EM 1110-2-2104

30 Jun 92

APPENDIX B

DERIVATION OF EQUATIONS FOR FLEXURAL AND AXIAL LOADS

B-1. General

Derivations of the design equations given in paragraphs 4-2 through 4-4 are
presented below. The design equations provide a general procedure that may be
used to design members for combined flexural and axial load.

B-2. Axial Compression and Flexure

a. Balanced Condition

From Figure B-1, the balanced condition, Equations 4-3 and 4-4 can be derived
as follows:

From equilibrium,

Pu
0.85 fc′ b ku d Asfs (B-1)
φ

let

a kud (B-2)
ju d d
2 2

from moment equilibrium,

Pue ′
0.85 fc′ b ku d jud (B-3)
φ

Rewrite Equation B-3 as:

P ue ′  kud 
0.85 fc′ b ku d d 
φ  2 
 ku2  (B-4)
0.85 fc′ bd 2 ku 
 2 

0.425 fc′ 2ku ku2 bd 2

B-1
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From the strain diagram at balanced condition (Figure B-1):

cb εc
d εc εy

 kbd 
 β  εc (B-5)
 1 
d εc εy

fy
since ε y = __
Es

β1Es ε c
kb (B-6, Eq. 4-4)
Es ε c fy

Pbe ′
since eb′ (B-7)
Pb

′
eb is obtained by substituting Equations B-4 and B-1 into Equation B-7 with
ku = kb, fs = fy and Pu = Pb.

0.425fc′ 2kb kb2 bd 2

eb′ (B-8)
0.85fc′ kbbd fyρbd

Therefore
eb′ 2kb kb2
d fy ρ (B-9, Eq. 4-3)
2kb
0.425fc′

B-2
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b. Sections Controlled by Tension (Figure B-1).

φ Pn is obtained from Equation B 1 with fs fy as:

φ Pn φ 0.85 fc′ b kud Asfy (B-10, Eq. 4-5)

φ Pn φ 0.85 fc′ ku ρfy bd

The design moment φMn is expressed as:

φ Mn φ Pne
(B-11)
 h  d
φ Mn φ Pn e ′ 1
d 2d 

Therefore,

 h  bd 2
φ Mn φ 0.85 fc′ ku fyρ e ′ 1 (B-12, Eq. 4-6)
d 2d 

Substituting Equation B-1 with fs = fy into Equation B-4 gives

0.85 fc′ ku bd fyρbd e ′ 0.425fc′ 2ku ku2 bd 2 (B-13)

which reduces to

fy ρ e ′
ku2 2 e′ 1 ku 0 (B-14)
d 0.425fc′ d

Solving by the quadratic equation:

 
e′  ρ fy  e′ e′ (B-15, Eq. 4-7)
2
ku 1  0.425f ′  d 1
d d
 c 

B-3
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c. Sections Controlled by Compression (Figure B-1)

φPn is obtained from Equation B-1

φ Pn φ 0.85 fc′ ku ρfs bd (B-16, Eq. 4-8)

and φMn is obtained by multiplying Equation B-16 by e.

e ′ h  bd 2
φ Mn φ 0.85 fc′ ku ρ fs  1 (B-17)
d 2d 

The steel stress, fs, is expressed as fs = Es ε s.

From Figure B-1.

c εc
d εc εs

or
 k ud 
 β  εc
 1 
d εc εs

Therefore,
Es ε c β 1 ku (B-18, Eq. 4-10)
fs
ku

Substituting Equations B-1 and B-18 into B-4 gives

 
′ Es ε c β1 ku 
0.85 f ku bde ′
c   ρbde ′
 ku  (B-19)

0.425 fc′ 2ku ku2 bd 2

B-4
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which can be arranged as

 ′ 
ku3 2 e
′
1 ku2  Es ε c ρ e  k β1Es ε cρe ′
0 (B-20, Eq. 4-11)
d  0.425f ′ d  u 0.425fc′ d
 c 

B-3. Flexural and Compressive Capacity-Tension and Compression Reinforcement

(Figure B-2)

a. Balanced Condition

Using Figure B-2, the balanced condition, Equation 4-13 can be derived as
follows:
From equilibrium,

Pu
0.85 fc′ kubd fs′ ρ ′ bd fs ρbd (B-21)
φ

In a manner similar to the derivation of Equation B-4, moment equilibrium

results in

Pue ′
0.425 fc′ 2ku ku2 bd 2 fs′ ρ ′ bd(d d ′) (B-22)
φ

As in Equation B-6,
β1Es ε c
kb (B-23)
Es ε c fy

Pbe ′
since eb′ (B-24)
Ps

and using Equations B-21 and B-22:

0.425 fc′ (2kb kb2)bd 2 fs′ ρ ′ bd(d d ′ )

eb′ (B-25)
0.85 fc′ kbbd fs′ ρ ′ bd fs ρbd

B-5
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which can be rewritten as

fs′ ρ ′
2kb kb2 d (d d ′ )
0.425 fc′
eb′
fs ρ ′ fy ρ
2kb
0.425 fc′ 0.425 fc′

or
d′
fs′ ρ ′ 1
2kb k 2 d
b
eb′ 0.425 fc′ (B-26, Eq. 4-13)
d fy ρ fs′ ρ ′
2kb
0.425 fc′ 0.425 fc′

b. Sections Controlled by Tension (Figure B-2)

φPn is obtained as Equation B-21 with fs = fy.

φ Pn φ 0.85 fc′ ku ρ ′ fs′ ρ fy bd (B-27, Eq. 4-14)

Using Equations B-11 and B-27,

 h  bd 2
φ Mn φ 0.85 fc′ ku ρ ′ fs′ ρfy e ′ 1 (B-28, Eq. 4-15)
d 2d 

From Figure B-2

ε s′ εy kud
; fs′ Es ε s′ ; c
c d′ d c β1

B-6
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Therefore,

 εy 
fs′  
 kud   kud 
 β d′  d 
Es  1   β1 

or

ku β1 d ′
f ′ d Es ε y (B-29, Eq. 4-16)
s
β 1 ku

Substituting Equation B-21 with fs = fy into Equation B-22 gives,

0.85 fc′ ku bd fs′ ρ ′ bd fy ρbd e ′

(B-30)
0.425 fc′ 2ku ku2 bd 2 fs′ ρ ′ bd(d d′)

Using Equation B-29, Equation B-30 can be written as:


 e′   
β1 ku2  fy e′ d′ ρe ′ 
ku3 2
 d
1
 0.425f ′  ρ ′ d d
1
d 
 c
(B-31, Eq. 4-17)
 fy β 1  d′ e′ ρe ′ 
2 β1 e ′ 1 ku ′
ρ ′ d′ 1
d  0.425fc  d d d d 

c. Sections Controlled by Compression (Figures B-2)

φPn is obtained from equilibrium

φ Pn φ 0.85 fc′ ku ρ ′ fs′ ρfs bd (B-32, Eq. 4-18)

B-7
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Using Equations B-11 and B-32,

e ′ h bd 2
φ Mn φ 0.85 fc′ ku ρ ′ fs′ ρ fs  1 (B-33, Eq. 4-19)
d 2d 

From Figure B-2

εs εc kud
; fs Es ε s ; c
d c c β1

which can be written as

Es ε c β 1 ku (B-34, Eq. 4-20)

fs
ku

Also,
ε s′ εc
c d′ c

which can be rewritten as

 
Es ε c ku β1 d ′  (B-35, Eq. 4-21)
f s
′  d 
ku

From Equations B-21 and B-22

0.85fc′ kubd fs′ ρ ′ bd fsρbd e ′

(B-36)
0.425 fc ′ 2ku ku2 bd 2 fs′ ρ ′ bd(d d′)

B-8
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Substituting Equations B-34 and B-35 with kb = ku into Equation B-36 gives
Es ε c  d ′ k
ku3 2 e′ 1 ku2 ′
 (ρ ρ′) e′ ρ′ 1
d 0.425fc  d d  u
(B-37, Eq. 4-22)
β1Es ε c  
ρ′ d′ e′ d′ 1 ρ e′  0
0.425fc′  d d d d 

B-4. Flexural and Tensile Capacity

a. Pure Tension (Figure B-3)
From equilibrium (double reinforcement)
φ Pn φ As As′ fy (B-38)

For design, the axial load strength of tension members is limited to

80 percent of the design axial load strength at zero eccentricity.

Therefore,
φ Pn(max) 0.8φ (ρ ρ ′ ) fy bd (B-39, Eq. 4-23)

b. For the case where 1 - h ≥ e ′ ≥ 0, the applied tensile resultant

2d d
P
u lies between the two layers of steel.
φ

From equilibrium
φ Pn φ Asfy As′ fs′

or
φ Pn φ ρ fy ρ ′ fs′ bd (B-40, Eq. 4-24)

and
 h e ′ d
φ Mn φ Pn  1
 2d d 

B-9
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or

 h e ′  bd 2
φ Mn φ ρ fy ρ ′ fs′ 1 (B-41, Eq. 4-25)
 2d d 

From Figure B-3,

ε s′ εy
a d′ a d

which can be rewritten as

ku d′
f ′
fy d (B-42, Eq. 4-26)
s
ku 1

From Figure B-3 equilibrium requires:

Asfse ′ As′ fs′ (d d′ e ′) (B-43)

Substituting Equation B-42 and fs = fy into Equation B-43 results in

ρ′ d′ 1 d′ e′ ρ e′
ku d d d d (B-44, Eq. 4-27)
ρ e ′ ρ′ 1 d′ e′
d d d

c. The case where (e ′/d) < 0 is similar to the combined flexural and
compression case. Therefore, ku is derived in a manner similar to the
derivation of Equation B-15 and is given as

 
e′ e′  ρ fy  e′ (B-45, Eq. 4-28)
2
ku 1 1  0.425f ′  d
d d
 c 

B-10
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Figure B-1. Axial compression and flexure, single reinforcement

B-11
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Figure B-2. Axial compression and flexure, double reinforcement

B-12
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Figure B-3. Axial tension and flexure, double reinforcement

B-13