Differential

CHAPTER 15 Equations
15.1 Concepts Review 7. Roots are 2 ± 3. General solution is
y = e 2 x (C1e 3x
+ C2 e – 3x
).
1. r 2 + a1r + a2 = 0; complex conjugate roots

8. Roots are –3 ± 11. General solution is

2. C1e – x + C2 e x
(
y = e –3 x C1e 11x + C2 e – 11x . )
3. (C1 + C2 x)e x

9. Auxiliary equation: r 2 + 4 = 0 has roots ±2i.

4. C1 cos x + C2 sin x General solution: y = C1 cos 2 x + C2 sin 2 x
π
If x = 0 and y = 2, then 2 = C1; if x = and
Problem Set 15.1 4
y = 3, then 3 = C2 .
1. Roots are 2 and 3. General solution is Therefore, y = 2 cos 2 x + 3sin 2 x .
y = C1e2 x + C2 e3 x .
10. Roots are ±3i. General solution is
2. Roots are –6 and 1. General solution is y = (C1 cos 3 x + C2 sin 3 x). Particular solution is
y = C1e –6 x + C2 e x . y = − sin 3 x − 3cos 3x .

3. Auxiliary equation: r 2 + 6r – 7 = 0, 11. Roots are –1 ± i. General solution is

(r + 7)(r – 1) = 0 has roots –7, 1. y = e – x (C1 cos x + C2 sin x).
General solution: y = C1e –7 x + C2 e x
12. Auxiliary equation: r 2 + r + 1 = 0 has roots
y ′ = –7C1e –7 x + C2 e x
–1 3
If x = 0, y = 0, y ′ = 4, then 0 = C1 + C2 and ± i.
2 2
1 1
4 = –7C1 + C2 , so C1 = – and C2 = . General solution:
2 2 ⎛ 3⎞ ⎛ 3⎞
y = C1e(
–1/ 2 ) x
⎟⎟ x + C2 e
(–1/ 2) x
e x – e –7 x cos ⎜⎜ sin ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ x
Therefore, y = . ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
2

4. Roots are –2 and 5. General solution is ⎡ ⎛ 3⎞ ⎛ 3⎞ ⎤

y = e – x / 2 ⎢C1 cos ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ x + C2 sin ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ x ⎥
y = C1e –2 x
+ C2 e . Particular solution is
5x
⎢⎣ ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎥⎦
⎛ 12 ⎞ ⎛5⎞
y = ⎜ ⎟ e5 x – ⎜ ⎟ e –2 x . 13. Roots are 0, 0, –4, 1.
⎝ ⎠7 ⎝7⎠
General solution is
5. Repeated root 2. General solution is y = C1 + C2 x + C3e –4 x + C4 e x .
y = (C1 + C2 x)e 2 x .
14. Roots are –1, 1, ±i. General solution is
6. Auxiliary equation: y = C1e – x + C2 e x + C3 cos x + C4 sin x.
r 2 + 10r + 25 = 0, (r + 5)2 = 0 has one repeated
root −5 . 15. Auxiliary equation: r 4 + 3r 2 – 4 = 0,
General solution: y = C1e –5 x + C2 xe –5 x or (r + 1)(r – 1)(r 2 + 4) = 0 has roots –1, 1, ±2i.
y = (C1 + C2 x)e –5 x General solution:
y = C1e – x + C2 e x + C3 cos 2 x + C4 sin 2 x

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 16. Roots are –2, 3, ±i. General solution is y = C1e –2 x + C2 e3 x + C3 cos x + C4 sin x.

17. Roots are –2, 2. General solution is y = C1e –2 x + C2 e2 x .

y = C1 (cosh 2 x – sinh 2 x) + C2 (sinh 2 x + cosh 2 x) = (– C1 + C2 ) sinh 2 x + (C1 + C2 ) cosh 2 x
= D1 sinh 2 x + D2 cosh 2 x

18. eu = cosh u + sinh u and e – u = cosh u – sinh u.

Auxiliary equation: r 2 – 2br – c 2 = 0
2b ± 4b 2 + 4c 2
Roots of auxiliary equation: = b ± b2 + c2
2
b2 + c2 ) x b2 + c 2 ) x
General solution: y = C1e(b + + C2 e(b –
⎡ ⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞⎤
= ebx ⎢C1 ⎜ cosh ⎛⎜ b 2 + c 2 x ⎞⎟ + sinh ⎛⎜ b 2 + c 2 x ⎞⎟ ⎟ + C2 ⎜ cosh ⎛⎜ b 2 + c 2 x ⎞⎟ – sinh ⎛⎜ b 2 + c 2 x ⎞⎟ ⎟ ⎥
⎣ ⎝ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠⎠ ⎝ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎠⎦
⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
= ebx ⎢( C1 + C2 ) cosh ⎛⎜ b 2 + c 2 x ⎞⎟ + (C1 + C2 ) sin ⎛⎜ b 2 + c 2 x ⎞⎟ ⎥ = ebx ⎢ D1 cosh ⎛⎜ b 2 + c 2 x ⎞⎟ + D2 sinh ⎛⎜ b 2 + c 2 x ⎞⎟ ⎥
⎣ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠⎦ ⎣ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠⎦

⎛ 1⎞ ⎛ 3⎞
19. Repeated roots ⎜ – ⎟ ± ⎜⎜ ⎟ i.
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎟⎠
⎡ ⎛ 3⎞ ⎛ 3⎞ ⎤
General solution is y = e – x / 2 ⎢ (C1 + C2 x) cos ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ x + (C3 + C4 x) sin ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ x ⎥ .
⎣⎢ ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎥⎦

20. Roots 1 ± i. General solution is 22. As done in Problem 21,

y = e (C1 cos x + C2 sin x)
x ⎡ ⎛ dy ⎞ ⎛ d 2 y ⎞⎤ ⎛ dy ⎞
⎢ – a ⎜ ⎟ + a ⎜ 2 ⎟ ⎥ + b ⎜ ⎟ + cy = 0.
= e x (c sin γ cos x + c cos γ sin x) = ce x sin( x + γ ). ⎢⎣ ⎝ dz ⎠ ⎜ ⎟ ⎝ dz ⎠
⎝ dx ⎠ ⎥⎦
⎛ d2y ⎞ ⎛ dy ⎞
21. (*) x 2 y ′′ + 5 xy ′ + 4 y = 0 Therefore, a ⎜ ⎟ + (b – a ) ⎜ ⎟ + cy = 0.
⎜ dz 2 ⎟ ⎝ dz ⎠
⎝ ⎠
Let x = e z . Then z = ln x;
y′ =
dy dy dz dy 1
= = ; 23. We need to show that y ''+ a1 y '+ a2 y = 0 if r1 and
dx dz dx dz x r2 are distinct real roots of the auxiliary equation.
dy ′ d ⎛ dy 1 ⎞ dy –1 1 d 2 y dz We have,
y ′′ = = ⎜ ⎟= +
dx dx ⎝ dz x ⎠ dz x 2 x dz 2 dx y ' = C1r1er1 x + C2 r2 er2 x
.
dy –1 1 d 2 y 1 y '' = C1r12 er1 x + C2 r2 2 e r2 x
= +
dz x 2 x dz 2 x When put into the differential equation, we
⎛ dy d 2 y ⎞ ⎛ dy ⎞ obtain
⎜ – + 2 ⎟ + ⎜5 ⎟ + 4y = 0 y ''+ a1 y '+ a2 y = C1r12 er1x + C2 r2 2 e r2 x
⎜ dz dz ⎟ ⎝ dz ⎠
⎝ ⎠
(Substituting y ′ and y ′′ into (*)) ( ) ( )
+ a1 C1r1er1 x + C2 r2 er2 x + a2 C1er1 x + C2 er2 x (*)

d2y dy The solutions to the auxiliary equation are given

+4 + 4y = 0 by

( )
dz 2 dz
1
Auxiliary equation: r 2 + 4r + 4 = 0, (r + 2) 2 = 0 r1 = −a1 − a12 − 4a2 and
2
has roots –2, –2.
General solution: y = (C1 + C2 z )e –2 z ,
1
(
r2 = −a1 + a12 − 4a2 .
2 )
y = (C1 + C2 ln x)e –2 ln x Putting these values into (*) and simplifying
yields the desired result: y ''+ a1 y '+ a2 y = 0 .
y = (C1 + C2 ln x) x –2

892 Section 15.1 Instructor’s Resource Manual

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portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.
 24. We need to show that y ''+ a1 y '+ a2 y = 0 if α ± β i are complex conjugate roots of the auxiliary equation. We
have,
y ' = eα x ( (α C1 + β C2 ) cos ( β x ) + (α C2 − β C1 ) sin ( β x ) )

(( ) ( ) )
.
y '' = eα x α 2C1 − β 2C1 + 2αβ C2 cos ( β x ) + α 2C2 − β 2C2 − 2αβ C1 sin ( β x )
When put into the differential equation, we obtain
(( ) (
y ''+ a1 y '+ a2 y = eα x α 2C1 − β 2C1 + 2αβ C2 cos ( β x ) + α 2C2 − β 2C2 − 2αβ C1 sin ( β x ) ) )
( )
+ a1eα x ( (α C1 + β C2 ) cos ( β x ) + (α C2 − β C1 ) sin ( β x ) ) + a2 C1eα x cos ( β x ) + C2 eα x sin ( β x ) (*)
From the solutions to the auxiliary equation, we find that
−a 1
α = 1 and β = − i a12 − 4a2 .
2 2
Putting these values into (*) and simplifying yields the desired result: y ''+ a1 y '+ a2 y = 0 .

(bi )2 (bi )3 (bi ) 4 (bi )5 ⎛ b 2 b 4 b6 ⎞ ⎛ b 3 b5 b 7 ⎞

25. a. ebi = 1 + (bi ) + + + + +… = ⎜ 1 – + – + ⎟ …+ i ⎜ b – + – +…⎟
2! 3! 4! 5! ⎜ 2! 4! 6! ⎠⎟ ⎜ 3! 5! 7! ⎟
⎝ ⎝ ⎠
= cos (b) + i sin (b)

b. e a +bi = ea ebi = e a [cos(b) + i sin(b)]

c. Dx ⎡e(α + β i ) x ⎤ = Dx [eα x (cos β x + i sin β x)] = α eα x (cos β x + i sin β x) + eα x (– i β sin β x + i β cos β x )

⎣ ⎦
= eα x [(α + β i ) cos β x + (α i – β ) sin β x]
(α + β )e(α + β i ) x = (α + β i )[eα x (cos β x + i sin β x)] = eα x [(α + β i ) cos β x + (α i – β ) sin β x]
Therefore, Dx [e(α + β i ) x ] = (α + i β )e(α + β i ) x

26. c1e(α + β i ) x + c2 e(α + β i ) x [c1 and c2 are complex constants.]

= c1eα x [cos β x + i sin β x] + c2 eα x [cos(– β x) + i sin(– β x)] = eα x [(c1 + c2 ) cos β x + (c1 – c2 )i sin β x]
= eα x [C1 cos β x + C2 sin β x], where C1 = c1 + c2 , and C2 = c1 – c2 .
Note: If c1 and c2 are complex conjugates, then C1 and C2 are real.

27. y = 0.5e5.16228 x + 0.5e –1.162278 x

28. y = 3.5 xe –2.5 x + 2e –2.5 x

29. y = 1.29099e –0.25 x sin(0.968246 x)

30. y = e0.333333 x [2.5cos(0.471405 x) – 4.94975sin(0.471405 x)]

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 15.2 Concepts Review
1. particular solution to the nonhomogeneous equation; homogeneous equation

2. –6 + C1e –2 x + C2 e3 x

3. y = Ax 2 + Bx + C

1x
4. y = Bxe 3

Problem Set 15.2

1. yh = C1e –3 x + C2 e3 x
⎛ 1⎞
yp = ⎜ – ⎟ x + 0
⎝ 9⎠
⎛ 1⎞
y = ⎜ – ⎟ x + C1e –3 x + C2 e3 x
⎝ 9⎠

2. yh = C1e –3 x + C2 e 2 x
⎛ 1⎞ ⎛ 1⎞ ⎛ 7 ⎞
y p = ⎜ – ⎟ x2 + ⎜ – ⎟ x + ⎜ – ⎟
⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎝ 9 ⎠ ⎝ 54 ⎠
⎛ 1⎞ ⎛1⎞ ⎛ 7 ⎞
y = ⎜ – ⎟ x 2 – ⎜ ⎟ x – ⎜ ⎟ + C1e –3 x + C2 e2 x
⎝ 3⎠ ⎝9⎠ ⎝ 54 ⎠

3. Auxiliary equation: r 2 – 2r + 1 = 0 has roots 1, 1.

yh = (C1 + C2 x)e x
Let y p = Ax 2 + Bx + C ; y ′p = 2 Ax + B;
y ′′p = 2 A .

Then (2 A) – 2(2 Ax + B ) + ( Ax 2 + Bx + C ) = x 2 + x.
Ax 2 + (–4 A + B ) x + (2 A – 2 B + C ) = x 2 + x
Thus, A = 1, –4A + B = 1, 2A – 2B + C = 0, so
A = 1, B = 5, C = 8.
General solution: y = x 2 + 5 x + 8 + (C1 + C2 x)e x

4. yh = C1e – x + C2 ⋅ y p = 2 x 2 + (–4) x
y = 2 x 2 – 4 x + C1e – x + C2

⎛1⎞
5. yh = C1e2 x + C2 e3 x ⋅ y p = ⎜ ⎟ e x ⋅ y
⎝2⎠
⎛ ⎞
1
= ⎜ ⎟ e x + C1e 2 x + C2 e3 x
⎝2⎠

894 Section 15.2 Instructor’s Resource Manual

© 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No
portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.
 6. Auxiliary equation: r 2 + 6r + 9 = 0, (r + 3)2 = 0 has roots –3, –3.
yh = (C1 + C2 x )e –3 x
Let y p = Be – x ; y ′p = – Be – x ; y ′′p = Be – x .
1
Then ( Be – x ) + 6(– Be – x ) + 9( Be – x ) = 2e – x ; 4 Be – x = 2e – x ; B =
2
⎛1⎞
General solution: y = ⎜ ⎟ e – x + (C1 + C2 x)e –3 x
⎝2⎠

7. yh = C1e –3 x + C2 e – x
⎛ 1⎞
y p = ⎜ – ⎟ xe –3 x
⎝ 2⎠
⎛ 1 ⎞ –3 x
y = ⎜ – ⎟ xe + C1e –3 x + C2 e – x
⎝ 2⎠

8. yh = e – x (C1 cos x + C2 sin x)

⎛3⎞
y p = ⎜ ⎟ e –2 x
⎝2⎠
⎛3⎞
y = ⎜ ⎟ e –2 x + e – x (C1 cos x + C2 sin x)
⎝2⎠

9. Auxiliary equation: r 2 – r – 2 = 0,
(r + 1)(r – 2) = 0 has roots –1, 2.
yh = C1e – x + C2 e2 x
Let y p = B cos x + C sin x; y ′p = – B sin x + C cos x; y ′′p = – B cos x – C sin x.
Then (− B cos x − C sin x) − (− B sin x + C cos x)
−2( B cos x + C sin x) = 2sin x.
1 –3
(−3B − C ) cos x + ( B − 3C ) sin x = 2sin x , so − 3B − C = 0 so –3B – C = 0 and B − 3C = 2 ; B = ; C = .
5 5
⎛1⎞ ⎛3⎞
General solution: ⎜ ⎟ cos x – ⎜ ⎟ sin x + C1e2 x + C2 e – x
⎝ ⎠
5 ⎝5⎠

10. yh = C1e –4 x + C2
⎛ 1⎞ ⎛ 4⎞
y p = ⎜ – ⎟ cos x + ⎜ ⎟ sin x
⎝ 17 ⎠ ⎝ 17 ⎠
⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎛ 4⎞
y = ⎜ – ⎟ cos x + ⎜ ⎟ sin x + C1e –4 x + C2
⎝ 17 ⎠ ⎝ 17 ⎠

11. yh = C1 cos 2 x + C2 sin 2 x

⎛1⎞
y p = (0) x cos 2 x + ⎜ ⎟ x sin 2 x
⎝2⎠
⎛1⎞
y = ⎜ ⎟ x sin 2 x + C1 cos 2 x + C2 sin 2 x
⎝2⎠

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portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.
 12. Auxiliary equation: r 2 + 9 = 0 has roots ±3i, so yh = C1 cos 3x + C2 sin 3 x.
Let y p = Bx cos 3 x + Cx sin 3 x; y ′p = (–3bx + C ) sin 3 x + ( B + 3Cx) cos 3x ;
y ′′p = (–9 Bx + 6C ) cos 3 x + (–9Cx – 6 B ) sin 3x .
Then substituting into the original equation and simplifying, obtain 6C cos 3 x - 6 B sin 3x = sin 3x , so C = 0 and
1
B=– .
6
⎛ 1⎞
General solution: y = ⎜ – ⎟ x cos 3x + C1 cos 3x + C2 sin 3x
⎝ 6⎠

13. yh = C1 cos 3 x + C2 sin 3x

⎛1⎞ ⎛1⎞
y p = (0) cos x + ⎜ ⎟ sin x + ⎜ ⎟ e2 x
⎝ ⎠
8 ⎝ 13 ⎠
⎛1⎞ ⎛1⎞
y = ⎜ ⎟ sin x + ⎜ ⎟ e2 x + C1 cos 3x + C2 sin 3 x
⎝8⎠ ⎝ 13 ⎠

14. yh = C1e – x + C2
⎛1⎞ ⎛3⎞
y p = ⎜ ⎟ e x + ⎜ ⎟ x 2 + (–3) x
⎝2⎠ ⎝2⎠
⎛1⎞ ⎛3⎞
y = ⎜ ⎟ e x + ⎜ ⎟ x 2 – 3 x + C1e – x + C2
⎝2⎠ ⎝2⎠

15. Auxiliary equation: r 2 – 5r + 6 = 0 has roots 2 and 3, so yh = C1e2 x + C2 e3 x .

Let y p = Be x ; y ′p = Be x ; y ′′p = Be x .
Then ( Be x ) – 5( Be x ) + 6( Be x ) = 2e x ; 2 Be x = 2e x ; B = 1 .
General solution: y = e x + C1e2 x + C2 e3 x
y ′ = e x + 2C1e2 x + 3C2 e3 x
If x = 0, y = 1, y ′ = 0, then 1 = 1 + C1 + C2 and 0 = 1 + 2C1 + 3C2 ; C1 = 1, C2 = –1.
Therefore, y = e x + e2 x – e3 x .

16. yh = C1e –2 x + C2 e2 x
⎛ 4⎞
y p = (0) cos x + ⎜ – ⎟ sin x
⎝ 5⎠
⎛ 4⎞
y = ⎜ – ⎟ sin x + C1e –2 x + C2 e2 x
⎝ 5⎠
⎛ 4⎞ ⎛9⎞ ⎛ 11 ⎞
y = ⎜ – ⎟ sin x + ⎜ ⎟ e –2 x + ⎜ ⎟ e2 x satisfies the conditions.
⎝ 5⎠ ⎝5⎠ ⎝5⎠

17. yh = C1e x + C2 e2 x
⎛1⎞
y p = ⎜ ⎟ (10 x + 19)
⎝4⎠
⎛1⎞
y = ⎜ ⎟ (10 x + 19) + C1e x + C2 e2 x
⎝4⎠

896 Section 15.2 Instructor’s Resource Manual

© 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No
portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.
 18. Auxiliary equation: r 2 – 4 = 0 has roots 2, –2, so yh = C1e2 x + C2 e –2 x .
Let y p = v1e2 x + v2 e –2 x , subject to v1′e2 x + v2′ e –2 x = 0, and v1′ (2e2 x ) + v2′ (–2e –2 x ) = e2 x .
1 x e4 x
Then v1′ (4e2 x ) = e2 x and v2′ (–4e –2 x ) = e2 x ; v1′ = and v2′ = – e4 x / 4 ; v1 = and v2 = – .
4 4 16
xe2 x e2 x
General solution: y = – + C1e2 x + C2 e –2 x
4 16

19. yh = C1 cos x + C2 sin x

y p = – cos ln sin x – cos x – x sin x
y = – cos x ln sin x – x sin x + C3 cos x + C2 sin x (combined cos x terms)

20. yh = C1 cos x + C2 sin x

y p = – sin x ln csc x + cot x
y = – sin x ln csc x + cot x + C1 cos x + C2 sin x

21. Auxiliary equation: r 2 – 3r + 2 = 0 has roots 1, 2, so yh = C1e x + C2 e2 x .

Let y p = v1e x + v2 e2 x subject to v1′e x + v2′ e2 x = 0, and v1′ (e x ) + v2′ (2e2 x ) = e x (ex + 1) –1.
–ex –e x –1
Then v1′ = so v1 = ∫ dx = ∫ du
e (e + 1)
x x
e (e + 1)
x x u (u + 1)
⎛ –1 1 ⎞ ⎛ u +1⎞ ex +1
= ∫⎜ + ⎟ du = – ln u + ln(u + 1) = ln ⎜ ⎟ = ln x = ln(1 + e )
–x
⎝ u u + 1 ⎠ ⎝ u ⎠ e
ex
v2′ = so v2 = – e – x + ln(1 + e – x )
e (e + 1)
2x x

(similar to finding v1 )
General solution: y = e x ln(1 + e – x ) – e x + e2 x ln(1 + e – x ) + C1e x + C2 e2 x
y = (e x + e2 x ) ln(1 + e – x ) + D1e x + D2 e2 x

22. yh = C1e2 x + C2 e3 x ; y p = e x
y = e x + C1e2 x + C2 e3 x

23. L( y p ) = (v1u1 + v2u2 )′′ + b(v1u1 + v2u2 )′ + c(v1u1 + v2 u2 )

= (v1′u1 + v1u1′ + v2′ u2 + v2u2′ ) + b(v1′u1 + v1u1′ + v2′ u2 + v2 u2′ ) + c(v1u1 + v2 u2 )
= (v1′′u1 + v1′u1′ + v1′u1′ + v1u1′′ + v2′′u2 + v2′ u2′ + v2′ u2′ + v2u2′′ ) + b(v1′u1 + v1u1′ + v2′ u2 + v2u2′ ) + c(v1u1 + v2 u2 )
= v1 (u1′′ + bu1′ + cu1 ) + v2 (u2′′ + bu2′ + cu2 ) + b(v1′u1 + v2′ u2 ) + (v1′′u1 + v1′u1′ + v2′′u2 + v2′ u2 ) + (v1′u1′ + v2′ u2′ )
= v1 (u1′′ + bu1′ + cu1 ) + v2 (u2′′ + bu2′ + cu2 ) + b(v1′u1 + v2′ u2 ) + (v1′u1 + v2′ u2 )′ + (v1′u1′ + v2′ u2′ )
= v1 (0) + v2 (0) + b(0) + (0) + k ( x) = k ( x)

Instructor’s Resource Manual Section 15.2 897

© 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No
portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.
 24. Auxiliary equation: r 2 + 4 = 0 has roots ±2i.
yh = C1 cos 2 x + C2 sin 2 x
Now write sin 3 x in a form involving sin βx’s or
cos βx’s.
3 1
sin 3 x = sin x – sin 3x
4 4

(C.R.C. Standard Mathematical Tables, or derive it using half-angle and product identities.)
Let y p = A sin x + B cos x + C sin 3 x + D cos 3 x ;
y ′p = A cos x – B sin x + 3C cos 3x – 3D sin 3 x ;
y ′′p = – A sin x – B cos x – 9C sin 3 x – 9 D cos 3 x .
Then
3 1
y ′′p + 4 y p = 3 A sin x + 3B cos x – 5C sin 3 x – 5 D cos 3 x = sin x – sin 3x, so
4 4
1 1
A = , B = 0, C = , D = 0.
4 20
1 1
General solution: y = sin x + sin 3 x + C1 cos 2 x + C2 sin 2 x
4 20

15.3 Concepts Review

1. 3; π

2. π ; decreases

3. 0
4. electric circuit

Problem Set 15.3

1. k = 250, m = 10, B 2 = k / m = 250 /10 = 25, B = 5

(the problem gives the mass as m = 10 kg )
Thus, y '' = −25 y. The general solution is y = C1 cos 5t + C2 sin 5t. Apply the initial condition to get y = 0.1cos 5t.
2π
The period is seconds.
5

1
2. k = 100 lb/ft, w = 1 lb, g = 32 ft/s2, y0 = ft,
12
⎛1⎞
B = 40 2 . Then y = ⎜ ⎟ cos(40 2)t.
⎝ 12 ⎠
1
Amplitude is ft = 1 in.
12
2π
Period is ≈ 0.1111 s.
40 2

π π π
3. y = 0.1cos 5t = 0 whenever 5t = + π k or t = + k.
2 10 5
⎛π π ⎞ ⎛π π ⎞ ⎛π ⎞
y ' ⎜ + k ⎟ = 0.5 sin 5 ⎜ + k ⎟ = 0.5 sin ⎜ + π k ⎟ = 0.5 meters per second
⎝ 10 5 ⎠ ⎝ 10 5 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠

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 ⎛1⎞
4. 10 = k ⎜ ⎟ , so k = 30 lb/ft, w = 20 lb,
⎝3⎠
g = 32 ft/s2, y0 = –1 ft, v0 = 2 ft/s, B = 4 3
Then y = C1 cos(4 3t ) + C2 sin(4 3t ).
⎛ 3t ⎞
y = cos(4 3t ) + ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ sin(4 3t ) satisfies the initial conditions.
⎝ 6 ⎠

1
5. k = 20 lb/ft; w = 10 lb; y0 = 1 ft; q = s-lb/ft, B = 8, E = 0.32
10
E 2 – 4 B 2 < 0, so there is damped motion. Roots of auxiliary equation are approximately –0.16 ± 8i.
General solution is y ≈ e –0.16t (C1 cos8t + C2 sin 8t ). y ≈ e –0.16t (cos8t + 0.02sin 8t ) satisfies the initial conditions.

6. k = 20 lb/ft; w = 10 lb; y0 = 1 ft; q = 4 s-lb/ft

(20)(32) (4)(32)
B= = 8; E = = 12.8; E 2 – 4 B 2 < 0, so damped motion.
10 10
– E ± E 2 – 4B2
Roots of auxiliary equation are = –6.4 ± 4.8i.
2
General solution is y = e –6.4t (C1 cos 4.8t + C2 sin 4.8t ).
y ′ = e –6.4t (–4.8C1 sin 4.8t + 4.8C2 cos 4.8t ) – 6.4e –6.4t (C1 cos 4.8t + C2 sin 4.8t )
4
If t = 0, y = 1, y ′ = 0, then 1 = C1 and 0 = 4.8C2 – 6.4C1 , so C1 = 1 and C2 = .
3
⎡ ⎛ 4 ⎞ ⎤
Therefore, y = e –6.4t ⎢cos 4.8t + ⎜ ⎟ sin 4.8t ⎥ .
⎣ ⎝3⎠ ⎦

7. Original amplitude is 1 ft. Considering the contribution of the sine term to be negligible due to the 0.02 coefficient,
the amplitude is approximately e –0.16t .
e –0.16t ≈ 0.1 if t ≈ 14.39 , so amplitude will be about one-tenth of original in about 14.4 s.

8. C1 = 1 and C2 = –0.105, so y = e –0.16t (cos8t + 0.105sin 8t ).

Q
9. LQ′′ + RQ′ + = E (t ); 106 Q ′ + 106 Q = 1; Q′ + Q = 10 –6
C
Integrating factor: et
D[Qet ] = 10 –6 et ; Qet = 10 –6 et + C ;
Q = 10 –6 + Ce – t
If t = 0, Q = 0, then C = –10 –6.
Therefore, Q(t ) = 10 –6 – 10 –6 e – t = 10 –6 (1 – e – t ).

10. Same as Problem 9, except C = 4 – 10 –6 , so Q(t ) = 10 –6 + (4 – 10 –6 )e – t .

Then I (t ) = Q ′(t ) = –(4 – 10 –6 )e – t .

Q
11. = 120sin 377t
[2(10 –6 )]

a. Q(t) = 0.00024 sin 377t

b. I (t ) = Q ′(t ) = 0.09048cos 377t

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 Q Q
12. LQ′′ + RQ ′ + = E; 10 –2 Q′′ + = 20; Q′′ + 109 Q = 2000
C 10 –7
The auxiliary equation, r 2 + 109 = 0, has roots ±109 / 2 i.
Qh = C1 cos109 / 2 t + C2 sin109 / 2 t
Q p = 2000(10 –9 ) = 2(10 –6 ) is a particular solution (by inspection).

General solution: Q(t ) = 2(10 –6 ) + C1 cos109 / 2 t + C2 sin109 / 2 t

Then I (t ) = Q′(t ) = –109 / 2 C1 sin109 / 2 t + 109 / 2 C2 cos109 / 2 t.
If t = 0, Q = 0, I = 0, then 0 = 2(10 –6 ) + C1 and 0 = C2 .
Therefore, I (t ) = –109 / 2 (–2[10 –6 ]) sin109 / 2 t = 2(10 –3 / 2 ) sin109 / 2 t.

Q
13. 3.5Q′′ + 1000Q + = 120sin 377t
[2(10 –6 )]
(Values are approximated to 6 significant figures for the remainder of the problem.)
Q′′ + 285.714Q ′ + 142857Q = 34.2857 sin 377t
Roots of the auxiliary equation are
–142.857 ± 349.927i.
Qh = e –142.857t (C1 cos 349.927t + C2 sin 349.927t )
Q p = –3.18288(10 –4 ) cos 377t + 2.15119(10 –6 ) sin 377t

Then, Q = –3.18288(10 –4 ) cos 377t + 2.15119(10 –6 ) sin 377t + Qh .

I = Q ′ = 0.119995sin 377t + 0.000810998cos 377t + Qh′
0.000888 cos 377t is small and Qh′ → 0 as t → ∞, so the steady-state current is I ≈ 0.12sin 377t .

14. a. Roots of the auxiliary equation are ±Bi. 15. A sin( β t + γ ) = A(sin β t cos γ + cos β t sin γ )
yh = C1 cos Bt + C2 sin Bt. = ( A cos γ ) sin β t + ( A sin γ ) cos β t
⎡ c ⎤ = C1 sin β t + C2 cos β t , where C1 = A cos γ and
yp = ⎢ ⎥ sin At
2 2
⎣⎢ ( B – A ) ⎦⎥ C2 = A sin γ .
The desired result follows. [Note that
C12 + C22 = A2 cos 2 γ + A2 sin 2 γ = A2 .)
⎛ c ⎞
b. yp = ⎜ – ⎟ t cos Bt , so
⎝ 2B ⎠ 2π
16. The first two terms have period and the last
⎛ c ⎞ B
y = C1 cos Bt + C2 sin Bt – ⎜ ⎟ t cos Bt.
⎝ 2B ⎠ 2π
has period . Then the sum of the three terms
A
c. Due to the t factor in the last term, it ⎛ 2π ⎞ ⎛ 2π ⎞
increases without bound. is periodic if m ⎜ ⎟ = n ⎜ ⎟ for some integers
⎝ ⎠
B ⎝ B ⎠
B m
m, n; equivalently, if = , a rational number.
A n

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 17. The magnitudes of the tangential components of
the forces acting on the pendulum bob must be 15.4 Chapter Review
equal.
Concepts Test

1. False: y 2 is not linear in y.

2. True: y and y ′′ are linear in y and y ′′,

respectively.

3. True: y ′ = sec 2 x + sec x tan x

2 y ′ – y 2 = (2sec 2 x + 2sec x tan x)

d 2s –(tan 2 x + 2sec x tan x + sec2 x)

Therefore, – m = mg sin θ .
dt 2 = sec2 x – tan 2 x = 1
d 2s d 2θ
s = Lθ, so =L . 4. False: It should involve 6.
dt 2 dt 2
d 2θ 5. True: D 2 adheres to the conditions for
Therefore, – mL = mg sin θ .
dt 2 linear operators.
d θ
2
g D 2 (kf ) = kD 2 ( f )
Hence, = – sin θ .
dt 2 L D2 ( f + g ) = D2 f + D2 g

18. a. Since the roots of the auxiliary equation are 6. False: Replacing y by C1u1 ( x) + C2u2 ( x)
g ⎛g⎞ would yield, on the left side,
± i , the solution of θ ′′(t ) + ⎜ ⎟θ = 0 is
L ⎝L⎠ C1 f ( x) + C2 f ( x) = (C1 + C2 ) f ( x)
g g which is f(x) only if C1 + C2 = 1 or
θ = C1 cos t + C2 sin t , which can be f(x) = 0.
L L
⎛ g ⎞ 7. True: –1 is a repeated root, with multiplicity
written as θ = C ⎜⎜ t + γ ⎟⎟
⎝ L ⎠ 3, of the auxiliary equation.
(by Problem 15).
The period of this function is 8. True: L(u1 – u2 ) = L(u1 ) – L(u2 )
= f ( x) – f ( x) = 0
2π L LR 2 L
= 2π = 2π = 2πR .
g G GM GM 9. False: That is the form of yh . y p should
L
L1
have the form Bx cos 3x + Cx sin 3x.
p 2πR1 GM R1 L1
Therefore, 1 = = . 10. True: See Problem 15, Section 15.3.
p2 2πR L2 R2 L2
2 GM

b. To keep perfect time at both places, require

Sample Test Problems
R 80.85
p1 = p2 . Then 1 = 2 , so 1. u ′ + 3u = e x . Integrating factor is e3 x .
3960 81
D[ue3 x ] = e 4 x
R2 ≈ 3963.67.
⎛1⎞
The height of the mountain is about y = ⎜ ⎟ e x + C1e –3 x
3963.67 - 3960 = 3.67 mi (about 19,387 ft). ⎝4⎠
⎛1⎞
y ′ = ⎜ ⎟ e x + C1e –3 x
⎝4⎠
⎛1⎞
y = ⎜ ⎟ e x + C3e –3 x + C2
⎝4⎠

2. Roots are –1, 1. y = C1e – x + C2 e x

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 3. (Second order homogeneous) 12. (Fourth-order homogeneous)
The auxiliary equation, r 2 – 3r + 2 = 0, has roots The auxiliary equation, r 4 – 3r 2 – 10 = 0 or
1, 2. The general solution is y = C1e x + C2 e2 x . (r 2 – 5)(r 2 + 2) = 0, has roots – 5, 5, ± 2i.
y ′ = C1e x + 2C2 e2 x General solution:
If x = 0, y = 0, y ′ = 3, then 0 = C1 + C2 and y = C1e 5x
+ C2 e – 5x
+ C3 cos 2 x + C4 sin 2 x
3 = C1 + 2C2 , so C1 = –3, C2 = 3.
13. Repeated roots ± 2
Therefore, y = –3e x + 3e2 x .
y = (C1 + C2 x)e – 2x
+ (C3 + C4 x)e 2x

3
4. Repeated root – . y = (C1 + C2 x)e(–3 / 2) x 14. a. Q′(t ) = 3 – 0.02Q
2
b. Q′(t ) + 0.02Q = 3
5. yh = C1e – x + C2 e x (Problem 2)
Integrating factor is e0.02t
y p = –1 + C1e – x + C2 e x
D[Qe0.02t ] = 3e0.02t
6. (Second-order nonhomogeneous) The auxiliary Q(t ) = 150 + Ce –0.02t
equation, r + 4r + 4 = 0, has roots –2, –2.
2
Q(t ) = 150 – 30e –0.02t goes through (0, 120).
yh = C1e –2 x + C2 xe –2 x = (C1 + C2 x)e –2 x
c. Q → 150 g, as t → ∞ .
Let y p = Be x ; y ′p = Be x ; y ′′p = Be x .
1 15. (Simple harmonic motion)
( Be x ) + 4( Be x ) + 4( Be x ) = 3e x , so B = .
3 k = 5; w = 10; y0 = –1
ex (5)(32)
General solution: y = + (C1 + C2 x)e –2 x B= =4
3 10
Then the equation of motion is y = –cos 4t.
7. yh = (C1 + C2 x)e –2 x (Problem 12) 2π π
The amplitude is –1 = 1; the period is = .
⎛1⎞ 4 2
y p = ⎜ ⎟ x 2 e –2 x
⎝2⎠ 16. It is at equilibrium when y = 0 or –cos 4t = 0, or
⎡⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎤ π 3π
y = ⎢⎜ ⎟ x 2 + C1 + C2 x ⎥ e –2 x t= , , ….
⎣ ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎦ 8 8
y ′(t ) = 4sin 4t , so at equilibrium y ′ = ±4 = 4.
8. Roots are ±2i.
y = C1 cos 2 x + C2 sin 2 x
17. Q′′ + 2Q ′ + 2Q = 1
y = sin 2x satisfies the conditions.
Roots are –1 ± i.
9. (Second-order homogeneous) 1
Qh = e – t (C1 cos t + C2 sin t ) and Q p = ;
The auxiliary equation, r + 6r + 25 = 0, has
2 2
1
roots –3 ± 4i. General solution: Q = e – t (C1 cos t + C2 sin t ) +
y = e –3 x (C1 cos 4 x + C2 sin 4 x) 2
I (t ) = Q ′(t ) = – e [(C1 – C2 ) cos t + (C1 + C2 ) sin t ]
– t

10. Roots are ±i. yh = C1 cos x + C2 sin x I (t ) = e – t sin t satisfies the initial conditions.
y p = x cos x – sin x + sin x ln cos x
y = x cos x − sin x ln cos x + C1 cos x + C3 sin x
(combining the sine terms)

11. Roots are –4, 0, 2. y = C1e –4 x + C2 + C3e2 x

902 Section 15.4 Instructor’s Resource Manual

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