Articulation (sociology) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Page 1 of 2

Articulation (sociology)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

In sociology, articulation labels the process by which particular classes appropriate cultural forms and
practices for their own use. The term appears to have originated from the work of Antonio Gramsci,
specifically from his conception of superstructure. Chantal Mouffe, Stuart Hall, and others have adopted
or used it[1].

In this theory, cultural forms and practices (Antonio Gramsci's superstructure and Richard Middleton's
instance or level of practice) have relative autonomy; socio-economic structures of power do not
determine them, but rather they relate to them. "The theory of articulation recognizes the complexity of
cultural fields. It preserves a relative autonomy for cultural and ideological elements (...) but also insists
that those combinatory patterns that are actually constructed do mediate deep, objective patterns in the
socio-economic formation, and that the mediation takes place in struggle: the classes fight to articulate
together constituents of the cultural repe[r]toire in particular ways so that they are organized in terms of
principles or sets of values determined by the position and interests of the class in the prevailing mode of
production." [2]

This is because "the relationship between actual culture...on the one hand, and economically determined
factors such as class position, on the other, is always problematical, incomplete, and the object of
ideological work and struggle....Cultural relationships and cultural change are thus not predetermined;
rather they are the product of negotiation, imposition, resistance, transformation, and so on....Thus
particular cultural forms and practices cannot be attached mechanically or even paradigmatically to
particular classes; nor, even, can particular interpretations, valuations, and uses of a single form or
practice. In Stuart Hall's words (1981: 238), 'there are no wholly separate "cultures"...attached, in a
relation of historical fixity, to specific "whole" classes'. However, "while elements of culture are not
directly, eternally, or exclusively tied to specific economically determined factors such as class position,
they are determined in the final instance by such factors, through the operation of articulating principles
which are tied to class position". (ibid, p. 8)

Articulating principles "operate by combining existing elements into new patterns or by attaching new
connotations to them". Examples of these processes in musical culture include the re-use of elements of
bourgeois marches in labor anthems or the assimilation of liberated (in the Marcusian sense)
countercultural 1960s rock into a tradition of bourgeois bohemianism and the combination of elements
of black and white working-class music with elements of art music that created countercultural 1960s
rock. (ibid, p. 8-9)

Some scholars may prefer the theory of articulation, where "class does not coincide with the sign
community",[3] to the theory of homology, where class does coincide with the sign community and
where economic forces determine the superstructure. However, "it seems likely that some signifying
structures are more easily articulated to the interests of one group than are some others" and cross-
connotation, "when two or more different elements are made to connote, symbolize, or evoke each
other", can set up "particularly strong articulative relationships". For example: Elvis Presley's linking of
elements of "youth rebellion, working-class 'earthiness', and ethnic 'roots', each of which can evoke the
others, all of which were articulated together, however briefly, by a moment of popular self-assertion".
[4]

References

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Articulation_(sociology) 14/02/2012
Articulation (sociology) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Page 2 of 2

1. ^ Middleton, Richard [1990] (2002). Studying Popular Music. Philadelphia: Open University Press. ISBN 0-
335-15275-9. p.8
2. ^ ibid. p.9
3. ^ Volosinov, V. I. (1973) Marxism and the Philosophy of Language. New York: Seminar Press. p.23
4. ^ ibid. p.9-10

Further reading
„ Hall, S. (1978) "Popular culture, politics, and history", in Popular Culture Bulletin, 3, Open
University duplicated paper.

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