• Strip mall ................................................................................................39
• New design for Traditional Bazar ............................................................39
• Roof Garden...........................................................................................40
Introduction:
The three prominent sectors of the economy of Bangladesh that are Agriculture,
Industry and Service Sectors which contributed 18%, 29% and 53% to the GDP of the
country respectively are adversely affected by the pandemic. [Bangladesh Economic
Review 2019]
Economic Sector in Bangladesh
Sales
Service Sector
Industry Sector
Agriculture Sector
Major Impacts on different sectors: Bangladesh will lose roughly 3 billion USD in its
GDP simultaneously work cuts for around 9 million individuals. [Asian Development
Bank 2020]
• 12 15 tres of milk remain unsold causing Tk 570 million in daily

• I ‘
T 1, 150 , T 1,650 • $2 6 B ‗
Garment sector has been • 95% I gredients
worth Tk 5,000 crore is imported annually from abroad; COVID-19 outbreak is expected
• B
decreased to 1638.53 USD million in January from 1691.68 USD million in December of
2019 • T 0 001% 0 003% [Asian Development
Bank 2020]
3|Page
Industries
Problems in industries for Covid 19 :
Macro Scale :
• Lack of separate zoning in the industry
• Lack of specification for housimg location
• Lack of awareness among working people
• Placement of the factories in wrong place
• Non- registered work force
• No leisure space for workers
• Poor waste management
• Cut from the job.
• Automation of factories for the pandemic
• Payment delay to workers
Micro Scale :
• Hand to hand contact

• Menual product packaging
• No separate work space
• Sanitaion problem
• No isolation chember
• No Health care
• Scheduling in general time
• Lack of safety measures facilities
4|Page
Ideas for Industry Design & Maintainance :
Micro Scale :
1. Shifting schedules for workers:

The most common full-time work schedule is a variant of 9:00 AM to 5:00 PM, Monday
through Friday, adding up to 40 hours per week. While most full-time work
schedules are normally the same shift each day, in some cases (like retail), shifts can
vary, but the number of hours will still add up to 35-40 per week and the probability of
spreading virus will be decreased.
2. Separate work space for workers : it is a new requirement ,a new organogram or new
pattern design for the workers of the industries.
3. More digitalisation in industry :using digital technologies and data for increasing income,
building processes that create value and creating a digital business environment. ... Smart
Factory – a factory in which physical processes are monitored and managed by cyber-
physical systems.
The pandemic is a wake-up call for companies to have a plan to deal with disruptions to ensure
business continuity. It is also a watershed moment that will signal the fast-track acceleration
process for digitization throughout society.
5|Page
4. Modify the abundaned spaces as isolation and healthcare:
5. a maze-like network in the factories.

6. Temporary sanitation with proper waste management:
When choosing disinfecting chemicals, employers should use product approved for use against
COVID-19 on the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)-approved list and follow product
instructions. Use disinfectants labeled to be effective against emerging viral pathogens, diluted
household bleach solutions (5 tablespoons per gallon of water), or alcohol solutions with at least
70% alcohol that are appropriate for the surface. Provide workers training on the chemical
, ’ , q , H q
safe use. Workers using cleaners or disinfectants should 7 wear gloves as required by the
product instructions. Follow the asthmasafer cleaning methods recommended by the California
Department of Public Health and ensure proper ventilation.
6|Page
Portable restroom trailers with common sense features and uncommon durability. Over the
years Satellite has pushed the limits of the portable restroom industry. Satellite Suites is a
branch of Satellite that does just that. Ever since we have introduced Satellite Suites we have
been pushing the envelope to deliver the best restroom trailers on the market.
7. Using variables in product packaging
8. Bring more fresh air from outside
•T
• H
reduce the air bone transmission of viruses
7|Page
Macro Scale :
1. Replace the industries from wrong zone .:
hen French novelist Jean-Baptiste “ ç , ’ ê

,” hange management. For over three
decades, academics, managers, and consultants, realizing that transforming organizations is
difficult, have dissec T ’
vision and walk the talk in order to mak T ’
’ T ’
tensions between top-down transformation efforts and participatory approaches to change. And
’ ’
Still, studies show that in most organizations, two out of three transformation initiatives fail. The
more things change, the more they stay the same
8|Page
2. Ensure proper housing area for workers :
SPECIAL SCHEMES
▪ 12. In the developing countries special consideration should be given, as an interim measure
pending development of a skilled labour force and of a building industry, to schemes such as
large-scale aided self-help schemes for short-life housing, which offer one means for
improvement in housing conditions, particularly in rural areas. Simultaneously, steps should be
taken in these countries for the training of unemployed and unskilled workers for the building
industry, thereby increasing the capacity for building permanent dwellings.
▪ 13. All appropriate measures should be taken by governments, employers and employers' and
workers' organisations to assist home ownership by workers and, where desirable, self-help
housing schemes. Such measures might include, for example--
▪ (a) the provision of technical services, such as architectural assistance and, where
necessary, competent supervision of the work;
▪ (b) research into housing and building matters and publication and dissemination of
manuals and simple, illustrated pamphlets containing information on such matters as
housing design, housing standards, and building techniques and materials;
▪ (c) training in simple building techniques of self-help housing;
▪ (d) the sale or hire of equipment, materials or tools at less than cost;
▪ (e) reduced interest rates and similar concessions, such as direct financial subsidies
towards the initial capital outlay, the sale of land at less than developed cost and long
leases of land at nominal rents.
9|Page
▪ 14. All appropriate measures should be taken, where necessary, to give families information
concerning the maintenance and rational use of facilities in the home.
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3. Make leisure & recrational spaces:
“F ”, or flexible, space combines a traditional office with an industrial warehouse.
Because this set up has a separate office space, flex warehouses allow you to
manage operations on site while still having a quiet place to work. When looking into
flex space, evaluate if your business needs more of either traditional or storage space
because each unit will vary in proportion. Industrial space tends to have exposed
utilities and bare decoration
4. Economic Corridor:
Economic corridors are integrated networks of infrastructure within a geographical
area designed to stimulate economic developmtt. They connect different economic
agents in particular geographic area. Corridors may be developed within a country or
between countries. Corridors exist in Asia, Africa and other areas.
Economic corridors often feature integrated infrastructure, such
as highways, railroads and ports, and may link cities or countries. Corridors may be
created to link manufacturing hubs, areas with high supply and demand, and
manufacturers of value-added goods. When implemented, economic corridors are often
one of a package of different measures including infrastructure development, visa
and transport agreements, and standardisationConsideration of social needs, such
as housing, is often considered.
The Asian Development Bank coined the term in 1998.
11 | P a g e
Some development strategies aim to create economic corridors. The process typically
begins with creating transport linkages to connect the main economic nodes of a
region—its cities, industrial zones, and international trade gateways. This can include
the rehabilitation of rural roads, the construction of high-speed railways, and the
expansion of ports. Also critical are policies that encourage business and facilitate the
movement of people and goods. Common goals include streamlining customs
procedures, reducing import tariffs, implementing tax exemptions in special economic
zones, and easing the process of setting up and closing businesses. Over time, these
“ ” “ ” re can foster economic activity.
12 | P a g e
2. Market
Ideas for Market & Retail shopping :

Micro Scale :
1. Open ground shopping (One minute shopping)
H TT G : B ‘1 B ’ help the poor and
helpless people amid the crisis caused by coronavirus pandemic in the port city on Wednesday.
The market was set up at the premises of Jamiatul Falah National Mosque and the poor people were
provided with different vegetables and commodities free of cost.
Earlier, list of 1,000 people from nearby areas was prepared and they started coming to the
market since 10.00am.
They collected necessary items free of cost maintaining social distance and other hygiene within
one minute.
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The 34 Engineer Construction Brigade of the Army took the initiative and collected the
vegetables from marginal farmers of different areas at fair price.
The market will also be set up in other areas of the city and poor people will be provided with
the items free of cost.
Director General (DG) Brigadier General Ahmed Tanvir Mazher Siddiqui of the Construction
Brigade said in traditional way all the relief items are given in a sack.
“B , ‘1 B ’ away the
, ,”
2. One way shopping:
Getting customers to follow all of the new safety guidelines has been challenging for retailers,
but shoppers seem to be disregarding directional policies with particular abandon.
They have waited patiently in line to get in, stared down empty shelves and even donned face
masks. But telling consumers which way to walk through the supermarket might be asking too
much.
"We're in a society where we're used to getting what we want when we want it," said Tom
Wrobleski, a senior opinion writer for the Staten Island Advance who covers daily life in the New
York City borough and recently chronicled his experience shopping for groceries for the
newspaper. "I think there are some people who belie ’
kind of inconveniencing thing coming at the , ’ I ’ "
14 | P a g e
3 Sensor based doors and sign equipments :
4 Portable toilet system:

Satellite Vacuum Trucks builds portable restroom trucks with your needs in mind. Each truck is
tailored to the needs of your operator, reducing service time and driver fatigue. Contact your
Area Manager and start building your truck today...or if need one now, check out
the inventory we have on ground.
15 | P a g e
Ideas for Market & Retail shopping :
Macro Scale :
1 Specification and design vendors places :
2. Floating cart :
The concept of a supermarket-on- ’ : U

of Oklahoma and California, for example, have rolled out services delivering fresh produce to
food deserts and connecting local farmers with their communities respectively. Sinopoli hopes
his will be the tailor-made solution for the coronavirus era, yet experts suggest these types of
businesses will need to pinpoint their niche in the market to compete with the surge in online
food delivery.
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Sinopoli says his 53-foot-long trucks are custom-built for Covid-19, with sanitising and social
distancing front an “I ,” ,
routes and schedules. An app will notify residents when the truck (each staffed with a worker
and a driver) is stopping nearby
3 Digital and online shopping
4 Encouraging mixed use development
17 | P a g e
5 Blue sky thinking: Epidemic Babel design for large industries
Epidemics can have radical and unexpected effects on architecture and design.
A recent skyscraper design competition was won by a prefabricated emergency healthcare tower dubbed
"Epidemic Babel." Credit: Gavin Shen/Weiyuan Xu/Xinhao Yuan
There have been more outlandish ideas, still. Italian designer Umberto Menasci has
envisaged a series of plexiglass boxes that allow beachgoers to relax in isolation. Elsewhere,
this year's eVolo skyscraper design competition was won by a prefabricated emergency
healthcare tower -- a concept dubbed "Epidemic Babel" -- that its Chinese designers claim
could be rapidly erected in a future outbreak.
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3.Temporary Market & retail shops
Ideas :
Short Time Solutions:
• Smaller stores:
with self service screens and Sales Assist apps displaying your endless aisle of products
-Reduced rent space
-Lower cost to store inventory
-Redused staff costs
• "Never out of stock"
stores with all products available in all sizes to try on, but fulfilled from the warehouse direct to
the customer's home in 1, 2 or 3 days (as is commonplace online)
-No "ost sales" due to out of stock
-Reduced inventory stock costs
- Staff serve (sell) more vs stock check
• " ”
provides self service screens, fitting room requests and self-checkout capabilities
-Welcome back reluctant customers
-Comply with post-covid-19 best practices
-Minimum contact with staff
• Shared Retail space :
.Café on ground floor with top selling items on display nearby, and self-service devices (on or
next to tables) to browse the catalogue of items displayed elsewhere
-Reducedent space
-Higher foot by offering more services o sod dwait time
19 | P a g e
•
Stores as personalization:
cenes by running special events to showcase

Sales Associates stylist with access they have to purchase history and omnichannel capabilities
20 | P a g e
OUTDOOR DINING
1. Protected space for dining in the roadbed
2. Physical delineators and markings

Provide space for outdoor dining so that restaurants can comply with physical distancing
guidelines while resuming dine-in operations.
21 | P a g e
1. Clear markings and delineators to indicate vendor and customer zones and pathways
2. Waiting areas and sanitation stations at entrance

Expand market footprints into adjacent streets to relieve crowding and support physical
distancing.
•I ‗ ‘
•W ,
•E ( ) ‗ ‘
Where restaurants, cafes, food stalls, and/or street food vendors are clustered along several
blocks
streets with permanent or active open- •
•
22 | P a g e
Ideas:
1.Digital Marketplaces
2.Curbside Pickup and Returns
3.Onsite Co-Operative Fulfillment

4.Employee Sharing and job sharing :
Job sharing or work sharing is an empolyment arrangement where typically two
people are retained on a part time or reduced-time basis to perform a job normally
fulfilled by one person working full-time. Since all positions are shared, this leads to a net
reduction in per-employee income. The people sharing the job work as a team to
complete the job task and are equally responsible for the job workload. Compensation
is apportioned between the workers. Working hours, pay and holidays are divided
equally. The pay as you go system helps make deductions for national insurance
and are made as a superannuation straightforward percentage
5.Contactless Shopping :
• ANTI-BACTERIAL MATERIAL : on frequent touch points: elevators, hand rails, door
knobs, etc
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• COPPER- BASED PRODUCTS.: toxicity mechanism of Copper ions makes it an ideal
product for curtailing infections which spread through touch surfaces
• NON-POROUS MATERIALS: non-porous, wipeable and cleanable. not effected by
regular fumigation and spraying of disinfectants.
• PVC, UPVC, GLASS, POLY-CARBONATE, HIGH-PRESSURED LAMINATES use of
cloth fabric as furniture upholstery and curtains will decline
• Easy-to-clean and sanitize synthetic materials will be used widely.
6 Hand washing is about providing safe, usable water and Satellite is leading the way with new portable wash
sink products and systems that give you the edge in a competitive market.
In-Unit Free Standing Handwash Station
Easy to transport, these standalone sanitation stations are ideal for special events and high volume applications.
24 | P a g e
Install in any one of Satellite | PolyPortables standard portable toilets for added hygiene without sacrificing
interior space.
Specialty Handwash Stations
Looking for a handwash unit to meet certain requirements? Have a look at our Specialty
Handwash Stations.
Hand Sanitizer Stations
Free standing, moveable sanitizer stations ca ’
Offering luxury amenities — higher-end restaurants, virtual dressing rooms, high-tech product
offerings and other experiences — that entice shoppers to return.
Urban street life in the future will look something like this: More multifamily housing on old retail
sites, more bars and restaurants, more coffee shops, more ground-floor personal care
businesses (hair and nail salons, gyms, yoga studios) — and much more carefully managed
curbside parking, to accommodate the vast increase in delivery trucks.
25 | P a g e
Strip mall
A strip mall is a type of open-air shopping center where the stores are arranged in a row, with
a sidewalk in front. Strip malls are typically developed as a unit and have large parking lots in
front. Many of them face major traffic arterials and tend to be self-contained with few pedestrian
connections to surrounding neighborhoods. Smaller strip malls may be called mini-malls, while
larger ones may be called power centers or big box centers.
In 2013, the New York Times reported that the United States had 65,840 strip malls.
In Australia, however, "strip shops", "shopping strip" or "shopping parade" describes a strip of
independent shops and buildings along a main shopping street of a "suburb", meaning
neighborhood, and thus not set back from the sidewalk (pavement) by a parking lot — in the
U.K. known as a "high street" and in the U.S. a "shopping street".
26 | P a g e
5 .Traditiona Bazar
Planning Safe Marketplaces in the Time of Pandemic In addition to the risk of genital
mutilation, the risk of genital warts is also known to increase. There are no health risks
associated with public health, so it is important to consider some of the risks involved. If you
don't have a car, paving the road will mean that you have to work hard to get to the top of the
road.
Determining the scope of the Theta and Renatandar elections, setting up of one-way elections
for the Theta, setting specific procedures and departures for the Theta, and keeping them in a
proper position. To commemorate the preservation and redemption of the motherland, and to
preserve the emancipation of both the leader and the leader.
Example:
Village market ,Dumuria Khulna

The country's first village super market (VSM) is set to open in Khulna, aiming to benefit both
farmers and agri-businesses by lessening middlemen's influence.
Solidaridard Network Asia, a Netherlands-based organisation, has conceptualised the VSM with
an objective to ensure fair price of agro produces through farmers' direct participation.
The marketplace, located at Dumuria Upazila of Khulna district, is expected to start in
November, officials said.
27 | P a g e
Ideas for traditional market design:
Short term solutions:
• Adequate Spacing
• Sanitary Measures
• Local Low-Cost Materials
• Minimal Human Occupancy
• Adequate Spacing
• Sanitary Measures
• Local Low-Cost Materials
• Minimal Human Occupancy
Above 1,500 producers would be able to display and trade their products every day in the
market, which will be the first of its kind in Bangladesh.
The market is equipped with all necessary facilities within a 86,000 square feet business
compound, they said.
A senior official at Solidaridad told the FE that the VSM will be a marketplace for the rural agri-
business hub to transform the market system aiming to benefit both farmers and the supply
chain actors.
He said the peasantry and the agro businesses need constant access to market. They have
also a necessity to boost value addition to their products.
"Opportunity to source directly from over 1,500 producers, the VSM will guarantee a year-round
,”
official.
The Dumuria VSM will have 30 auction centres spread over 20,000 square feet
28 | P a g e
• Bengal Institute “safe

markets” T '
arrangements in various city neighborhoods. With variations, the arrangements of these
safe markets may be applied to any bazars or outdoor markets.
• In order to procreate a balanced new community, within the wider Becontree estate, Morris
+ Company has designed an affordable housing project, including the refurbishment of
the former Barking Library building as a community center and the creation of a brand-
new multi-use adjacent community building.
• Consisting of one- to three-story mews houses and three- to four-story apartment blocks,
each with its own front door entrance, the new street encourages social interactions.
With interspersed open spaces, ranging from private gardens, balconies, and terraces, to
shared communal spaces, the intervention encourages a sense of communality.
• Residents ranging from single occupants to couples and families
• Aiming to reduce energy consumption and improve the performance of the

buildings, Morris + Company is integrating high-quality designs and passive
principles into the fabric and architecture of the mews. Developed by Be First, the
’ y of long-term renters. Implementing
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large windows, high ceilings, natural ventilation, views to trees and green spaces,
acoustic insulation, and visual shielding for privacy, the structure has been
conceived around contemporary concepts of quality living conditions.
The biggest challenge is the regular procurement of food. Bazars, wet markets and
shopping will remain essential hubs for exchange and interaction. However such
hubs need extra precautions in terms of personal safety for everyone involved there.
Movement, sanitation, and layout are critical in such situations.
• Urban farming Urban farming or urban agriculture is quickly becoming an integral part of
’ ,
disciplines in that.
On a larger scale, by framing the opportunity for design students to make a difference in
their
communities, they will learn the positive impact they can affect in the communities where they
go to work. As a result, these projects will engage this community that plants the seeds for
community engagement and improvement through design, in students who will work across
the state, nationally and internationally. On a micro-scale, the projects will economically
benefit the Brazos Valley by creating another reason to visit the downtown area to shop for
fresh produce and learn more about sustainable and healthy living.
Roof Garden
Large-scaled rooftop farms can and do make a much more visible and widespread impact. In
Brooklyn, New York, for example, the Brooklyn Grange, a one-acre rooftop, hosts one of the
largest and most active open sky rooftop agriculture production sites in the United States
(Figure 7). A project brief here outlines some of the important components and functions of
rooftop agriculture. The crops on the Brooklyn Grange include vegetables, herbs and cut
flowers. Crops grow in raised mounds from 20 to 25 cm high. The soil is a manufactured
growing medium supplied by Rooflite®. Irrigation is provided by drip lines watered daily for
30–40 min depending upon watering needs of plants and weather conditions. There are also
a few chickens raised on the roof. Environmental concerns over growing plants and food
production on rooftops are valid and can only be determined through individual research. The
Brooklyn Grange site has been subject to a few studies and was determined to leach slightly
high levels of pH, runoff that is more turbid than a comparison sedum green roof [1]. This
Figure 7. Brooklyn Grange rooftop crops and drip tube irrigation are shown in the
foreground, with the New York
30 | P a g e
City skyline in the background (photo by B. Dvorak).
means that when it rains enough to generate runoff, the Brooklyn Grange roof may sometimes
carry more effluent compared to the sedum roof. However, the sheer volume of stormwater
retained likely outweighs the effect of occasional effluent. The roof absorbs more than a million
gallons of storm water annually [19]. No urban heat island benefits or social benefits have been
determined yet and would be needed to help gain a comprehensive view of environmental
impacts of rooftop agriculture.
Rooftop agriculture will only maintain a presence well into the future if it is environmentally
and economically sustainable. The Brooklyn Grange rooftop farm also engages the public and
“T B ” [19,20] T
farm welcomes trainees to work on the farm and is open to visitors for self-guided tours. The
roof is open to celebratory dinners for events and organizations. For example, the 2015 Cities
Alive green roof annual conference hosted a guided tour and dinner serving a menu made from
seasonal produce from the roof.
Sccopes of works for traditional market system:
• Modular segmentation.
• Responsible Consumption Systems in Place
• Renewable Energy Generation
• Ensuring Hygiene
• Green Filtration Layers
• Passive Ventilation
• Visual Transparency
31 | P a g e
The solutions for urban environment have its focus on apartment housing which include
measures like sanitization, walking facilities, green and open space for different activities,
multifunctional spaces, advanced technology for less touch activities, passive ventilation, the
scope of urban farming, green measures for water and electricity production, water
filtration plant, home office c
Vancouverism
Vancouverism:
Vancouverism is an urban planning and architectural phenomenon in Vancouver, British
Columbia, Canada. It is characterized by a large residential population living in the city centre
with mixed-use developments, typically with a medium-height, commercial base and narrow,
high-rise residential towers, significant reliance on mass public transit, creation and
maintenance of green park spaces, and preserving view corridors.
Although selected municipal officials and technicians are mentioned in the North American
context, and especially in New York, which provides a symbolic image of the dense and vibrant
city, Li Ka-shing's company will import new references and participate in hybridization of the
new urban planning model that is being defined later. In the collective learning process, it is not
a matter of simple transition but of redefining and building the urban planning model through
hybridization between American and Asian influences.
This urban configuration will be theorized primarily by the expression "Vancouverism" by Trevor
Body (2003, 2004), often abbreviated as a combination of New York and Hong Kong. On the
one hand, 19th-century New York buildings inspired by Brownstone [4] podiums such as Harlem
or Brooklyn, which retain the traditional dimensions of Vancouver Island's foothills, to provide
more vibrant public spaces such as New York streets (usually four or five storeys). Time. And
32 | P a g e
on the other hand, contemporary Hong Kong is used for the image of slender and slender
towers. The addition of the New York Podium and the Hong Kong Tower is consistent with a
combined process of learning by hybridization of references (Body 2013) to redefine the
Vancouver city model. The new 30- to 40-story towers are primarily residential but less
unobtrusive for pedestrians because they are placed on two- to four-story podiums that
accommodate accommodation and / or shops. They follow the sizes of traditional themed city-
center blocks, preserve the vibrant public spaces organized around the streets and thus offer a
variety of activities and uses. With concrete, the two-decade transformation in the Vancouver
suburbs has been manifested by abundant architectural hybrids with high-density housing,
quality public services and a company committed to sustainability.
It's a spirit about public space. I think Vancouverites are very, very proud that we built a city that
really has a tremendous amount of space on the waterfront for people to recreate and to enjoy.
At the same time, False Creek and Coal Harbour were previously industrial lands that were very
polluted and desecrated. We've refreshed all of this with new development, and people have
access to the water and the views. So, to me, it's this idea of having a lot people living very
close together, mixing the uses. So, we have apartments on top of stores. In Surrey we have a
university on top of a shopping centre. This mixing of uses reflects Vancouver in terms of our
culture and how we live together.[8]
33 | P a g e
An important aspect to note is that Vancouverism is an ideal that was developed in Vancouver
but is not present in all regions of the city of Vancouver. Additionally, while outlying regions of
Metro Vancouver, such as Surrey, have adopted aspects of these ideals, they did not originate
outside the city of Vancouver.
34 | P a g e
Vancouver's planning process has come under criticism for its unpredictability, lengthy approval
process, lack of transparency, lack of public engagement, the repetitiveness of the built forms it
produces, and the potential for the process to involve corruption.
Meta Vancouverism
Cities that lack long term structural vision to direct physical growth, tackling issues as
independent rather than complex interrelated ones, become slaves rather than benefiters to
their own chaotic processes. Beautiful cities balance planning and structure with flexibility to
become functional and recognizable urban l E , ’
greatest architects, envisioned large megastructural towers to make the most of the city while
preserving the nature.
35 | P a g e
Vancouverism is hot. Shimmering glass towers, plentiful green space, an efficient use of land,
and expansive views of the natural landscape have pushed Vancouverism into the international
spotlight. Some say that after mayor Tom Campbell was succeeded by TEAM, downsizing
forced the suburbanization of Vancouver to accelerate. Land ran out and prices went up. In
addition to affordability issues, and like many contemporary cities,Vancouver experienced
Y V ’ T
issue is that the available l ’ as it can be. Vancouver city has 7 times
the density of the surrounding metropolitan districts. If the entire metropolitan area were
developed with the same density of Vancouver city 14.5 million people could fit within the
existing urban containment boundary.
What if we strategically combined the benefits of Vancouverism with the open spaces and
suburbs people love, and the efficient multicentric urban model already in place! Green spaces
for pedestrians and dense multifunctional urban corridors could form along the existing transit
E ’ ,
created. A gradated density map emerges, one which eases traffic issues, increases density
and enhances the multicentric urban model. A vertical limit topography creates density where
’ , ,
density zones. As the city grows, municipal restrictions can respond, allowing the city to expand
vertically rather than horizontally. The resulting density will serve to bring supply in line with
demand, cooling the housing market and bringing prices down. Multifunctional towers can
provide for a range of programs, and the base design can be coordinated to reclaim
transportation spaces for public transit, pedestrians and cyclists.
36 | P a g e
Ideas can be applied in Bangladesh Context:
(Post pandemic Implementation)
Vancouverism:
Vancouverism is an urban planning and architectural phenomenon in Vancouver, British

Columbia, Canada. It is characterized by a large residential population living in the city centre
with mixed-use developments, typically with a medium-height, commercial base and narrow,
high-rise residential towers, significant reliance on mass public transit, creation and
maintenance of green park spaces, and preserving view corridors.
37 | P a g e
Floating cart :
“F ” B I’
where the city contains a designed route for this portable carts or portable shopping market.
This cart will serve the daily needs of the consumers. Every zone has a fixed time and point
where the cart will stop. A one way path goes through the vehicle and limited number of
customers can enter at a time.
Blue sky thinking: Epidemic Babel design for large industries
A recent skyscraper design competition was won by a prefabricated emergency tower dubbed "Epidemic
Babel." Credit: Gavin Shen/Weiyuan Xu/Xinhao Yuan
Epidemics can have radical and unexpected effects on architecture and design.
38 | P a g e
There have been more outlandish ideas, still. Italian designer Umberto Menasci has
envisaged a series of plexiglass boxes that allow beachgoers to relax in isolation. Elsewhere,
this year's eVolo skyscraper design competition was won by a prefabricated emergency
healthcare tower -- a concept dubbed "Epidemic Babel" -- that its Chinese designers claim
could be rapidly erected in a future outbreak.
Strip mall
A strip mall is a type of open-air shopping center where the stores are arranged in a row, with
a sidewalk in front. Strip malls are typically developed as a unit and have large parking lots in
front. Many of them face major traffic arterials and tend to be self-contained with few pedestrian
connections to surrounding neighborhoods. Smaller strip malls may be called mini-malls, while
larger ones may be called power centers or big box centers.
New design for Traditional Bazar
39 | P a g e
Planning Safe Marketplaces in the Time of Pandemic In addition to the risk of genital mutilation,
the risk of genital warts is also known to increase. There are no health risks associated with
public health, so it is important to consider some of the risks involved. If you don't have a car,
paving the road will mean that you have to work hard to get to the top of the road.
Determining the scope of the Theta and Renatandar elections, setting up of one-way elections
for the Theta, setting specific procedures and departures for the Theta, and keeping them in a
proper position. To commemorate the preservation and redemption of the motherland, and to
preserve the emancipation of both the leader and the leader.
Roof Garden
Large-scaled rooftop farms can and do make a much more visible and widespread impact. In
Brooklyn, New York, for example, the Brooklyn Grange, a one-acre rooftop, hosts one of the
largest and most active open sky rooftop agriculture production sites in the United States
(Figure 7). A project brief here outlines some of the important components and functions of
rooftop agriculture. The crops on the Brooklyn Grange include vegetables, herbs and cut
flowers. Crops grow in raised mounds from 20 to 25 cm high. The soil is a manufactured
growing medium supplied by Roofline.
40 | P a g e
Provided links:
Link 1
https://www.australiandesignreview.com/architecture/a-crisis-poorly-ceased-upon-says-
dr-crystal-legacy-of-urban-planning-post-covid-
19/?fbclid=IwAR2w_TW_hjh8TITnjv64Nbd0UnEhih9SYlygUShfR4SUdBv5Sth8BnyW2k
E
Link 2
https://kinder.rice.edu/urbanedge/2020/03/26/what-our-cities-will-look-after-coronavirus-
pandemic?fbclid=IwAR2w_TW_hjh8TITnjv64Nbd0UnEhih9SYlygUShfR4SUdBv5Sth8B
nyW2kE
Link 3
https://granitegeek.concordmonitor.com/2020/05/21/maybe-please-please-please-covid-
19-will-change-out-cities-for-the-
better/?fbclid=IwAR3mp8E_G0FVVhl2RsyH08vEbUABbbeX7JEUyLpMnNukz3-
ece2AvTgHqOk
Link 4
https://www.theguardian.com/society/2020/may/24/will-covid-19-show-us-how-to-
design-better-cities
Link 5
https://edition.cnn.com/style/article/cities-design-
coronavirus/index.html?fbclid=IwAR0p2WA9nVGRFzwyxgM_uo6PKBPgEtfXxPKvx4rIc
51Oksn3q1qme0ZUaPw
Link 6
https://www.whitecase.com/publications/insight/accelerating-change-smart-city-smart-
society?fbclid=IwAR1q8anh_ih0T7XTbluSlXBsWzP6fRTp88YQH4LG2AmE_CkJiQ3uN
aEWhtQ
Videos:
1.https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=lwt6bZOIc00&list=PL8NRsAoNKN_o1Q-
2.https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=RtNT8WR75OA&list=PL8NRsAoNKN_o1Q-
3.Arif
1.https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=lwt6bZOIc00&list=PL8NRsAoNKN_o1Q-
41 | P a g e
2.https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=RtNT8WR75OA&list=PL8NRsAoNKN_o1Q-
3.https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=nwKvKivBo0M&list=PL8NRsAoNKN_o1Q-
4.https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=Ppn6PvCfizA&list=PL8NRsAoNKN_o1Q-
5.https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=E5gX2zh8N1o&list=PL8NRsAoNKN_o1Q-
6.https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=WWBi3rZCIAg&list=PL8NRsAoNKN_o1Q-
7.https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=wO5XAMA2v4I&list=PL8NRsAoNKN_o1Q-
External links:
https://www.fairwear.org/covid-19-dossier/worker-engagement-and-monitoring/country-
specific-guidance/bangladesh/
https://www.accenture.com/sa-en/services/consulting/coronavirus-industry-impact
https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/04/covid-19-coronavirus-bangladesh/
https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/paper-forest-products-and-packaging/our-
insights/beyond-covid-19-the-next-normal-for-packaging-design
https://www.kassavello.com/blog/interior-design-industry-change-covid-19/
https://www.institutmontaigne.org/en/blog/designing-post-covid-19-industry
https://www.interiordesign.net/articles/17981-measuring-the-impact-of-covid-19-on-the-
design-industry/
https://www.entrepreneur.com/article/350190
https://www.themanufacturer.com/articles/four-ways-covid-19-will-forever-change-
design-and-manufacturing/
https://architizer.com/blog/inspiration/industry/architecture-and-design-community-
combat-covid-19/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-
19_pandemic_on_the_fashion_industry
https://www.designinsiderlive.com/finding-a-job-in-the-furniture-and-interiors-industry-
post-covid-19/
https://www.fohlio.com/blog/will-hospitality-design-industry-survive-covid-19-pandemic/
42 | P a g e
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vancouverism
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_corridor
https://www.satelliteindustries.com/products/restroom-trailers.php
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/299404381_Urban_Agriculture_Case_Studies
_in_Central_Texas_From_the_Ground_to_the_Rooftop#pf10
shopping
https://www.thedailystar.net/backpage/news/wonderful-one-minute-bazaar-1903315
https://www.bbc.com/worklife/article/20200707-how-covid-19-has-changed-grocery-
shopping
https://www.bbc.com/worklife/article/20200630-how-covid-19-will-change-our-shopping-
habits
https://hbr.org/2020/07/what-safe-shopping-looks-like-during-the-pandemic
https://www.cnet.com/health/9-tips-for-grocery-shopping-during-the-coronavirus-
pandemic/
https://www.financialexpress.com/lifestyle/shopping-in-the-era-of-pandemic-shopping-
mall-vs-high-streets-who-has-the-upper-hand/2016156/
https://www.winsightgrocerybusiness.com/stores/new-food-regulations-could-change-
supply-chain
https://content.sciendo.com/view/journals/mgrsd/22/4/article-p219.xml?language=en
https://www.satelliteindustries.com/products/restroom-trucks.php
43 | P a g e

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Urban Dwellings:

1. Micro level analysis: House / apartments scale.

1.1. Problems faced in houses/ apartments:

• Poor insulation and ventilation system.

3. Use any corner of the house for work or study purpose.

4. Use balcony or veranda as a source of recreational space in the house

5. Adequate Hygiene insurance

2. Incorporate separate study and work zone in the house.

3. Provide private open space within the house. At least 30%

5. Design buildings having passive climatic control.

6. Changes in building materials.

7. Create provision for isolation rooms within the house

8. Adding/ Replacement of lifts, renovation of access halls, residence lobbies.

9. Unused ground floor be used as social space.

10. Retrofitted usage of built spaces to optimize functionality

2. Design buildings with flexible floor plans or adjustable facades.

3. Increase of modular building design.

4. Use modern technology in building design.

1.2.1.1. Rearranging existing programs to accommodate addition of new programs.

Use balcony or veranda as a source of recreational space in the house.

1.2.1.4. Adequate Hygiene insurance

1.2.2. Mid-term solutions:

1.2.2.1. Rethinking the plan layout of a house.

Some major innovative idea can be found while:

• Considering size of open space in the house.1

1.2.2.5. Design buildings having passive climatic control.

1.2.2.6. Changes in building materials.

1.2.2.9. Unused ground floor be used as social space.

2.2.2.10. Retrofitted usage of built spaces to optimize functionality.

Smart home features include:

• Mobile app control of all electrical appliances and switches

Modular buildings provide:

- They provide high quality.

1.2.3.4. Use modern technology in building design.

• Densely populated neighborhood

3.2.1. Short-term solutions:

3.2.1.1. Social Distancing Measures within Neighborhood:

3.2.1.2. Disinfection Facilities within neighborhoods.

- Using disinfected to stop the spread of virus and bacteria

3.2.1.5. Natural Home Environments in micro retrospect.

3.2.2.1. Mixed Usage of Building Facilities

3.2.2.2. Integrated Green and Blue Spaces

The major problems faced in city levels are

- Install potential hubs for hygiene.

3.2. Long-term solutions:

- Focus on Access to Core Services

The spread of COVID-19 ’ q

3.2.2.1. Polycentric city:

“W o smaller systems and into smaller urban systems. This is a way

- Moritz Maria Karl, researcher and lecturer at Berlin Technical University

3.2.3.1. 15 minutes walkable city:

U , ’ —from work to shopping to leisure activities—

• provide services and destinations that support local living

Their main theme was “ , "

A conceptual model for understanding the HA concept.

Each approach is unique, but fundamentally describes the assumptions of a reasonable

4.2.5.1. Singapore affordable housing practice:

Concept: high-rise urban gardens.

The policies include:

- Improved public transit

Problems faced by the poor people in this pandemic situation are:

4.4. Short term solutions:

4.6. Affordable housing project in Barking and Dagenham