NEW EDITION

English
Practice
Grammar
For intermediate learners of English

For home-study and classroom use

Authentic examples of language in use
Full answer key and self-assessment test

Michael Macfarlane
 NEW EDITION

English
Practice
Grammar
For intermediate learners of English

For home-study and classroom use

Authentic examples of language in use
Full answer key and self-assessment test

Michael Macfarlane
Published by Acknowledgements
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Contents
Introduction for the student 7

Introduction for the teacher 9

The sentence and its parts

1 Word classes 10
2 The sentence: types and structures 12

Basic verb forms

3 Imperatives 14
4 Present simple 16
5 Present simple: be 18
6 Present continuous 20
7 Present simple or present continuous? 22
8 Past simple 24
9 Past simple: be 26
10 Past continuous 28
11 Present perfect 1 30
12 Present perfect 2 34
13 Present perfect or past simple? 36
14 Present perfect continuous 38
15 Past perfect and past simple 40
16 Future with going to 42
17 Future with will 44
18 Future continuous 46
19 Future perfect 48
20 Review: the future 50
21 have and have got 52
22 Review: main verb forms 54
23 Review: auxiliary verb forms 56
24 Short form or full form? 60

Question forms and answers

25 Yes/No questions 62
26 Wh~ questions 64
27 Tag questions 66
28 Short answers 68
29 Indirect forms; question word + infinitive 70
30 So and Neither/Nor; so and not 72

3
 Modal forms
31 Ability and possibility 74
32 Requests, permission and offers 76
33 Advice and criticism 78
34 Necessity and obligation 80
35 Non-necessity and negative obligation 82
36 Certainty and uncertainty 84
37 Review: past modal forms 86
38 Review: modal forms 88

Passive verb forms

39 Passive: formation and uses 92
40 Passive tenses and modal forms 94
41 Other passive structures 96

Infinitives and ~ing forms

42 Verb + infinitive or verb + ~ing form 1? 98
43 Verb + infinitive or verb + ~ing form 2? 100
44 Verb + object + infinitive 104
45 Verb + preposition + ~ing form 106
46 Adjective + preposition + ~ing form; be/get used to and used to 108
47 Structures with ~ing clauses 110
48 Common expressions with ~ing forms 114

Conditional forms
49 Zero and first conditionals 116
50 Second conditionals 118
51 Third conditionals 120
52 wish and if only; other conditional forms 122

Reported speech
53 Reported statements 124
54 Reported questions 126
55 Reported orders, etc.; special reporting verbs 128

4
Nouns and articles
56 Nouns: singular and plural 130
57 Irregular noun forms 132
58 Countable and uncountable nouns 134
59 Two-word nouns 136
60 Articles 1: a/an, the and some 138
61 Articles 2: general and specific 142
62 Direct and indirect objects 146

Determiners and pronouns

63 Demonstrative forms; one and ones 148
64 some or any 150
65 something, anybody, everyone, etc. 152
66 there is, there are; it, they, them, etc. 154
67 Quantity 156
68 Quantifier + of 158
69 Personal pronouns: subject and object 160
70 Possessive forms 162
71 Reflexive pronouns 164

Relative clauses
72 Relative clauses with who, which, that 166
73 Reduced relative clauses; prepositions; whom 168
74 Relative clauses with whose, what, when, where, why 170
75 Relative clauses with ~ing, ~ed and infinitive forms 172
76 Defining and ‘adding extra’ relative clauses 174

Adjectives and adverbs

77 Use of adjectives; word order 176
78 Participle adjectives; it + adjective + infinitive; the young 178
79 Adjectives and adverbs 180
80 Adverb positions 184
81 Adverb types 186
82 Comparison 1: adjectives and adverbs 190
83 Comparison 2: sentence patterns 194
84 too and enough 196
85 a bit, very; much, a lot; so, such 198

5
 Prepositions
86 Prepositions 1: place and movement 200
87 Prepositions 2: place 204
88 Prepositions 3: time 1 206
89 Prepositions 4: time 2 210
90 Preposition + noun; noun + preposition 212
91 Adjective + preposition 214

Prepositional and phrasal verbs

92 Prepositional verbs 216
93 Phrasal verbs 218

Linking ideas, sentences and discourse

94 Linking ideas in a single clause 222
95 Linking ideas in sentences 1: overview 224
96 Linking ideas in sentences 2: contrast 226
97 Linking ideas in sentences 3: purpose, reason and result 228
98 Linking ideas in sentences 4: conditions and future time connections 230
99 Connecting sentences 232
100 Shaping discourse 234

Answer key 236

Checkpoint self-test 263

Checkpoint self-test answer key 270

Appendices
1 Irregular verbs 271
2 Some spelling rules 273
3 Punctuation 276
4 Numbers 278
5 Days, dates and times 280
6 British and American English 281

Index 285

6
Introduction for the student
Is English Practice Grammar right for me?
Yes, if you are no longer a beginner.
Yes, if you are not yet an advanced user of English.
Yes, if you find examples of English in real-life contexts useful.
Yes, if you want to master the 100 essential areas of English grammar.

How can this book help me?

You can use English Practice Grammar to go straight to the grammar area you know you need to study.
Or you can use the Checkpoint self-test first if you are not sure which areas of grammar you need to
practise. Whichever route you choose, this book will help you to understand the grammar, see it in use
and practise it.

Do not try to use this book from start to finish. It is not a course book!

What does the book contain and why?

The Contents (pages 3–6) and the Index (pages 285–295) help you to find the specific piece of
grammar you are looking for. The Checkpoint self-test (pages 263–269) helps you to find out which
areas of grammar you most need to study. You can also use the Checkpoint self-test after you
have studied a piece of grammar to make sure you have really understood it.

The 100 units explain the essential grammar of English and provide practice exercises for each
point. Most of the units have two pages – a page of grammar and contextualized examples, and
a page of practice exercises. Some particularly important grammar areas have two pages of
explanation and two pages of exercises.

From Unit 2 onwards, references at the bottom of the grammar pages direct you to other units that
deal with related areas of grammar.

The Answer key (pages 236–262) allows you to check your work with the exercises. The Checkpoint
self-test allows you to check your understanding further.

The Appendices (pages 271–284) give you information about irregular verbs, spelling rules,
punctuation, numbers, days, dates and times, and differences between British and American English.

7
 What’s in a unit?

Grammatical forms.

Exercises
35
Illustrated needn’t, mustn’t, didn’t need to, didn’t have to, needn’t have
FORMS
grammar needn’t and mustn’t
1 Complete the statements. Use needn’t or mustn’t.
Examples: We needn’t
________ hurry. We’ve got lots of time.
need to take with you?
Mum: What clothes do you _________
1
________________________ wear your school uniform?

situations.
We needn’t buy any food. We’ve got lots. mustn’t swim here. It’s dangerous.
We ________ (you)
I mustn’t forget his phone number. I have to phone him tonight. Neil: No, we 2____________ do that. We can wear our ordinary
1 Don’t you like it? Well, you ____________ drink it if you don’t
She doesn’t need to do any housework. She’s got a maid. clothes. We also 3____________ take clothes for outdoor
want to.
activities – jeans, boots and jackets. You 4____________
didn’t need to and needn’t have 2 Listen! You ____________ be late again or you’ll be in bad look at this list of clothes and equipment, and this letter
I didn’t need to buy any meat as there was some in the fridge. trouble. from school.
I needn’t have gone to the meeting. Nobody else was there!
3 You ____________ make so much noise. This is a library. Dad: How much is it going to cost?

Crosscheck sections ACROSSCHECK

CROSSCHECK
4 You ____________ finish the report today, but please can I
have it tomorrow?
Neil: It’s £400, but you 5____________ pay it all yet. The letter
says you only 6____________ pay half now.

to highlight differences A needn’t

Use need to (or have to) for saying something is necessary.
mustn’t
Use must for saying something is necessary.
5 Children ____________ play with knives. They’re dangerous
things.
Dad: Good. We 7____________ spend too much now because
we haven’t got much money this month. How soon
8
Come on! We need to hurry. ________________________ give the school the first
bet ween related
We must get there by 11:00.
Use need not (or not need to/not have to) for no necessity to act. Use mustn’t for necessity not to do something. 6 Ann ____________ stay. Carol can do everything. £200? (we)
We needn’t go to the cinema to see it. We can get the DVD. You mustn’t play with that knife. You’ll cut yourself. Neil: You 9____________ send it by next Friday.

grammar points. We don’t need to buy the DVD. We can rent it.
We don’t have to rent it. We can borrow it from Peter.
You mustn’t cross the road when the lights are red. 2 Reorder the words to make positive and negative statements
and questions. Mum: It sounds a lot of fun.

Examples: (there/he/go/to/have/doesn’t) Neil: Yes, but they’ve made a special rule. As soon as we get on
B didn’t need to needn’t have
He doesn’t have to go there.
_____________________________ the bus we 10____________ speak English any more. We
Use didn’t need to (or didn’t have to) + infinitive when something was Use needn’t have + past participle when something was not necessary,
(need/what/buy/we/do/to) can only speak French for a whole week!
not necessary, so it did not happen. but it still happened.
She’s clever, so she didn’t need to work for the test. She still got top marks! Poor Sam needn’t have worked so hard for the test. It was What do we need to buy?
__________________________
4 Complete the statements. Use didn’t need to or needn’t have.
We can also use it when an action was not necessary, but it still cancelled!
You needn’t have paid him any money. He was happy to work
1 (work/to/I/late/have) Examples: needn’t have gone to the meeting. Nobody
I _____________
happened – like needn’t have.
for nothing. _________________________________________________ else was there.
You didn’t need to pay him any money. He was happy to work for nothing.
Yesterday was a holiday, so I didn’t need to
________________
2 (they/go/to/where/have/do)
Explanations _________________________________________________ go to work.

1 At my school we ___________________________ wear a

and examples.
3 (she/need/go/does/to/so soon)
uniform. People just wore their ordinary clothes.
Players must _________________________________________________

4 (tomorrow/you/do/to/have/work) 2 They ___________________________ worked so hard.

not wear _________________________________________________ Nobody even noticed all the work they did.

shoes with
coloured RIGHT 5 (need/I/homework/don’t/do/my/to)
_________________________________________________
3 We ___________________________ hurried. Everybody else
was late too.

PRICE 6 (learn/why/to/they/French/do/need) 4 Sally’s brother gave her a very nice coat, so she ___________
soles on The loss of the Titanic in
_____________________ buy one.
April 1912 was a disaster that _________________________________________________
court. need never have happened.
Kids! School uniform 5 I ___________________________ send the money. Mr Brant

Examples of grammar
3 Complete the conversation. Use need to, needn’t or
It was the result of a long s needn’t be boring!
came for it.
Parents! Good quality mustn’t. You may need to use a question form.
series of errors that began needn’ t be expensive!
even before construction of Check out our fashiona
Neil is telling his parents about his school trip to France: 6 You ___________________________ written to them. I’d
points in real-life
RIGHT PRICE clothes ble ranges at a
the great ship started. store near you.
already told them your answer.
Neil: I need to be at school at 7:45. The
On the day we go, __________
bus goes at 8:00.

contexts (some are 82 Necessity and obligation / Verb + infinitive or verb + ~ing form 2 / British and American English 83

highlighted for easy

identification, and
others are for you References to other units on Exercises.
to find). related grammar areas.

How do I use the book?

1 Find the area of grammar you want to study in the Contents or the Index.
Or:
Use sections of the Checkpoint self-test to find out which areas of grammar you most need to
study. (Like the book, it is divided into sections – Basic verb forms, Question forms and answers,
etc. – so that you can focus on particular areas of English grammar.)

2 Turn to the correct unit. Study the illustrated situation, the grammatical forms and the
explanations and examples of different points. Then look at the real-life contexts of use to see
how the grammar of English really works.

3 If you wish, follow the references at the foot of the grammar page to study related grammar areas.

4 Do the exercises.

5 Check your answers in the Answer key.

6 If you have made any mistakes, read the grammar explanation again to understand what you
did wrong.

7 If you wish, perhaps for later revision, use parts of the Checkpoint self-test that relate to areas
of grammar that you have been studying.

8 At any time, you can turn to the Appendices for information about irregular verbs, spelling rules,
punctuation, numbers, days, dates and times, and differences between British and American
English.

8
Introduction for the teacher
English Practice Grammar is designed mainly for self-study by students who may be learning at
secondary school, college or adult levels at pre-intermediate to upper intermediate (CEF A2 to B2). You
may want to use all or part of the Checkpoint self-test material either as a diagnostic test early in the
course of study, or later for revision, or as an exit test.

You may want to ask individual students to study particular units to supplement, reinforce or revise work
that has been done in class. The exercise material can of course also be used in class, the reference
materials in this case being used as a reminder and summary of your own language presentations.

9
 1 Word classes
Verb, adverb, noun, adjective, etc.
FORMS

There are eight different word classes in English.

They are:
Verb: hit, use, climb, need, have to
Noun: day, Weston Towers, danger
Pronoun: they, them, nobody
Determiner: a/an, the, their, some, three
Adjective: enjoyable, high, special
Adverb: yesterday, successfully, down, safely
Preposition: at, from, above, along
High winds hit Skyride cable cars. Specially trained firemen safely Conjunction: and, although, when
brought down 59 people from 30 metres above the ground.

A One word – different word classes, different meanings

We often use one word in different ways. It may be just a different
word class with a similar meaning. Or a word may have different meanings.
n Did they climb? (verb) n High winds hit the cable cars. (adjective = strong)
n It’s a long climb. (noun) n The tower is 30 metres high. (adjective = off the ground)
n Some needed first aid. (part of a noun) n The price of tickets is too high. (adjective = expensive)
n We climbed along first. (adverb)

CROSSCHECK
There are different kinds of determiners and pronouns.

B Determiners C Pronouns
Articles: a/an, the Personal: I, he, she (subject)
Quantifiers: some, a lot of, no (+ noun) me, him, her (object)
Demonstratives: this, those (+ noun) Quantifiers: some, a lot, nobody (+ verb)
Possessives: my, your (+ noun) Demonstratives: this, those (+ verb)
Possessives: mine, yours (+ verb)
Use a determiner before a noun. Use a pronoun instead of a determiner + noun.
n High winds hit the cable cars. n High winds hit them.
n Firemen rescued all the people. n Firemen rescued everybody.
n Five people were rescued from that cable car. n That is one of the cable car passengers.
n Is it my newspaper or your newspaper? n Is it mine or yours?

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10
 Exercises

1 Label the words in italics with these word classes. 4 Complete the conversation with adjectives or adverbs.
Adjective, Adverb, Determiner, Conjunction, Noun, Preposition, Another ordinary morning
Pronoun, Verb really don’t want to go to school ______.
Peter: I ______ today I’m _____!
ill
Example: We _______
Pronoun (ill, really, today)
We are an ordinary 1 English family – a mother, 2 father and 3 two Lisa: You’re 1_________ saying that because you’ve got a
children – 4 and we 5 live very 6 ordinarily in a small town 7 near 2
_________ exam and you know you’re going to do
3
London. _________! (badly, big, only )

1 __________________ 5 __________________ Mum: I think Lisa is 4_________. You look 5_________, Peter. So
finish your breakfast as 6_________ as you can, and let’s
2 __________________ 6 __________________ go. It’s 7_________ 8:00. (fast, fine, nearly, right )
3 __________________ 7 __________________ Dad: Yes, come on, everybody. Let’s go 8_______________ or
I’ll be 9_______________ for the train, and I
4 __________________ 10
_______________ mustn’t miss it this morning. I have
2 Complete the paragraph. Use the correct forms of these nouns. to get to an important meeting. (certainly, late, quickly )
bathroom, bedroom, dining room, dish, flower, food, garden, house, 5 Complete the story with pronouns, determiners or
kitchen, living room, supermarket, television, time, vegetable, visitor prepositions.
An ordinary English home Finally … a very unusual day
house there are three ________________
Upstairs in our _______ 1
we took Peter and Lisa ___
Last weekend, ___ to Alton Towers. 1______
2
and a ________________. Downstairs there is a was 2______ nice day, but rather windy. (a, it, to, we)
3
________________, where we sometimes watch
4
________________. Then there is a 5________________, When 3_________ arrived, 4_________ decided to take
but we only eat there when we have 6________________. 5
_________ cable car. Soon after 6_________ started,
When there are only four of us, we usually eat in the 7
_________ wind got worse. Then 8_________ 9_________ cable
7
________________. It’s easier to serve 8__________________ car system stopped and 10_________ cars stopped moving.
there and clear away the dirty 9________________. Outside, (a, it, the, the, the, we, we, whole)
there is a large 10________________. We spend a lot of
11
________________ out there, so we keep it looking nice 11
______ was over 12______ deep valley. 13______ people
with lots of 12________________. We also grow our own 14
13
______ our car waited calmly, but 15______ child kept crying.
________________. They taste better than the ones from
(a, in, most, one, ours)
the local 14________________!

3 Complete the paragraph. Use the correct forms of these verbs 16

______ hour later, 17______ group 18______ rescuers climbed
in the present simple. 19
_________ 20______ cable to help 21______. 22_________
be, cook, drive, drop, get, have, have, leave, make, take, work helped 23______ climb down 24______ 25______ ground.
Ordinary weekday mornings (a, along, an, of, the, the, they, to, us, us)
make tea for everybody. Then Rosie
In the morning, I always _____
1
_________ breakfast while Peter and Lisa 2_________ ready for
school. We all 3_________ the house at 8:00. Rosie 4_________
always the driver. First, she 5_________ me at the station because I
6
_________ in London and I 7_________ to catch the 8:20 train.
Next she 8_________ the children to school. Then she 9_________
back into town, where she 10_________ a job at a bank.

11
 2 The sentence: types and structures
Statement, question, etc. Subject, verb, object, etc. Clauses and sentences
FORMS
You’re driving very
fast, Tom … Look out!
Sentence types
There are four types of sentence in English:
Statement: You’re driving very fast.
Question: How fast are you driving?
Order: Don’t drive so fast.
Exclamation: Look out! How dangerous! What a crazy driver!

Sentence structures
There are several possible parts of a sentence:
A Sentence types
Subject Verb Complement
n A statement gives information.
Tom is a dangerous driver.
n A question requests information or action.
n An order requires action. Subject Verb Object Adverbial
n An exclamation expresses an emotion. He is driving his car too fast.
In writing, a sentence starts with a capital letter, e.g., You’re, How,
Don’t, Look.
It ends with a full stop (.), a question mark (?) or an exclamation mark (!). These statements all have a subject and a verb in that order. For word
order in questions, ∆ Unit 25. A complement comes after the verb.
B Sentence structures
An adverbial can come at the end – see 4 – but also in other places:
Possible parts of a sentence: subject, verb, object, complement and
e.g., Stupidly, Tom has probably got himself into big trouble.
adverbial.
(∆ Unit 80.) Some verbs take one object and some take two –
n A subject (S) is the focus of a sentence, e.g., You, the car.
see 2 and 5. (∆ Unit 62)
n A verb (V) shows an action (e.g., drive) or a state (e.g., be).
n An object (O) is the thing or person affected by the verb. C Clauses and sentences
n A complement (comp) gives more information about the subject. A clause has at least a subject and a verb, and so does a sentence.
n An adverbial (adv) gives more information about the verb. Tom is driving is both a clause and a sentence.
Look at the different parts of these simple statements. (Note: A statement
But many sentences contain more than one clause. The following
or other type of sentence can contain many more parts than this, e.g., two
sentence contains two independent or main clauses.
or more verbs.)
Independent clause 1 Independent clause 2
S V
n Tom is driving too fast and Ann wants him to slow down.
1 Tom is driving.
S V O
Clauses 1 and 2 above are equally important. Each could be a
2 Tom is driving his new car. complete, separate sentence. However, many other sentences
S V comp
contain a dependent or subordinate clause. This sort of clause could
3 Tom is the driver. not exist as a separate sentence. Here are a few examples.
S V adv
Independent clause Dependent clause
n Ann will be angry with Tom if he doesn’t slow down soon.
4 Tom is driving dangerously.
n Tom will be in big trouble because he is driving too fast.
S V O O
n Tom isn’t slowing down yet even though Ann is shouting at him.
5 Tom is giving Julie a ride.

‘Don’t miss this play!’ ‘If you enjoyed Tom Carver’s

What the Daily Herald Words of Love, you’ll love
this new romantic comedy.’
‘Have I ever seen acting like
critics say: this? I don’t think so.’ Sunday Review
Capital Theatre Magazine ‘Amazing!’ The Courier

12 Imperatives ∆ 3 / Question forms ∆ 25–26 / Direct and indirect objects ∆ 62 / Adverb positions ∆ 80 / Clauses and sentences ∆ 94–98
 Exercises

1 Label the sentences with the following. 3 Reorder the words to form various types of sentences.
Exclamation, Order, Question, Statement Example: Question (the/now/we/can/buy/car)

Example: Question
Are you all right? __________ S
Can we buy the car now?
1 How much money have you got? ___________________
V O A
2 Take these letters to the post office. ___________________
1 Statement (seems/brother/tired/very/your)
3 Fantastic! ___________________
_______________________________________________
4 John’s birthday is next week. ___________________
S V C
5 We all understand what we’ve got to do, don’t we?
___________________ 2 Order (there/the/put/over/don’t/boxes)

6 I don’t like this sort of music. ___________________ _______________________________________________

V O A
7 Absolutely amazing! ___________________
3 Question (see/you/the/did/yesterday/news)
8 Don’t spend any more time on this job. ___________________
S
2 Label the sentence parts with the following.
_________________________________________________
Adverbial (A), Complement (C), Object (O), Subject (S), Verb (V)
V O A
Example: S
__
Is Lucy singing well? 4 Add words to join the independent clauses. Choose from:
and, but, or.
V A
Example: or you can travel by bus.
You can get there by train, ___
1 Lucy has become a great singer.
1 Let’s finish our shopping, _____ then let’s stop for a coffee.

2 Do you want to go with us, _____ do you prefer to stay here?

2 Don’t drop those glasses.
3 I’m going to wash the dishes, _____ I’m not going to put them
away tonight.
3 The boys quickly mended the bike.
5 Add words to join the independent and subordinate clauses.
Choose from: because, even though, if, in order to.
4 Quickly write down these addresses.
Example: because it’s getting late.
I have to go home now ________

1 What are we going to do ____________ we run out of money?

2 Magda is training hard ______________ win the big race.

5 Has anybody seen my glasses?
3 Annie gives her brother half her money ______________ she
does not have enough for herself.
6 Are the pictures safe?
4 I want to see my old home again ____________ I was so
happy there when I was young.

7 When will the boys see their parents?

13
 3 Imperatives
Light the firework.
FORMS

Positive
Light the firework.
Be careful!
Negative
Do not hold the firework.
Light the firework … and stand back! Don’t be stupid!

A Forming imperatives For warnings.

Use the infinitive (dictionary) form of a verb. n Look out! It’s going to fall!
n Light the firework … and stand back ! n Don’t play with that knife or you’ll hurt yourself.
n Be careful not to hurt yourself.
For a negative imperative, use Do not or Don’t.
n Do not hold the firework. (formal, usually written) For friendly advice.
n Don’t hold the firework. (informal, usually spoken) n Relax! Don’t worry! Everything will be all right.

Use be + adjective. For invitations.

n Be careful! Don’t be stupid! n Come and have dinner on Saturday.
n Hello! Come in and sit down. Make yourself at home.
B Uses of imperatives
For giving orders, instructions and directions. C Let us (Let’s) + infinitive
n Be quiet! Don’t talk! Use Let’s + infinitive to suggest doing something together. If the leader
n Please turn to page 15. of a group says this, it can be nearly as strong as an order.
n Turn the handle and press the red button. n Let’s buy some fireworks.
n Go straight on, take the first left and the bank is on the right.
Form the negative with Let’s not.
n Let’s not go out today.

Healthy Eating for Kids

ENROLMENT FORM
1 Only buy the foods you want your child tick boxes
ren to eat. Please write clearly, using block capitals, and
Then let them make their own choices
from the where appropriate.
careful selection you provide. Time
Course no. Course title Day
2 Encourage children to help plan and
prepare meals.
For example, children who help make their
packed
lunches are more likely to eat them.
Cash Card
3 Set an example by eating the right (Office use) Method of payment
foods and having Visa Mastercard
regular mealtimes. Make all mealtimes Type of card
an occasion
and avoid distractions such as television
.

‘And now, let’s not wait any

Follow London Road until you come longer. Let’s go straight to
to a large roundabout, and then the Oscars. Emma, tell us,
take the third exit. After two what’s happening?’
kilometres you will see a sign for
two left turns. Do not take the first
London Road
turn. Continue a short distance
further and take the second turn.

14 The sentence: types and structures ∆ 2

 Exercises

1 Complete the imperative sentences with the correct form Sam: pull down a plastic cup from this hole on the
OK, first __________
of to be. right. Then 1____________ your money. Now
Example: don’t be late.
The bus leaves at exactly 4:00, so __________ 2
____________ the cup under here and 3____________
the sugar button. Now 4____________ your drink –
1 ____________ quiet, everyone. You’re too noisy.
black coffee. 5____________ your cup under here,
2 Is the plane going to crash? 6
____________ the button and the coffee comes out.
Oh, ____________ silly. Of course it isn’t. And now just 7____________ your coffee and
8
____________ it!
3 ____________ careful with that knife. It’s sharp.
Ben: Thanks, Sam.
4 ____________ mean, Joe. Give Sam the toys.
4 Study the map and complete the directions to May’s Garage. Use
5 ____________ quick, Larry. There isn’t much time. the verbs provided.
6 Drive carefully. ____________ such an idiot! cross, drive, follow, go, pass, take, turn

7 ____________ helpful to your mother. She’s very busy.

8 Why are you crying? ____________ so sad.

Pos
offi t
ce
2 Complete the imperative sentences with these verbs.
drive, forget, go, play, press, take, talk, turn off, write
Ban
k
Example: Go home now. It’s late.
___
High Street

Riv er
1 __________________ with matches. They’re dangerous. May’s
Plaza Hotel Garage

2 __________________ this money to the bank, please.

3 It’s time to sleep now. __________________ the lights. You

are he
re
4 __________________ to your sister like that. It’s rude.

5 __________________ to collect the tickets on your way to

the airport.
6 To open the machine, __________________ this button.
7 __________________ so fast. You’ll have an accident.
8 __________________ your name, age and address here
please, madam.
Example: go to the end of this road.
To get to May’s Garage, ____
1 __________________ right into the High Street.
2 __________________ right again at the first set of traffic lights.
3 __________________ the second left opposite the Plaza Hotel.
4 __________________ the bank on the right.

3 Complete the instructions with these verbs. Sometimes more 5 __________________ the road to the end and …
than one answer is possible.
6 … __________________ right at the post office.
choose, enjoy, place, press, pull down, push, put, put in, take
7 __________________ the bridge and …
Ben: How do I work this drinks machine, Sam? I’d really like
some coffee. 8 … __________________ right.
Sam: It’s easy. Do you want milk and sugar? 9 __________________ along the river and …
Ben: Sugar, please, but no milk.
10 … __________________ the third left. May’s Garage is near
the corner, on the left.

15
 4 Present simple
Ann works at A.B.C.
FORMS

Statements Yes/No questions

I work. Do I work?
You you
We do not work. we
They they
He works. Does he work?
She she
It does not work. it

Wh~ questions Full answers

Where do you work? I work at A.B.C.
When does Ann start work? She starts work at 8:00.
Ann works from 8:00 to 4:30 every day. Short forms: • do not = don’t • does not = doesn’t

A Positive statements
38 Whatever your problem, just ask Jenny Slater
In positive statements, only the 3rd person singular has an ending.
n I work. n You talk. n We move. My parents don’t let me go out in the evening, although I’m 15
years old. All my friends go to parties and events, but I have to
n They write. n He works. n She talks. n It moves.
stay in. What can I do?
If the verb ends in a ~y, change the ~y to ~ies. Mike, a bored teenager
cry ➞ cries fly ➞ flies try ➞ tries
If the verb ends in ~o, ~ch, ~sh, ~ss or ~x, add ~es. A nice cup of tea
go ➞ goes watch ➞ watches wish ➞ wishes Tea bushes grow in warm, wet countries like China, India, Sri
miss ➞ misses box ➞ boxes Lanka and Kenya. Tea pickers harvest the tea by hand. ey
take just the top two leaves and bud from each branch of each
B Negative statements and questions tea plant. e leaves are then dried and crushed and sorted into
Verbs in negative statements and questions* need the auxiliary do. In the different grades. e tea is ready to use when it turns black.
3rd person singular, the auxiliary (not the main verb) takes the ~s ending.
n I don’t like this music. n She doesn’t talk.
n Do you know him? n How does it work? WIMBLEDON Bet You
*But ∆ Unit 26, Section C on subject questions without the auxiliary do. OPENS TOMORROW Never Knew!
The British, and even world, tennis event Some people have more than
C Uses of the present simple of the year gets underway tomorrow 206 bones. People who spend
For permanent states and situations. once again at the famous Lawn Tennis
most of their time riding horses
n I live in London. n Bill has two sisters. Association grounds in south-west
often develop extra bones in their
For do as a main verb and as an auxiliary verb, ∆ Unit 23. London.
thighs. Some people have an
The weather promises to be kind this year,
For things which always happen and for actions and repeated processes. extra pair of ribs and a few
after last year’s washout. Forecasters
n The sun rises in the east. people even have extra fingers
predict a warm, south-westerly breeze
n Plants always grow fast in spring. and sun with light cloud. and toes!
n I get up at 7:00 most days.
n Ann often makes coffee at 11:00 and then takes a break.
D Stative verbs
For facts about events at a fixed future time. These usually take the present simple and not the present continuous.
n The president and his wife arrive at midday tomorrow.
(∆ Unit 7 for a list.)
n Flight 765 leaves at 10:30 the day after tomorrow.
n I know what to do next.
For instructions on how to do – or not to do – something. n Susan doesn’t like cold weather.
n No, you don’t do it like that. First, you turn the key. Then you press … n Do they understand English?

16 Present simple: be ∆ 5 / Present simple or present continuous? ∆ 7 / Review: auxiliary verb forms ∆ 23 / Wh~ questions ∆ 26
 Exercises
1 Write the verbs in the correct forms.
Example: watches TV. (watch)
Rob often _________
1 We ____________ in London. (live)
2 I really ____________ this picture of you. (like)
3 That baby ____________ every night! (cry)
4 Ann and Mary ____________ work at 8:30. (start)
5 Ann ____________ home at 4:30. (go)
6 Mary’s husband ____________ her from work at 5:00. (fetch)
7 Our cat ____________ fish for lunch every day. (have)
2 Write the verbs in positive or negative forms.
Examples: need to explain again. She ________
We _____ doesn’t
understand . (need) (not/understand)
____________
1 I ____________ to visit Rome again. I really ____________
4 Turn the statements into questions.
the city. (want) (love)
2 We sometimes ____________ the stereo, but it
_____________________ very well. (use) (not/work)
3 Charlie’s fat! He _____________________ any exercise, and
he ____________ too much! (not/get) (eat)
4 They aren’t interested in sport. They __________________
football, and they _____________________ volleyball either.
(not/like) (not/enjoy)
5 Roy _____________________ very often, but Andy
____________ swimming every day. (not/swim) (go)
6 I __________________ coffee before bedtime because it
____________ me awake. (not/drink) (keep)
7 Sally _____________________, so she always
____________ to work. (not/drive) (walk)
3 Write the questions for the answers.
Example: (come/from Britain)
Do you come from Britain?
____________________________
Yes, I do. I’m from London.
1 (Tom/drive)
______________________________________________
Yes, he does. He’s got a blue Honda.
2 (you/know/Ann Smith)
______________________________________________
Yes, I do. She’s an old friend.
3 (the TV/work)
______________________________________________
No, it doesn’t. It’s broken.
4 (you/go out/much)
______________________________________________
No, we don’t. We usually stay at home.
5 (Marie/speak/French)
______________________________________________
Yes, she does. She’s fluent.
6 (Fred and Mary/live/near here)
______________________________________________
Yes, they do. They live in the next road.
Example: You go swimming. (How often)
How often do you go swimming?
_________________________________________
1 Tom goes to work. (How)
_________________________________________________
2 Sally visits her parents. (When)
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
3 They go on holiday every year. (Where)
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
4 Mark gets home in the evening. (What time)
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
5 We always make mistakes. (Why)
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
6 The children watch TV after school. (How long)
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
7 Lucy usually buys a newspaper on Sunday. (Which)
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
17
 5 Present simple: be
Jim is a really good player.
FORMS

Statements Yes/No questions

Jim is a really
I am Jim. Am I Jim?
good player. am not
He is fast. Is he fast?
She she
It is not it
We are players. Are we players?
You you
They are not they

Wh~ questions Full answers

How old is Jim? He is 22.
Where are you from? I am from England.
Short forms: • I am = I’m • he/she/it is = he’s, she’s, it’s
• we/you/they are = we’re, you’re, they’re • I am not = I’m not
• he is not = he isn’t, he’s not • we are not = we aren’t, we’re not

A Uses of be LOOKING AFTER YOUR BONES

With there, for talking about things that exist. YOUR QUESTIONS ANSWERED
Is there a post office near here? Q Is calcium important for strong bones and
Yes, there’s one in the next street.
teeth?
Or:
A Yes, it is. Ninety-nine per cent of the calcium
No, sorry, there isn’t a post office in this part of town.
in our bodies is found in the skeleton.
With adjectives and nouns, for different types of state.
Q I’m 75 years old. Am I too old to exercise?
Age: I’m 22. Amy isn’t 20 yet. She’s 19.
Description: Jim is young and he’s very noisy! What’s Ann like? A No, you aren’t. No one is too old to exercise.
Height: She’s 1 metre 70. Are you as tall as me/I am? Exercise strengthens our bones and reduces
Weight: Jim is 78 kilos. How heavy are the boxes? the risk of developing osteoporosis.
Feelings: I’m sure you’re very tired and hungry.
Distance: Those hills are about five kilometres away.
Size: The room is five metres by six.
There’s more
Price: How much are these shoes, please? choice at
Time: What time is it?/What’s the time? It’s 5:00.
For be as an auxiliary verb, ∆ Unit 23. SUPERWAYS
B Short answers
Where there’s
always a
You can reply to Yes/No questions with short answers that finish with
welcome
the verb.
Is she clever? Yes, she is.
Are the students in Room 1? No, they aren’t.
When it is a Yes answer, we always use full forms.
n Yes, I am. n Yes, he is. n Yes, they are.

When it is a No answer, we usually use short forms.

n No, she isn’t. n No, we aren’t. ( But No, I’m not.)
Is it a bird? Is it a plane?
No. It’s Superman.
18 Present simple ∆ 4 / Review: auxiliary verb forms ∆ 23
 Exercises

1 Complete the statements and questions. 4 Answer the questions. Use short forms.
Examples: n This is
__ my book. Examples: Are you from Britain? (Yes)
n Are
____ these your books? Yes, I am.
__________
1 Those ______ your shoes. Is Sam from LA? (No) (Miami)

2 ______ that your teacher? No, he isn’t. He’s from Miami.

_______________________________

1 Is Sally from London? (Yes)

3 The time ______ 10:30.
______________________________________________
4 ______ I late for the bus? Oh, no!
2 Are we on time? (No) (very late)
5 ______ they the new students? ______________________________________________
6 Ann ______ Rosie’s best friend. 3 Is it 1st May today? (No) (30th April)
7 ______ you from Japan? ______________________________________________

8 Dear Sir, 4 Are there any people on the beach? (Yes)

My brother and I are writing in reply to your advertisement today ______________________________________________
in the Daily Times. I ______ 20 years old, and he ______ 19. 5 Are you 30? (No) (only 28)
We ______ both experienced drivers. ______________________________________________

2 Write the short forms. 5 Read. Then write questions and answer them.
Examples: she’s
n she is ______ Example: (What/name)
we aren’t / we’re not
n we are not ______________________ n W hat’s his name?
_____________________

1 I am _________ 5 I am not ____________________

It’s Nick.
n __________

Nick is 25. He is a designer at A.B.C. His office is on the second

2 he is _________ 6 he is not ____________________
floor, and his desk is the one by the window. There are six other
3 they are _________ 7 they are not _________________ people in the same room.

4 you are _________ 8 you are not __________________ 1 (How old)

______________________________________________
3 Correct the statements. ______________________________________________
Example: Sue is a nurse. (doctor)
2 (What/job)
Sue isn’t a nurse. She’s a doctor.
___________________________________
______________________________________________
1 I’m 80 kilos. (85) ______________________________________________
I _______________________________________________
3 (Where/office)
________________________________________________
______________________________________________
2 Alan is in Berlin. (Paris) ______________________________________________
Alan _____________________________________________
4 (Which/desk)
_________________________________________________
______________________________________________
3 You’re 1 metre 75. (1 metre 80) ______________________________________________
You ______________________________________________
5 (How many people/in his office)
_________________________________________________
______________________________________________
4 They’re at home. (school) ______________________________________________
They _____________________________________________
_________________________________________________ 19
 6 Present continuous
I’m flying!
FORMS
Look! I’m flying!
Statements Yes/No questions
I am flying. Am I flying?
am not
He is moving. Is he moving?
She she
It is not it
We are stopping. Are we stopping?
You you
They are not they

Wh~ questions Full answers

What is he doing? He is swimming.
Why are we stopping? We are stopping for lunch.
Short forms: • I am = I’m • he/she/it is = he’s, she’s, it’s
• we/you/they are = we’re, you’re, they’re • I am not = I’m not
A Forming the present continuous • he is not = he isn’t, he’s not • we are not = we aren’t, we’re not
Form the present continuous with am, is, are* + main verb + ~ing.
n ‘I am flying now!’ Peter said.
n He is not flying very high.
n Are you learning to fly, too?
MUSIC ON THE MOVE
*From be. For be as an auxiliary verb and as a main verb, ∆ Unit 23.
If the main verb ends in ~e, leave it out. ALL-OUT
move ➞ moving come ➞ coming drive ➞ driving RIOT
If the main verb ends in a single consonant after a single vowel, double After outselling every
the consonant. other rap band in the
stop ➞ stopping run ➞ running swim ➞ swimming UK, this Manchester-
based band are now
If the main verb ends in ~ie, change ~ie to ~y. recording their second
die ➞ dying lie ➞ lying album. Taking time out
from recording, Raze
B Uses of the present continuous
O’Dwigher talked to
For things which are happening now. Buzz magazine about
n Look! I’m flying now! how it is going.
n Listen! The phone is ringing.

For temporary states and activities.

n I’m staying with friends for a month.
SPA
n Paul is painting his house this week. NEW SPACE • NEW IMAGES • NEW ARTISTS • NEW

For future plans. The New Space Gallery

n Sam is playing football tomorrow.
n Are you doing anything on Saturday? is opening its doors for the first time next week.
C Stative verbs
These usually take the present simple and not the present continuous.
(∆ Unit 7 for a list.) For our inaugural exhibition we are showing a group of
local West London artists. The artists themselves are
presenting their work to the press on Saturday 12 April.
n I know what to do next.
n Susan doesn’t like cold weather.
n Do they understand English?

20 Present simple ∆ 4 / Present simple or present continuous? ∆ 7 / Review: auxiliary verb forms ∆ 23
 Exercises
1 Write the short forms.
Examples: She’s going.
n She is going. ____________
We aren’t/We’re not going.
n We are not going. _________________________
1 I am going. ______________________________
2 You are not going. ______________________________
3 He is not going. ______________________________
4 They are going. ______________________________
5 It is not going. ______________________________
2 Write the verbs in positive or negative forms.
Examples: n You’re talking too much. (talk)
___________
isn’t raining now. (not/rain)
n Let’s go out. It ______________
1 Stop the car. I ________________________ well. (not/feel)
2 It’s dark! The lights ________________________. (not/work)
3 The phone __________________, but Cathy
________________________ it. (ring) (not/answer)
4 I ________________________ Tim. Is he here? (look for)
I’m sorry. He _______________________ here this week.
(not/work) He ________________________ our Paris
office. (visit)
5 Hello. Can I speak to Alice, please?
I’m afraid not. She __________________ a bath at the
moment. (have)
6 Paul and Pat ___________________________ television.
(not/watch) They __________________________ to some of
their favourite music. (listen)
3 Complete the questions and answers.
Examples: are you doing? (you/do)
What ________________
’m mending the door. (mend)
I _____________
1 What ________________________________________
(the children/do)
_______________________ in the garden. (they/play)
2 ______________________________ the film? (you/enjoy)
Yes, I ______. It’s really good. (am)
3 Why ________________________ so much? (Bill/train)
_________________ to get into the team. (he/try)
4 ________________________ to the party? (Sally/go)
No, she _________. She’s very tired. (isn’t)
5 How fast ________________________ (we/fly)
________________________ 700 kph. (we/do)
6 _______________________________________ the car?
(the boys/wash)
No, ____________________________________
the grass. (they/cut)
7 What _______________________________________
(the cat/eat)
_____________________ some fish. (it/eat)
4 Write these verbs in the correct forms.
choose, cut, get, have, leave, make, plan, write
Example: She ’s having a cup of tea.
_________
1 He __________________ his tools from the garage.
2 The boys ________________________ a library book.
3 _____________________________ a new book, professor?
4 I ______________________ to visit Canada next year.
5 We __________________ in a minute. Give me your case.
6 Why ___________________________ the wood into pieces,
Dad?
7 Sarah __________________ a cake.
5 Write these verbs in the correct forms.
build, do, go, start, study, train, work
Two old college friends meet by chance.
Nina: are you ______
Hello, Alan! What ___ doing here?
Alan: Oh, hi! I 1___________________ for my uncle’s
construction company. We 2___________________ some
offices here in London. Tell me, 3_______ you still
4
_______________ at college?
Nina: No, I 5__________. I 6__________________ to be a
banker.
Alan: And 7______ your brother still 8____________ to school?
Nina: No, he’s left school now. He 9_________________ at
college next month.
21
 7 Present simple or present continuous?
He usually plays. Today he’s watching.
FORMS

Present simple
Jim usually plays for his team.

Present continuous
He is not playing for them today.
He is watching them on TV.

CROSSCHECK
CROSSCHECK
You are noW enTerIng
A Uses of the present simple B Uses of the present continuous
For regular actions or events. For things which are happening now.
A NEIGHBOURHOOD
n Jim usually plays for his team. n Today he’s watching them on TV. WATCH AREA
n Alan usually works in the office. n Today he’s working in the factory.
Present simple + always means every Present continuous + always means
time: very/too often:
n Lisa always phones me on Sunday. n Lisa is always phoning me!
RADSTOCK SHOPLIFTING
regular actions/events now WELCOMES
CAREFUL
IS A CRIME
DRIVERS WE ALWAYS
PROSECUTE
a continuing action/event happening now

For things which are always true – For things which are true around now –
permanent states. temporary states. BEING A AS YOU READ THIS
n Ann lives in Rome. n I’m living in Rome for a year. LEAFLET …
BLOOD … a child in hospital is receiving
n Rome stands on the River Tiber. n Ann is standing at the bus stop.
DONOR a blood transfusion …
For facts about future events. For future plans.
… a girl is learning how to smile
n The game starts at 2:30. n We’re playing again next week. again while recovering from
n When does college start next term? n What are you doing tomorrow? leukaemia …
… on another ward, an old man
C Stative verbs is receiving treatment for severe
Verbs which say what you feel, know or sense are usually in a simple tense. These are burns …
‘stative’ verbs, and the most common are: appear, believe, belong, detest, forget, hate, … they all rely on blood donations
hear, know, like, look, love, mean, need, own, prefer, realize, remember, see (understand), from healthy people like you
seem, smell, sound, taste, understand.
n I know the way to town.
n Jenny loves old American films. entertainment
n What sort of music do you like? for everyone
n They don’t understand. We believe in making the arts accessible to
all. The Theatre Royal has special facilities
D Different tenses – different meanings for those with hearing difficulties and the
We can use a few verbs in both the present simple and the present continuous – with a visually impaired, and we are striving to
change of meaning. The most common are think and have. make the building accessible to all patrons.
n I think we’ll win. (I believe.)
n I’m thinking about the future. (I’m looking at ideas.)
n Terry has three houses. (He owns.) ‘We are all in the gutter, but some of us are
n Terry is having dinner. (He’s eating.)
looking at the stars.’
(Lady Windermere’s Fan, Oscar Wilde, 1854–1900)

22 Present simple ∆ 4 / Present continuous ∆ 6 / Review: the future ∆ 20

 Exercises

1 Write the verbs in positive, negative or question forms of the 9 The Jones brothers _________ across the park to college every
present continuous. day. (walk)
Pam is calling her brother, Tom.
10 We can go out or we can stay at home.
Pam: are you doing today? (you/do)
What _______________ I _____________________. (not/mind)
1
___________________________ out anywhere? (you/go)
11 ________________________ the way home? (you/know)
Tom: No, we aren’t. What about you?
2
___________________________ anything? (you/do) 3 Complete the statements and questions.
Pam: 3
Yes, we are. You know that Marie __________________ Examples: don’t go out much these days.
n I ______
with me. (stay) Well, I 4_____________________ her to are the boys doing?
n What ____
Windsor today. (take)
1 Stop! You ____________ going the wrong way.
Tom: That’s very near us.
Pam: Yes, so can we visit you after Windsor – if you 2 I __________ understand this problem.
5
_______________________ anything? (not/do) 3 What ____________ Ann doing at the moment?
6
Tom: Of course you can. We ______________________
4 ____________ Nick and Sally going home soon?
anywhere. (not/go) How long 7_____________________
to stay in Windsor? (you/plan) 5 What time ____________ the plane leave?
Pam: Until about 5:00, I think. 6 How ____________ you say this in English?
8
Tom: Well, _____________________ a barbecue this
7 He’s busy, so he ____________ coming to the party.
evening. (we have) You’re very welcome.
8 I’m sure Tom ____________ know the answer.
2 Write the verbs in positive, negative or question forms of the
present simple. 9 ____________ the children want dinner?
Examples: n The cat has its food at 5:00 every day. (have)
____ 10 It’s a holiday, so I ____________ not working today.
n doesn’t want any more. (not/want)
It’s full now. It ______________
n does it eat a day? (it/eat)
How much _____________ 4 Write the verbs in the correct forms.
Mark is a new student in New York. He is e-mailing his parents
1 We’ve got enough money. We __________________ any more.
in London.
(not/need)
Hi Mum and Dad,
2 Go to bed. You _________ tired. (look)
’m well and I__________
How are you all? I_______ ’m having a wonderful
1
3 How _____________________ this word? (you/say) time. (be) (have) I ______________________ a lot of new friends
and I 2_______________________ with three of them until I can
4 I hate winter. I _________________ the cold. (not/like)
find my own place to live. (make) (stay)
5 ____________________________________ here? Let me tell you what I 3______ every day here. (do) I 4__________
(the bus/stop)
early because classes 5____________ at 8:00 in the morning. (get
6 Rob’s school report is bad. He _____________________ any up) (start) Later, I usually 6______ lunch with Rod. (eat) His parents
7
work. (not/do) _________ the house where I 8__________________ at the
moment. (own) (live) He 9________________ the same classes as
7 What time ___________________________ the office?
me. (take) We often 10____________ at the gym in the afternoon,
(Lisa/leave)
but not today. (train) He 11________________________ some
8 Jim _________ to work by bike every morning. (go) work for college, and I 12_____________________ all my e-mails.
(finish) (write)

23
 8 Past simple
I washed them yesterday.
FORMS
I washed those clothes
just yesterday! Statements Yes/No questions
I washed them. Did I wash them?
You you
He did not wash them. he
She she
It it
We we
They they

Wh~ questions Full answers

What did she do? She washed his jeans.
When did she do it? She did it yesterday.
Short form: • did not = didn’t

A Forming the past simple of main verbs
In positive past simple statements, regular verbs end with ~ed.
n She washed his jeans.
n He played with his friends all morning.
If the verb ends in ~e, add ~d.
n We moved to our new house a month ago.
Verbs ending in ~y usually change the ~y to ~ied.
carry ➞ carried hurry ➞ hurried
But note these special cases:
say ➞ said pay ➞ paid lay ➞ laid
If the verb ends in a single consonant after a single vowel, double the
consonant.
plan ➞ planned fit ➞ fitted stop ➞ stopped
But questions and negatives need the auxiliary verb did.
What did you see? Did you enjoy it?
I saw Robocop 4. I didn’t enjoy it much.
For do (also be and have) as both auxiliary and main verbs, ∆ Unit 23.
B Use of the past simple and signal words; used to
For actions which started and finished in the past. Look for past simple
‘signal’ words such as yesterday and (three days) ago.
n Ben phoned us yesterday morning.
n Amy arrived home a week ago.
For actions that often happened in the past, we can say used to + verb.
n I used to go training every day.
n I didn’t use to eat meat.
n How often did Alan use to travel abroad?

A lot of important verbs are irregular and their past forms do not end in C Stative verbs
~ed. (See Appendix 1 for a list.) For stative verbs, you need the past simple, not the past continuous.
come ➞ came go ➞ went drink ➞ drank eat ➞ ate (∆ Unit 7 for a list.)
Positive statements need only a main verb. n I knew what to do next.
n I went to the cinema last night. I enjoyed the film. n Susan didn’t like the cold weather.

Ancient Egypt
Egyptian civilization grew up on
the banks of the Nile about
POLICE NOTICE 5,000 years ago. It was a single
Accident nation and, unlike other
ry civilizations which came before,
Monday 16 Februa had a single ruler. Egypt had a
ng?
Did you see anythi strict class system. The lowest class, slaves, did not have any
Phone th e polic e.
rights, and they were the ones who used to do all the hard work.

Past continuous ∆ 10 / Present perfect or past simple? ∆ 13 / Past perfect and past simple ∆ 15 / Review: auxiliary verb forms ∆ 23 /
24 Review: past modal forms ∆ 37 / Irregular verbs ∆ appendix 1
 Exercises

1 Write the past forms. 4 Write questions and short answers.

Examples: cleaned
clean __________
1 ask ____________
2 be ____________
3 break ____________
4 call ____________
5 do ____________
6 drive ____________
sold
sell _______
11 invite ____________
12 jump ____________
13 keep ____________
14 leave ____________
15 meet ____________
16 need ____________
Example: I went to the beach. (Ben) (Yes)
Did Ben go to the beach too?
_________________________________
Yes, he did.
_____________
1 Andy visited Paris last year. (Tim and Fred) (No)
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
2 Sue ran well in the race. (Ann) (Yes)
__________________________________________

7 eat ____________ 17 open ____________ __________________________________________

8 find ____________ 18 run ____________ 3 They had a Maths test. (French) (No)
__________________________________________
9 go ____________ 19 see ____________
__________________________________________
10 have ____________ 20 wake up ____________
Which verbs are irregular? 4 Peter practised the violin. (piano) (Yes)
___________________________________________________ __________________________________________
Which verbs can be both main verbs and auxiliary verbs? __________________________________________
___________________________________________________
5 Read. Then write questions for the answers. Use these
2 Complete the paragraph with verbs from Exercise 1. question words.

woke up late. When I 1____________ the time, I

This morning, I _________ How, What time, When, Where, Who, Why
2
____________ out of bed and I 3____________ downstairs. I Example: Where did Susan go?
___________________________
4
____________ a piece of bread and I 5____________ a glass of She went to London.
orange juice. I 6____________ the house at 8:00 and I Susan went to London last Thursday because she wanted to buy a
7
____________ at 100 kph all the way to work! wedding present for her sister. She went by train and she got there
3 Write statements with positive and negative forms. at 10:30. She met an old school friend at the station and they went
shopping together.
Example: (see/his parents 3) (see/his sister 7)

saw his parents last night, but he

Sam _________________ 1 __________________________________________
didn’t see his sister
______________________. She went there last Thursday.

1 (find/my old suit 3) (find/my new one 7) 2 ___________________________________________

I _________________________________ yesterday, but I
________________________________________________
2 (clean/her red shoes 3) (clean/her black ones 7)
Tina ____________________________ this morning, but she
________________________________________________
3 (call/their mother 3) (call/their sister 7)
They ___________________________ the other day, but they
________________________________________________
She went by train.
3 ___________________________________________
Because she wanted to buy a wedding present.
4 ____________________________________________
She got there at 10:30.
5 ___________________________________________
She met an old school friend.

25
 9 Past simple: be
They were by my bed.
FORMS

Statements Yes/No questions

I was there. Was I there?
He he
She was not she
It it
We were at home. Were we at home?

Where were they? They were by my You you

bed all the time! They were not they

Wh~ questions Full answers

What was that noise? It was an animal.
Where were they? They were at home.
Short forms: • was not = wasn’t • were not = weren’t

A Uses of be
With there, for talking about things that existed in the past.
25
Was there a bookshop on this street a long time ago? Dinosaurs were reptiles
Yes, there was a lovely old bookshop just over there. and lived on land. There
Or: were hundreds of different
No, there wasn’t anything like that around here. types, divided into two main
With adjectives and nouns, for many sorts of states in the past. groups. Some dinosaurs, such
Age: The boys weren’t 15. They were 16. as Tyrannosaurus (right), were
Description: She was tall with brown hair and blue eyes. carnivores (meat eaters); others,
Height: He was only 1 metre 50 when he was 13. such as Stegosaurus, were herbivores
Weight: I was 80 kilos last week. (plant eaters). Spinosaurus was the largest
The books weren’t very heavy.
carnivorous dinosaur.
Feelings: Were you sad at the end of the holiday?
Distance: How far were they from the sea?
Size: The house was about 700 square metres.
Price: Was that watch expensive?
Time: What time was your lesson yesterday?
Competition UFO SIGHTED

B
For be as an auxiliary verb, ∆ Unit 23.

Short answers
News!
You can reply to Yes/No questions with short answers that finish with Last week’s lucky
the verb. winner was
Was she clever? Margaret Richards John Dale of Fleet, Hampshire,
Yes, she was. from north London, had the shock of his life when
Were the students in Room 1? who won a fabulous he saw a UFO land in his back
weekend for two in garden. ‘It was really big,’ said
No, they weren’t.
Paris. And what was Mr Dale. ‘It was bright blue
When the answer is Yes, we always use full forms. the answer to the and there were lots of flashing
n Yes, I was. n Yes, he was. n Yes, they were. question? It was lights.’ He showed our
‘Marie Antoinette’. reporter the burn mar ks on
When the answer is No, we usually use short forms.
his lawn. ‘It wasn’t there for
n No, she wasn’t. n No, we weren’t. long’, he recalled. ‘Then it took
off and vanished.’

26 Past simple ∆ 8 / Review: auxiliary verb forms ∆ 23

 Exercises

1 Complete the statements and questions. 2 (How many bedrooms)

Example: were you in 2005?
How old ______ ______________________________________________
was 13.
I _____ ______________________________________________

1 It _________ late, and the children _________ tired.
2 The Johnson brothers _________ at the same college. Rod
_________ a medical student, and Harry and Tony _________
Law students.
3 We _________ 30 minutes early for the party and there
_________ nobody there. The room _________ empty!
4 How long _________ you and your wife in Cairo?
I _________ there for three years, but she _________
only there for two.
2 Complete the conversation.
Two friends meet after a party.
Jenny: were sad that you ________
We ______ weren’t at the party.
Robin: I 1_________ sorry to miss it, too. 2_________ it a good
one?
Jenny: Yes, it 3_________. There 4_________ a lot of old friends
there. Where 5_________ you and the family?
Robin: Dad 6_________ away on business, and Mum
7
____________ very well. And my brothers
8
____________ back from holiday. They 9_________ still
away. And like Mum, I 10_________ feeling well either.
3 Read. Then write questions and answer them.
Example: (When/they/at the house)
When were they at the house?
_______________________________
Last night.
_____________
We saw a lovely house yesterday. We were there last night. It was
about 100 years old, and we wanted to buy it immediately. There
were four bedrooms upstairs. Downstairs, there was a beautiful
dining room, and the living room was very big – 10 x 6 metres. The
kitchen at the back of the house was large, too, and very modern.
Outside there was a beautiful garden with a stream. We loved the
house! The only problem was the price. It was £900,000!
1 (How old/the house)
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
3 (How big/the living room)
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
4 (Where/the kitchen)
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
5 (What/outside)
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
6 (What/the only problem)
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
7 (How much/the house)
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
4 Complete the statements.
wasn’t good at English at school because
Example: Maria _______
she didn’t want to learn the language, but she’s___
excellent now.
1 Go and see the old city. There _________ thousands of very old
buildings there. Some of them _________ already old 500
years ago!
2 Simon _________ at home yesterday, but he _________ there
now.
3 I looked for my shoes in the cupboard, but they __________
there, so I think they __________ probably in the hall. I’ll go
and look there now.
4 We _________ wrong to leave the main road.
Now we _________ lost!
5 It’s nearly 10:00 a.m., but everyone _________ still asleep
because we _________ up so late last night.
6 Alan _________ at work yesterday because he had a bad cold,
and he ______ still off work today, too.

27
 10 Past continuous
It was raining again.
FORMS

Statements Yes/No questions

I was looking. Was I looking?
He he
She was not she
It it
We were running. Were we running?
You you
They were not they
They looked out of the window. It was raining again.
Wh~ questions Full answers
A Forming the past continuous What was she doing? She was reading.
Use was/were + main verb + ~ing. Where were they sitting? They were sitting in the garden.
n I was reading all last night.
Short forms: • was not = wasn’t • were not = weren’t
n What were you doing at 2:00?

Remember the spelling rules with ~ing. (∆ Unit 6.)

move ➞ moving stop ➞ stopping die ➞ dying
Be careful. For stative verbs, you need the past simple, not the past PLEASURE Here is some traffic
continuous. (∆ Unit 7 for a list.) BOAT RESCUE news at midday.
n I knew what to do next. Traffic on the M5 is
n Susan didn’t like cold weather. moving again
northbound. Police
B Uses of the past continuous have cleared the
For things which were happening at a certain moment in the past. gton accident, which was
A pleasure boat from Greatlin
What were you doing at 12:00? in rou gh seas blocking the
Beach sank yesterday
I was going home for lunch. following a collisio n with rock s off Steer northbound side
Point. The boa t was carr ying 15 earlier today.
For emphasizing that something happened for a long time. on board,
passengers. Luckily all those
n The baby was crying all night. , wer e recovering
including the two crew
pital afte r a dramatic
For things which were happening when something else suddenly last night in hos
the Greatlingto n lifeb oat.
happened: rescue by
a short past action/event (past simple)
now

Chapter 1

a continuing action/event (past continuous) The Nightmare Begins

When the two actions are in one sentence, use the linking words/ Sam looked out of the window at the
street below. He didn’t want to
be here but Inspector Caldwell had
conjunctions when, as or while to join the two sentence parts. insisted. Suddenly he heard his nam
‘What were you doing here at ten o’clo e.
n Jenny was reading when Ann phoned.
ck last night, Mr Wright?’
Inspector Caldwell was looking at him
and waiting for an answer.
n The truck hit my car as I was turning. ‘I wasn’t doing anything special,’ he
replied. ‘I was at home,’ he
added lamely.
n The policeman arrived while we were having lunch.
The inspector looked at him without
If the when/as/while part is at the start of the sentence, use a comma. interest.
‘So you were doing nothing – at hom
n When Ann phoned, Jenny was reading.
e.’ He paused. ‘And what were
you doing when your wife phoned you
from the Grand Hotel?’
Two actions can happen at the same time: Sam tried to remember that night but
he could only think of what
n While we were having lunch, Jenny was reading.
had happened later.
‘There was a party upstairs,’ he bega
n. ‘People were dancing all
Do not confuse these two different ideas. night. I was listening to some music
to drown the noise. I couldn’t have
n When Tom arrived, we were having dinner. (Dinner was continuing.) heard the phone when it rang.’ Sam
broke off. It sounded as if he was
incriminating himself.
n When Tom arrived, we had dinner. (Tom arrived. Then dinner started.)

28 Past simple ∆ 8–9

 Exercises

1 Write the verbs in the correct forms.
The Carter family all remember what they were doing when the last
Californian earthquake happened.
Example: was cooking lunch for John. (cook)
Sally: I _____________
1 John: I ________________________ my boss in New York.
(call)
2 Ron and Sue: We ________________________ at the lake
with Paul. (swim)
3 Tom: I ________________________ a football game on TV.
(watch)
4 Ann and Carol: We ________________________ a Pepsi at
the Corner Café. (have)
5 Flo: I ________________________ ready to go out with some
friends. (get)
6 Tim and Bill: We ________________________ our bikes in the
park. (ride)
2 Complete the questions and answers.
Examples: _____ cooking dinner? (cook)
Was Sally _________
was cooking lunch.
wasn’t She _______________
No, she ________.
were Ann and Carol ________
What ______ doing ? (do)
were having a Pepsi at the Corner
They ______________
Café. (have)
1 Who _________ John _______________? (call)
He ________________________ his boss.
2 Where _________ Tim and Bill ____________ their bikes?
(ride)
They _____________________ their bikes in the park.
3 _________ Tom _______________ to the radio? (listen)
No, he ____________. He _______________ TV. (watch)
What _________________________________?
He ________________________ a football game.
4 Who _________ Ron and Sue __________________
with? (swim)
They ________________________ with Paul.
____________________________________ at the
swimming pool?
No, they ____________. They _____________ at the lake.
3 Write the verbs in the correct forms.
Examples: was making lunch when the earthquake
n I _____________
happened (make) (happen)
___________.
n were the children doing at this time
What _________________________
last week? (the children/do)
1 What ______________________________ at this time
yesterday? (you/do)
2 Why ____________________________ along the street at
10:00 last night? (he/run)
3 She ________________________ home when her new car
______________________. (drive) (break down)
4 I ____________ the window. (open) The sun
________________________. (shine)
5 They ________________________ in the garden when
the phone _________. (work) (ring)
6 The storm ______ the boat as it _____________________
to reach the harbour. (hit) (try)
7 The plane _____________________ to land when it
____________. (try) (crash)
4 Write the verbs in the correct forms.
went out at 9:00, the sun ______________.
When I ______ was shining (go)(shine)
1
It _________ a beautiful spring day and the birds in the park
2
________________________. (be) (sing) I
3
________________________ along the road beside the park
when suddenly I 4_______________ my old friend, John. (walk)
(notice) He 5________________________ football with his son in
the park. (play) I 6____________ to him and he 7____________
round in surprise. (call) (look) Then he 8_______________ back
and 9_______________ me to join them. (shout) (invite) Soon all of
us 10________________________ football together. (play) Then
we 11_______________ to get some ice creams. (stop) While we
12
_____________________ them, we 13_______________ to go
to the lake and hire a boat. (eat) (decide) Then something terrible
14
_______________. (happen) Just as I 15___________________
into the boat, it 16_______________ to move away, and I
17
_________ straight into the water between the boat and the
shore. (get) (begin) (fall) Hundreds of people 18________________,
and they all 19______________ laughing. (watch) (start) I
20
_________ really embarrassed! (feel)

29
 11 Present perfect 1
I’ve washed the car.
FORMS
Look, Dad! I’ve washed the car.

Statements Yes/No questions

I have washed it. Have I washed it?
You you
We have not we
They they
He has finished. Has he finished?
Great! It’s really She she
clean now.
It has not it

Wh~ questions Full answers

What have you done? I have washed the car.
How long has the job taken? It has taken an hour.
Short forms: • I/you/we/they have = I’ve, you’ve, we’ve, they’ve
• he/she/it has = he’s, she’s, it’s • have not = haven’t
• has not = hasn’t

A Forming the present perfect Many common main verbs are irregular, too. (See Appendix 1 for a list.)
Form the present perfect with have/has + past participle. With regular Examples:
verbs, the past participle is the same as the past simple form – main Infinitive Past form Past participle
verb + ~ed. hit hit hit
Have you washed the car? make made made
Yes, I’ve just finished. speak spoke spoken
Has she finished dinner? swim swam swum
No, she hasn’t finished yet.
C Uses of the present perfect
For have as an auxiliary verb, ∆ Unit 23.
When something happened in the past and is still important now.
If the verb ends in ~e, add ~d to form the past participle. n Tom has cleaned the car. (So now it’s really clean.)
n The train has arrived. There it is! Let’s run. n Ann has broken her arm. (So now she can’t write.)
Verbs ending in a ~y usually change the ~y to ~ied. When something started in the past and continued to the present.
carry ➞ carried hurry ➞ hurried n We’ve finished the job, so now we can have a rest.
But note these special cases. n Sam has travelled all the way from America to be with us here
say ➞ said pay ➞ paid lay ➞ laid tonight.
If the verb ends in a single consonant after a single vowel, double the
D Present perfect signal words
consonant.
Look for the present perfect signal words yet and just. Yet means ‘up
n The bus has stopped. We can get off now.
to now’, and we use it in questions and negative statements.
B Irregular forms Have they repaired the car yet?
A lot of important verbs are irregular, and their past and past participle No, they haven’t had time yet. They’re going to do it tomorrow.
forms do not end in ~ed. The verbs be, do and have are all irregular. Just means ‘a very short time ago’, and we usually use it in positive
Infinitive Past form Past participle statements.
be was/were been n The water has just boiled. Would you like a cup of tea?
do did done n Our new car has just arrived. Come and look.
have had had
We sometimes use yet and just together.
Have you finished your homework yet?
Not yet. I’ve just finished question 1, but I haven’t answered
question 2 yet. (I’m doing it now.)

30 Present perfect or past simple? ∆ 13 / Irregular verbs ∆ Appendix 1 / British and American English ∆ Appendix 6
 We use up to now and so far in positive and negative statements The most anticipated film of the year.
and in questions.
How many letters have you written so far?
Up to now, I’ve done 15. But so far, I haven’t written to Sue.
Use still … not for something that happens late.
I started this last week and I still haven’t finished.
Use already for something that happens early.
It’s only 8:00 and they’ve already done an hour of work.
We sometimes use still … not and already together.
I suppose Joe still hasn’t started work!
You’re wrong. He’s already finished!

E Short (contracted) forms

The ~’s short form can mean is or has, so check the main part of
the verb. Study the different meanings.
n She’s come home. (~’s come = has come)
n She’s coming home. (~’s coming = is coming)
“Where have you been all my life?”

FIRST VOICE
Mr Pugh, in the School House opposite, The Eagle Has Landed
takes up the morning tea to Mrs Pugh,
and whispers on the stairs:
MR PUGH
Here’s your arsenic, dear.
And your weedkiller biscuit.
I’ve throttled your parakeet.
I’ve spat in the vases.
I’ve put cheese in the mouseholes.
Here’s your …
… nice tea, dear.
Beach Car
MRS PUGH Park
Too much sugar. HAVE YOU
MR PUGH PAID
You haven’t tasted it yet, dear.
AND
MRS PUGH DISPLAYED
Too much milk, then. ?
Tickets ava
ilable
from machin
e
(Under Milk Wood, Dylan Thomas, 1914–1953)

31
 Exercises

1 Write the past participles. 3 My parents ________________________. Their car is outside.

Example: bought happen __________
buy ________ happened 4 Mark ________________________ the race. He’s the new
met
meet _____ champion.
1 ask ____________ 11 keep ____________ 5 Dad ________________________ the tickets, so we can go in.
2 be ____________ 12 leave ____________
4 Write statements with positive and negative forms.
3 choose ____________ 13 make ____________ Example: (find/a job 3) (find/a house 7)

4 do ____________ 14 need ____________ has found a job , but he

5 eat ____________
6 find ____________
7 give ____________
8 have ____________
9 invite ____________
10 join ____________
Alan ________________
hasn’t found a house .
_____________________
15 open ____________
1 (join/the school drama group 3) (join/the tennis club 7)
16 put ____________ Tony _____________________________________________
17 run ____________ ______________, but he ____________________________
_________________________________________________
18 start ____________
2 (make/a cake 3) (make/any sandwiches 7)
19 take ____________ Julie _________________________________, but she
20 wake up ____________ _________________________________________________

Which verbs are irregular? 3 (bring/their books 3) (bring/their pens 7)

___________________________________________________ The boys ________________________________________,
Which verbs can be both main verbs and auxiliary verbs? but they __________________________________________
___________________________________________________ 4 (choose/the carpets for their new house 3) (choose/any
2 Complete the paragraph with verbs from Exercise 1 (including furniture 7)
the examples). Ian and Sue _______________________________________
Dear Mum, _______________________________________, but they
happened since our move to Australia.
Well, a lot of things have ___________ _________________________________________________
1
Larry has ___________ a good job at a bank, and we have 5 (wash/the car 3) (wash/the children’s bikes 7)
2
___________ a small house outside town for $190,000. Peter and I _______________________________________, but I
Sally have 3___________ at their new school, and they’re very _________________________________________________
happy there. Peter has 4___________ the football team and Sally _________________________________________________
has 5___________ a lot of good friends in her class. I have
6 6 (invite/Alan to the party 3) (invite Joe 7)
___________ all the neighbours now, and they have
7 We _____________________________________________,
___________ very kind. In fact, our next-door neighbour has
8 but we ___________________________________________
___________ all of us to a barbecue lunch on Sunday.
5 Write questions and short answers.
3 Write these verbs in the correct forms.
Examples: Lisa has cleaned her shoes. (boots) (Yes)
arrive, break, clean, get, paint, win
Has she cleaned her boots, too?
__________________________________
Example: has cleaned the car. Now it looks like new.
Tom ____________
Yes, she has.
______________
1 They ________________________ the TV. It doesn’t work. Peter has eaten his lunch. (Bill) (No)
Has Bill eaten his lunch, too?
______________________________
2 Ann ________________________ the room. It’s pink now.
No, he hasn’t.
______________

32
 1 The boys have done their Maths homework. (French homework) (No) 1 Has Ruth moved? (Yes) (go to/Rome)
______________________________________________ ______________________________________________
______________________________________________
2 Do you know the Smiths? (No) (not/meet/them)
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
2 Vicky has been busy all day. (Mark) (Yes)
3 Does Bob like sweet things? (Yes) (buy/some chocolate)
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________ 4 Are we going home now? (No) (not/finish/work)
______________________________________________
3 Barry has learnt to fly. (you) (Yes)
______________________________________________ 5 Have the boys had lunch? (No) (not/come/home)
______________________________________________ ______________________________________________
______________________________________________
6 Have you got enough petrol? (Yes) (buy/some)
4 Petra and I have brought our books. (Sally) (No) ______________________________________________
______________________________________________
7 Have you moved my books? (Yes) (put/them/in your room)
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
8 Write statements. Use already or But … still … not.
6 Reorder the words to make questions.
Examples: n Tom got his boots dirty. (clean/them 7)
Example: (gone/where/girls/have/the)
Where have the girls gone? But he still hasn’t cleaned them.
__________________________________
______________________________
n Ann works very fast. (do/her Maths 3)
1 (lived/Emma/how long/London/has/in) She’s already done her Maths.
________________________________
_________________________________________________
1 I asked you to talk to Bill yesterday. (call/him 7)
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
2 (late/come/you/why/so/have/home) _________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
2 We’re planning to go to Spain. (buy/the tickets 3)
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
3 (my/what/you/have/with/shirt/done) _________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
3 I asked you to get ready. (pack/your bag 7)
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
4 (the/has/Andy/where/put/bike) _________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
4 She’s saving for a new TV. (get/£150 3)
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
5 (kilometres/you/how many/today/driven/have) _________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
5 Number 33 is moving fast now. (do/30 kph 3)
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
7 Write the answers. Use just or yet. _________________________________________________
Examples: Is the TV working? (Yes) (mend/it) 6 I wrote three weeks ago. (have/a reply 7)
Yes, I’ve just mended it.
____________________________ _________________________________________________
Have you seen your picture in today’s newspaper? _________________________________________________
(No) (buy/one)
No, I haven’t bought one yet.
_____________________________

33
 12 Present perfect 2
I’ve lived here for 35 years. Have you ever visited Scotland?
FORMS

Present perfect + for/since

How long have you lived here?
I have lived here for 35 years.
I’ve lived here for 35 years.
This has been my home since for a long time.
I was a young man.
for ages.
I haven’t lived here since I was young.
since 1990.
since yesterday.

Present perfect + number of times

Have you ever been back to Sydney?
Yes, I have been back three times.
She has visited Spain once or twice.
four times this year.
every year since 2005.

A Use of the present perfect + for/since

We often use for and since when we talk about something starting in
the past and continuing to the present. To show how long something
SIMPSON
DOES IT AGAIN
Zeigla
has continued, use for. To show when something started, use since.
Since 1835 we
since for have been the
(a point in the past) (a period of time) now
leading makers of
watches and clocks
n Karen has been a nurse for 20 years.
since the 1990s.
The great javelin thrower, Bill
B Use of the present perfect + number of times Simpson, beat his own record Have you ever?
yesterday with a throw of Have you ever flown a bike?
For things that have happened repeatedly from the past up to the 99.45 metres. Simpson has Have you ever ridden a kite?
present, we often use ever and never and time expressions such as this now held the world record Have you ever driven a plane?
year, this week, today, since (time/event), in my (whole) life. for 12 years. Interviewed after Have you ever captained a crane?
the event, Simpson said,‘This
Well, have you ever?
should help me keep the
record for the next 12 years.’ No, I’ve never.
a point in the past a period of time now

actions/events in a period of time

HAVE YOU EVER …
The monthly celebrity confessional
Have you ever been back home (since you moved here)? … punched a member of your own group?
Yes, I’ve been back three times since then. Louise Wener (Sleeper)
Have you ever visited New York? ‘No. It has come close and they have come close to punching
No, I’ve never been there in my whole life! me, but it hasn’t happened. Yet.’
C been and gone Julian Cope (solo, ex-Teardrop Explodes) ‘Of course, many
Study the different meanings of been and gone. times. I’ve never punched a member of my solo band, but
n He’s been to India. He went last year. (And now he’s home again.) the Teardrop Explodes were always fighting.’
n He’s gone to India. He’s working in Mumbai. (He’s there now.)

34 Present perfect or past simple? ∆ Unit 13 / British and American English ∆ Appendix 6
 Exercises
1 Write statements.
Examples: (Charlie/live/there/35 years)
Charlie has lived there for 35 years.
_________________________________________
(he/be/there/20 years old)
He’s been there since he was 20 years old.
_________________________________________
1 (this land/belong to/Mr Hill/1980)
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
2 (Sally/have/the same car/five years)
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
3 (we/live/in this house/I was 25)
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
2 Complete the questions and answers.
Example: I live in London.
have you lived there?
How long _______________
Since 2001. OR _____
______ For (eleven) years.
1 Nick and Sue have a Mercedes.
How long ___________________________ it?
_________ last month.
2 My brother works for IBM.
How long ___________________________ for them?
_________ three years.
3 The Carter family want to move house.
How long ______________________________ to do that?
_________ Mr Carter got a job in London.
4 Nick Ellis lives on a small island.
How long ___________________________ there?
_________ most of his life.
3 Write negative answers for the questions.
Example: When was the last time you had an ice cream?
(ages) OR (last week)
I haven’t had an ice cream for ages.
_______________________________________
since last week.
OR _____________________
1 When did Tim last see Susan? (three weeks)
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
2 When did the whole family last meet? (Claire’s wedding)
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
3 When was the last time we had fish for dinner? (months)
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
4 Write questions. Use ever where possible. Answer the questions.
Examples: (you/read this book) (three times)
Have you ever read this book?
__________________________________
Yes, I’ve read it three times.
__________________________________
(How often/he/stay/in Paris) (once)
How often has he stayed in Paris?
___________________________________
He’s stayed there once.
________________________
1 (you/stay in Miami) (three times)
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
2 (How many times/he see Avatar) (seven times)
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
3 (they/try Indian food) (a few times)
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
4 (How often/it rain today) (twice)
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
5 Complete the questions and answers.
Example: Does Susan like sailing?
She loves it! She ’s been sailing every weekend
________
this year. She ’s gone again this weekend.
________
1 ________ you ever ________ to Rome?
No, but my brother ________ just ________ there this week.
2 Where’s Alan?
He ____________ to the bank to get some money.
Really? He _______ already ______ there twice this week!
35
 13 Present perfect or past simple?
It has opened. It opened last week.

Look! The new sports

shop has opened.

Yes, I know. It opened last week.

CROSSCHECK
CROSSCHECK CROSSCHECK

A Uses of the present perfect B Uses of the past simple

For when something happened in the past, but you do not know when. For when something happened completely in the past.
n The new sports shop has opened. n What happened then?

For when something happened in the past, but it affects us now. For when something started and finished in the past and you know when.
n He’s broken his leg. (The leg is still broken.) n He broke his leg last year. (His leg is OK now.)

For when something started in the past, and it continues to the present. For when something started, continued and finished in the past.
n Mary has lived in London for seven years. (And she still lives there now.) n Mary lived in London for seven years. (But she doesn’t live there now.)

For when something has happened in a particular period of time up to For when something happened in a period of past time, e.g., yesterday,
the present, e.g., today, this year. last year:
n She’s written three letters today. n She wrote five letters yesterday.
n Have you had exams this year? n Did you have exams last year?

For finding out if something has happened, not when. For finding out when something happened.
Has Peter gone home yet? When did Peter go home?
We often start to talk about an event at an unstated time in the past. We then often fix that event at a particular time with the past simple.
Have you ever visited Japan? When were you last in Japan?
Yes, I’ve been there three times. I stayed there last summer.

Star Interview Meet the Chef!

Phone Cornwallis Insurance Liz Bailey is the main chef at Ludlow’s.
How many films did you
Brokers for a free quote

Have you had a break-in?

? make last year?
She started catering when she was 15.
She worked at the Three Bridges for a
number of years and at the Lakeside
Just two. It wasn’t a busy year. Bakery in Bampton. She has worked at
Did you have proper
insurance?
I made The Waiting Game in Ludlow’s since 2009.
January. Then I had to wait
If you were caught out seven months for Warner to
this time, offer me Starman.
DON’T BE CAUGHT What have you enjoyed Dear Mrs Oliver,
OUT AGAIN! ? most this week? It’s true – a short time ago we entered your name in
Tel: 01683 95421 It’s been a very busy week, and the Vauxhall pre-draw, which has now just taken place.
the best thing was when I stayed As you have come through the first stage of the draw,
in bed the whole of Friday I am notifying you now that you could already be
morning.
THE WINNER!

36 Past simple ∆ 8 / Present perfect 1 ∆ 11 / British and American English ∆ Appendix 6

 Exercises

1 Write the verbs in positive, negative or question forms of the 3 Write the past forms and past participles.
past simple.
Examples: write wrote ________
______ written
Rob: was terrible. (be) I _______
You know, last night ____ locked myself
out of the house. (lock) 1 ask ___________ ___________

Lyn: Oh, no! What 1_____________________ (you/do) 2 be ___________ ___________

2 3
Rob: I _________ round the house and I ____________ for 3 cut ___________ ___________
an open window. (go) (look)
4 4 do ___________ ___________
Lyn: ___________________________ one? (you/find)
Rob: There 5____________ any on the ground floor, but there 5 find ___________ ___________
6
_________ one upstairs. (not/be) (be) 6 go ___________ ___________
Lyn: It’s a pity you 7_____________________ us. (not/call)
7 have ___________ ___________
You’re always welcome to stay here.
Rob: Thanks, but I 8________________________ to disturb 8 invite ___________ ___________
you. (not/want)
9 join ___________ ___________
Lyn: So what 9_____________________ after that? (you/do)
Which verbs are irregular?
Rob: I 10____________ the police. (phone)
___________________________________________________
2 Write the verbs in positive, negative or question forms of the Which verbs can be both main verbs and auxiliary verbs?
present perfect. ___________________________________________________
Tina and Bill are getting ready for school.
4 Complete the statements and questions.
Examples: Mum: Have you had enough to eat? (you/have)
_____________
Examples: has never been to Canada.
n Helen ____
Tina: Thanks, Mum. I’ve eaten lots. (eat)
_________
n Did
_____ you spend much money yesterday?
Bill: haven’t I’m still hungry.
Well, I _________
1 How long ___________ Ann been at home?
1 Tina: Bill, where _______________________ my coat?
(you/put) 2 I’m sure Peter ___________ made a mistake.
Bill: I _______________________ your coat since last 3 Tom ___________ finished work yet.
week. (not/see)
4 ___________ anybody see the news at 1:00?
2 Mum: ____________________________ your bag for school,
5 We ___________ found the way, but we’re trying.
Tina? (you/pack)
Tina: Yes, but I ______________ my pencil case upstairs. (leave) 5 Write the verbs in the correct forms.
3 Mum: _________________________ you your lunch money, Mark is e-mailing his parents in London.
Bill? (Dad/give) Dear Mum and Dad,
Bill: No, he ___________. Can you give me some? arrived here in New York on 6th September and now it’s
Well, I ________
’ve been here for two months. (arrive) (be) I’m
6th November, so I________
4 Dad: I ____________________ the car to the front door.
sorry I 1__________________________ to you since last month,
(bring) Are you ready to go?
but life 2______________ very busy. (not/write) (be) Classes
Bill: I am, but Tina ______________ upstairs for her pencil
3
____________________ and I 4___________ a lot of things to
case. (go)
do. (begin) (have) I 5________ you about Rod in my last e-mail. (tell)
He 6____________ me stay at his place since I first 7________
here. (let) (get) But at last I 8____________________ a place of
my own. (find) I 9____________ the agreement with the owner last
night and he 10________ me a key. (sign) (give)
37
 14 Present perfect continuous
I’ve been waiting for an hour.
FORMS
How long have you been waiting?
Statements Yes/No questions
I have been waiting. Have I been waiting?
You you
We have not we
They they
He has been playing. Has he been playing?
She she
I’ve been waiting for an hour! It has not it

Wh~ questions Full answers

What have you been doing? I have been watching TV.
How long has he been waiting? He has been waiting for an hour.
Short forms: • I/you/we/they have = I’ve, you’ve, we’ve, they’ve
• he/she/it has = he’s, she’s, it’s • have not = haven’t
• has not = hasn’t

A Forming the present perfect continuous

Use have + been (past participle of be) + ~ing form of the main verb. Have been People have been meeting
contains the present perfect meaning. The ~ing form shows the idea of continuing. since 1970 through the
Mary Stewart
B Uses of the present perfect continuous Dating Agency
For emphasizing that something has continued for a long time.
n I’ve been waiting for two whole hours! GET IN TOUCH!
n Tom has been building that boat since 2005. Will he ever finish?

a point in the past a period of time now

At High Notes we’ve

a continuing action/event in a period of time
been mastering the
For something that stopped just before the present, but is still important now. art of making musical
n Look, the road is wet. It’s been raining. instruments for
n I’ve been saving for months, and now I’ve got nearly £1,000. 150 years.
For frequent actions in a period of time from the past to the present. No one has more
n We’ve been visiting France every summer for the last ten years. experience than we do. High Notes
n How long have you been going to work by bicycle?

a point in the past a period of time now

Heavy snow has been
falling in southern
a continually repeating action/event in a period of time areas of Scotland.
C Signal words Although it is now
We use some of the signal words that go with the present perfect, e.g., for, since, bright and sunny,
just. We also use other expressions to emphasize ‘how long’, e.g., all morning/ motorists are advised
day/week, the whole morning/day/week. to stay at home
n We’ve been working since 6:00 this morning. unless their journey is
n Oh, hi! I’ve just been writing an e-mail to you! absolutely necessary.
n They’ve been waiting for this letter all week!

38 Present perfect 1 ∆ 11
 Exercises
1 Complete the answers.
Example: Why are you so tired?
I ’ve been studying all night. (study)
__________________
1 Hello! Where have you been recently?
I ____________________________ in London. (work)
2 Why are the children so dirty?
They ______________________________ in the garden.
(play)
3 I can’t find my MP3 player. Where is it?
John __________________________ it upstairs. (use)
4 Why haven’t you washed the car yet?
I ___________________________ jobs for Mum. (do)
5 Maria speaks very good English.
Yes. She __________________________________ very
hard. (study)
2 Complete the answers.
Example: Have the children been helping Mum?
haven’t been helping her.
No, they ______________________
They’ve been watching TV. (watch)
__________________
1 Has Tony been spending all his money?
No, he ____________________________________ it.
He _________________________ it. (save)
2 Have we been going the wrong way?
No, we ______________________________________
the wrong way. We _________________________ the
right way. (go)
3 Has Ann been doing her homework?
No, she ______________________________________
that. She _________________________ to her new CD.
(listen)
3 Complete the questions.
Examples: You meet an old friend who is now at college.
have you been getting on at college?
How _________________________
(you/get on)
You ask about your friend’s brother. He’s recently
started at a new school.
Has your brother been enjoying his
__________________________________
new school? (your brother/enjoy)
1 You meet a friend. You haven’t seen her for a month.
What _______________________________________
recently? (you/do)
2 You ask Tom’s sister about him. He’s been studying Spanish in
Spain.
How ________________________________________ in
Spain? (he/get on)
3 You want to know about Tom’s studies.
__________________________________________ a lot
of Spanish? (he/learn)
4 Your little brother’s hands and mouth are dirty.
___________________________________________
chocolate? (you/eat)
5 Someone tells you about some friends. They’re working in London.
How long ____________________________________
there? (they/work)
4 Write questions and answer them.
Examples: Joe is travelling round the world. He left at the end of
last year OR six months ago.
has Joe been doing recently?
What _____________________
He’s been travelling round the world.
______________________________________
has he been doing that?
How long ___________________
Since the end of last year.
____________________________
For six months.
OR ________________
1 Pam is looking for a new job. She started looking last month.
What ________________________________ recently?
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
How long ________________________________ that?
______________________________________________
2 Nick and Andy are training for the London Marathon. They
began training the month before last.
What _________________________________________
___________________________ recently?
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
How long ________________________________ that?
______________________________________________
39
 15 Past perfect and past simple
When they arrived, the film had started.
FORMS

Statements Yes/No questions

I had started. Had I started?
You you
He he
She had not she
It it
We we
They they

Wh~ questions Full answers

What film had they gone to see? They had gone to see Avatar 4.
When had it started? It had started at 7:00.
Short forms: • I/you/he/she/we/they had = I’d, you’d, he’d,
she’d, we’d, they’d • had not = hadn’t
When they arrived, the film had started.

A Forming the past perfect

DRIVER WAS BLIND AND DRUNK
Form the past perfect with had + past participle. Police called to breath test a Speaking in court, Bolton said
suspected drunk driver were that his sight had worsened, until
n The film had started before we arrived.
astonished to find he was he was registered blind in March.
n Had it begun before you arrived? registered blind. David Bolton, He had been
at the pub with his
40, could not see the end of his girlfriend, who
B Use of the past perfect normally drove,
bonnet, but had managed to but this time she had had several
For when we need to emphasize that one past event happened earlier drive two miles before drinks too. Magistrates imposed
than another past event. We can put the two events in two sentences crashing into a parked car. an immediate driving ban on him.
with or without connectors.
n I got to the party at 8:00. However, my friends had already left.
n At the airport I couldn’t find my passport. I’d left it at home!
Columbus believed that
We can also talk about two events in one sentence. This often happens if he sailed west he would
in reported speech. (∆ Unit 53) reach India. In fact, he
n I looked for some fruit in the fridge, but someone had eaten it all. landed in the Caribbean.
n Last Sunday, Annie told her best friend that Tom had asked her He didn’t realize what he
had found. He called it
to marry him.
the West Indies.
We can also use these words to connect the two sentence parts: when,
after, before, once, until, as soon as.
n When I arrived, the meeting had started. ‘Welcome to my ho
use! Enter freely an
n The rain had stopped before we went out. your own will!’ d of
He did not step forw
Be careful. Do not overuse the past perfect. Use the past simple for past like a statue, as thou ard to meet me, bu
t stood
gh his welcoming
events that happened one after another. fixed him in stone. words had
The
n I saw Peter and I said hello. had stepped over th instant, however, that I
e threshold, he mov
n When I got home, I sat down and turned on the TV. impulsively forwar ed
d. Holding out his ha
grasped mine with nd, he
a str
Note the difference in meaning between the following: wince and with a ha ength which made me
n When the director arrived, the meeting started. (First the director
nd as cold as ice –
the hand of a dead more like
man than a living on
arrived and then the meeting started.) ‘Count Dracula?’ I as e.
ked.
n When the director arrived, the meeting had started. (First the
meeting started and then the director arrived.)
(Dracula, Bram Stoker, 1847–1912)

40 Past simple ∆ 8–9 / Reported statements (with time shift) ∆ 53

 Exercises
1 Write the verbs in the correct forms.
Example: had lived there
It was a strange house. Nobody __________
for years. (live)
1 The town was empty. Everyone __________________. (go)
2 The car wasn’t there. A thief _____________________ it. (take)
3 The biscuit tin was empty. Tim _____________________ them
all. (eat)
4 I didn’t recognize old Mr Jarvis. He _________________ a lot.
(change)
5 We decided to buy a sofa which we _______________ the
weekend before. (see)
6 We went back to the shop to get the sofa, but somebody else
________________________ it. (buy)
7 I wanted to speak to Mr Jones, so I phoned his office.
Unfortunately, he _______________ five minutes before. (leave)
8 Bob was late for football practice and they _______________
without him. (start)
2 Write the verbs in the correct forms.
Example: ’d only been at home for a few minutes when
We____________
the phone rang. (only/be)
1 I invited Pat, but she ______________________________ to
go out. (already/arrange)
2 They were amazed. They ___________________________
such a beautiful place. (never/see)
3 Celia ____________________________________ dinner
when the police called. (just/start)
4 Mrs Spear was worried. She __________________________
_________________________________________ her son’s
accident. (recently/hear about)
5 I phoned the garage, but they ________________________
__________________ my car. (still/not/repair)
6 Tony wanted to buy a bike with the money, but Tina
_______________________________ it. (already/spent)
3 Write the verbs in the correct forms.
Example: Alan _________ broke a window to
had lost his key, so he ______
get in. (lose) (break)
1 I ____________ at the party at 8:00, but my friends
_______________. (arrive) (go)
2 The horses ________________________ before we
____________ the gate. (get away) (close)
3 Once we __________________ the river, we ____________
to move faster. (cross) (be able)
4 The manager _________ us all there until we
_______________ everything possible. (leave) (do)
5 They _____________________ because they ___________
__________________ food and water. (turn back) (run out of)
4 Join each pair of statements to make one statement. Use when.
Example: n We went out. We had breakfast.
went out when we’d
n We ________________ had breakfast.
______
1 We drove out of town. We loaded the Jeep.
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
2 We stopped for a rest. We drove into the hills.
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
3 We started again. We had a good rest.
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
4 We finally stopped for the night. We were on the road for over
ten hours.
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
5 We started to cook dinner. We unpacked the Jeep.
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
6 We went to sleep. We finished dinner.
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
41
 16 Future with going to
We’re going to drive.
FORMS

Statements Yes/No questions

We’re going to drive
straight across the I am going to drive. Am I going to drive?
desert. Ready?
am not
He is going to go. Is he going to go?
She she
It is not it
We are going to travel. Are we going to travel?
You you
They are not they

Wh~ questions Full answers

Where are they going to drive? They are going to drive to Perth.
How long is the trip going It is going to take a month.
to take?
Short forms: • I am = I’m • he/she/it is = he’s, she’s, it’s
• we/you/they are = we’re, you’re, they’re • I am not = I’m not
• he is not = he isn’t, he’s not • we are not = we aren’t, we’re not

The heads of government are going to

A Uses of going to
meet again at 10:00 tomorrow morning.
For explaining future plans.
What are you going to do on Saturday?
I’m going to visit my grandparents.
For explaining an intention to do something in the very near future.
n Right now, I’m going to make some salad. Then we can have dinner.
Dad, can you help me with my homework?
Sure, I’m just going to watch the news. I’ll help you when it’s finished.
For predictions when it is clear that something is certain to happen soon.
n Look at the clouds. It’s going to rain.
n Listen to the car! It’s going to break down! At a press conf
erence held by
winner Peter the lottery orga
Note: Use going to with go, just like any other verb. Morgan, an un nizers,
four children, em ployed miner
n We’re going to go to the cinema. sprayed report with
‘It’s going to be ers with cham
a great Christm pagne.
Mr Morgan, ag as!’ he told th
ed 39, who ne em.
CROSSCHECK went on to sa tted £2.3 millio
y, ‘It’s going to n,
change my lif
B Present continuous e!’
We often use the present continuous to talk about future events that are

Virgo
agreed and arranged.
Are you doing anything tomorrow?
Yes, I’m seeing Sally. We’re meeting at 3:00.
going to With the planet Jupiter in your
When we use going to, we are focusing more on deciding and planning house, this is going to be a very
future events. exciting year for Virgoans. Your practical,
What are you going to do? down-to-earth nature is going to help you deal
with the many changes that await anyone born
First, we’re going to take a trip on the river. Then we’re going
under this sign.
to see a film.

42 Future with will ∆ 17 / Review: the future ∆ 20

 Exercises

1 Complete the answers. 3 Write questions and short answers.

Example: Have you had dinner yet? (later) Examples: (we/be/late) (No)
No, not yet. I ’m going to have it later.
__________________________ Are we going to be late?
_________________________
No, we aren’t.
______________
1 Have you washed the car yet? (after lunch)
No, not yet. I ____________________________________ 1 (Sam/pass/his exams) (Yes)
________________________________________________. ______________________________________________
______________________________________________
2 Has Tessa cleaned her shoes yet? (now)
______________________________________________
No, not yet. She _________________________________
_________________________________________________. 2 (your parents/take/you out) (No)
______________________________________________
3 Have the boys mended their bikes yet? (this evening)
______________________________________________
No, not yet. They ________________________________
______________________________________________
_________________________________________________.
3 (you/watch/TV this evening) (Yes)
4 Has the cat had its food yet? (in a minute)
______________________________________________
No, not yet. It ___________________________________
______________________________________________
_________________________________________________.
______________________________________________
2 Write the verbs in positive or negative forms.
4 (Sally/buy/a newspaper) (No)
Examples: Your local football team are in the cup final, but they’re ______________________________________________
playing badly. ______________________________________________
They ’re going to lose. (lose)
__________________ ______________________________________________
aren’t going to win. (not/win)
They _____________________ ______________________________________________
1 You’re in the hills. There are black clouds.
4 Write questions.
It _________________________________. (rain)
Example: I’m planning to go on holiday.
We _______________________________ very wet. (get)
(Where/you/go)
2 Alan should be on his way to the airport to catch a plane, but Where are you going to go?
____________________________
he’s still in bed.
1 Ann has bought some lovely flowers.
He _________________________________ there in time.
(Where/she/put them)
(not/get)
______________________________________________
He ______________________________ his plane. (miss)
2 The Smith family have sold their house.
3 Your car is very low on petrol, and you’re still a long way from
(When/they/move out)
the petrol station.
______________________________________________
We _____________________________________ petrol.
______________________________________________
(run out of)
We _______________________________________ the 3 I’m making some cakes for the party.
petrol station in time. (not/reach) (How many/you/make)
______________________________________________
4 Your friend is in a marathon race. He’s very tired, but he’s very
______________________________________________
near the end of the race.
He _______________________________________ now. 4 Bill is planning to go to the cinema.
(not/give up) (What/he/see)
He _________________________________ for sure. (finish) ______________________________________________

43
 17 Future with will
People will live in space cities.
FORMS

Statements Yes/No questions

One day, people will live

I will start. Will I start?
in space cities like this. You you
He he
She will not she
It it
We we
They they

Wh~ questions Full answers

When will they build the They will start in about 2040.
first space city?
Where will the space It will be 1.5 million kilometres away.
city be?
Short forms: • I/you/he/she/it/we/they will = I’ll, you’ll, he’ll, she’ll,
it’ll, we’ll, they’ll • will not = won’t

A Uses of will For predicting the future, so we often use it with words such as probably,
For expressing future facts. definitely and certainly and phrases like I’m sure …, I’m certain … Note:
n Sam will be 20 next month. ~ly words change position in will and won’t sentences.
n The new road will be eight lanes wide. n He’ll definitely love Rome.
For predicting something in the future. n He definitely won’t want to come home.
n One day, people will live in space cities. Note: Do not use will to express plans and arrangements.
n Don’t worry! I’m sure you’ll pass your exams. n I can’t see you tomorrow as I’m visiting/going to visit my
For saying what you decide to do at the time of speaking. parents. (not will visit )
n I’ve left the window open. I’ll go back and close it. Note: Will often goes with verbs like expect, think and know.
For offering, promising or threatening to do something. n I expect I’ll be late home tonight.
n That looks heavy. I’ll help you. n I don’t think he’ll agree to the idea.
n I promise I won’t be late.
B shall/shall not (shan’t)
For asking somebody to do something and agreeing or refusing to do it. In British English, people sometimes use shall/shall not (shan’t) instead
Will you post this card for me? of will/will not, but only with I or we. It is usually used for suggestions,
Yes, I’ll post it on my way home. offers and asking for instructions or suggestions.
n You look terrible! Shall we call a doctor?
n I’ve finished this job. What shall I do next?

TECHPRO Electronics TURY

17–19 March 2013 NEC Birmingham, UK

Network in comfort
21st CEN
TECHNOLOGY
As we move further into
You will find that we’ve put in place all the facilities the 21st century, the ever-
you need to make TECHPRO both pleasant and productive. growing use of information
Visitor lounges and catering facilities throughout the technology means that
show will give you the chance to catch your breath and more people will be able to
plan the next stage of your visit. work from home. This in
The all-new TECHPRO TV will be constantly delivering turn will change the
fast-breaking news from all around the show and its pattern of transportation.
features, as well as providing reports on local traffic and The morning rush hour will
weather conditions via a giant video wall in Hall 2. soon be a thing of the past.

44 Future with going to ∆ 16 / Future continuous ∆ 18 / Review: the future ∆ 20 / British and American English ∆ Appendix 6
 Exercises
1 Write the verbs in positive or negative forms.
Examples: will start at 8:00. (start)
n The film __________
won’t finish until 11:00. (not/finish)
n It _____________
1 I’ve hidden the presents, so the children __________________
them. (not/find)
2 The bridge __________________ the river here. (cross)
3 The road __________________ until next year. (not/open)
4 Ask the boys. They ____________ the job for you. (do)
5 Paul _______________ 20 until next year. (not/be)
2 Complete the offers and promises with positive or negative
forms of these verbs.
be, buy, close, forget, look after, lose, make, wash
Example: Please be careful with my jewellery.
Don’t worry. I ’ll look after it.
_____________
OR
won’t lose it.
Don’t worry. I ___________
1 We haven’t got any milk.
All right. I ____________ some at the shop.
2 Be sure to get there on time.
Don’t worry. I _______________ late.
3 The car is very dirty.
OK. I _______________ it.
4 Look, the windows are open.
All right. I _______________ them.
5 Try to get everything right this time.
No problem. I __________________ any mistakes.
6 Remember to take this letter and post it.
Don’t worry. I _____________________ it.
3 Complete the answers with these verbs. Use the correct
pronouns.
carry, cut, get, give, phone
Example: Please give your parents a call.
I’ll phone them now.
Yes, __________
1 Is Simon at work now?
No, not yet. _______________ to the office at 9:00.
2 I’m thirsty.
Ask Sue. __________________ you a Pepsi.
3 This case is very heavy.
Give it to me. _______________ it for you.
4 We need some wood for the fire.
OK. ____________ some pieces now.
4 Write questions and short answers.
Example: (Joe/win/the competition) (No)
Will Joe win the competition?
________________________________
No, he won’t.
______________
1 (Ann/be/ten next week) (Yes)
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
2 (the boys/like/their new school) (No)
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
3 (Mr Hall/arrive/tonight) (Yes)
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
4 (next term/start/on 15th April) (No)
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
5 Write the verbs in the correct forms.
Luke and his friends are planning a class river trip.
Luke: Here’s my idea. We ’ll take some boats and go up the
_______
river. (take)
Andy: will it cost? (it/cost)
OK, but how much _____________
Luke: I don’t know. I 1_______________ the boat company and
ask. (phone) But I’m sure it 2_______________ too
expensive. (not/be)
Andy: 3
____________________________________ to go?
(everybody/want)
Luke: Yes, I’m sure they 4_________. (will)
Tony: What 5________________________ to take? (we/need)
Luke: We 6__________________ take a picnic. (have to)
Andy: 7
_____________________ raincoats? (we/need)
Luke: No, we 8____________. Don’t worry. The TV weatherman
says we 9_______________ a lovely day tomorrow, and
he promises it 10_______________. (not) (have) (not/rain)
45
 18 Future continuous
I’ll be swimming.
FORMS

Statements Yes/No questions

I will be swimming. Will I be swimming?
You you
Just think! At this time tomorrow, He he
I’ll be swimming in the Indian Ocean.
She will not be she
It it
We we
They they

Wh~ questions Full answers

What will she be doing? She will be working.
Where will he be swimming? He will be swimming in the sea.
Short forms: • I/you/he/she/it/we/they will be = I’ll be, you’ll be,
he’ll be, she’ll be, it’ll be, we’ll be, they’ll be • will not be =
won’t be

8:00–10:15 Olympic Special

This live action Olympic coverage
A Uses will include the
final of the 100 metres. At 9:15 this
For talking about a continuing event or activity at a point in the future. evening, everyone
in Britain will be sitting on the edg
e of their seats
now a point in the future hoping that we can once again win
Olympic gold.

a continuing action/event happening at a point in the future

What will you be doing at this time tomorrow?
I’ll be travelling to New York.
MEMO
Compare similar uses of other continuous tenses.
n It’s 9:00 now. Harry is watching TV. To: All staff
n At 9:00 yesterday he was watching TV, too. From: The management
n At 9:00 tomorrow he’ll be watching TV again. Date: 15th December
day
For emphasizing that an event or activity will continue for a long time. Staff are reminded that they will be working a full
n There’s so much to do! We’ll be working all day. on Christmas Eve. Anyon e wishin g to do Christmas
n We’re having a party tomorrow evening, so we’ll be cooking all shopping should arrange for an afternoon off during
afternoon. the coming week.

Use the future continuous (like the present continuous and going to) to
talk about future arrangements and plans.
n I’ll be calling at the supermarket on my way home. Dear Tony
n I’m calling Can I get you anything? Sorry I can’t come to yo
ur wedding on the 16th,
n I’m going to call but I’ll be flying out to
South Af rica next
Saturday to cover the
B Short answers elections there.
Good luck to you both.
Just use will/won’t. We do not usually add be. I look forward to
seeing you and Sarah wh
Will you and Emma be flying to Rome next week? en I get back.
She will, but I won’t. I’ll be driving. Love, George

46 Review: the future ∆ 20

 Exercises

1 Read. Then answer the question. Use these verbs. Lisa: No, sorry. I 3_________________________________
do, have, learn, study ________________. Are you free on Wednesday?

John’s timetable Jack: No, sorry. I 4_________________________________

________________. Are you free on Thursday?
9:00 9:45 10:30 11:15 12:00 12:45
Lisa: I’m afraid not. I 5______________________________
Science Art French Maths English Lunch
________________. Can we meet on Friday?
What will John be doing at these times? Jack: Yes, I’m free then.
9:00, 9:45, 10:30, 11:15, 12:00, 12:45
3 Read. Then write questions and answer them.
Example: At 9:00 he’ll be having Science.
_________________________________
Roger Barnes is a traveller. On his next trip, he will be travelling
1 _______________________________________________ round the world by bicycle. He will be flying to Florida next Monday.
2 _______________________________________________ Then he will be riding across America on his bike for the next two
months. He will be arriving in California in ten weeks. From there, he
3 _______________________________________________ will be going up the west coast to Alaska. Then he will be crossing
4 _______________________________________________ to Asia by ship.
Example: (How/he/travel/round/the world)
5 _______________________________________________
How will he be travelling round the
_____________________________________
2 Read Jack’s and Lisa’s diary pages for next week. Then world?
_______
complete the conversation. By bike.
________

Jack Hill Lisa Bell 1 (When/he/fly/Florida)

Mon. 1 Morning – Talk to Afternoon – Meet the ______________________________________________
customers from Japan. sales manager. ______________________________________________
______________________________________________
Tues. 2 Morning – Visit the Afternoon – Have
factory. meetings with the 2 (How long/he/ride/across America)
sales team.
______________________________________________
Wed. 3 Show visitors round ______________________________________________
–
London all day. ______________________________________________
Thur. 4 – Spend the day in Paris.
3 (Where/he/arrive/in ten weeks)
Fri. 5 – – ______________________________________________
______________________________________________
Company directors Jack and Lisa need to have a meeting next ______________________________________________
week, but when? 4 (Where/he/go/from there)
Lisa: Can we meet on Monday morning? ______________________________________________
Jack: No, sorry. I ’ll be talking to customers from
_________________________________ ______________________________________________
Japan Are you free on Monday afternoon?
_______. ______________________________________________
Lisa: I’m afraid not. I 1 _______________________________ 5 (How/he/cross/to Asia/after that)
________________. Are you free on Tuesday morning? ______________________________________________
Jack: No, I’m afraid not. I 2_____________________________ ______________________________________________
_____________. Can we meet on Tuesday afternoon? ______________________________________________

47
 19 Future perfect
We’ll have done it by 4:00.
FORMS
I need it at 4.00 tomorrow.
Will it be ready? Statements Yes/No questions
I will have done it. Will I have done it?
You you
He he
She will not have she
It it
We we
They they

Oh, yes. We’ll have Short forms: • I/you/he/she/it/we/they will have = I’ll have,
done it by then.
you’ll have, he’ll have, she’ll have, it’ll have, we’ll have, they’ll
have • will not have = won’t have

A Forming the future perfect TIME FOR A CHANGE

Form the future perfect with will + have + past participle. England team for
n We’ll have cleaned it by 4:00.
n We’ll have done it before closing time.
W hen England play
in the World
Cup in Australia in
exactly four years.
Whatever the outcome
six months’ time, of the championship,
B Use Andy McNee will have many believe it is time
To say that an event will be finished before a future time. We often use been manager of the for him to move on.
before or by with the future perfect. In the negative, we often use not
… until/till.

now an action/event
now before an action/event
a point inbefore
the future
a point in the future a point in the future
Intermediate
a point in the future
Swimming Courses
Bronze challenge
n The new manager will have started work before/by 1st May. By the end of the course, you will
have learned how to:
n The new manager won’t have met all the staff before/by 1st
1 jump into the deep end.
May.
2 swim 10 metres, surface dive
n The new manager won’t have met all the staff until/till 30th and swim underwater for
May. 5 metres.
3 tread water in a vertical
Do not use until/till after a positive future perfect form. Use before or by.
position for 3 minutes.
Compare the uses of the future continuous and future perfect.
n I’ll be doing the work at midday. (The work will not be finished.)
n I’ll have done the work by 1:00. (The work will be finished.) By the time they are five years old, nearly half
the children in the UK will have had some
C Questions and short answers dental treatment.
We only ask questions in the future perfect to be very exact about the
time of an action. When we give short answers, we just use will/won’t.
We do not usually add have.
We need a meeting early tomorrow afternoon. Will you have had
lunch by 1:30?
Yes, I will. Try to think of alternatives to
Good. Let’s have the meeting then. sweets as presents and treats!

48 Review: the future ∆ 20

 Exercises

1 Read. Then write statements. 4 Will she know the results by the 15th?
Tessa Black is 16. She wants to be a famous writer. These are her Yes, she ___________________________ them before
ambitions. then. (get)
By the age of: 5 Will Alex bring a present to the party?
18 – sell some short stories No, he ______________________________ time to get
20 – write a book of short stories one. (not/have)
25 – produce a play in London
3 Read. Then complete the questions and answer them.
30 – publish a best-selling novel
This is a schedule for building a house.
35 – win an important international prize
40 – make a lot of money
Schedule
Example: By the age of 18, she hopes she ’ll have sold
_____________.
Finish putting up the walls 10/6
some short stories.
____________________
Finish putting on the roof 20/6
1 By the age of 20, she hopes she ______________________
_______________________________________________. Finish putting in the windows 12/7
Finish fitting the doors 29/7
2 By the age of 25, she hopes she ______________________
_______________________________________________.
Finish doing the wiring 6/8
3 By the age of 30, she hopes she ______________________ Finish laying the floors 18/8
_______________________________________________.
Finish plastering the walls 10/9
4 By the age of 35, she hopes she ______________________
_______________________________________________. Finish painting the house 25/9

5 By the age of 40, she hopes she ______________________ What will they have finished by 15/6?
Example: ______________________________
_______________________________________________.
They’ll have put up the walls, but
___________________________________
2 Write the verbs in positive or negative forms. they won’t have put on the roof.
___________________________________

Example: Could you record the 9:00 news? 1 ______________________________________ by 15/7?

All right. I ’ll have mended the video by then.
________________ ______________________________________________
(mend) OR ______________________________________________
won’t have mended the video by
I’m sorry. I ____________________ ______________________________________________
then. (not/mended)
2 ______________________________________ by 15/8?
1 Could I have the report by 5:00, please? ______________________________________________
I’m afraid I ___________________________________ it ______________________________________________
by then. (not/finish) ______________________________________________

2 Let’s buy the red sofa which we saw. 3 ______________________________________ by 15/9?

It was very cheap. The shop _______________________ ______________________________________________
_______________ it by the time we get there. (sell) ______________________________________________
______________________________________________
3 Ask everyone to come here at 6:00.
I’m sorry, but they ___________________________ by
6:00. (go)

49
 20 Review: the future
I’ll be 18 next week. I’m going to have a party.
FORMS
I’ll be 18 next Sunday, so
I’m going to have a part y.
Please come, everyone!
All of these ways of talking about the future are correct
grammatically, and they all give the same information. But each
one shows that the speaker is thinking about the information in
a different way. Different future forms are correct in different
situations.
The party will start at 6:00. It’s starting at 6:00.
It’ll be starting at 6:00. It starts at 6:00.
It’s going to start at 6:00. It’ll have started at 6:00.

CROSSCHECK
CROSSCHECK

A Uses of will and going to

will going to
Use will to express facts about the future that you know are true. Use going to when it is clear that something is certain to happen soon.
n Susan will be 18 next Sunday. n That’s a big shopping list. It’s going to be an expensive party!

Use will to say what you decide to do at the time of speaking. Use going to when you explain future plans.
n I know! I’ll have a party! n I’m going to make a huge cake.

Use will to offer, promise or threaten. Use will to request something or

refuse to do something.
n I’ll pay you £100 to do the job.
n All right. I’ll do it tonight.

B Uses of the present simple and continuous with future meaning Present continuous
Present simple Use the present continuous for future arrangements.
Use the present simple for facts about future events and times. n She’s having a big cake.
n The party starts at 6:00. n Susan is having a party next Sunday.
n Susan’s school finishes next Thursday. n All her friends are coming to the party.
n When does school start next term?

C Uses of will and the future continuous Future continuous

will Use the future continuous for something continuing in the future.
Use will to express a complete action in the future. n They’ll be dancing for hours.
n The party will start at 6:00.

D Uses of the future perfect and the future continuous

Future perfect Future continuous
Use the future perfect for an action that is completed before a certain Use the future continuous for something continuing at a certain point in
point in the future. the future.
n Don’t worry! The party will have finished long before midnight. n At lunchtime tomorrow they’ll still be cleaning up after the party!

Aaron 24 says:
Are you coming to the party? THE EXAMS
Of course! It’s going to be the party of the
WILL START
SEND
year. :-) AT 10:15

50 Present simple ∆ 4 / Present continuous ∆ 6 / Future continuous ∆ 18 / Future perfect ∆ 19

 Exercises
1 Write the verbs in future forms. Use going to or will.
Example: ’re going to run out of milk soon.
We ________________________
(run out of)
I ’m going to get a newspaper, so I _______
________________ ’ll buy
some milk too. (get) (buy)
1 Slow down! We _________________________________.
(crash)
Don’t worry. We _________ all right. (be) I promise.
2 _______________________________________ out this
evening? (we/eat)
Yes, we ___________________________ to the Café de
Paris. (go)
3 What would you like – tea or coffee?
I ____________ some coffee, please. (have)
4 The phone is ringing. ____________________________
it, please? (you/answer)
Yes. It _____________________ Harry. (probably/be)
5 You _________ 18 soon, so ______________________
school? (be) (you/leave)
Yes, I ______________________________ engineering at
college. (study)
6 What time ___________________________________?
(the meeting/start)
At 6:00 exactly, so be there on time.
I _______________ late. (not/be) I promise.
2 Write the verbs in present tense forms for future meanings.
Examples: are going to Cyprus for their
n The Stone family __________
holidays. (go)
leaves at 18:15. (leave)
n Their train _______
1 They __________________ a train to the airport. (take)
2 It __________________ the airport at 19:45. (reach)
3 They __________________ with KLM. (fly)
4 The plane __________________ at 21:30. (take off)
5 It __________________ in Cyprus at 00:30. (arrive)
6 The family __________________ in a villa near the beach.
(stay)
3 Write the verbs in future forms. Use will or the future
continuous.
Example: Will you be at home at 5:00? (you/be)
____________
won’t . I ’ll
No, I ______ be playing tennis then. (play)
_____________
1 At this time tomorrow, I _____________________ to
Australia. (fly) What ________________________
_____________? (you/do)
I ________________________ here, as usual. (work)
2 Do you think she ____________ her exams? (pass)
I don’t know. She certainly _______________ very well if
she doesn’t work harder. (not/do)
3 What time _____________________ home from college?
(Sam/be)
At lunchtime. I expect you and Sam __________________
a lot to talk about. (have)
Yes, I expect we ________________________ all
afternoon. (talk)
4 Hurry up, or we ________________________ here all day.
(wait)
Don’t worry. I ____________ everything ready in five
minutes. (have)
4 Write the verbs in future forms. Use the future perfect or
future continuous.
Examples: By this time next week, I ’ll have left London,
_____________
and I ’ll be travelling to Africa. (leave) (travel)
_______________
1 By the time they finish the new offices, 200 builders
______________________ 10 million bricks. (lay)
2 In two months from now, 1,000 people
_______________________ in the new offices. (work)
3 Don’t worry. Your washing machine _____________________
again in a minute. (work)
4 I ________________________ my exams in June. (take)
5 By this time next year, I _____________________ school, and
I ____________________ as a pilot. (leave) (train)
6 Could you come soon after 5:00? The others
__________________________ between 5:00 and 5:30.
(arrive)
I’m sorry, but I _________________________________
work by then. (not/finish)
51
 21 have and have got
He has a huge pack. He’s got a huge pack. He’s having a rest.
FORMS

have and have got for possession

have have got
Present
I have I have got
do not have have not got
He has a huge pack. He has got a huge pack.
does not have has not got
Past
I had I had
He did not have a huge pack. He did not have a huge pack.

have for an action

He is having a rest. He is having a drink.
Short forms: • I/you/we/they have got = I’ve got, you’ve got, we’ve got, they’ve got
He’s got a huge pack. He’s having a rest. he/she/it has got = he’s got, she’s got, it’s got • have not got = haven’t got
• has not got = hasn’t got

A have and have got When we use the past simple, we usually use the form had, not had got.
We use both have and have got to mean ‘own’ or ‘possess’. Both forms n He had a motorbike before he bought his car.
are usually possible, but have got is less formal than have.
When we use the present perfect, we always use the form had.
n Does he have a pack?
n He’s had the car for the last three years.
n Has he got a pack?
B have for an action
We use have (own) in simple tenses, but not in continuous tenses, e.g.,
We use this form of have in continuous tenses as well as simple tenses.
present simple, not present continuous.
n He’s having a rest now.
n Do you have any fruit juice?
n He has a swim every day.
n No, I don’t. I only have water.
We use this form of have in a lot of very useful expressions. These are
The verb form have got is the present perfect form of get, but the
some of the most common:
meaning is present.
n have a swim/wash/bath/shower n    have a walk/run/ride
n Have you got any coins?
n have (a cup of) coffee/tea n    have breakfast/lunch/dinner
n No, I haven’t. I’ve only got notes.
n have a meal/snack/break/rest n    have a look
In the present perfect, auxiliary verb have goes with main verb have just n have a talk/chat/discussion/fight/an argument
like any other main verb. Auxiliary verb have often shortens, but main
verb have does not shorten. (∆ Unit 23 for more about have
as an auxiliary verb.) Do you have an interest
n He’s had that car for 11 years. in the outdoor life?
n They’ve had that house since May. Why not try a traditional boating holiday
on Britain’s famous canals?
We have a wide choice of narrowboat holiday
s
from £75 per person per week.
Have you got what it takes? Canal Holidays Freephone 0800 592684
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52 Review: auxiliary verb forms ∆ 23 / British and American English ∆ Appendix 6
 Exercises
1 Write the correct forms of have got.
Example: Have you got any free time later? (you)
_____________
haven’t got a minute. Sorry.
No, I ____________
1 ________________________ any coins for the phone?
(you)
No, sorry. I _____________________ any money at all.
Ask Tom. I think he ____________ some.
No, he __________________ any. I’ve already asked him.
2 What does your brother look like?
He’s tall and he ____________ red hair.
_____________________ a moustache? (he)
No, he ____________. You’re thinking of someone else.
2 Write the correct forms of have.
Example: Do you have any free time later? (you)
_____________
don’t have a minute. Sorry.
No, I ____________
1 _____________________ any stamps for this letter? (you)
No, sorry. I __________________ any stamps at all. Ask
Sue. I think she ______ some.
No, she _____________________ any. I’ve already asked
her.
2 What does your sister look like?
She’s thin and she ______ dark hair.
_____________________ glasses? (she)
No, she ____________. You’re thinking of someone else.
3 ________________________ a bike when you were
young? (you)
Yes, I ______, but it was very heavy. I
_____________________ a good bike until I was 15. That
was a great bike. It ______ a special lightweight frame.
4 Alan, what kind of car ________________________?
(you)
I __________________ one. I walk everywhere. I
_____________________ one for three years.
What kind of car ________________________? (you)
It was a Toyota.
5 Nick ______ a holiday home in Spain.
Lucky man! How long __________________ it? (he)
I think he ____________ it since 1989. But it’s sad
because he ________________________ much time to
go there these days.
3 Write the correct forms of have and have got. Use have got
where possible.
Example: has got a new TV. She’s__ only ____
Ann ________ had it for a
week.
Tom and Sue 1_______________ an old French car. It
2
_______________ a very big engine, so it doesn’t go very fast.
Tom and Sue don’t mind, though. They love it. In fact, they
3
_____ __________ a name for it – Harold. They
4
_______________ the car for eight years, and it’s the only car they
5
_______________ ever 6_______________. Before that, they
were students. They were very poor and they 7_______________ a
car. They only 8_______________ bicycles. Now they
9
_______________ enough money for a new car, but they don’t
want to change. They’re happy with the car that they
10
_______________, even though it 11_______________ some
engine problems in the last few months.
4 Write the correct forms of these expressions.
have breakfast, have a chance, have a chat, have coffee, have a
game, have a look, have lunch, have a rest, have a run, have a
swim, have time
Don and Lyn Blake work hard all week, so at the weekend they
have breakfast at 9:00 instead of 7:30.
like to relax. They _________________
1
Then Don _____________________ at the newspaper and Lyn
often 2_____________________ with her mother on the phone.
They never 3_____________________ to do much shopping in
the week, so they go to the supermarket and do the week’s food
shopping. After that they usually 4____________________ in a
café. Then they go to the sports centre together. Lyn usually
5
_____________________ of tennis with a friend, while Don
6
_____________________ in the indoor pool. When they go
home, they are hungry, so they 7_____________________ and
then they 8_____________________ because they are tired.
Later Don often 9_____________________ round the park and
Lyn 10_____________________ to check her e-mails.
53
 22 Review: main verb forms
talk, talked, talked, talking, talks
FORMS
A Main verb forms
1 Infinitive form: look fall
Only use the ~s form with the 3rd person singular of the present
2 The ~s form: looks falls
simple. (∆ Unit 4 for the ~s/~es difference.)
n  He talks. n  She crashes. n  It falls. 3 Past form: looked fell
The past and past participle forms of regular verbs are the same. 4 Past participle: looked fallen
talked ➞ talked crashed ➞ crashed 5 Present participle (the ~ing form): looking falling
With irregular verbs, they are often different. (∆ Appendix 1 for a list
of common irregular verbs.) Look at me! I’m riding on one wheel.
fell ➞ fallen took ➞ taken
Use the verb forms as follows:
Forms Uses Examples
1 Infinitive Infinitive He tried to stop.
form Imperative Look at me! Look out!
Future with will He’ll hurt himself. You’re going
Present simple Children make mistakes. to crash!

2 The ~s Present simple That boy often makes mistakes.

form (3rd person)
He’s hurt himself. He
3 Past form Past simple He crashed. He fell off. always rides too fast. He tried to stop,
but he crashed.
4 Past Perfect tenses He’s damaged his bike.
participle (present, past, He crashed just after the boy had
future) warned him.
We’ll have finished by 3:00.

5 Present Continuous The boy is talking to an adult.

participle tenses (present, He was going too fast when he
(the ~ing past, present crashed.
form) perfect, present He’s been crying ever since he
perfect, future) crashed.
His arm is broken. He won’t be human population growth
riding a bike again for a long time! 10

8
Population (billions)

B Auxiliary verb forms and uses with main verbs 7

We use different forms of the auxiliary verbs be, do and have with main 6

verbs. 5

4
be ➞ am, is, are, was, were, been, being
3
do ➞ do, does, did have ➞ have, has, had, having
2

Together, auxiliary verbs and main verbs form the verb structure of a 1

sentence. Verb structures add extra information to the meaning of the 0

1750 1835 1850 1900 1927 1950 1967 1974 1987 1999 2011 2050
main verbs, including information about the time of the action – Year
present, past or future. (∆ Unit 23 for more about auxiliary verbs.)
n  I’m riding a bike. n  Did you know that boy?
Until modern times, the number of people rose very slowly and only
reached 1 billion in about 1835. Since then, however, the human
n  Have you hurt yourself?
population has been rising very fast. And since the Second World
War, it has risen by over 300%, from 2.3 billion in 1945 to over
7 billion today. Today, human numbers are still rising by over
80 million per year and they will continue to rise to a peak of
about 9 billion by around 2050.

54 Present simple ∆ 4 / Review: auxiliary verb forms ∆ 23 / Irregular verbs ∆ Appendix 1

 Exercises

1 Write the verbs in the present simple. Infinitive Past form Past participle
Example: live ? (live)
Where does Ann ____ Verbs with one change
She lives
_____ in New York. (live) feel
____________ ____________ ____________
1 Do you _________ Joe Lee? (know) ____________ ____________ ____________
Yes, he ____________ a BMW, doesn’t he? (drive) ____________ ____________ ____________
____________ ____________ ____________
2 When does the film _________?(start)
It ____________ at 7:45. (begin)
Infinitive Past form Past participle
3 Lisa doesn’t _________ watching TV in the morning. (like) Verbs with two changes
No, but she ____________ it a lot in the evening. (watch)
give
____________ ____________ ____________
4 What does Peter _________ for lunch? (have) ____________ ____________ ____________
He usually ______ a sandwich. (have) ____________ ____________ ____________
____________ ____________ ____________
5 Liam always _________ for a run before work. (go)
Wow! How long does he ______ for? (go) 4 Write the verbs in the past simple.
He usually _________ 5 km, and that _________ him Example: see at the party? (see)
Who did you ____
about 30 minutes. (do) (take) saw Ann and Steve. (see)
I ____

2 Write the verbs in the present simple or present continuous. 1 Did Mary ______ herself? (cut)
Examples: comes at 8:00. (come)
n Steve always _______ Yes, she ______ her hand with a knife. (cut)
n Look! He’s coming now. (come)
__________
2 Did you _________ any cakes? (make)
1 Helen ____________ work at 5:00 most days. (finish) Yes, I _________ two. (make)

2 Quiet! I _____________________ to the news. (listen) 3 Did Tom _________ my bike? (ride)
No, he didn’t _________ yours. (ride) He _________
3 I _________ I’m not late. (hope)
his own. (ride)
4 What _____________________ with those bits of wood?
4 Why did you ______ him go? (let)
(he/make)
I didn’t ______ him go. (let) He ______ me and ______
5 How _____________________ to school every morning? away. (hit) (get)
(she/go)
5 Write the verbs in the present perfect.
6 ______________________________ the film? (you/enjoy) Example: done? (do)
What have they _____
No, not really. Let’s go home.
taken the old car. (take)
They’ve ______

3 Write the infinitive, past form and past participle of these 1 What have the children _________? (do)
irregular verbs.
They’ve _________ these models. (make)
cost, cut, feel, get, give, keep, hit, let, make, ride, see, take
2 Has Bob _________ the report yet? (see)
Infinitive Past form Past participle
No, I haven’t ____________ it to him yet. (give)
Verbs with no change
3 Have you _________ Fred yet? (see)
cost
____________ ____________ ____________
No, but I ____________ here early. (get)
____________ ____________ ____________
____________ ____________ ____________ 4 Ow! I’ve ______ myself! (hit)
____________ ____________ ____________ Yes, and you’ve ______ yourself too. (cut)

55
 23 Review: auxiliary verb forms
be, do, have

Do you know where it is?

Are you looking Have you found it?
for your bag?

No, I don’t.

Yes, I have.

Yes, I am.

A Use of auxiliary verbs with main verbs CROSSCHECK

The forms of main verbs help to form verb structures. (∆ Unit 22.)
1 2 3 4 5 Tag questions can check information. They expect the listener to agree.
look looks looked looked looking Use a falling tone ( ).
know knows knew known knowing
n You’re coming later, aren’t you?
The auxiliary verbs be, do and have also help to form verb structures.
be ➞ am, is, are, was, were, been, being n You haven’t read the book, have you?
do ➞ do, does, did Tag questions can also be real questions. The speaker does not know
have ➞ have, has, had, having for sure. Use a rising tone ( ).
Together, auxiliary verbs and main verbs form verb structures. Verb n You’re coming later, aren’t you?
structures add extra information to the meaning of the main verb,
including information about the time of the action – present, past or n You live in Liverpool, don’t you?
future.
n You haven’t read the book, have you?
Auxiliary Main
John is talking, so please listen.
Peter
Lyn
has
didn’t
found
answer
his bag.
the question.
LOCAL MAN DENIES
ARMED ROBBERY
B Special uses of auxiliary verbs Responding to the charge, the defendant Laurence
Barnes replied
Use auxiliaries with not (n’t) in negative questions to show surprise. emphatically, ‘I did not take part in the bank robbe
ry and I have
n Isn’t he winning the match? (He was champion last year!) never taken part in any robbery of any kind in my
life.’
n Don’t you like the food? (Most people love it!)
n Haven’t you heard of her before? (She’s famous!)

These Wh~ questions ask about a non-action. Why questions are the
most common type of negative Wh~ questions.
n Why aren’t you going? (You aren’t going. Why not?)
n What didn’t we do? (We didn’t do something. What?)
n Who haven’t we called? (We haven’t called somebody. Who?)

Use auxiliaries in tag questions. (∆ Unit 27.) Do you swear to tell the truth, the whole
truth and nothing but the truth?

56 have and have got ∆ 21 / Review: main verb forms ∆ 22 / Tag questions ∆ 27 / Short answers ∆ 28 / So and Neither/Nor; so and not ∆ 30
 Use auxiliaries in short answers, and do not repeat the main verb. Use Use auxiliary forms for special emphasis in reply to another
them to answer Yes/No questions and tag questions. (∆ Units 25, 27.) speaker’s words.
Do you know where it is? No, I don’t. Please read it. I am reading it.
You’re worried, aren’t you? Yes, I am. You didn’t finish. Actually, I did finish.
We sometimes leave out the yes or no. We haven’t studied Unit 3. We have studied it.
You’re worried, aren’t you? I am. C be, do and have as main verbs
We sometimes also use auxiliaries in short answers without yes to state Be, do and have are not only auxiliary verbs. They can also be main
our formal confirmation, acceptance or agreement to something. verbs. We can use be, do and have (auxiliary) with be, do and have
Are you Lawrence Sidney Barnes I am. (main) in the same sentence.
of 38 New Road, Swindon? n The children are being very good today.
Use auxiliary forms with so, nor and neither. Be very careful – the word n How many hours a week do you do in your job?
order looks like a question. (∆ also Unit 30.) n I haven’t had such a good time for ages!
I’m tired. So am I.
He doesn’t work hard. Nor does she.
We haven’t finished. Neither have they.

CROSSCHECK

Be as an auxiliary + main verb: Do as an auxiliary + main verb: Have as an auxiliary + main verb:
n We were writing letters. n Do you like football? n Have you finished yet?
n Is he eating lunch? n She doesn’t want to leave. n When I arrived it had started.

Be as a linking verb + noun or adjective: Do as a main verb: Have as a main verb:

n She is a doctor. n Is he doing his homework? n When are you having lunch?
n They were clever. n I did my exercises. n I had a rest.

Be as an auxiliary + be as a main verb:
n Why are you being so stupid?
(behaving stupidly)
n I’m being careful not to drop these
precious vases.
Do as an auxiliary + do as a main verb: Have as an auxiliary + have as a main verb:
n Does he do his homework every day? n Have you had this car for long?
n I didn’t do my exercises. n Ann has had her lunch.

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57
 Exercises
1 Write the correct forms of be.
Example: was working all day yesterday.
Lyn ____
1 I ______ taking Ann home next week.
2 Look! Where ______ Ed going with my bike?
3 We ____________ flying to Japan at this time tomorrow.
4 Alan _______________ staying in London since last month.
5 What _________ you doing at 9:00 last night?
6 At last, you’re here! I _______________ waiting for hours.
7 ______ you doing anything at the moment?
8 I ______ phoning Pam when Tom arrived.
2 Write the correct forms of do.
Example: Does
_____ Peter speak German?
doesn’t speak much, but he can read a little.
He ________
1 How ______ you play this game?
I’m not sure. We _________ have any instructions.
2 ______ you want to go home, Sue?
No, I _________ want to go home just yet.
3 When ______ you get home last night?
I ____________ go home. I stayed at a hotel.
4 Why _________ he keep looking at us?
I _________ know. I’ll tell him to stop.
5 ______ you say much at the meeting?
No, I ____________ say anything. I kept quiet.
6 _________ Fred play tennis?
No, he ____________, but he plays football.
3 Write the correct forms of have.
Example: has Andy written?
How much ____
hasn’t written much. Just a page.
He _______
1 _________ the trucks crossed the river yet?
No, they ____________ because we ____________
repaired the bridge yet.
2 Why are you so angry with Bob?
Because he _________ done the work.
58
3 _________ you found your shoes yet?
I ______ found one, but I ____________ found the other
one. I don’t know where it is.
4 Why did he come late?
Because he ____________ noticed the time.
5 Will their car be ready by 5:00?
Oh, yes. We ____________ finished before then.
6 How long ______ Fred lived here now?
He ______ been here for five years.
7 I need your report by Friday.
I’m sorry. I __________________ finished it by then.
8 Why didn’t the boys have any money?
Because they ______ spent it all on sweets.
4 Reorder the words to make negative questions.
Examples: (job/didn’t/the/finish/you)
Didn’t you finish the job?
____________________________
(job/didn’t/the/finish/you/why)
Why didn’t you finish the job?
_________________________________
1 (Paul/home/hasn’t/come/yet)
_________________________________________________
2 (they/the/call/didn’t/police/why)
_________________________________________________
3 (enjoying/film/aren’t/you/the)
_________________________________________________
4 (you/agree/don’t/why/me/with)
_________________________________________________
5 (Rosie/the/isn’t/wedding/going/to)
_________________________________________________
6 (you/go/have to/home/now/don’t)
_________________________________________________
7 (parts/don’t/have to/we/which/learn)
_________________________________________________
8 (questions/they/yet/answered/which/haven’t)
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
 5 Write tag questions.
Examples: aren’t they ?
n They’re going to crash, ____________
did you ?
n You didn’t finish, _________
1 You haven’t understood, _____________________?
2 He likes her, _____________________?
3 They were angry with you, _____________________?
4 You don’t know Tony, _____________________?
5 He arrived late, _____________________?
6 They’ve done the shopping, _____________________?
7 Alan doesn’t like travelling, _____________________?
8 Ann was studying last night, _____________________?
9 You aren’t enjoying this, _____________________?
10 Nick didn’t get home until midnight, ________________?
6 Agree with the first speaker.
Examples: I’m hungry. (I)
So am I.
_________
She didn’t like the film. (he)
Neither/Nor did he.
_____________________
1 They don’t understand the question. (we)
______________________________________________
2 Peter likes the new teacher. (Alan)
______________________________________________
3 I’ve never been to India before. (I)
______________________________________________
4 Sam didn’t do his homework. (Lisa)
______________________________________________
5 Sue has called her parents. (her brothers)
______________________________________________
6 We aren’t going to buy the book. (she)
______________________________________________
7 I’d never seen such a lovely place. (we)
______________________________________________
8 The car broke down again yesterday. (the van)
______________________________________________
7 Write questions and answers with be, do and have as main
verbs. Use a) the present continuous, b) the past simple and
c) the present perfect.
Examples: (Which question/you/do)
(we/do/number 2)
a Which question are you doing?
_________________________________
We’re doing number 2.
_________________________________
b Which question did you do?
_________________________________
We did number 2.
_________________________________
c Which question have you done?
_________________________________
We’ve done number 2.
_________________________________
1 (What/you/have/for lunch)
(we/have/chicken)
a __________________________________________
__________________________________________
b __________________________________________
__________________________________________
c __________________________________________
__________________________________________
2 (How much work/he/do)
(he/do/ten hours)
a __________________________________________
__________________________________________
b __________________________________________
__________________________________________
c __________________________________________
__________________________________________
3 (Why/they/be/so slow with their work)
(because they/be/careful)
a __________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
b __________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
c __________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
59
 24 Short form or full form?
I’m angry! I am angry!
FORMS

Short (‘contracted’) forms Full forms

I’m angry! be be
I’m you’re he’s I am you are he is
I’m not you aren’t he isn’t I am not you are not he is not
you’re not he’s not
I wasn’t you weren’t I was not you were not
do do
I don’t he doesn’t they didn’t I do not he does not they did not
have have
I’ve he’s I’d I have he has I had
I haven’t he hasn’t I hadn’t I have not he has not I had not
will will
I’ll we won’t I will We will not
would would
he’d you wouldn’t he would you would not

A Understanding contracted forms INTERNET ACCESS:

~’s can mean is or has, so check the main part of the verb. It’s child’s play!
n She’s coming home. (~’s = is)
… It’s never been
n She’s come home. (~’s = has)
easier to connect
Do not confuse it’s and its. to the INTERNET …
n It’s going to sleep. (It’s = It is) Just call the number below for
n The cat is closing its eyes. (its = determiner) your FREE connection pack.

Also, do not confuse the possessive ~’s and ~’s meaning is.
n This is Alan’s hat. (~’s = possessive) Hi Alan,
e happened
n Alan’s at home. (~’s = is) It’s been a long time since I last saw you. So many things’v
to begin. At the moment I’m looking after my
that I don’t know where
Lily crying now.
~’d can mean had or would, so check the main part of the verb. baby niece while her mum’s in hospital. Oh no! That’s
I’d better call you later.
n They’d finished by 12.00. (~’d = had)
Love Tina.
n They’d like to finish by 12.00. (~’d = would)
24 The Grange,
Crawley,
B CROSSCHECK Sussex
27 March 2012
Contracted forms Full forms Sportsco
For normal speaking. With stress, to correct statements and to Unit 68
Telford Industrial Estate
n He isn’t working. show strong feeling. Re: Order No. 9980
n Aren’t you sad you have to n Oh, yes, he is working! Dear Sir/Madam,
go away? n Yes, I am sad I have to go! Several weeks ago I ordered an exerc
ise bike but I have not yet received
However, a number of things have it.
since happened which mean that I
longer be able to make use of it. I would will no
For informal writing, e.g., an e-mail At the end of positive short answers. cancel the order and refund my paym
therefore be grateful if you would
ent of £189.99.
to a friend. Are they busy? Yours faithfully,
Hi Sally, Yes, they are. S. Malley (Ms)

We’re having a great holiday. For formal writing, e.g., a business letter.
ation, get
Dear Sir, For all your film, concert and show inform

We are pleased to inform you …

WHAT’S ON
ON City Lights
WHERE IT’S ents
WHEN IT’S ON at all good newsag

60 Short answers ∆ 28
 Exercises
1 Write the short forms.
Example: (I have) I’ve
____ been here all day.
1 (You are) ____________ right.
2 (He has) ____________ hurt his leg.
3 (I am) ____________ 18 next month.
4 (What is) ____________ her name?
5 (We will) ____________ be late.
6 If (he is) ____________ wrong, (he will) ____________ lose all
his money.
7 If you were on that plane, (you would) ____________ be
halfway to India now.
8 If (she had) ____________ gone to the interview, (she would)
____________ have got the job.
9 (They have) ____________ finished their lunch.
10 (I would) ____________ like a cup of tea, please.
2 Write the negative short forms.
Example: hasn’t eaten since yesterday.
Mary ______
1 I _________ like coffee. I never drink it.
2 She _________ singing at the moment.
3 Peter _________ seen Tom for ages.
4 We _________ be late again tomorrow.
5 _________ watch the film, Sam. I saw it at the cinema and I
_________ enjoy it.
6 I _________ going to eat at that restaurant again.
7 This engine _________ much use. It _________ work properly.
8 If you _________ called me yesterday morning, I _________
have woken up in time.
9 Mike and Sue _________ been to Malta before. This is their
first time.
10 Joe _________ at school yesterday because he was ill.
3 Write the positive or negative short forms.
Tom is worried about his friend, Ben.
Tom: What’s wrong, Ben? You don’t
______ look well.
Ben: I 1_________ feel very well either. I 2______ ill.
Tom: What 3______ the matter exactly?
Ben: Oh, I 4______ got a headache and I feel bad.
Tom: You 5______ better see the doctor.
Ben: I 6______ like to do that, but I 7____________ got any
time. I 8______ going to an important meeting this morning.
9
Tom: _________ be stupid. You 10______ ill, so if you go to the
meeting, you 11_________ be able to work properly. Can
Roger go instead of you?
Ben: He 12____________ really know enough about the project,
but perhaps he can. I 13______ call him and ask him.
Tom: Good. I know he 14______ say yes. And then we 15______
go to the doctor together.
Ben: Thanks. That 16______ really kind of you.
4 Write the full forms.
The bank manager has written an unpleasant letter to a customer.
Dear Mr Morton,
(I’m) I_____
am writing to you about your company’s latest sales
figures, which (we’ve) 1____________ recently received.
As you say in your letter, the figures (aren’t) 2____________ good
and they (don’t) 3____________ seem to be improving. Your
figures have been showing losses for three years, and (I’m)
4
____________ very sorry to say that (they’re) 5____________ still
showing large losses. As a result, you (won’t) 6____________ be
surprised to know that (we’re) 7____________ getting very worried
about the business loan which you (haven’t) 8____________ yet
been able to start repaying.
5 Write the full forms.
The letter from the bank continues.
Until your latest sales report, (we’d) 1____________ hoped (you’d)
2
_____________________ succeed, but (it’s) 3_________ clear
now that the company will soon have to close. Our accountant is
still studying your sales figures, but (he’s) 4____________ decided
that we must now close your loan account with this bank. (He’s)
5
_________ sending you a copy of his report in tomorrow’s post.
(I’d) 6____________ like to suggest that we meet early this week.
61
 25 Yes/No questions
Are you from Japan?
FORMS

Yes/No questions
Is he from Japan?
Yes, he is./No, he isn’t.
Are you from Japan? No, I’m from Korea. Was she a doctor?
Yes, she was./No, she wasn’t.
Have we finished?
Yes, we have./No, we haven’t.
Can they understand?
Yes, they can./No, they can’t.

A Use of Yes/No questions

To check specific information.
Is he from America? Are you the type?
Yes, he is./No, he isn’t.
Does the film start at 7:30?
adventurous
Yes, it does./No, it doesn’t. Do you have
B Forming open Yes/No questions something
Form questions from statements in the following ways. to celebrate?
With one auxiliary or modal auxiliary verb, do this: Have you
n He is working. ➞ Is he working? thought of this?
n They were reading. ➞ Were they reading?
Champagne
Balloon Flights
n They can understand. ➞ Can they understand?

With two auxiliary verbs (e.g., has been, is going to), do this.
n He has been working hard. ➞ Has he been working hard?
an d the South East
n He is going to work hard. ➞ Is he going to work hard? s around London
t vo uc he rs av ailable
s gif
With no auxiliary verbs, add do or does in the present simple and add am pagne celebration
s post-flight ch
did in the past simple. Use only the infinitive form of the verb.
res
Balloon Adventu
with
n I know her. ➞ Do I know her?
n He knows her. ➞ Does he know her?
n He knew her. ➞ Did he know her?

Yes/No questions with modal verbs also take an infinitive.

n Will he win?
n Can she speak French?
n Must you go? Isn’t it time to
C Forming negative Yes/No questions
trade in that
Use auxiliaries and modal verbs with not (n’t) to form negative old car for
questions. Negative questions often show surprise.
HAS HE DONE
something
n Isn’t he winning the match? (He was champion last year!)
n Didn’t you like the food? (Most people love it!)
IT THIS TIME? better?
n Haven’t you heard of her before? (She’s famous!)
R oger Branwell is waiting for
official confirmation that he has
Ring Dave’s Autos
n Couldn’t she understand? (Everyone else could!) succeeded in his round-the-wor
sailing attempt.
ld 01430 86349
We also sometimes use negative questions when we think something This is Roger’s fourth go at mak
ing
should happen. the record books and it certainly
looks
like fourth time lucky.
n Aren’t you going to finish the report before you go?
n Shouldn’t the children go to bed? It’s very late.

62 Review: auxiliary verb forms ∆ 23 / Wh~ questions ∆ 26 / Tag questions ∆ 27

 Exercises
1 Write questions from the statements.
Examples: n Ed speaks French. (German)
Does Ed speak German, too?
_____________________________
n She’s having a piano lesson. (he)
Is he having a piano lesson, too?
__________________________________
1 Bob likes basketball. (football)
________________________________________________
2 Sally is good at cooking. (Lucy)
________________________________________________
3 The boys have had dinner. (Dad)
________________________________________________
4 Jim cooked some vegetables. (meat)
________________________________________________
5 We’re going out tonight. (you)
________________________________________________
2 Write questions from the statements.
Example: Rob can speak Japanese. (you)
Can you speak Japanese, too?
______________________________
1 I have to go now. (he)
________________________________________________
2 She must finish the report. (letters)
________________________________________________
3 He can run fast. (swim fast)
________________________________________________
4 We should train every morning. (evening)
________________________________________________
5 We’ll have to write to all our relatives. (friends)
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
3 Reorder the words to make questions.
Examples: (be/married/Liz and Bill)
Are Liz and Bill married?
_________________________
Yes, they are.
(in London/live/they)
Do they live in London?
________________________
No, they don’t. They live in Manchester.
1 (for long/be/married/they)
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
Yes, they’ve been married for eight years.
2 (move/at that time/to Manchester/they)
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
No, they moved there a year later.
3 (they/any children/have/got)
______________________________________________
Yes, they have got one son and one daughter.
4 (go/the children/to school)
______________________________________________
The boy does, but the girl is still too young.
5 (soon/she/school/start)
______________________________________________
Yes, she’s starting school in September.
4 Write negative questions.
Example: I’m tired. I want to stay at home.
Really? (you/not/want to meet Sue)
Really? Don’t you want to meet Sue?
______________________________________
1 Don’t buy that car.
Why? (it/not/be/a good one)
______________________________________________
2 Let’s take the train, not the plane.
Really? (you/not/like/flying)
______________________________________________
3 Rod is working at the bank.
Why? (he/not/go/to college yet)
______________________________________________
63
 26 Wh~ questions
Where are you going?
FORMS

Wh~ questions
What are they doing?
They are talking.
Where are you going?
I’m going to London. How are they travelling?
They are travelling by plane.
Where are they going?
They are going to London.
Why do they have to go there?
Because they have to go to meetings.

A Use of Wh~ questions What comes at the end of every year?

To get different kinds of information. The letter R.
Where is he going?
To London.
What (job) does he do?

B
He’s a software designer at Apple.

Forming open Wh~ questions from statements

Q How much sunscreen
should I take for a
two-week holiday?
First, use a question word.
Where, When, Why, What, Who, Whose, Which, How, How much, How

A
many, How often, etc.
On average,
you should allow
Then we put the auxiliary verb before the subject.
about 200–250ml
n Where are we going?
per person per week.
n Why did they leave?
n What has she been doing?

C Subject and object questions

Who and What can refer to the object of an action – and also to the subject.
(object) (subject)
pop quest
n Lisa called somebody. n Somebody called Lisa.
1 What nationality
Still looking
n Who did Lisa call? (object) n Who called Lisa? (subject)
with auxiliary do. Compare: without auxiliary do. Compare:
are U2? for
n Who is Lisa calling? n Who is calling Lisa?
2 Which band had a Cinderella
2009 hit with I
n Who has Lisa called? n Who has called Lisa? Gotta Feeling? We met at Tony’s
party. Why haven’t I
D Wh~ questions with modal verbs 3 Who sings the
theme song from seen you again? Why
We can form Wh~ questions with modal verbs + infinitive. the James Bond did you leave early
n Where can we go? film, Skyfall? without telling me
n Why did they have to leave? 4 Who did Jay-Z marry your name? I can’t
in 2008? forget you. Can we
E Forming negative Wh~ questions 5 meet again? I was the
Which Underworld
Use auxiliaries and modal verbs with not (n’t) to form negative track featured in one in the yellow suit
Trainspotting?
questions. Why … not questions are the most common. you said you liked, or
n Why aren’t you going? (You aren’t going. Why?) were you joking?
n Why can’t she understand? (She can’t understand. Why?) E-mail:
n What didn’t we do? (We didn’t do something. What?) phil.hart@slc.com
n Who haven’t we called? (We haven’t called somebody. Who?)

64 Review: auxiliary verb forms ∆ 23 / Yes/No questions ∆ 25 / Tag questions ∆ 27

 Exercises

1 Write the question words. 3 Write negative questions.

Example: When did Liz and Bill get married?
______ Example: We didn’t finish something. (What)
Eight years ago. What didn’t we finish?
__________________________

1 ____________ do they live? 1 He hasn’t answered the e-mail. (Why)

In Manchester.
2 ____________ parents live with them?
Bill’s.
3 __________________ have they lived in Manchester?
For seven years.
4 __________________ children have they got?
Two. A son and a daughter.
5 ____________ one is older?
Their son. He’s seven.
6 ____________ is their daughter going to start school?
This year.
7 ____________ do they live in Manchester?
Because Bill has got a good job there.
8 ____________ does he do?
He’s an engineer.
4 Write questions with Who or What.
2 Reorder the words to make questions. Then write true
answers about yourself.
Example: (your/what’s/name)
What’s your name?
____________________
My name’s …
____________
1 (you/are/how/old)
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
2 (your/address/what’s)
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
3 (father/do/does/your/what)
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
4 (you/learning/why/are/English)
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
2 We haven’t done something. (What)
________________________________________________
3 They won’t be able to go on holiday. (Why)
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
4 We didn’t go somewhere. (Where)
________________________________________________
5 She isn’t going to go out tonight. (Why)
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
6 He doesn’t like this television programme. (Why)
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
Examples: Somebody called the manager.
Who called the manager?
__________________________
The customer called somebody.
Who did the customer call?
_____________________________
1 Somebody called the police.
________________________________________________
2 Something went wrong.
________________________________________________
3 Bob found something by the door.
________________________________________________
4 Tom phoned somebody.
________________________________________________
5 The car ran over something.
________________________________________________
6 Somebody saw Peter.
________________________________________________
7 Julie ate something.
________________________________________________

65
 27 Tag questions
Alan is finishing college soon, isn’t he?
FORMS
Positive statements
Present
These shoes are nice, aren’t they?
Alan is finishing college He’s laughing, isn’t he?
soon, isn’t he? Yes, he is.
You love music, don’t you?
Perfect
You’ve finished work, haven’t you?
He’d found it by 8:00, hadn’t he?
We’ll have gone before 1:00, won’t we?
Past
Rob was on holiday in May, wasn’t he?
I was making a mistake, wasn’t I?
The plane went on time, didn’t it?
Future
She’s going to be pleased, isn’t she?
You’ll be at home tomorrow, won’t you?
They’ll be going on Sunday, won’t they?
Modal forms
You can speak German, can’t you?
We have to go now, don’t we?
A Forming tag questions
The general rule is this. When the main verb is positive, the tag is
negative. When the main verb is negative, the tag is positive.
Positive Negative
Harry,
You’ve met haven’t you?
Negative Positive
the job,
She hasn’t done has she?
With one auxiliary verb, use the opposite auxiliary form, e.g., is ➞ isn’t.
Note the negative tag after am. I’m late, ➞ aren’t I?
With two auxiliary verbs, use the opposite of the first auxiliary, e.g.,
You will have finished by 5:00, won’t you?
With no auxiliary verbs, in the present and past simple, use a form of
do, e.g., You went out last night, didn’t you?
Have to and need to also take do tags.
GOLFERS’ ULTIMATE AIR SHOT
You were listening to that,
weren’t you? Because those
T wo golf balls collided in
mid–air when players in
separate games teed off at exactly
were our summer competition the same moment for the 10th
prize questions and you’ve got and 11th holes at Sturminster,
just one more chance to phone Dorset. The club secretary said,
‘It’s amazing, isn’t it? When you
in with your answers.
66 Review: auxiliary verb forms ∆ 23 / Yes/No questions ∆ 25 / Wh~ questions ∆ 26
Negative statements
Present
That jacket isn’t very nice, is it?
You aren’t laughing, are you?
He doesn’t like music very much, does he?
Perfect
Mrs West hasn’t gone home yet, has she?
He hadn’t expected to find it, had he?
They won’t have come by 1:00, will they?
Past
You weren’t at work either, were you?
You weren’t making a mistake, were you?
They didn’t arrive late, did they?
Future
They aren’t going to complain, are they?
We won’t be out tonight, will we?
You won’t be working on Sunday, will you?
Modal forms
We mustn’t be late, must we?
I don’t need to buy it, do I?
B Uses of tag questions
Tag questions are not ordinary questions. We can use them to check
information. We expect the listener to agree, and we use a falling tone
( ).
n You’re 18, aren’t you?
n You live in Liverpool, don’t you?
We can also use this type of tag question to help a conversation.
It’s a good film, isn’t it?
Yes, it’s great. The acting is wonderful.
We can use tag questions more like ordinary questions – when we do
not know something for sure. Here we use a rising tone ( ).
n You’re 18, aren’t you?
n You live in Liverpool, don’t you?
Bad Hair Day?
You haven’t
think how small the balls are and
the tees are 150 metres apart. I tried new X-2
think it must be a record, mustn’t shampoo and
it?’ A local school teacher, also a
member of the club, calculated conditioner,
the odds of such a collision at have you?
over a million to one.
elf a treat!
Go on! Give yours
 Exercises

1 Write tag questions. 3 You’re going to make your next film in Mexico,
Examples: isn’t it ?
n It’s hot today, ________
_____________________?
will he ?
n He won’t be working late, ________ 4 Your wife isn’t interested in films, ___________________?
With one auxiliary and most modal verbs. 5 You’ve got four children, _____________________?
1 You’ll be at home tonight, _____________________?
6 They won’t be going into the film industry,
2 The letter hasn’t arrived yet, _____________________? _____________________?

3 They’re doing the shopping, _____________________? 3 Write tag questions.

4 It rained last night, _____________________? You’re at a party.

5 She isn’t at home now, _____________________? Example: isn’t it ?

It’s a lovely house, ________

6 Peter wasn’t working yesterday, _____________________? 1 The food is wonderful, _____________________?

7 Barry can’t come to the party, _____________________? 2 There aren’t many people here yet, ___________________?

8 He should finish by 5:00, _____________________? 3 Bob and Celia aren’t coming, ____________________?

9 We needn’t pay now, _____________________? 4 I haven’t seen you since last year, ____________________?

10 She might arrive tomorrow, _____________________? 5 You met my wife at the last party, ___________________?

With two auxiliaries. 6 We’ll be seeing you next week, ____________________?

11 He’ll be working all day, _____________________? 4 Write tag questions.

12 You haven’t been listening to me, ____________________? Lucy and her daughter, Emma, are going to the airport. Emma is
very worried, but Lucy is calm.
13 The boys will have gone by 4:00, _____________________?
Example: Emma: Mum, you didn’t forget to bring the
14 The window hasn’t been mended, ____________________?
did you
passports, ________?
15 Your book isn’t being printed yet, ____________________? Lucy: Don’t worry. I told you I’d brought them,
1
16 Tony’s car was being serviced yesterday, _______________? _____________________?
Emma: Yes, that’s right. I forgot. And you’ve got the tickets,
With no auxiliaries and with modal auxiliaries have to and need to. 2
_____________________?
17 Bob owns all this land, _____________________? Lucy: Yes, don’t you remember? They were on the table with
the passports, 3_____________________?
18 You forgot to post the letters, _____________________?
Emma: Yes, I suppose so. But Mum, what’s the time? We’re
19 You need to ask the boss, _____________________? going to be late, 4_____________________?
20 Mary had to sell the house, _____________________? Lucy: Calm down, Emma. It’s 9:00 now and the flight doesn’t
leave until 12:30, 5____________________? And we
2 Write tag questions. only have to go another 30 kilometres,
You’re interviewing the famous film star, Rocky Reed. 6
_____________________?
Example: haven’t you?
Mr Reed, you’ve made nearly 40 films, ___________ Emma: I guess you’re right.

1 Your last film earned $130 million, ___________________? Lucy: Well, then, there’s nothing to worry about,
7
_____________________?
2 Your early films weren’t so successful, _________________?
Emma is unsure. Mark her tags with a rising tone ().
Lucy is sure. Mark her tags with a falling tone ().

67
 28 Short answers
Yes, I am. No, I can’t. I will.
FORMS
Can we build a better future
together? YES, WE CAN! Are you upstairs now?
Yes, I am. I’m going into the bedroom.
Is the room on fire?
No, it isn’t, but there’s a lot of smoke.
Can you see the boy now?
No, I can’t. … Ah, wait. Yes, I can.
Is he all right?
I don’t know yet.

A Use of short answers

These allow a brief answer to a question. The verb in the answer
matches the verb in the question.
Is the room on fire?
Yes, it is.
Can you see the boy now?
No, I can’t.
Will you love
B Forming short answers and honour her,
in sickness and
We always use full forms in Yes answers, when the verb is the last word. in health?
n Yes, I am. n Yes, it is. n Yes, I can.
I will.
We usually use short forms in No answers.
n No, it isn’t. n No, I can’t. n No, they didn’t.
n (But No, I’m not.)

Here are some more examples:

Do you like Italian food? Yes, I do./No, I don’t.
Has Peter posted the letter? Yes, he has./No, he hasn’t.
Was the cat eating? Yes, it was./No, it wasn’t.
Will Joe be at home tonight? Yes, he will./No, he won’t.
Note: In conversation, we often give extra information after a short
answer. This helps the conversation to continue.
Do you know Helen?
Yes, I do. I’ve known her for years.
Have you finished work yet?
Who has the best music
No, I haven’t. I still have to write a report.
coverage on the Net?
C Forming short answers without Yes or No
We sometimes leave out the Yes or No. We do
Do you like Italian food? I do. (Very much.) For news,
reviews,
We sometimes also use short answers without Yes to state our formal
profiles,
confirmation, acceptance or agreement. concerts,
Do you take this woman to be your lawful wedded wife? I do. venues …
We can also reply to some Wh~ questions using short answers. These www.MusicCentral.net
are normally Who questions where Who is the subject.
Who will help me move this desk? I will.
Who would like a cup of tea? I would.

68 Review: auxiliary verb forms ∆ 23 / Short form or full form? ∆ 24 / So and Neither/Nor; so and not ∆ 30
 Exercises

1 Complete the answers. 5 Were you European?

Some people are talking at a wedding party. Yes, _______________.

Example: Are you a member of the family? 6 Were you a soldier?

I’m not , I’m a friend.
No, ________ Yes, _______________.

1 Have you met Tony? 7 Did you lead your country?

No, _______________. Hello. Yes, _______________.

2 Do you know Mary? 8 Were you like a king?

Yes, _________. We’re old friends. Yes, _______________.

3 Are you from London? 9 Did you live about 200 years ago?
No, ____________. I’m from Liverpool. Yes, _______________.

4 Should we go and get some food now? 10 Were you Emperor Napoleon of France?
Yes, _____________________. It’s in the next room. Yes, _______________.

5 Would you like some more wedding cake? 3 Write true short answers about yourself.
Yes, _______________. It’s delicious.
Example: Are you studying English?
6 Are there any more sandwiches? Yes, I am.
___________
No, _____________________. They’re all gone.
1 Are you a full-time student?
7 Have you known Susie for long? ________________________
No, _______________. But I know Ian well.
2 Do you ever speak English outside class?
8 Is Ian going to give a speech? ________________________
Yes, _________. He’s standing up now.
3 Is English a difficult language to learn?
9 Can you hear what Ian is saying? ________________________
No, ____________. It’s too noisy.
4 Are you learning any other language?
10 Did you enjoy the wedding? ________________________
Yes, _________. It was lovely.
5 Do most people learn English in your country?
11 Must you go already? ________________________
Yes, ____________. I’m sorry.
6 Do a lot of people in your country use English in their work?
2 Complete the answers in the game, Who am I? ________________________

The answer to question 10 below is Yes, I was

______. 7 Do you think you will use your English in the next year?
________________________
1 Are you alive?
No, _______________. 8 Will you travel abroad in the next year?
________________________
2 Have you died recently?
No, _______________. 9 Have you ever been to Britain or the USA?
________________________
3 Were you a woman?
No, _______________.

4 Did you come from Britain?

No, _______________.
69
 29 Indirect forms; question word + infinitive
Could you tell me what the time is? Could you tell me what to do?
FORMS
A Forming indirect questions
These ask for information politely. Note these common What is the time? ➞ Could you tell me what the time is?
introductions: Is there a bank? ➞ Do you know if there is a bank?
n Could you tell me …? n Do you know …?
Where does she live? ➞ Do you have any idea where she
n Do you have any idea …? n Can you tell me …?
lives?
Indirect questions continue like this:
Did he go home? ➞ Can you tell me if he went home?
n Do you know what (when, where, etc.) …?
n Can you tell me if (or whether) …?
Excuse me. Could you tell me
Compare the positions of the subject and verb. where we are exactly, please?
Direct questions: Indirect questions:
n What is the time? n Can you tell me …
n Is it getting late? … what the time is?
… if it is getting late?
We use do, does and did in direct but not indirect questions.
n What time does the bank close? ➞ Do you know what time
the bank closes?
n Did the bank close at 4:30? ➞ Can you tell me if the bank
closed at 4:30?
In subject questions, the word order does not change.
n Who is coming? ➞ Can you tell me who is coming?

B Forming indirect statements

We can use indirect forms in statements too.
n I know/don’t know … what the time is.
n I can/can’t tell you … when the bank closes.

Brain Twisters
n I wonder … if/whether the bank opens late. No.601

C Further points
An opinion poll interviewer for a while and says, ‘I cannot
Indirect forms are similar to reported forms. (∆ Units 53–54.)
phones a house and says, figure out the ages from this
Compare: information. I must ask
‘Can you tell me the number
n Where can I get some stamps? (direct question) ➞ Do you
of people living here?’ He is something else. I wonder if
know where I can get some stamps? (indirect question) ➞ He told that there are three in there is someone in the house
wants to know where he can get some stamps. (reported question) the household. Then he asks, over 21.’ The answer is yes,
‘Could you tell me what their and now the interviewer
The verbs think, believe, feel, suppose are different from the forms in A. knows the three ages.
ages are?’ and he is told that
n Do you think it is getting late? (not if/whether). the product of the three ages
n When do you think the bank closes? (initial question word) is 200 and the sum of the Do YOU know what they
three ages is an odd number. are?
D Question words how, what, when, where, who + infinitive The interviewer then thinks Answer: 25, 2 and 4
We use this form to talk about the best or right thing to do. We use it
after many verbs, e.g., ask, consider, decide, discuss, explain, find
out, forget, know, learn, remember, say, see, tell (+ object), think, In a coastal emergency
understand, wonder, work out. DIAL 999 and ask for the
n I can’t see how to put the pieces together. Do you know what COASTGUARD.
to do? BEFORE YOU SAIL ...
It’s vital to plan carefully.
We can also use this form after several adjectives: certain, clear, Plan what to do in an emergen
cy.
obvious, sure. Know where to find safety from
bad weather.
Tell someone where and whe
n It’s obvious where to go, but I’m not so certain when to n you are going.
go there. BE SAFE AT SEA!

70 Wh~ questions ∆ 26 / Reported statements ∆ 53 / Reported questions ∆ 54

 Exercises
1 Write indirect questions from direct Wh~ questions.
Example: What time is it? Can you tell me?
Can you tell me what time it is?
__________________________________
1 What date is it today? Do you know?
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
2 When is Ann coming home? Could you tell me?
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
3 Why has Tom gone? Do you have any idea?
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
4 How long will you be away? Can you say?
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
2 Write indirect questions from direct Yes/No questions.
Example: Is the shop open? Can you tell me?
Can you tell me if/whether the shop
______________________________________
is open?
_________
1 Have they had lunch? Do you know?
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
2 Will you be home tonight? Can you say?
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
3 Are the team going to win? Do you have any idea?
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
4 Are we having a test this week? Can you tell us?
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
3 Write indirect questions from direct questions with do/did
forms.
Example: Did they leave at 1:00? Do you know?
Do you know if/whether they left at 1:00?
_________________________________________
1 Does Tom go to college? Can you tell me?
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
2 Did the ring cost a lot? Can you say?
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
3 When did the bus go? Could you tell us?
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
4 How does the engine work? Do you know?
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
4 Write indirect questions with … do/Do you think …?
Examples: n Will it rain?
n Do you think it will rain?
___________________________
n When did he go?
n When do you think he went?
_______________________________
1 Why does he arrive late?
_________________________________________________
2 Are they going to finish today?
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
3 How far did they walk?
_________________________________________________
4 Have we made a mistake?
_________________________________________________
5 Rewrite with this form: question word + infinitive
Examples: How do I spell his name? I don’t know.
I don’t know how to spell his name.
_____________________________________
Who should we call? It’s not clear.
It’s not clear who to call.
___________________________
1 Where can I post these letters? Can you tell me?
_________________________________________________
2 What are we going to say to the boss? Can you tell me?
_________________________________________________
3 How long must they wait at the station? Do they know?
_________________________________________________
4 How far should I drive along the road? I’m not certain.
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
71
 30 So and Neither/Nor ; so and not
So am I. Neither/Nor do I. I think so. I’m afraid not.
FORMS
I’m thirsty. So am I. I’ll make some
coffee. Is there any milk?
So and Neither/Nor
I think so. Look in the fridge. Positive Negative
I’m thirsty. I don’t understand.
So am I. Neither/Nor do I.

so and not
Positive Negative
Is there any milk? Do you understand?
I think so. I’m afraid not.

‘We saved £124

a year just by
A So and Neither/Nor switching
We use these words to agree with something that someone has just our car
said. So follows a positive statement. Neither and Nor follow a negative insurance.
statement. So could you!’
I’m hungry. So am I. Jane and
I’m not hungry. Neither/Nor am I. Robert Hughes,
Eastleigh,
The next word is a verb. It matches the verb in the first statement. It Hampshire
may be a form of be, do or have, or it may be a modal verb, e.g., can,
should, ought to.
I’m thirsty. So am I.
I can’t do it. Neither can we.
Student grants
Do and does follow a positive present simple statement; did follows a
positive past simple statement. go further at
She likes TV.
He watched the news.
So does he.
So did she.
Burger Palace
and so do the
The subject comes after the verb.
n So am I. n Neither did we. n So will they. burgers.
So/Neither/Nor give us short forms of agreement. Compare them with All this month, get
20% off your burger
the longer forms. s when you show
a valid NUS card.

I often watch DVDs. He didn’t arrive on time.

I often watch DVDs too. We didn’t arrive on time either.
OR OR
G
INGREDIENTS TESTIN
So do I. Neither did we.

B so and not Not only does

You can use so and not for positive and negative ideas after hope,
think, believe, expect, suppose, guess and be afraid. SUPERWAYS
Is this answer right? not test ingredients
I hope so. I’m afraid not. on animals,
Some of these verbs (but not hope, guess, be afraid ) also take this neither do our suppliers
negative form. when they are
Are you going to be rich? I don’t imagine so.
working on our behalf.
Has she won the competition? She doesn’t think so.

72 Review: auxiliary verb forms ∆ 23 / Short answers ∆ 28

 Exercises

1 Complete the conversation. Use So … or Neither/Nor … 1 Sally isn’t interested in judo, and
Two people on a plane journey are talking. ____________________________________.

Examples: Mark: I’m travelling to Glasgow. 2 Ken is very good at tennis, and
Emma: So am I.
__________ ____________________________________.
Mark: I don’t like long journeys much.
3 Ted loves playing computer games, and
Emma: Neither/Nor do I.
____________________
____________________________________.
Mark: I don’t come from Glasgow.
1 4 Sally hates computer games, and
Emma: ________________________. I’m from London.
____________________________________.
2
Mark: ________________________. I’m going to a meeting.
3 5 Sally can swim very well, and
Emma: ________________________. You know, I had to get
____________________________________.
up at 6:30 this morning to catch this plane.
Mark: 4
________________________. I didn’t enjoy that at all. 6 Ken can’t swim at all, and
Emma: 5
________________________. I wanted to have the ____________________________________.
meeting in London. 3 Complete the answers.
6
Mark: ________________________. I couldn’t understand Examples: Does the bank open on Saturday morning?
why they didn’t want a meeting in London.
I____________
think so. (think) Most big banks do.
7
Emma: ________________________. I was told I had to go to I think it’s going to snow.
the Head Office in Glasgow. I hope not. (hope) I haven’t got a coat.
____________
8
Mark: ________________________. Where’s your meeting?
1 Will Tessa get home late again tonight?
Emma: It’s at Northern Technical. ________________________ (expect) She usually gets
9
Mark: ________________________. That’s amazing. What home late.
time does your meeting start? Mine starts at 10:00.
2 I think they’re going to build the new road.
10
Emma: ________________________. That’s even more ________________________ (suppose) Everybody says
strange! My meeting is about their new steel pipe project. they are.
11
Mark: ________________________. Tell me, who are you
3 Are you going to wear the blue shirt?
meeting?
________________________ (not/think) I don’t like it
Emma: Dr Mark Blair. any more.
Mark: That’s me!
4 Do you think Alex passed her exam?
2 Look at the table. Then complete the statements. ________________________ (be afraid) She didn’t do
Ken Sally Ted Claire any work.

Tennis 3 3 5 I don’t think Tom is coming.

Judo 3 3 ________________________ (guess) He should be here
by now.
Swimming 3 3
Computer games 3 3 6 Will the shop still be open?
________________________ (think) It doesn’t close
Examples: so does Claire .
Ken does judo, and _______________
until 6:00.
neither/nor can Claire .
Ted can’t play tennis, and ______________________

73
 31 Ability and possibility
can, could, be able to can’t have, could have, couldn’t have
FORMS

can
The sea is warm now. We can go swimming.
Help! I can’t swim!
Amy can swim very well.
The boy cannot (can’t ) swim.
could and be able to
Amy could swim when she was five.
She was able to swim 100 metres when she was six.
Yesterday, a boy fell in the sea. He could not (couldn’t ) swim,
but Amy was able to rescue him.

A can
As round as a butter bowl, as deep as
Use can to express ability and possibility in the present and future. The negative a cup.
All of the Mississippi river, can’t fill it
up.
form is one word – cannot. The short form is can’t.
(Answer: a sieve)
n She can swim very well. n It’s warm, so we can go swimming.
n The boy cannot swim. n Help! I can’t swim. As light as a feather, as round as a ball.
Yet all the king’s men cannot carry it
at all.
B could
(Answer: a bubble)
Use could to express ability and possibility in the past.
n She could swim when she was five.
n It was warm, so we could go swimming.
ANNE
er’s gone. Now
Use could not (couldn’t) for an impossible action in the past. Well, Michael, your fath
and me. Now
n He was underwater. He couldn’t breathe. we’re on our own. Just you
breath.
we can stop holding our
Use could for an action in the past with these verbs: feel, hear, remember, see,
smell, taste, understand. (For most other verbs, see Section C, paragraph 3 below.)
MICHAEL
n’t been for
n I could hear his call for help. I’m glad he’s gone. If it had
n I could see that he needed help. e don e we ll. I could’ve
him, I could’v
sch ool . I cou ld’v e got a good
stayed on at
C be able to in his footsteps.
job. Instead of following
You can use be able to for ability and possibility in the present, past and future,
but it is more formal than can and less common.
n She’s able to swim ten kilometres.
n She wasn’t able to swim across the river. “I couldn’t have
worn fashionable
But we must use be able to instead of can in the present perfect.
clothes before I
n I’ve had some free time, so I’ve been able to write some letters.
went on my
And with most verbs, we must use be able to instead of could for a past action. Slimfood
n We had some free time, so we were able to look round town. Diet … and now
(See Section B, paragraph 3 for verbs taking could to express a past action.) look at me!”

D can’t have, could have and couldn’t have

Use can’t have or couldn’t have for something impossible in the past.
n He can’t/couldn’t have been in Tokyo yesterday. I saw him in London.
They can’t play any instruments, have
Use could have to talk about a missed opportunity in the past. never had a Top 10 hit and prefer a good
n You could have visited Ann in hospital. Why didn’t you? laugh to a serious discussion of their art.
We often use could have when something was possible in the past. But, says Charlie Porter, that’s all part of
n The thief could have entered through the door or through the kitchen Saint Etienn e’s charm , and the secret of
window. We don’t know which. their long life …

74 Requests, permission and offers ∆ 32 / Certainty and uncertainty ∆ 36

 Exercises
1 Complete the statements. Use can or can’t and these verbs:
catch, go, hear, see, walk
Example: can’t hear very well.
Please speak up. I ___________
1 I _____________________ Lucy now. Look!
2 I’ve finished, so I _____________________ home.
3 Tim is only a baby. He _____________________ yet.
4 You _____________________ me! I’m too fast for you.
5 Complete the story. Use can/can’t or could/couldn’t or be
2 Complete the statements. Use can/can’t or could/couldn’t.
able to. Use a form of can where possible.
Example: I ____ couldn’t speak
can speak French well now, but I _________
it at all five years ago.
1 Poor old Mr Black _______________ play football now, but he
_______________ play well when he was young.
2 Sally _______________ read now, but she _______________
read at all when she was five.
3 I _______________ understand the game last time, and I still
_______________ understand now. It’s very difficult.
4 Fifty years ago, you _______________ buy a nice house for
£5,000, but you certainly _______________ do that now.
3 Complete the statements. Use could and these verbs:
feel, hear, remember, smell, understand
Example: could smell something
I woke up suddenly. I ____________
burning downstairs.
6 Complete the statements. Use can’t have or could have.
1 The waterfall was huge. You _______________
_______________ the noise a kilometre away.
2 I thought about the girl. I _______________
__________________ her face, but not her name.
3 Ann ______________________________ the words, but she
still wasn’t sure what the French girl wanted.
4 I ______________________________ the rain running down
my neck. It was horrible.
4 Complete the statements. Use could or be able to. Use could
where possible.
Example: were able to go
The door was open, so we _____________
straight in.
1 Lucy _____________________ hear somebody outside.
2 Lisa _____________________ read when she was four.
3 The police _____________________ stop the two men.
4 The plane crashed, but the pilot _____________________
get out and walk away without injury.
5 Dan _____________________ see the mountains 20
kilometres away.
were able to hire a four-wheel drive vehicle quite
Luckily, we _____________
easily. Next day we started early, and we 1___________________
travel fast across the open country. Later, we climbed into the hills
and stopped for a rest. From there, we 2_____________________
look back across the flat land to the city. Maria pointed. ‘Look, Rod,’
she said. ‘You 3_____________________ still see the castle.’ Rod
looked, but he wasn’t wearing his glasses and he
4
_____________________ see it.
‘Let’s go,’ I said. ‘If we hurry, we may 5_____________________
reach the valley by 6:00. Later we ran into some deep mud. ‘It’s no
good,’ I said. ‘We 6_____________________ go forward or back.’
Then we got out and pushed. In the end we
7
_____________________ move the vehicle, but we were covered
in mud. Rod and I looked at ourselves and laughed, but Maria was
upset. She 8_____________________ see what was funny at all.
Example: can’t have bought a car. He hasn’t got any
Peter ___________
money.
1 You _____________________ finished already. Nobody can
work as fast as that.
2 Lucy _____________________ gone to the party, but she
decided to stay at home.
3 Ed _____________________ been at the restaurant because
I was there and I didn’t see him.
4 We don’t know how Steve went, but he
_____________________ gone by train or by bus.
75
 32 Requests, permission and offers
can, could, would, will, may, shall
FORMS
Could you be quiet, please?
can, could, would and may
Bob, can you answer the phone for me, please?
Could you meet me at 4:00, please?
Miss Evans, would you book me a flight to New York, please?
Can I use your pen, Ann?
May I speak to Mr Reece, please?

Could I borrow the car tonight, Dad?

Yes, of course you can. You can have the car keys now.
Here you are.

WESSEX electricity
I called today to read your
electricity meter, but
A Can/Could/Would/Will you …? received no reply.
Use these verbs for requests + 2nd or 3rd person.
I will call back AM/PM between
n Can you help me for a moment? (informal) ........................................
n Could you give me your name, please, sir? (polite/formal) If this is not convenient, or if you
n Would/Will guests kindly check out by midday? (more formal)
do not want to be disturbed,
would you please write the read
ing on the reverse of this card
tear off at the perforation and ,
B Can/Could/May I …? display it where I can read it?
Use these verbs for requests + 1st person. Thank you.
n Can I borrow your pen for a second? (informal)

£10£10
n Could I have your phone number, sir? (polite/formal)
n Ladies, may I have your attention, please? (more formal)

C Yes, you can/may.

To Sophie

£10£10
Use these verbs for permission.
n Could I borrow some money, Sam?
n Yes, of course you can. How much? (informal/formal)
n May I talk to the King, please? From Uncle Tony xxx

£10£10
n You may see him at 10:00. (very formal/old-fashioned)
branches.
When we refuse permission, we usually avoid the negative of can or This voucher may be exchanged for goods at any of our 150
It cannot be exchanged for cash or replaced if lost.
may.
n Can I borrow your jacket tonight?
n I’m sorry, but I need it tonight. Could YOU spare a coup
le of hours
If we use cannot (can’t) or may not, it shows very strong feeling. one day a week to wo
rk in your local
n Dad, can I have this week off school? RESPONSE charity shop
n No, you certainly can’t! OR No, you most certainly may not!
?
We are looking for
D can/may/shall for offers volunteers to sort
Use these verbs for offers. donations and serve in
RESPONSE
n I can lend you a few pounds if you like. (informal) the shop. No shop
n Shall I lend you a few pounds? (informal) experience needed.
n Can I help you, Mr Hill? (more formal) Perhaps you could ask
a
n Good morning, Barclays Bank. How may we help you? (more formal) friend to volunteer with
you.
Immediate aid for are
n Customers may bank online if they wish. (more formal) hit by natural disast as
ers

76 Future with will ∆ 17 / Ability and possibility ∆ 31

 Exercises

1 Complete the requests with suitable modal verbs. 3 Write the answers. Use Yes, you can. or No, you can’t .
Example: You’re speaking to an old friend. Example: Can I turn right here?
can you pass the dictionary?
Ed, _____ No, you can’t. It says NO ENTRY.
______________

1 You’re speaking to an old friend. 1 Can I go now?

Ed, ____________ you tell me what this means? ____________________________ The lights are green.

2 You’re speaking to a foreign visitor at your firm. 2 Can I park here?

____________ you come with me, Mr Hoffman? ____________________________ It says NO PARKING.

3 An air stewardess is speaking to the passengers. 3 Can I pass this bus?

____________ all passengers kindly return to their seats? ___________________________ There are no cars coming.

4 You’re speaking to an old friend. 4 Can I turn round here?

Jim, ____________ I use your bike for ten minutes? ___________________________ It’s dangerous.

5 You’re speaking to a foreign visitor at your firm.
____________ I have your name, Sir?
6 An air stewardess is speaking to a passenger.
____________ I take your cup, if you’ve finished?
2 Complete the requests with suitable modal verbs.
Example: A stewardess wants all passengers to fasten their
seat belts.
Would/Could all passengers kindly
___________________________________
fasten their seat belts?
________________________
1 You want to borrow your friend’s book.
4 Complete the conversation. Use suitable modal forms for
requesting, permitting and offering.
Simon Bell has brought an important German businessman, Philip
Hoffman, home for dinner. Simon and his family feel they should be
quite formal, but Philip is happy to be informal.
May I take your coat for you? Now,
Simon: Come in, Philip. _____
1
____________ you come through to the living room.
I’ll introduce you to the family.
Philip: Good. I’m dying to meet them!
Simon: This is my wife, Carol, and these are the children – Luke
and Lisa.

__________________________________________________ Carol: It’s nice to meet you, Mr Hoffman.

Philip: And it’s very good to meet you too. But one thing.
2 You want your friend to lend you his pen. 2
____________ you just call me Philip?
__________________________________________________ Carol: Yes, of course. Now 3____________ you all come and eat?
3 You want to know the address of a visitor to your company. Dinner’s getting cold.
Lisa: (Quietly, to Dad) Dad, 4____________ I ask Mr Hoffman
__________________________________________________
some questions about my German homework after dinner?
4 You want the company visitor to take a seat for a moment. Simon: I’m not sure. 5____________ I ask him for you?
__________________________________________________ Lisa: Please!
Simon: Philip, 6____________ Lisa ask you a few questions about
5 A stewardess wants to put a passenger’s bag away.
her German homework after dinner?
__________________________________________________
Philip: Yes, of course. She 7____________ ask any questions she
6 A stewardess wants all passengers to remain in their seats until wants.
the plane stops.

__________________________________________________

__________________________________________________
77
 33 Advice and criticism
should, ought to, had better should have, ought to have
FORMS
You look really tired! I think you should
stop now. You ought to go to bed.
should
She should stop now.
She should not (shouldn’t) go on.

ought to
She ought to go to bed.
She ought not to (oughtn’t to) stay up.

had better
She had better (She’d better) put her books away.
She had better not (She’d better not) study any more.

as a
A should and ought to 1–479 bC) w
onfucius (55
These are nearly the same, but ought to is a little stronger and more
formal. Use them to advise the right thing to do in a particular situation. C u
wise teacher
en ce d th e
. His ideas gr
Chinese. He
eatly
taught
n That hat looks terrible, Tom! You should try this one. infl urteous,
should be co
n You look very ill, Mr Jones. I think you ought to see the doctor. that people
selfish.
Also use should not (shouldn’t) and ought not to (oughtn’t to) for loyal and un
advising what not to do.
n You shouldn’t wear those shoes, Tom. They’re not very nice. If you don’t wan
t to be the last
n You ought not to work today. Really! Please go and see the doctor. in your street w house
ithout satellite
you’d better ca TV,
Use them to say what is right or wrong in a particular situation. ll us today.
S A T E L L I
Excuse me. The bill shouldn’t be £5.50. It ought to be £3.70. T E D I R E C T
0 8 0 0 7 3 9
Use these verbs to say what is always the right or wrong thing to do. 2 1 6
n Parents should teach their children to be polite.
n People oughtn’t to play loud music at night.
After the match, Exmouth captain Nick Waters
said, ‘We should have dominated this league
B had better
had better (’d better) is like should and ought to (first use) for advising this season; we’ve got the players to do it, but
what to do and what not to do in a particular situation. we haven’t produced our top form as often as
n That hat looks terrible, Tom! You’d better try this one. we should have.’
n You’d better not wear those shoes. They’re not very nice.
But had better can be much stronger. Something bad will happen if you
do not follow this advice.
n You’d better run, or you’ll miss the train!
n You’d better not say that again, or else I’ll be really angry!
Ask a Vet
Q
Note: Had better cannot express what is always the right or wrong thing Last summer my two rabbits died after I
to do (unlike should/ought to). gave them lettuce to eat. I thought I was
giving them a treat, but a neighbour told me
C should (not) have and ought (not) to have I ought to have known better. Was it my
Use these past forms when somebody did the wrong thing. fault? Is lettuce dangerous?
n Tom crashed the car. He shouldn’t have driven so fast.

A
Lettuce is not dangerous in itself, but too
OR He should have driven more slowly. much too suddenly can be fatal, so, in that
n Susie has broken all the plates. She ought to have been more sense, you should have been more careful.
careful. OR She oughtn’t to have carried so many. However, you should not be too hard on
yourself as many people

78 Necessity and obligation ∆ 34

 Exercises

1 Complete the conversation. Use should or ought. 4 Give advice.

Eve and Sam are getting ready for a party. Example: I’m overweight. (should/not/eat/so much)
Eve: should we go?
What time _______ You shouldn’t eat so much.
____________________________

ought to leave here at 7:30. And it’s 6:30 now, so we

Sam: We ______ 1 I’m unfit. (ought/do/more exercise)
1
____________ to hurry now. What do you think I ______________________________________________
2
____________ wear?
2 I’ve got a bad toothache. (better/see/a dentist)
Eve: I think you 3____________ to wear a jacket and tie. Do you ______________________________________________
think I 4____________ wear my red dress?
3 I’ve got a lot of work to do. (should/not/watch/any/TV)
Sam: Yes, you 5____________. It looks very good.
______________________________________________
2 Complete the conversation. Use should/shouldn’t or ______________________________________________
ought/oughtn’t.
4 I’ve got a huge phone bill. (ought/not/use/the phone/so much)
Tina and Steve are going to visit his parents.
______________________________________________
Tina: should go by train?
Do you think we ________ ______________________________________________
oughtn’t to do that. We’ll have too much to carry.
Steve: No, we _________
1
5 It’s still raining. (better/not/go out/yet)
We _______________ to go by car.
______________________________________________
Tina: Well, OK, but we 2_______________ to take too much.
We’re only going for two days. 6 It’s nice and sunny now. (should/go/to the beach)
______________________________________________
Steve: All right, but I think we 3_______________ take some
warm clothes. The weather may be cold. And 5 Write the replies.
4
_______________ we to take some toys for the children?
Example: Andy felt really ill this morning.
They may be bored.
(ought/not/go/to work)
Tina: No, we 5_______________ do that. I think we He oughtn’t to have gone to work.
___________________________________
6
_______________ just take one or two books for them to
1 Tim was ill this morning. (should/see the doctor)
read. Now what time do you think we 7_______________
______________________________________________
leave?
______________________________________________
Steve: Well, it takes five hours by car, so we 8_______________
to leave here after 2:00. 2 The boys got wet in the rain. (should/not/play/outside)
______________________________________________
3 Complete the statements. Use had better or had better not. ______________________________________________
Example: You ’d better not play with those matches.
______________
3 We’re on the wrong road. (ought/turn/left/at/the traffic lights)
They’re dangerous.
______________________________________________
1 You look ill. You ________________________ see a doctor. ______________________________________________
2 Ed has got a lot of homework to do. He 4 Maria doesn’t like her new jacket. (ought/not/buy/it)
_______________________ go out this evening. ______________________________________________
3 We’ve only got a little food. We ________________________ ______________________________________________
waste it. 5 Hurricane Rita hit Miami during our holiday there.
4 The children are tired. They ________________________ go (should/not/go/Miami/ought/choose/somewhere else)
to bed. ______________________________________________
______________________________________________

79
 34 Necessity and obligation
must, have to
FORMS
Doctor, you must help my husband! Please!

must
You must help my husband! Please!
Stop those boys! They must not play with that knife!

have to
Dr Bell often has to visit people.
I have to go now.
He had to visit Mr Clay last night.

The law is changing.

.
Keep on the right side of the law
I have to go and see ive a vehicle
old Mr Clay now. From next year, when you rece ther
action whe
licence reminder you must take
you r veh icle on the public roads
you use or keep
keep your car on the
or not. If you intend to use or
ly for a lice nce by completing
road, you must app
in the usu al man ner. This must be done
A Uses of must and have to the form
not use or kee p your vehicle
We use must and have to for saying something is necessary now or very soon. quickly. But, if you do
lic road , you mus t com plet e the new
on the pub
n I must find my glasses. I can’t see properly without them! and take it to a post
declaration on the VII form
n He has to start work at 8:00 tomorrow. office or sen d it to us.

Use have to for other times (have to has tenses, but must does not).
Did you have to work late? Yes, we had to stay until midnight!
Has Ann had to go to hospital? Yes, she has. She’s very ill. Hidden Salts, Fats and Sugars
We can’t finish now, can we? No, we’ll have to come back again. Experts estimate that in the UK alone over 60,00
0 people die
prematurely each year from diet-related disea
We often use have got to instead of have to, especially in conversation. ses caused by
eating too much fat/salt and not enough fruit
and vegetables.
Can’t you stay a bit longer? No, I’ve got to go or Dad will be angry. Yet most of us still feel that we do not have
to consider the
Have we got to do all this? Yes, you have to. It’s part of the job. fat, salt and sugar content of the food that we
eat.

CROSSCHECK

B must have to
Use must when the speaker feels a strong personal need. Use have to when the speaker feels a need from another person,
n He’s very ill. I must get help. e.g., from a boss, a teacher or a parent.
Also use it for very strong requests. n I have to go and see old Mr Clay.
n You must come, Doctor! Please! n I have to help my parents.
Also use it for very direct orders. We often use need to instead of both must and have to.
n You must do exactly what I say.
n He’s very ill. I need to get help.
must not n I need to go and see old Mr Clay.
Use must not for necessity not to do something. Use the short form not have to
mustn’t in conversation. (Do not pronounce the t in the middle.) Use not have to for no necessity to do something.
n Stop! You mustn’t drink that! It’ll make you ill.
n You don’t have to take the exam if you don’t want to.
We often use can’t like mustn’t. We often use not need to or needn’t instead of not have to.
n You can’t do that. It’s against the law.
n You don’t need to/needn’t take the exam if you don’t want to.
But we cannot use needn’t with this sense. (∆ Unit 35.)

80 Advice and criticism ∆ 33 / Non-necessity and negative obligation ∆ 35 / Verb + infinitive or verb + ~ing form 2? ∆ 43
 Exercises

1 Complete the questions with have to. 6 The policeman said, ‘You must go to the police station, Mr Reece.’
Example: Paul has had to buy a car. So Mr Reece _____________________________________
has he had to buy a car ?
Why ________________________ ________________________________________________

1 Paul has had to pay a lot of money for it. 3 Complete the statements. Use must or have to.
How much ________________________________________ Examples: had to work all day yesterday.
n We _______
________________________________________________ must leave the
n The fireman said, ‘Quick! You ______
building immediately.’
2 Emma will have to go to London soon.
When ____________________________________________ 1 I ____________ read Ian York’s new book. I love his writing.
________________________________________________
2 Alan ____________ go to the shop for some milk. Do you want
3 The Smith family had to go last week. anything?
Where ___________________________________________
3 You ____________ listen to what I tell you. It’s very important.
________________________________________________
4 Last week we ____________ wait for hours at the airport
4 Ann has to change all her plans.
because of bad weather.
Why _____________________________________________
________________________________________________ 5 We really ____________ buy a new TV. This old one is terrible.

5 Ed and Sue have had to live in the flat for years. 6 Our new trainer is tough. We ____________ run ten kilometres
How long _________________________________________ every morning.
________________________________________________
7 This job looks interesting. I ____________ ask for an
2 Complete the statements. Use must or have to. application form.
Examples: n He said, ‘You must finish by 5:00, Ann.’
4 Complete the statements. Use mustn’t or not have to.
has to finish by 5:00.
n So Ann ________________________
Examples: don’t have to buy a new pen. You can
n You _____________
n The children have to go to bed now.
use mine.
‘You must go to bed
n Mum said, _____________________
mustn’t go out. He’s ill.
n Bob _________
now, children.’
_______________
1 Old Mr Robbins has to rest for a week. 1 You _______________________ be late or you won’t get into
The doctor said, ‘You _______________________________ the cinema.
________________________________________________
2 Students _______________________ wear a uniform at this
2 The bill says they must pay immediately. school.
So they __________________________________________
3 You _______________________ talk like that. It’s rude.
3 We have to check in two hours before the flight.
4 I _______________________ be late home. I’ve got a lot of
The air tickets say: ‘Passengers _______________________
homework to do.
________________________________________________
5 Ruth _______________________ go to work tomorrow. She’s
4 The hotel sign says: ‘All guests must complete a registration form.’
on holiday.
So all guests ______________________________________
________________________________________________ 6 I _______________________ eat it if I don’t want to.

5 Jimmy has to be home by 6:00. 7 We _______________________ go yet. It’s too early.

His mother said, ‘You _______________________________
8 You can wear a formal suit if you like, but you _____________
______________.

81
 35 Non-necessity and negative obligation
needn’t, mustn’t, didn’t need to, didn’t have to, needn’t have

You needn’t run. The bus isn’t here yet. FORMS

needn’t and mustn’t

We needn’t buy any food. We’ve got lots.
I mustn’t forget his phone number. I have to phone him tonight.
She doesn’t need to do any housework. She’s got a maid.

didn’t need to and needn’t have

You mustn’t cross the
road. The lights are red.
I didn’t need to buy any meat as there was some in the fridge.
I needn’t have gone to the meeting. Nobody else was there!

ACROSSCHECK
CROSSCHECK

A needn’t mustn’t
Use need to (or have to) for saying something is necessary. Use must for saying something is necessary.
n Come on! We need to hurry. n We must get there by 11:00.
Use need not (or not need to/not have to) for no necessity to act.
Use mustn’t for necessity not to do something.
n We needn’t go to the cinema to see it. We can get the DVD.
n You mustn’t play with that knife. You’ll cut yourself.
n We don’t need to buy the DVD. We can rent it.
n You mustn’t cross the road when the lights are red.
n We don’t have to rent it. We can borrow it from Peter.
needn’t have
B didn’t need to
Use needn’t have + past participle when something was not necessary,
Use didn’t need to (or didn’t have to) + infinitive when something was
but it still happened.
not necessary, so it did not happen.
n Poor Sam needn’t have worked so hard for the test. It was
n She’s clever, so she didn’t need to work for the test. She still got
top marks! cancelled!
n You needn’t have paid him any money. He was happy to work
We can also use it when an action was not necessary, but it still
for nothing.
happened – like needn’t have.
n You didn’t need to pay him any money. He was happy to work
for nothing.

Players must Back to

not wear school
with
shoes with
coloured The Titanic disaster
RIGHT
soles on
court.
The loss of the Titanic in
April 1912 was a disaster that
need never have happened.
It was the result of a long
PRICE
Kids! School unifo
rms needn’t be bo
Parents! Good quali ring!
series of errors that began ty ne edn’t be expensive
!
even before construction of Check out our fas
RIGHT PRICE clo
hionable ranges
at a
thes store near yo
the great ship started. u.

82 Necessity and obligation ∆ 34 / Verb + infinitive or verb + ~ing form 2? ∆ 43 / British and American English ∆ Appendix 6
 Exercises

1 Complete the statements. Use needn’t or mustn’t. need to take with you?
Mum: What clothes do you _________
1
Examples: n We needn’t
________ hurry. We’ve got lots of time. ________________________ wear your school uniform?
mustn’t swim here. It’s dangerous.
n We ________ (you)
Neil: No, we 2____________ do that. We can wear our ordinary
1 Don’t you like it? Well, you ____________ drink it if you don’t
clothes. We also 3____________ take clothes for outdoor
want to.
activities – jeans, boots and jackets. You 4____________
2 Listen! You ____________ be late again or you’ll be in bad look at this list of clothes and equipment, and this letter
trouble. from school.

3 You ____________ make so much noise. This is a library. Dad: How much is it going to cost?
Neil: It’s £400, but you 5____________ pay it all yet. The letter
4 You ____________ finish the report today, but please can I
says you only 6____________ pay half now.
have it tomorrow?
Dad: Good. We 7____________ spend too much now because
5 Children ____________ play with knives. They’re dangerous we haven’t got much money this month. How soon
things. 8
________________________ give the school the first
6 Ann ____________ stay. Carol can do everything. £200? (we)
Neil: You 9____________ send it by next Friday.
2 Reorder the words to make positive and negative statements
and questions. Mum: It sounds a lot of fun.

Examples: (there/he/go/to/have/doesn’t) Neil: Yes, but they’ve made a special rule. As soon as we get on
n He doesn’t have to go there.
_____________________________ the bus we 10____________ speak English any more. We
(need/what/buy/we/do/to) can only speak French for a whole week!
n What do we need to buy?
__________________________
4 Complete the statements. Use didn’t need to or needn’t have.
1 (work/to/I/late/have) Examples: needn’t have gone to the meeting. Nobody
n I _____________
_________________________________________________ else was there.
n Yesterday was a holiday, so I didn’t need to
________________
2 (they/go/to/where/have/do)
go to work.
_________________________________________________
1 At my school we ___________________________ wear a
3 (she/need/go/does/to/so soon)
uniform. People just wore their ordinary clothes.
_________________________________________________
2 They ___________________________ worked so hard.
4 (tomorrow/you/do/to/have/work)
Nobody even noticed all the work they did.
_________________________________________________
3 We ___________________________ hurried. Everybody else
5 (need/I/homework/don’t/do/my/to)
was late too.
_________________________________________________
4 Sally’s brother gave her a very nice coat, so she ___________
6 (learn/why/to/they/French/do/need)
_____________________ buy one.
_________________________________________________
5 I ___________________________ send the money. Mr Brant
3 Complete the conversation. Use need to, needn’t or mustn’t.
You may need to use a question form. came for it.

Neil is telling his parents about his school trip to France. 6 You ___________________________ written to them. I’d
Neil: I need to be at school at 7:45. The
On the day we go, __________ already told them your answer.
bus goes at 8:00.

83
 36 Certainty and uncertainty
may, might, could, may be, must be, can’t be, may have, must have, can’t have
FORMS
It might rain. Take a coat.
may, might and could
It may rain. There are some clouds over there.
It might/could snow, but it seems unlikely.

may be, must be and can’t be

No, Mum. I’ll

He can’t be at home. Nobody is answering the phone.
be all right. He must be at work.

may have, must have and can’t have

He must be wet! He may have caught a cold! Tom can’t have made enough money to buy that car.
His father must have given it to him.

A may, might and could

Use may to say something is possible in the future.
Compuite
Area supervised
n The score is 3–3, so either side may win.
R ght
by lifeguards

Use might or could to say something is possible, but not likely. Swim between
red and yellow flags
n City are 3–1 down. They might/could win, but I don’t think so. computer?
Looking for a
upgraded DO NOT
May not and might not mean something negative is possible. Want your PCired?
or repa take inflatables into
the sea – you could
n I’m very busy, so I may not/might not have time to go to the further than
Then look no be carried away
ht.
match. Compute Rig by wind and tide.
ed
Cannot (can’t) and could not (couldn’t) mean something is impossible. you might ne
Most things ith in
re d w
n City can’t/couldn’t win against Rangers. Rangers are too good. can be orde
t in stock.
24 hours if no
B may be, might be, must be and can’t be
Use may be or might be when something is not certain in the present.
n Bill isn’t in his office. He may be at lunch, or he might be seeing
THE DONKEY
SANCTUARY U
Mr Bell. Sidmouth, Devon EX1
0 ON
264818
Registered Charity No.
Must be and can’t be are opposites. Use them when something is y for a little peace and tran
quillity.
Visit the Donkey Sanctuar 0 donkeys – many rescu
ed
certain in the present – positively (must be) or negatively (can’t be). We have take n into care over 6,90
Sanctuary
g crue lly treat ed or neglected. The Donkey
n Look at that car! It must be doing 250 kph. The driver must after bein keys and mules.
tuary in the world for don
must be the largest sanc
be crazy. 9am to dusk.
We are open every day from
This boy says he’s 16, but he looks so young. ADMISSION FREE
He can’t be telling the truth. He can’t be more than 14.

C may have, must have and can’t have SMILE!

Use these (and might(n’t) have or could(n’t) have) when something is
certain or uncertain in the past.
n Jerry hasn’t got his bag. He must have left it somewhere.
n He can’t have left it at school. He’s checked and it isn’t there.
n He may have left it somewhere on the way home. IT MAY
NEVER HAPPEN

When the surgery is closed patients should, at all times, ring their own
GP’s surgery first when a doctor is needed. Then one of three things will happen:

1 Your own GP might be on call and might give you telephone advice.
2 He or she might offer you a consultation either at the surgery, community
ses the line,
... And as Sally Joplin cros
hospital or at your house.
3 You might be directed to ring another number. cert ainly equ alled the world record
she’s it.
may eve n hav e bro ken
and she

84 Ability and possibility ∆ 31

 Exercises
1 Complete the statements. Use may (not)/might (not).
may/might miss it.
Example: We’re very late for the plane. We ___________
1 I __________________ be late home tonight, so don’t worry if
I’m not back at the usual time.
2 Dr Jones __________________ have time to see you, but I
don’t think so. Ask his secretary.
3 If we go on playing this badly, we __________________ win
the game.
4 I __________________ catch the 9:00 train, but I’ll probably
get the one at 9:30.
5 We __________________ have enough milk. Could you buy
some, please?
6 I’ll try and get a green dress in town, but I __________________
be able to find one.
2 Write statements. Use may (not) be/might (not) be, must be
or can’t be.
Examples: Do you know where Paul is?
(It’s late, so he isn’t at school.)
He can’t be at school.
_______________________
(Perhaps he’s at home.)
He may/might be at home.
____________________________
(He’s always with his friends in the evening.)
He must be with his friends.
_______________________________
1 How old do you think Mr Lee is?
(I’m sure he isn’t under 60.)
_____________________________________________
(Perhaps he’s about 64 or 65.)
_____________________________________________
(I know he’s 65 because he’s just retired from work.)
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
2 Is that Rod coming across the beach?
(I’m sure it isn’t Rod. Rod is taller.)
_____________________________________________
(I’m sure it’s Julian because that looks like his jacket.)
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
(Perhaps it isn’t him. He’s walking towards some other
people.) _______________________________________
_____________________________________________
3 Whose is this sports bag?
(It’s not Sue’s. She’s carrying hers.)
_____________________________________________
(Perhaps it’s Maria’s. She isn’t carrying a sports bag.)
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
No, it’s Lucy’s. It’s got her name on it!
_____________________________________________
3 Complete the conversation. Use may be/might be, must be or
can’t be + present participle.
? = may be/might be 3 = must be 7 = can’t be
Tina: Do you know what Dave is doing?
Nick: may/might be riding his bike. (? ride)
I’m not sure. He ____________________
Tina: No, he 1___________________________ that. (7 do)
His bike is still in the garage.
Nick: Well, he 2___________________________ upstairs.
(7 play ) The house is too quiet.
Tina: Oh, look. His baseball bat has gone. He
3
___________________________ baseball in the park.
(3 practise)
4 Complete the conversation. Use may have/might have, must
have or can’t have + past participle.
? = may have/might have 3 = must have 7 = can’t have
Dave: Mum, have you seen my wallet in the dining room?
Tina: can’t have put it there. (7 put ) I’ve just tidied
No, you _______________
the dining room and I didn’t see it.
Dave: And I 1____________________________________ it in
the park because I didn’t take my money. (7 drop)
Tina: You 2______________________________ it upstairs in
your bedroom. (? leave)
Dave: No, I don’t think I did.
Nick: Wasn’t your wallet in your jeans pocket yesterday?
Tina: And didn’t you throw your jeans in the washing machine this
morning?
Dave: Oh, so I 3______________________________ my wallet
in the washing machine too. (3 put ) I’ll have to hang my
money out to dry!
85
 37 Review: past modal forms
could, had to, needed to, may have, must have, can’t have, could have, etc.
FORMS

Grandad: I could run 100 metres in ten seconds when I was

young.
Grandson: Wow! You must have been the fastest in the
country.
Grandad: Yes, I should have been in the Olympic team, but
I was ill. I couldn’t go.

Everyday Etiquette
Q My previous employer and I had a
A had to and needed to; could and was able to difference of opinion over
certain pronunciations, particularly with
frequently used words
Use had to or needed to for past necessity and need. (Must has no past such as ‘integral’. When asked to read
back his dictation,
form.) should I have used his version or mine
?
n I was late for the meeting. I had to run. Margaret Hills, Manchester
n We needed to get some milk, so I went to the shop.
A Yours. Modern good manners do not requi
re one person to
Use could and could not to talk about ability and possibility in the past. imitate the mistakes of another!
n I could run 30 kilometres when I was 20.
n He couldn’t swim when he was five.

Use could not for an action that did not happen. India,
n I was so tired that I couldn’t walk any more. ‘A wonderful play set in British
Bucket.’
We usually use be able to instead of could for a past action. But you brought to life by director Peter
can use could with verbs of feeling (see, hear, etc.) and thinking Movie News
(remember, forget, etc.).
places that
n After a long sleep, I was able to get up and start walking again. The actors create situations and
imagined. This
n After a long while, I could see a farm ahead of me. until now you could only have
ived critical
B may have, must have and can’t have extraordinary production has rece
r of the north.
and popular acclaim for its tou
Use these (and might have or could have) when something is certain
or uncertain in the past.
n There’s nobody at home. They must have gone out.
n They may have gone to the beach.
n No. They can’t have done that. Their car is still here.

C could have, should have and would have

Use these (and ought to have or might have) to talk about an alternative
THE TIGER
to what really happened. Did you know that at the forests and on the plains of
n You could have called earlier. Why didn’t you? beginning of the 20th Asia? Today there are fewer
century there may have been than 6,000, and their
n I’m sorry. I can’t pay. I should have brought more money.
100,000 tigers living in the numbers are still falling.
n We would have visited you, but we thought you were abroad.
This would have is the same form as in third conditionals (∆ Unit 51).
Use these negative forms in the same way: should not have, ought not
to have, would not have, need not have.
n He shouldn’t have shouted at her. Look! She’s crying now!
n You needn’t have gone to town for a newspaper. You can get
them near here.

86 Ability and possibility ∆ 31 / Advice and criticism ∆ 33 / Necessity and obligation ∆ 34 / Non-necessity and negative obligation ∆ 35 / Third conditionals ∆ 51
 Exercises
1 Complete the story. Use past forms of can, be able to, have
to, need or need to.
didn’t need to look below. He
When Larry’s boat hit a rock, he _______________
1
__________________ hear the water rushing in, and he knew the
boat was going down. He also knew he 2__________________ get
off the boat in just two or three minutes.
He 3__________________ pull out the orange life raft and he
threw it quickly into the water, where it filled with air. Next, he
jumped down the steps into the cabin. He 4__________________
collect as many things as possible – food, water, medicine, a map,
and so on. The only thing he 5__________________ take was
petrol – the life raft had no motor. Soon water was coming into the
cabin, and he 6__________________ get out quickly. Back
outside, he looked round for the raft. He 7__________________
see it! Then he did. It was ten metres away.
Larry dropped his supplies on top of the cabin and jumped into the
sea. He 8__________________ get that raft! He reached it,
climbed in and started rowing back for his supplies. As he rowed,
he 9__________________ see the boat sinking. He rowed harder.
He 10__________________ those supplies as much as the life raft
itself. He 11__________________ let those supplies go down with
his boat.
Complete these two possible endings.
n But he 12_____________________ get there in time.
He lost everything.
OR
n He got there just in time, and he 13____________________
save everything.
2 Complete the conversation. Use may have (or might
have/could have), must have or can’t have.
Bob and Lucy are at the beach. They have been half asleep in the
sunshine, but now they are sitting up and looking around for their
son, Joe.
Bob: can’t have gone into the water because his T-shirt
He ___________
and shorts aren’t here and that means he’s still wearing
them.
Lucy: And he 1_____________________ gone to the ice cream
van or the beach shop because he hasn’t got any money.
Bob: Ah, but he 2_____________________ gone to the beach
shop just to look around.
Lucy: Yes, he 3_____________________ done that. He was
asking me to buy a ball before. He’s suddenly gone crazy
about volleyball.
Bob: Talking about volleyball, there are some people playing
volleyball over there, and there are some people watching.
He 4_____________________ gone to watch the game.
What do you think?
Lucy: You’re wrong. He isn’t watching. He’s playing. He
5
__________________ gone and asked to join the game.
3 Complete the conversation. Use could have, would have
(’d have), shouldn’t have, should have, wouldn’t have or
needn’t have.
The Green family are coming back from a terrible holiday in the
south of France. It rained all the time and it was very cold.
could have guessed the weather would be
Mum: Well, nobody ___________
so bad.
Dad: Yes, if we’d known about the weather, we certainly
1
___________________________ gone there.
Tim: We 2___________________________ taken our
raincoats, boots, hats, gloves and scarves.
Jo: And I 3___________________________ bought that new
summer dress. I didn’t wear it once. I’m so disappointed.
Dad: We 4___________________________ chosen a holiday
in Greece as easily as the one in France. It
5
___________________________ been the same price.
In fact, I 6___________________________ chosen
Greece except for the fact that we can all speak French,
but not Greek.
Mum: We 7___________________________ listened to the
travel agent. She said the weather was always wonderful
in the south of France.
Dad: We 8___________________________ done better to
stay at home and save our money.
Mum: Well, next year we’ll go somewhere else – somewhere
warm and dry.
87
 38 Review: modal forms
can, could, would, be able to, should, ought to, must, have to, etc.

Ability
n Most birds can fly.
n Some people can’t swim.
n Ann could write when she was three.
n I was able to finish the test in an hour.

Ability and possibility (∆ Unit 31)

Look! I can fly!

Requests, permission and offers

n May I speak to Mr Hill, please?
Can we have our ball back, please?
n Could you keep the noise down, please?
n Would/Will you post this for me, please?
May I go home early today?
Yes, of course you can.
n How can I help you, Mrs Jones?
n Shall I carry these bags for you?

Future with will (∆ Unit 17) / Requests, permissions and offers (∆ Unit 32)

Advice and criticism

You should stop smoking. n You shouldn’t eat so much.
It’s bad for you. n You oughtn’t to play computer games so much.
n You look tired. You’d better go home.
n He shouldn’t have spent so much money.

Advice and criticism (∆ Unit 33)

Necessity and obligation

Come on! We must win! n You mustn’t copy his work. That’s wrong.
n At my new job, I have to start at 9:00.
n I’ve got to go now, or my parents will be angry.
n You can’t walk on the grass. Look! The notice says: ‘Keep off
the grass’.
n If you want a licence, you need to fill in this form.

Necessity and obligation (∆ Unit 34)

88 Future with will ∆ 17 / Modal forms ∆ 31–37


You don’t need to come to school on
Monday. There’s a national holiday!
We may finish this week, but I don’t know.
You shouldn’t have done that!
It was very naughty!
Non-necessity
n You needn’t do this work now. You can finish it tomorrow.
n We didn’t have to work at the weekend, but we wanted to help
as much as we could.
Non-necessity and negative obligation (∆ Unit 35)
Certainty and uncertainty
n He might come, but I don’t think so.
n She definitely will/won’t be at the wedding.
n They could arrive this evening, but I don’t think so.
n He can’t be at the office. He never works this late.
n He must be visiting a friend.
Future with will (∆ Unit 17) / Certainty and uncertainty (∆ Unit 36)
Past forms of modals
n We should have gone to school, but we went to the football
match.
n You oughtn’t to have used the money. Now we haven’t got any
to buy food.
n They couldn’t stay. They had to go home.
n Nobody answered the phone, so they can’t have been at home.
They must have been out.
Review: past modal forms (∆ Unit 37)
89
 Exercises
1 Complete the statements and questions. Use can, can’t, could
or couldn’t, where possible, or else be able to.
Examples: can’t go on any longer.
n I’m tired. I ______
were able to escape.
n At last, we _____________
1 I ____________ understand the problem. ____________ you?
2 Alex ____________ already swim when he was three.
3 I tried to move, but I ____________.
4 You were near the accident, Mr Jones. ____________ you see
what happened?
5 In the end, we _____________________ save enough money
3 Give advice. (You can often give more than one answer.)
to buy a car last year.
6 What happened when he got lost?
________________________ find his way home? (he)
2 Write requests. Give two possible forms.
Example: A business caller wants to talk to the manager.
May I speak to the manager, please?
_____________________________________
Could I speak …
_____________________________________
1 A girl wants to borrow her friend’s book.
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
2 A shop assistant offers to help a customer.
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
3 A manager asks his assistant to get the red file.
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
4 Complete the statements. Choose from must, mustn’t, have
4 Somebody offers a friend a cup of tea.
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
5 A receptionist asks a business visitor for his name.
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
90
6 Somebody asks a friend to lend him some money.
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
7 An office worker asks her boss for a day off next week.
________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
8 A visitor asks if he can park his car outside the entrance.
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
Example: I feel ill. (see the doctor) OR (not go to work today)
You’d better see the doctor. OR
_____________________________
You oughtn’t to go to work today.
__________________________________
1 I’ve got a terrible toothache. (go to the dentist)
______________________________________________
2 The boys have got a lot of work tonight. (not watch TV)
______________________________________________
3 I can’t see very well. (get some glasses)
______________________________________________
4 My brother wants to make more money. (find a better job)
______________________________________________
5 Tom wants a good grade in Maths. (not miss the next test)
______________________________________________
6 Sam wants to play outside, but it’s still raining.
(not go out yet)
______________________________________________
to or can’t.
Examples: must work
n Mary’s new contract: Employees ______
38 hours a week
have to work 38 hours
n Mary to her parents: I ________
a week.
1 Teacher to a new student: Tony, you ____________ come late
again. You ____________ always be here on time.
2 Friend to Tony: We ____________ come to school late. If we
do, we ____________ stay behind for an hour after school.
 3 Notice on a beach: DANGER! Visitors ____________ remain 7 Read Ann Green’s diary for today. Then answer her
close to the beach at all times. When the red flag is up, colleague’s questions. Use can’t be, may be or must be.
swimmers ____________ leave the water. 9:00–10.30 visit GLA

4 Swimmer to friend: Look! The red flag is up. That means we 10:30–12:00 travel to Birmingham
____________ stay in the water. We ____________ get out. 12:00–1:00 meet Stephen Fisher
1:00–2:00 have lunch with Eric Ross at the City Hotel or the
5 Complete the statements. Choose from the present form
needn’t and the present and past forms of (not) need to or Ritz Grill
(not) have to. 2:00–3:30 travel to Liverpool or Manchester
Example: don’t have to
There is a holiday next week, so we ______________ Examples: What’s she doing at the moment? (It’s 9:30.)
come to work. must be visiting GLA .
She ______________________
Is she in Birmingham now? (It’s 11:15.)
1 You _____________________ go shopping. I’ve been already.
can’t be in Birmingham .
No, she ________________________
2 I ________________________ write a report last month. must be travelling there .
She _________________________
There was nothing to write about.
1 What’s she doing now? (It’s 12:30.)
3 We ________________________ wear a uniform at work, but She __________________________________________
the boss always says we ________________________ dress
smartly. 2 Where’s she having lunch? (It’s 1:15.)
She __________________________________________
4 When I was at school, we ________________________ wear or she ________________________________________
the school uniform until the last year, but in the last year, we
________________________ wear it any more. 3 Is she in Birmingham now? (It’s 2:45.)
No, she _______________________________________
5 I ________________________ use the car again this week, She __________________________________________
so you can have it. But I ________________________ have it ______________________________________________
again by Monday morning.
8 Complete the statements with past forms. Choose from these
6 Complete the conversation. Choose from will, won’t, could, modals:
may (not) or might (not).
could have, should have, ought to have, would have (’d have), can’t
Two friends are waiting at the station for another friend, Ted, and have, couldn’t have, shouldn’t have, oughtn’t to have.
for a train.
Example: needn’t have cooked so much.
n Jean _____________
will be here in
Tony: I hope Ted isn’t going to be late. The train _____ n Nobody was very hungry.
a minute.
1 I _____________________ said thank you, but I forgot.
Lisa: Don’t worry. Ted 1____________ be here in a minute. He
promised. 2 They ______________________________ crossed the
Tony: I don’t know. He’s often late. He 2____________ get here, desert. They had no water.
but he 3____________. Look! The train is coming. It 3 You ______________________________ made your little
4
____________ be here in a minute. brother cry.
Lisa: You 5____________ be right about Ted. But he
6
4 We ______________________________ taken our coats. It
____________ still come. There’s still a chance.
was warm.
Tony: No. He 7____________ get here in time now. It’s too late.
The train is here. 5 I ______________________________ given you the money if
I’d known you needed it.
Ted: Hi, Tony. Hi, Lisa. I’m here.

91
 39 Passive: formation and uses
Every bike is tested.
FORMS

Each bike is tested before Statements Yes/No questions

it leaves the factory.
I am tested. Am I tested?
am not
He is tested. Is he tested?
She she
It is not it
We are tested. Are we tested?
You you
They are not they

Wh~ questions Full answers

Where are they tested? They are tested at the factory.
When is a bike tested? It is tested before it leaves.
Short forms: • I am = I’m • he is = he’s • we are = we’re
• I am not = I’m not • he is not = he isn’t, he’s not
• we are not = we aren’t, we’re not • was not = wasn’t
• were not = weren’t

WARNING to
FISHERMEN
A Forms Fish and eels from this
Form the present simple passive with am, is, are + past participle. river are contaminated.
You are advised not
Active: Our workers test all the bikes. to eat your catch.
Passive: All the bikes are tested by our workers.
Form the past simple passive with was, were + past participle.
n The first bike was made about 130 years ago.

Form passive questions and negative passives like this.

These premises
Are these cars sold in Europe? are patrolled by
No, they aren’t sold in Europe. They’re sold in America.

B Uses of the passive

Use the passive to focus on the object of an active sentence – now the
subject. The active subject changes to by + agent.
n The first successful car was built by Karl Benz.
(You can leave out the agent if it is not important or not known.)
n The wheel was invented by somebody thousands of years ago.
We often use the passive in technical English to explain how we do
something. (Who does it is not important.)
n The engines are put together in 85 separate steps.
We often use the passive in formal English, e.g., in business
agreements.
n Under this agreement, it is understood that both parties are
committed to completing the project by 31st December, 2017.
guard dogs.
MINERAL MINERAL SOURCES
CALCIUM Calcium is found in full- and low-fat dairy
produce, canned fish (e.g., sardines), white
bread, pulses (including baked beans), leafy
green vegetables and dried fruit.
SODIUM Sodium occurs naturally in many of the foods
& POTASSIUM we eat, but a good proportion of the sodium we
eat is added as table salt (sodium chloride) or
during the manufacture of processed foods.
Potassium is found in all fruits and vegetables.
Bananas are a particularly rich source.

92 Passive tenses and modal forms ∆ 40 / Irregular verbs ∆ Appendix 1

 Exercises
1 Write the verbs in the present simple passive.
are built by a group of European aeroplane
European Airbuses __________
makers. (build) The nose of the plane 1_____________________
by the French. (make)
The body of the plane 2_____________________ by the Germans.
(produce) The wings 3_____________________ by the British.
(provide) Then all the parts 4_____________________ to one
factory in France where the plane 5_____________________
together. (bring) (put) The finished planes
6
_____________________ to their customers. (then deliver)
2 Write the verbs in the past simple passive.
was designed by Leonardo da
One of the first flying machines ______________
Vinci. (design) The first real plane 1_____________________ by
the Wright brothers in 1903. (build) Planes soon became more
common, and they 2_____________________ in World War 1.
(use) In 1919, letters 3_____________________ across the
Atlantic for the first time. (fly) Soon, other ways of using planes
4 Middle East and the USA.
_____________________ too. (find) Passengers
5
_____________________ on regular flights, also in 1919. (carry)
In the same year, the first international passenger flights
6
_____________________ between London and Paris. (begin)
Airline services developed fast. In 1925, the first hot meals for
passengers 7_____________________ by a French airline.
(provide) The first stewardess 8_____________________ by an
American airline in 1937. (employ)
3 Change the active statements into passive statements.
Leave out the agents.
Example: They didn’t tell people about the plan.
People weren’t told about the plan.
___________________________________
1 First, the company built the new factory.
_________________________________________________
2 Then the engineers designed the new Superbike 2,000.
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
3 They didn’t show the design to anyone.
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
4 People bought over 1,000 in the first year.
_________________________________________________
4 Read. Then write questions and answers.
Examples: (What/oil/need/for today)
What is oil needed for today?
________________________________
It’s needed for modern transport
___________________________________
and industry.
_____________
(oil/know/in ancient times)
Was oil known in ancient times?
__________________________________
Yes, it was.
____________
Our modern world needs large amounts of oil for industry and
modern forms of transport. But oil was first known and used
thousands of years ago. In ancient times, it was burned in oil lamps
for light at night.
Boats were also covered with it to keep water out. It was also used
as a surface for roads by the Chinese.
About 100 years ago, far more oil was suddenly needed as modern
transport and industry developed. Oil wells were drilled and large
amounts of oil were found in many parts of the world, including the
Today, oil is less easy to find, but new supplies are still discovered
every year. About 80 million barrels of oil are pumped from the
ground every day.
1 (When/oil first/use)
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
2 (it/burn/for light)
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
3 (When/far more oil/need)
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
4 (more oil/find/at that time)
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
5 (How many barrels/oil/pump/every day now)
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
93
 40 Passive tenses and modal forms
It’s being checked. It’s been checked. It can be checked. Get it checked.
FORMS
The windows are being
painted this week. Simple tense forms
The roof was finished last week.
Continuous tense forms
The windows are being put in now.
Perfect tense forms
The electrics have been checked.
Future and modal forms
Everything can be finished next month.

Good, but they should have

been painted last week.

CUSTOMER CAR
DELIVERY IN 14
DAYS, GUARANTE
E
A Tense forms ED
On receipt, we will
Form the different passive tenses like this: confirm your order
will be delivered dir details. Your order
ect to your door WIT
Active Passive HIN 14 DAYS.
Delivery UK only (ex
Simple tenses … … with am, is, are, was, were All items are subjec
cluding Channel Isl
es).
t to availability.
n They finish everything. Everything is finished.
n They finished everything. Everything was finished.
Continuous tenses … … with being
n They are painting everything. Everything is being painted. BOYS’ PE NEWS
n They were painting everything. Everything was being painted. Cricket SALCOMBE R
E
CHURCH GIS
Perfect tenses … … with been David Culshaw has been selected to Salcombe
Open daily du
n They have checked everything. Everything has been checked. attend the 2nd round of trials on ring daylight
hours.
n They had checked everything. Everything had been checked. Monday, 6th April, for the Devon Groups welcom
e.
n They will have checked Everything will have been Under-16 Cricket Squad for the
Guided tours ca
coming season. n be arranged.
everything. checked.
Compare the different forms of be in continuous tenses and perfect
tenses. ts:
Forthcoming even
n It is being finished. They are being finished.
SUMMER FUNCTIisON
n It has been finished. They have been finished.
An informal function
being arranged for
ly in Cottrill Hall.
B Future and modal forms
Use the following with be + past participle: will, would, going to, can, Saturday 18th Ju
ents, bar
could, may, might, must, should, have to, ought to, etc. 5-piece band, refreshm
midnight
Time: 8.00 pm-12.00
Form the different future and modal passives like this: Cost: £10 per head
Active Passive le from 5th May,
Tickets will be availabthe School Office.
n They are going to do the work. The work is going to be done. from Miss Parsons in

n They will not do the work.
n Must they do the work?
n When do they have to do
the work?
n How should they have done
the work?
The work will not be done.
Must the work be done?
When does the work have to
be done? Some business news now ... Techno,
one of Britain’s biggest electronic
How should the work have retail chains, may be bought by a
been done? Canadian consortium ...

94 Passive: formation and uses ∆ 39 / Irregular verbs ∆ Appendix 1

 Exercises
1 Write statements with verbs in continuous passive tenses.
Example: The boy shouted for help. (he/carry/out to sea)
He was being carried out to sea.
__________________________________
1 We heard a noise and turned. (we/call/by somebody)
_________________________________________________
2 The towers are dangerous. (they/pull/down/next week)
_________________________________________________
3 The boss was angry. (the work/not/do/efficiently)
_________________________________________________
4 I didn’t see little Ann yesterday. (she/look after/by Sue)
_________________________________________________
5 I haven’t got my car. (it/service/at the garage)
_________________________________________________
2 Write statements with verbs in perfect passive tenses.
Example: I couldn’t open the door. (it/lock/on the inside)
It had been locked on the inside.
___________________________________
1 The village is different now. (a lot of new houses/build)
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
2 I managed to start the old car. (it/not/drive/for 20 years)
_________________________________________________
3 The bus has gone. (we/leave/behind)
_________________________________________________
4 We were angry when we heard about the plan.
(we/not/tell/anything about it)
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
3 Write the official rules.
Example: Read this. It says we must pay bills within 30 days.
Bills must be paid within 30 days.
____________________________________
At the library.
1 It says we can borrow up to five books.
_________________________________________________
2 It says we should always return books on time.
_________________________________________________
3 It says we can’t renew books more than three times.
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
At work.
4 It says you must wear protective clothing at all times.
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
5 It says you mustn’t bring food into the office.
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
6 It says you shouldn’t make personal calls from company
phones.
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
4 Change the active statements into passive statements.
Leave out the agent if it is not important.
Examples: n The police are checking the house.
n The house is being checked by the police.
_______________________________________
n They haven’t cleaned this room.
n This room hasn’t been cleaned.
________________________________
1 They built this castle in 1760.
_________________________________________________
2 Somebody was pulling Tony along the road.
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
3 Alan won’t win the match. Jim will win it.
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
4 People should always read contracts before they sign them.
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
5 Bob has written a memo, and the staff are reading it.
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
6 Julie isn’t cleaning out the garage. Sue is doing that job.
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
95
 41 Other passive structures
The president is said to be ready. AirAce are to have their planes checked.

The president is said to be ready to take action to deal with the

FORMS
disaster. And it is thought that he will speak to the nation on
•
TV at 8:00 tonight. Hollywood actors Cheryl Starr and Zak Subject Passive + Infinitive
Reed have announced that they will get married next month.
The president is said to be ready to take action.
• Following t wo near-crashes, AirAce are having all their
planes checked for engine faults. Empty subject Passive + that
It is thought that he will speak on TV
at 8:00 tonight.
get + past participle
They will get married next month.
have/get + object + past participle
They are having their planes checked for engine faults.

A He is said to … We can use get instead of be for actions, but not for states. We can say both:
We can use this structure – subject with passive verb + to-infinitive – n Alice in Wonderland is regularly turned into films and TV series.
to report what people say or believe about someone or something. This n Alice in Wonderland regularly gets turned into films and TV series.
structure is formal, so it sounds serious and reliable. News reports often But we can only express a state with be, and not with get.
use it, especially when the true facts are not very clear. n Alice is a classic that has been loved for 150 years.
We can use these verbs with this structure: allege, assume, believe,
We use get + passive in several common expressions. These include:
consider, expect, find, know, presume, report, say, think, understand.
get engaged, get married, get divorced, get dressed, get changed, get
n Club manager Tony Carpello is thought to have big plans for next
washed, get burnt, get sunburnt, get lost, get qualified, get bored, get
season.
embarrassed, get interested, get exhausted, get caught (out).
n The survivors are understood to be recovering in hospital.
n The prisoners were believed to have escaped through a tunnel. D Have/get something done
We use this structure when we ask somebody else to do something for us.
B It is said that …
have something done
We can also use this structure – ‘dummy subject’ It with passive verb +
n Julie has her car serviced every 12,000
that – to report what people say or believe. Like He is said to …, this
miles.
structure is formal, so it sounds serious and reliable. News reports often
n The Millers had their windows cleaned yesterday.
use it in the same way. We also use it to state general beliefs.
n I am having a workshop built in my back
We can use these verbs with this structure: agree, allege, announce,
garden.
assume, believe, consider, decide, discover, expect, explain, find, hope,
know, prove, report, suggest, suppose, think, understand. We use auxiliaries be, do and have in questions and negatives.
n It is hoped that the economy will soon start to improve. n Are you having cupboards made for the workshop?

n Two centuries ago, it was widely believed that smells n Tony didn’t have his hair cut for a whole year!

carried disease. n How many times have they had the house painted?

Instead of have something done, we can say get something done. This
C get + past participle
is more informal.
We can use get instead of be + passive for actions.
n I must remember to get these shoes mended.
n Our car got damaged in the crash.
n I’m glad you got that coat cleaned! It looks much better now.
n Lucy always gets invited to all the best parties!

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GARDENS If so, don’t get caught out again. Have your garden properly prepared for

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96 Passive: formation and uses ∆ 39 / Irregular verbs ∆ Appendix 1

 Exercises
1 Rewrite these statements with passive + to-forms.
Example: Experts say that people lived here for 1,000 years.
People are said to have lived here
________________________________________
for 1,000 years.
_________________
1 We think that no one knows everything that happened.
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
2 Experts say that this jewellery is nearly 3,000 years old.
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
3 We know that ancient sea levels were much lower than they are now.
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
4 People consider that this city is developing into the world’s
financial capital.
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
2 Rewrite these statements with It + passive verb + that.
Do not add by + agent.
Example: We know the crash was an accident.
It is now known that the crash was
_____________________________________
an accident.
_____________
1 Everyone has agreed that both sides should meet.
________________________________________________
2 They have announced that last year’s sales were up.
________________________________________________
3 A lot of people assume that the truth will never be known.
________________________________________________
4 Many people used to believe that the world was flat.
________________________________________________
3 Change the following into the passive with get. Leave out by +
agent if it seems unnecessary.
Examples: n The fire destroyed all Tina’s photos.
n All Tina’s photos got destroyed by
___________________________________
the fire.
_________
n Whatever happens, we’re going to finish the project.
n Whatever happens, the project is going
_______________________________________
to get finished.
________________
1 The police stopped Sam for speeding.
________________________________________________
2 They mentioned Amy’s brave actions in the newspaper report.
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
3 We never do a lot of important jobs at home.
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
4 Do your staff check all the letters to customers before they send
them out?
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
4 Use expressions with get + past participle to change the
following.
Example: This story is interesting me more and more.
I’m getting more and more interested
_______________________________________
in this story.
_____________
1 I need to change into some warmer clothes.
________________________________________________
2 You’ll lose your way without a satnav.
________________________________________________
3 They’re planning to marry in June.
________________________________________________
4 Poor Roz! The sun burnt her very badly.
________________________________________________
5 Lucy hopes to get her qualifications as a doctor by the age of 24.
________________________________________________
5 Write statements. Use have/get + object + past participle.
Example: The car needs servicing next month.
Let’s get the car serviced next month.
_______________________________________
1 The windows need mending now.
Let’s ____________________________________________
2 These brochures need printing soon.
Let’s ____________________________________________
3 This wall needs rebuilding tomorrow.
Let’s ____________________________________________
4 The door needs painting before winter.
Let’s ____________________________________________
97
 42 Verb + infinitive or verb + ~ing form 1?
I want to go. I love going on the rides.
FORMS
I want to go home now.

Verb + infinitive
But, Mum! I love
going on the rides!
Mum: I want to go home now. It’s late.
Tim: Please, Mum! I want to stay.

Verb + ~ing form

Mum: We can’t keep going round the fair. It’s expensive!
Tim: But, Mum! I love going on the rides.

A CROSSCHECK
CROSSCHECK

Verb + infinitive
Easy Clean
W e ai m to pl ea se !
service
Some verbs only take this form. These are the most common:
Try our new carpet cleaning
Call 01293 882881
agree, aim, appear, arrange, ask, attempt, can’t afford, can’t wait,
choose, decide, expect, fail, happen, hesitate, hope, learn, manage,
offer, plan, prepare, pretend, promise, refuse, seem, tend, threaten,
train, want, wish
n I agreed to go with the others.
The suspect is on the
n We aim to get home by 9:00. move again. I’ll carry
n Has Ed promised not to spend any more money? on following him to see
where he goes.
Verb + ~ing form
Some verbs only take this form. These are the most common:
admit, avoid, can’t face, can’t help, can’t stand, carry on, consider,
delay, deny, detest, dislike, enjoy, fancy, finish, give up, go, go on,
imagine, involve, keep, keep on, mention, mind, miss, postpone,
practise, put off, quit, regret, risk, suggest
n Steve avoided seeing Bob for months. Tell your friends about the benefits of being a
n Have you finished writing that letter? World Music Club member.
n I enjoy not getting up early at the weekend.
They’ll all want to join!
n I go swimming three times a week.

B Exceptions
Some verbs can take both forms.
HERE’S HOW TO GET YOUR
n It continued to rain all day. It continued raining all day.
n Tom always loves to win.
n She started to run.
Tom always loves winning.
She started running.
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C Other patterns y with
These verbs take an object + to + infinitive: ask, persuade and remind . Quit smoking the easy wa
n The manager asked us to wait.
n Tom persuaded me to go.
ACUPUNCTURE
n Could you remind me to call Mr Hill at 4:00? Qualified doctor with
These verbs take a preposition + ~ing form: think of, blame … for . 10 years’ experience
n We’re thinking of buying a new car. Call 01630 369374
n I can’t blame her for leaving that boring job.

98 Verb + infinitive or verb + ~ing form 2? ∆ 43 / Verb + object + infinitive ∆ 44 / Verb + preposition + ~ing form ∆ 45
 Exercises
1 Write these verbs in the correct forms.
climb, finish, get, give, learn, move, play, see, win
Example: to finish the report in time.
I’ve managed __________
1 Tom agreed _______________ for our team.
2 Sandra refused _______________ her son any more money.
3 I can’t wait _______________ my cousins again. They’ve been
away for a long time.
4 Bob promised _______________ here on time. He’s late.
5 She’s hoping _______________ the competition.
6 My parents have decided _______________ to a house in the
country.
7 We’re preparing _______________ the mountain.
8 I’ve chosen _______________ German this semester.
2 Write these verbs in the correct forms.
buy, crash, eat, lose, say, smoke, wait, walk, watch
Example: crashing Dad’s
Drive slowly. We don’t want to risk _________
new car.
1 I can’t stand _______________ that TV programme.
2 They can’t deny _______________ the money. It’s gone.
3 We’ve delayed _______________ a car. We’re short of money.
4 I enjoy _______________ breakfast in the garden.
5 Don keeps on _______________ he’s clever, but he seems
stupid to me.
6 Do you mind _______________ here? Mr Price will be here
soon.
7 I’ve given up _______________. I feel fitter already.
8 We’ll have to carry on _______________. We can’t stop here.
3 Write the verbs in the correct forms.
Jane: I hate all these bills – gas, electricity, phone, the garage.
Joe: dealing with them too. (deal with) And I just
I detest _____________
to pay them all. (pay)
don’t know how we can afford _______
Jane: We seem 1_______________ all our money as fast as it
comes in. (spend)
Joe: That’s right. The bills keep on 2_______________. (arrive)
Jane: Do you think we can afford 3_______________ a holiday
this summer? (have)
Joe: Maybe. If we try hard, I think we’ll manage
4
_______________ enough. (save)
Jane: We should give up 5_______________. (smoke) That would
save a lot of money.
Joe: You’re right. Anyway, where do you fancy
6
_______________? (go)
Jane: I’ve always wanted 7_______________ Italy. (see) You
wouldn’t mind 8_______________ that, would you? (do)
Joe: No, that’s a good idea. And I suggest 9_______________ in
June. (go) I can get some free time then.
Jane: Fine. Let’s plan 10_______________ then. (go) I can
imagine 11_______________ around the streets of Venice
and Rome already! (walk)
4 Complete the statements with negative forms.
Examples: n Are you sorry that you didn’t pass the exam?
not passing the exam?
n Do you regret _______________________
n Please don’t break the contract.
not to break the contract.
n Please agree ___________________________
1 Jean looks as if she doesn’t mind what he said.
Jean seems _______________________________________
_________________________________________________
2 Please don’t make so much noise.
Would you mind ____________________________________
________________________________________________
3 ‘It’s true. I don’t have the money to repay Sam,’ Tom said.
Tom admitted ______________________________________
_________________________________________________
4 ‘I’m not going to go out with the others,’ Suzie said.
Suzie decided ______________________________________
_________________________________________________
5 ‘I’m not going to talk to Bill any more,’ Ann said angrily.
Ann threatened ____________________________________
_________________________________________________
99
 43 Verb + infinitive or verb + ~ing form 2?
I started to race. I started racing.
FORMS
When did you start racing, Tony?

Verb + infinitive or verb + ~ing form (no change of meaning)

Reporter: When did you start racing?
Driver: I first started to race when I was 17.

Verb + infinitive or verb + ~ing form (change of meaning)

I first started to
race when I was 17. Tony went on racing European Formula One cars for years.
Later, he went on to race in the USA.

A Verb + infinitive or verb + ~ing form (similar meaning) n I love my mother and father very much.
These verbs can take either form with little or no change of meaning: n I’m really thirsty. I’d love a cup of tea.
attempt, begin, bother, can’t bear, continue, hate, intend, like, love, n I always prefer driving to going by bus.
prefer, propose, start, continue, intend, propose and bother. n I’d prefer to drive there tonight. The bus might be late.
n It began raining at 10:00. It began to rain at 10:00.
B Verb + object + infinitive or verb + ~ing form (similar meaning)
n Tony loves driving fast. Tony loves to drive fast.
These verbs can take either the ~ing form or object + to + infinitive
n Soon, it started raining. Soon, it started to rain.
with little or no change of meaning: advise, allow, encourage, forbid,
But do not put two ~ing forms together. permit and recommend.
n People were beginning to leave when I arrived. (not leaving) n Bill advised doing some exercise.
In British English, there can be a difference with the verb like. n Bill advised me to do some exercise.
n He likes driving classic racing cars. (He enjoys this.) n I don’t allow smoking in my house.
n He likes to check the oil and tyres before he drives anywhere. n I don’t allow people to smoke in my house.
(He does this because he thinks it is the right thing to do.)
C Verb + infinitive or verb + ~ing form (different meaning)
Note the difference between hate/would hate, like/would like, Some verbs can take either verb + to + infinitive or verb + ~ing form,
love/would love and prefer/would prefer. but with a change of meaning. The most common examples are
opposite.

G em
May 22
ini –June 22

HAIR CLINIC
When people try to sort out serious pro
blems by
making minor changes it is called ‘rea
rranging the
my teens, bu t I’m afraid that a
long hairstyle since deckchairs on the Titanic’. However,
I’ve had the same some people
uldn’t suit me.
shorter style just wo prefer trying different solutions before
ll deciding
P. Turner, Cornwa which one they intend to follow.
PHILIP says: ger layers
ur ha ir cu t to sh ou lder length, with lon
Try having yo ir around the face,
. Then feather the ha
through the bottom king sexy and fresh!
wn, to keep hair loo
from the lip line do

100 Verb + infinitive or verb + ~ing form 1? ∆ 42 / Verb + object + infinitive ∆ 44

 CROSSCHECK
CROSSCHECK

Verb + infinitive Verb + ~ing form

remember/forget + infinitive (for necessary actions) remember/forget + verb ~ing (for memories of the past)
n Please remember to buy a newspaper. n I remember climbing that mountain in 1985.
n Please don’t forget to buy some milk. n I’ll never forget reaching the top. It was great!

stop + infinitive (stop one thing and do something else for a short time)
n On our way home we stopped to buy some stamps.
try + infinitive (make a strong effort, do your best)
n We tried to mend the engine all night, but we failed.
mean + infinitive (1 plan to do something, 2 be required to do
something)
1) I meant to call you, but I was busy.
1) I’m very sorry! I didn’t mean to hit you.
2) You’re meant to sign the papers here. Then they’ll give you your
money.
regret + infinitive (for showing you are sorry about what you are saying)
n We regret to tell you that Mr Briggs has died.
need + infinitive (has to do)
n Harry needs to fly to Cairo tonight as he has a meeting there
tomorrow.
go on + infinitive (do something new after finishing another thing)
n She went on to become a famous artist.
stop + ~ing (end an action)
n Let’s stop fighting and start talking.
try + ~ing (do something in a new way)
n I don’t like the table here. Let’s try putting it over there.
mean + ~ing (one thing makes another thing necessary)
n I want to go to college, but that means working really hard.
n The bus has broken down. That means waiting for an hour
for the next one.
regret + ~ing (for showing you are sorry about doing something)
n I regretted leaving my money at home. I needed it in town.
need + ~ing (for something that is necessary)
n Look at that dirty floor. It really needs cleaning.
go on + ~ing (continue doing)
n Sally went on working hard, even after her terrible accident.

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101
 Exercises

1 Write these verbs in the correct forms. Give both infinitive 9 Ann always likes ______________________________ exactly
and ~ing forms where both are possible. where her children are. (know)
ask, be, come, form, provide, take
10 I’d hate ______________________________ alone. (live)
Someone is making a speech.
3 Write the verbs in the correct forms.
Ladies and gentlemen,
to come to this meeting on a cold, wet
Thank you for bothering ________
Tina: to post the letters and buy the new
Did you remember _________
TV licence? (post)
December evening. I know most of us would prefer
1
____________________ at home. I don’t intend Bob: Well, I remembered 1____________ the letters. (post)
2
____________________ much of your time, but I have an But I didn’t get the licence.
important proposal to make. I propose 3____________________ a Tina: Oh, no! You really forgot 2_______________ the licence?
group of us to collect money for our local hospital. For many years, (buy) I clearly remember 3_______________ you to do that
the hospital has continued 4____________________us all with a when you went out this morning. (ask)
great service. Recently, though, the hospital has not been getting Bob: Well, I don’t remember 4____________ you. (hear) Perhaps
enough money for things such as children’s toys. That’s why the I was too far away.
staff have started 5____________________ for help from us, the
Tina: That’s wrong. I remember you 5____________, ‘I’ll get it on
local community.
the way home.’ (say)
2 Write the verbs in the correct forms. Give both infinitive Bob: Don’t be silly. People don’t forget 6____________ things
and ~ing forms where both are possible like that. (say)
Example: going on holiday. (go)
Ed loves ______ Tina: Well, you did. Anyway, please don’t forget 7____________
to go away this year. (go)
Ed would love ______ it tomorrow. (get)
1 Alan hates ______________________________ early in the Bob: All right. I’ll remember 8____________ that. (do) I promise.
morning. (get up)
4 Write the verbs in the correct forms.
2 Would you like ______________________________ out to
1 At a dry-cleaner’s.
the cinema this evening? (go)
to clean this jacket for me, please?
Customer: Can you try ________
3 I like ______________________________ that all the
(clean) I’ve tried ____________ these marks out, but I
windows and doors are shut at night. (check)
can’t. (get)
4 We always prefer ______________________________ in the
Assistant: Have you tried ____________ Vanish? (use) It’s very
sea instead of the pool. (swim)
good.
5 Ben doesn’t like ______________________________ very
2 At a hotel.
much. (read)
Clerk: Excuse me, sir. Could you complete this form, please? It just
6 Which would you prefer ______________________________
means ____________ your home address and
tomorrow – stay at home or go out? (do)
____________ at the bottom. (write) (sign)
7 I’d love ______________________________ London and see
Guest: Oh, yes, of course. I meant ____________ it when I arrived,
Buckingham Palace. (visit)
but I had to make a quick phone call. (do)
8 When Emma was small, she loved
______________________________ with her doll’s house.
(play)

102
 3 In an office.
Manager: This report needs _______________. (correct)
Secretary: When would you like me to do it?
Manager: Oh, you don’t need ____________ it now. (do)
Tomorrow is all right.
5 Join each pair of statements to make one statement.
Example: Ian said such terrible things to Emma! He didn’t
mean it.
mean to say such terrible things
Ian didn’t _________________________________
to Emma.
_________
1 Bob didn’t get the licence on his way home from work. He forgot.
Bob forgot _______________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
6 Write the verbs in the correct forms.
2 I thought I could develop a new kind of solar-powered engine.
I tried for years.
For years, I tried ____________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
3 They say I had fights with other children when I was young. I
don’t remember them.
I don’t ___________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
4 They shouldn’t make so much noise late at night. They
should stop.
They should _______________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
5 I hate telling you this, but I’m afraid your son has done very
badly in his exams. I regret that.
I regret ___________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
6 What about buying some things for dinner at this supermarket?
Let’s stop here for a minute.
Let’s ____________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
7 Throw your work away and start all over again from the
beginning. That’s what this mistake means.
This mistake means _________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
8 I’m sorry. I didn’t phone you this morning, but I was just too
busy. I meant to.
I’m sorry. I meant __________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
9 We should paint the dining room and the kitchen. They really
need it.
The dining room and the kitchen ______________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
Alan Jones is talking to a careers adviser about starting
a new career.
to work out a plan for your future. (work out)
Adviser: We need ____________
What have you done up to now?
Alan: working in a shop. (work) I also tried
Well, I tried _________
1
_______________ as an office worker. (train) But I’ve
stopped now. I need 2_______________ something more
interesting. (find)
Adviser: How long did you go on 3_____________ those jobs? (do)
Alan: For two years. Now what I need 4_______________ is to
change completely. (do) I want to become a doctor.
Adviser: That’s a very big change. It needs 5_______________
about. (think) First of all, it means 6_______________
a lot of exams. (pass) It’s a pity you left school early.
You must really regret 7_______________ without doing
your final school examinations. (leave)
Alan: Yes, I do. I meant 8_______________ them. (take) But
my dad suddenly got very ill, I regret 9_______________.
(say) And I had to leave school and get a job to help
support the family. Anyway, now I’m studying hard and I’m
trying 10_______________. (catch up) If I do well enough
in my exams next summer, I’ll go on 11_______________
at medical college after that. (study)
Adviser: Well, I certainly hope you succeed.
103
 44 Verb + object + infinitive
Dad has invited us to stay. He wants us to go.

Hi, Bob. Listen, Dad has invited FORMS

us to stay with him.
Verb + object + infinitive
Dad has invited us to stay with him.
He has asked me to phone you.
Verb with and without object + infinitive
He wants to go to the theatre with us. (without)
He wants us to go on Saturday. (with)

A Verb + object + infinitive

These verbs take an object + to + infinitive: cause, enable, force, get
Police in France have
(= persuade), instruct, invite, let, make, order, permit, persuade, ordered their forces to stop
remind, teach, tell, warn.
and search all cars leaving
n The officer ordered his men to start.
n I told the children not to play with matches. Paris in the hunt for a
After let and make use an infinitive without to. suspected terrorist.
n We let students go home at 4:00.
n The boss made us work late.

B Verb with and without object + infinitive

These verbs may, or may not, take an object: ask, beg, expect, help,
intend, mean (intend), want, (would) hate, (would) like, (would) love,
(would) prefer.
Everyday Etiquette
n She asked to meet the president. Q During a dinner party, when is the corre
ct time to
n She asked us to meet the president. begin eating?
n Steve expects to pass his driving test.
n Ann expects everybody else to do the work for her. A Some people expect everyone to wait
until all the guests
have been served. This is quite unnecessa
ry and it is
After help use either a to + infinitive or an infinitive without to. acceptable to begin eating as soon as you
receive your
n I helped (them) to make dinner. food. However, the sophisticated guest
expects to wait
n I helped (them) make dinner. a few moments before tucking in.

C Other points
The verbs hate, like, love and prefer can take all these forms.
n I hate going. I hate you going.
n I hate to go. I hate you to go.
This cinema is surrounded
These verbs can take an object + infinitive or the ~ing form without an
object: advise, allow, encourage, permit. by residences.
n We don’t allow people to smoke. n We don’t allow
smoking.
We would be grateful for
After recommend and suggest, use these forms:
n I suggest going to the park. n I suggest (that) we go to the park.
your co-operation and we ask
After offer and promise, use these forms: you to leave quietly at the
n I promised Tim a book. (verb + object only) end of the film.
n I promised to buy Tim a book. (verb + infinitive only)
n I promised (that) I would buy Tim a book. (verb (+ that ) +
will/would )

104 Verb + infinitive or verb + ~ing form 1? ∆ 42 / Verb + infinitive or verb + ~ing form 2? ∆ 43
 Exercises
1 Complete the statements.
Example: ‘Be careful, Steve!’ John said.
Steve to be careful.
John warned _____________________
1 ‘Be quiet, Alan,’ the teacher said.
The teacher told ____________________________________
2 The weather was bad and Ann said, ‘Rob, don’t drive so fast.’
Ann warned _______________________________________
_________________________________________________
3 ‘Don’t take photos,’ the soldier said to me.
The soldier ordered _________________________________
_________________________________________________
4 Lucy always says to her son, ‘Take your medicine after lunch.’
Lucy always reminds ________________________________
_________________________________________________
5 Nick said, ‘Try this cake, everybody.’
Nick invited _______________________________________
_________________________________________________
6 ‘Stop!’ the policeman said to the man.
The policeman instructed _____________________________
2 Join each pair of statements to make one statement.
Example: I went out last night. Bill persuaded me.
me to go out last night.
Bill persuaded ________________________
1 Tina didn’t buy the dress. Suzie persuaded her.
Suzie persuaded ____________________________________
_________________________________________________
2 The climbers turned back. The bad weather forced them.
The bad weather forced ______________________________
_________________________________________________
3 Our boat rolled over. A wave caused it.
A wave caused _____________________________________
_________________________________________________
Be careful: these are different!
4 We didn’t go out. Dad didn’t let us.
Dad didn’t let ______________________________________
5 The boys ran five kilometres. The new trainer made them.
The new trainer made _______________________________
_________________________________________________
6 You can buy now and pay later. This credit card lets you.
This credit card lets _________________________________
________________________________________________
3 Complete the statements.
Example: ‘Can I listen, please?’ Julie said.
to listen .
Julie wanted _________
‘Listen, everybody,’ Julie said.
everybody to listen.
Julie wanted ____________________
1 It would be great to buy that car.
I’d love ___________________________________________
2 I’ll be very angry if Tom gets the job.
I would hate _______________________________________
3 ‘Could you leave your cases there, Mrs Jones?’ he said.
He asked _________________________________________
________________________________________________
4 Tony said, ‘Can I see the contract, please?’
Tony asked ________________________________________
5 Our friends cut down a tree. We did some of the work too.
We helped ________________________________________
________________________________________________
6 You saw your present. We didn’t want that to happen yet.
We didn’t mean ____________________________________
________________________________________________
4 Write the verbs in the correct forms.
Examples: going home. (go)
I suggest ______
go home. (go)
I suggest we ___
to go home. (go)
He won’t permit us ______
1 He doesn’t allow ____________ in the river. (swim)
2 Our dentist likes everybody ____________ a check-up every
six months. (have)
3 The taxi driver offered ____________ Lucy with her luggage.
(help)
4 The doctor advised Bob ____________ more exercise. (get)
5 I don’t recommend ____________ that car. (buy)
6 I suggest ____________ to your teacher about the problem. (talk)
105
 45 Verb + preposition + ~ing form
I dream of winning.
FORMS
What are you
thinking about?
Verb + preposition + noun
Rick was thinking about the race.

Verb + preposition + ~ing form

He was dreaming of winning the race.

Verb + object + preposition + ~ing form

His boss accused him of wasting company time.

Do you think a lot

A Verb + preposition + noun/~ing form about your boyfriend?
Some verbs take a preposition, and these are often called prepositional
verbs (∆ Unit 92). A noun may follow the preposition.
n I’m thinking about the race.

After some prepositional verbs, there may be a verb in the ~ing form
instead of a noun.
n I’m dreaming of winning (the race).

These are some of the most common verbs taking the ~ing form: Well, I of ten think
of changing him.
apologize for, agree/disagree about/with, approve/disapprove of,
believe in, complain about/of, concentrate on, decide against, dream
about/of, feel like, insist on, look forward to, object to, rely on, succeed
in, talk about, think about/of, wonder about. Greenpeace
n I’ll apologize for arriving late. n They don’t approve of
smoking.
accuses
n I decided against buying n We can’t rely on getting government
the car. help. of neglecting
Verbs taking different prepositions often mean different things. inner cities
The most common problems are with dream and think.
A spokesperson for Greenpeace
n When I dreamt about crashing into a rock last night, I suddenly
yesterday criticized the government
woke up.
for doing nothing to halt the decay
n Every day, Frank dreams of winning the race.
of inner city areas. Bill Story told the
n I thought about going home all day yesterday. press at a news conference called to
n The person who first thought of windsurfing was a genius! discuss the latest figures on housing
n I’m thinking of/about going to Spain, but I’m not sure yet. development that …

B Verb + object + preposition + ~ing form

Some verbs take an object before the preposition. These are some of
the most common: accuse … of, blame … for, congratulate … on, Your holiday questions
discourage … from, forgive … for, punish … for, suspect … of, thank answered
… for, warn … against.
n I blame Tom for causing the crash. Q Will a suntan lotion
with a
n Lisa thanked us for coming to her party. high sun protection fac
tor prevent
me getting a tan?
The verbs prevent and stop are a little different. After an object, they
can only take an ~ing form, and not a noun. We also sometimes leave
A No, but it will stop you
out from. r skin from burning wh
exposed to the sun an en it is first
n A storm stopped Rick (from) finishing the race. d allow it to acclimatize
gradually.

106 Prepositional verbs ∆ 92

 Exercises
1 Add these prepositions and then the ~ing forms of the verbs
in brackets.
about, for, in, like, of, on, to
Example: Tom tried nine times, but he never succeeded
in winning . (win)
___________
1 Mike apologized ________________________ the vase. (break)
2 He insisted ________________________ for a new one. (pay)
3 We often wonder ________________________ house. (move)
Is it a good idea?
4 I object ________________________ out in this terrible
weather. (go)
5 What do you feel ________________________ today? (do)
6 We’re thinking ________________________ a sports club
next year. (join)
2 Rewrite the sentence parts in order, changing the underlined
parts to ~ing forms of the verbs in brackets.
Example: about/in/next year/we talked/our travels/South
America (travel)
We talked about travelling in South
_____________________________________
America next year.
___________________
1 the sale of/my brother and I/about/in/disagreed/the old family
house/London (sell)
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
2 for/I must apologize/so late/my arrival/at night (arrive)
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
3 the discovery of/through/in/a new route/succeeded/the
mountains/they finally (discover)
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
4 the company’s next project/to concentrate/we want/China/our
plans for/on/in (plan)
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
3 Join each pair of statements to make one statement. Add the
correct preposition.
Example: She got the job. Her brother congratulated her.
Her brother congratulated her on
___________________________________
getting the job.
________________
1 I’m going to win. You can’t prevent me.
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
2 Ben broke the window. His father punished him.
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
3 Don’t go sailing in this wind. I must warn you.
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
4 She hurt my child. I can’t forgive her.
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
5 He’s left that terrible job. You can’t blame him.
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
6 The dogs are fighting. We can’t stop them.
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
4 Write the verbs in the correct forms.
We talked about
Mary: Do you remember the other night? _________________
going away for a week. (talk/go) And we 1____________
______
_________________________________ to Scotland for
a week. (think/go)
Bill: Yes, but we 2____________________________________
__________ that in the end. (decide/do) You
3
_____________________________________________
____________ Scotland as it’s cold at this time of year.
(discourage/us/choose)
Mary: That’s right, but I mentioned the idea when I called my
cousin Sheena in Edinburgh last night. She immediately
4
_____________________________________________
_______________ us to stay. (insist/invite) She said we
must come, and she’s really 5_______________________
________________________________ us Edinburgh.
(look forward/show)
Bill: That’s really nice of her. I must say I’ve always 6_________
__________________________________________
Edinburgh. (dream/visit) So let’s go.
Mary: OK, I’ll phone her and 7___________________________
_______________________ us. (thank/her/ask) And I’ll
say yes. She’ll be very pleased.
107
 46 Adjective + preposition + ~ing form; be/get used to and used to
I’m nervous about working up here. You’ll get used to it.
FORMS
I’m a bit ner vous about working
so high up. I’m not used to it.
Adjective + preposition + noun
Sam is nervous about his new job.
Bill says everyone is used to it.
Adjective + preposition + ~ing form
Sam is nervous about working so high up.
Bill says he’ll get used to doing it.
be/get used to and used to
Oh, don’t worry. You’ll soon
get used to being up here. Sam used to work on the ground.
But now he’s getting used to working 200 metres up.

Sam’s first day at his new job.

SALES DIRECTOR – EAST ASIA
Salary from US$180,000 + excellent benefits
A Adjective + preposition + noun/~ing form
Many adjectives take a preposition. A noun may follow this. The successful candidate will be responsible for further
developing our dynamic presence across East Asia and
n Sam is nervous about his new job. will be capable of leading a large multinational sales
force based in a number of key markets.
Instead of a noun, there may be a verb in the ~ing form.
n Sam is worried about working so high up.

These are some of the most common adjectives taking the ~ing form:
afraid of, annoyed about, ashamed of, anxious about, bored with,
capable of, disappointed about, enthusiastic about, excited about, fed
up with, fond of, good/bad at, grateful for, guilty of, happy about,
interested in, keen on, nervous about, pleased about, responsible for,
tired of, used to, worried about.
n At first, Sam was enthusiastic about starting his new job.
n He thought he would be good at doing this kind of work.
n But now he finds that he is not very happy about looking down.
n He is not used to working so far above ground level.
James and June
These adjectives can take about or at + ~ing form with little change of were playing hide
meaning: annoyed about/at, disappointed about/at, excited about/at. and seek. James found a place to hide
n I’m annoyed about/at losing my keys. I really need them! in a cupboard. His eyes slowly grew
B used to + ~ing form/noun and used to + infinitive accustomed to the dark. Now all he could
Be careful. I am used to doing + noun and I used to do are different. do was wait ... ‘Ready or not here I come!’,
n Bill and the others are used to working high up. (It’s not new or it looked like the game had begun.
strange to them.)
n Sam isn’t used to/hasn’t got used to it yet. (It’s still new and
strange to him.)
n Bill thinks he will get used to it. (It will become normal to him
after some time.) DOCUMENTARY OF THE DAY
The way life used to be
But:
Reality Channel 9:30–10:30
n Sam used to build houses, but now he works on skyscraper A fascinating look at country life in
construction. (He regularly built houses in the past, but he doesn’t the 19th century. This programme
do that now.) gives us a clear picture of the way
that ordinary people used to live
Be/become/grow accustomed to (doing) something are like be/get used their everyday lives.
to (doing) something – but more formal.

108 Adjective + preposition ∆ 91

 Exercises
1 Complete with the adjectives and necessary prepositions and
~ing forms.
Example: capable of crossing the Atlantic in
The ship was ____________________
three days. (capable/cross)
1 She’s very kind. She isn’t _____________________________
anybody. (capable/hurt)
2 Are you ____________________________________ on
holiday? (excited/go) It’s very soon.
3 I’m very ______________________________ this village.
(fond/visit) I love the old place.
4 Which are you _____________________________________
next year – Art or Music? (interested/study)
5 Is Sam __________________________________________
his exams? (pleased/pass) He got very good marks.
6 We’re __________________________________________
the same music all the time. (fed up/hear)
7 Tom is ______________________________. (bad/cook) He
always burns things.
2 Join each pair of statements to make one statement. Add the
correct preposition.
Example: Ellie didn’t tell the truth. Everyone knew she was
guilty.
Everyone knew Ellie was guilty of not
_______________________________________
telling the truth.
__________________
1 Mark had a chance to show his invention on TV. He was very
grateful.
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
2 We want to take cookery classes. We’re all very interested.
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
3 We played badly and almost lost the match. We feel annoyed.
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
4 Alan failed to help anyone else. Later, he felt ashamed.
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
5 Do we really have to meet those people? I’m not very keen!
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
3 Rewrite the sentence parts in order, changing the underlined
parts to ~ing forms of the verbs in brackets.
Example: at college/about/from/next year./life/Maria is/far
away/anxious (live)
Maria is anxious about living at college
________________________________________
far away from home next year.
_______________________________
1 the football team?/worried/his place/the loss of/Isn’t
Pat/in/about (lose)
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
2 of/to/travel/every day./tired/work in the city/Ed is (travel)
________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
3 her company./office equipment/Naomi is/the choice of/
at/for/responsible (choose)
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
4 their failure/Our engineers were/in/the fault/the ship’s
engines./to find/about/anxious (fail)
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
4 Complete the mini-dialogues with appropriate forms of the
verbs in brackets.
Example: are you
So, after your first year in New York, ________
used to life here now? (be used to)
________
didn’t use to like city life at all,
Well, I __________________
as you know. (not use to/like) But I think I’m
getting used to living here now.
_______________________
(get used to/live)
1 _____________________ here in Singapore yet?
(get used to/live)
Well, I’m enjoying life here in lots of ways, but I’m from
Norway, as you know, so I ____________________ with
the heat here every day. (not be used to/cope)
Oh, you __________________ our climate in the end.
Everyone does! (get used to)
2 What __________________ before you came to work here
at Global News? (use to/do)
I __________________ with Radio South-West. (use to/be)
_________________ with the news team? (use to/work)
No, I __________________ documentaries. (use to/make)
109
 47 Structures with ~ing clauses
He watched it coming down.

A Two actions at the same time

1 Last Friday night, Jim Hunt drove home from work thinking about
the quiet weekend ahead.
2 But then, travelling past Tenbury Hill, he had the strangest
experience of his life.
3 He was shocked to see his car lights suddenly cut out, and to
hear the engine die. The car stopped.
4 Then he saw a brightly lit object flying slowly across the road.
5 He watched it coming down to land between the road and the
hill to his left.

B One action, then another action

1 Taking his camera out of the glove box, he got out of the car.
2 Having shut the car door quietly and carefully, he turned to start
He saw an object flying slowly across the road.
walking towards the object, which was still brightly lit.

C Explaining why
1 Being a scientist, Jim wanted to find out more about this
strange thing.
2 Having refused to believe in UFOs all his life, he felt there must
be some other, simple explanation.

D Preposition + ~ing form

1 Despite feeling sure that the object was not a UFO, Jim could not
think what else it might be.
2 On getting nearer, he began recording comments as well as
taking photos.
3 Then, suddenly, the thing took off again without making any
noise at all.

E Linking words + ~ing

1 After climbing slowly to about 100 metres, the object shot away
to the north-east at high speed.
2 Before calling the police, Jim ran the last few metres to where it
had been just 30 seconds before.
3 Although expecting to find nothing there, he actually found burn
marks on the grass.
.
he got out of the car
4 ‘Perhaps it really was a UFO,’ he thought to himself while calling t of the glove pocket,
Taking his camera ou
999 for the police.

110 Relative clauses with ~ing, ~ed and infinitive forms ∆ 75

A Two actions at the same time
1 We can use a main verb (drove) and then an ~ing form for two things
that are happening at the same time. In this order, no comma is
needed.
2 We can put the clauses the other way round, with first the ~ing
form and then had. This way round, we need a comma. We could
add a linking word – while or when – to the ~ing form in 1 or 2:
see Section E Linking words + ~ing, No. 4.
3 When we see, hear, notice, etc., a short action, we can use an
infinitive without to. These ‘sense’ verbs are: feel, hear, listen to,
notice, see, watch.
4 When we see, hear, notice, etc., a longer action, we can use an
~ing form. These sense verbs are: feel, find, hear, listen to, notice,
see, smell, watch.
5 This is similar to 4.
B One action, then another action
E Linking words + ~ing
1 When one action quickly follows another, we can use an ~ing form
for the first action. We could add the linking word after to the ~ing
form: see Section E Linking words + ~ing, No. 1.
2 We can also use having plus a past participle – having shut (instead
of shutting) – to put the first clause more clearly in the past.
C Explaining why
1 An ~ing clause at the start – Being a scientist, – can give a
reason for the second clause. This structure gives another way
of saying: Because he was a scientist, …
2 We can also use Having plus a past participle – Having refused
to believe … – to put the first clause in the past.
On getting nearer, he began reco
rding comments as well
as taking photos.
D Preposition + ~ing form
1 We can use an ~ing form after some prepositions, e.g., despite, in
spite of.
2 We can use an ~ing form after on, meaning as soon as. We can
also use an ~ing form after as well as, meaning in addition to.
3 We can use an ~ing form after without and several other
prepositions and prepositional phrases, too.
Reference list:
against, *as a result of, *as well as, *besides, *by, *despite, for, from,
how about, in favour of, *in spite of, instead of, *on, *upon, what about,
without
*These forms are quite formal, and they are used in writing more than
in speaking. We can always find less formal ways of saying the same
thing, e.g., Jim felt sure that the object was not a UFO, but he could
not think what else it might be.
Like the structure preposition + ~ing form (D), Linking words +
~ing can be quite formal.
1 We could also say: Climbing slowly to … or: On climbing slowly to …
Less formally, we could just say: After it had climbed slowly to …
2 Less formally, we could just say: Before he called the police, …
3 Less formally, we could just say: Although he expected …
or: He expected to find nothing there, but he actually found …
4 Less formally, we could just say: … as he called 999 …
Reference list:
after, although, before, even though, since, though, when, while.
Although expecting to find nothing there, he actually found
burn marks on the grass.
111
 Exercises

1 Describe two actions happening at the same time. Put the

verbs in brackets into appropriate forms – either a main verb,
an ~ing form or an infinitive without to.
Example: In the year 1899, an old sailing ship travelling up
the south-east coast of Africa was caught in a
terrible three-day storm. (travel/catch)

1 _______________ from the bridge of the ship through the third

night, the junior officer in charge and a young sailor
_______________ the storm _______________ little by little. 2 Describe one action and then another. Put the verbs in
(watch/see/decrease) brackets into appropriate forms – either a main verb,
an ~ing form or a past participle form.
2 The old sailing ship _______________ slow progress to the
Example: Giving/Having given his instruction to sail
_____________________
north-east, ________________ and _______________ from
looked hard
north-north-east again, the stranger _______
wave to angry wave. (make/rise/fall)
at the two young men. (give/look)
3 Suddenly, the junior officer and the young sailor
1 _______________ the words, ‘Every moment is important!’ he
_______________ a powerfully built, older man in wet
then _______________ as suddenly as he _______________
seaman’s clothes, with a pale face and a terrible head wound
just moments earlier. (add/disappear/appear)
_______________ from nowhere on the bridge beside them.
(see/appear) 2 _______________ their heads in disbelief, the young officer
and sailor _______________ at each other, unable to speak for
4 _______________ quickly, he _______________ past the
a while. (shake/stare)
junior officer to the ship’s compass. (move/push)
3 _______________ about the stranger’s words for a minute or
5 _______________ down at it, he suddenly _______________,
two, the officer finally _______________ the young sailor to
‘Change your course to north-north-east.’ (stare/say)
wake the captain and ask him what to do. (think/send)
6 ___________________ what this was all about, the officer just
4 _______________ the story, the captain _______________
_________________, ‘But my orders are to steer north-east.’
as amazed and puzzled as the young sailor was. (hear/be)
(not understand/reply)
5 _______________ on his heavy oilskin clothing against the
7 The two young men _______________ the stranger
storm, he _______________ with the young sailor up to the
_______________ again, more urgently, ‘Steer north-north-
bridge of the ship. (put/go)
east. Immediately!’ (hear/say)

112
3 Use prepositions with ~ing forms to describe actions. Put the
verbs in brackets into appropriate forms – either a main verb
or an ~ing form. Add one of these prepositions before each
~ing form.
by, despite, instead of, on, without
Example: On hearing the same amazing story from the
____________
decided that he should
junior officer, the captain _________
not ignore it. (hear/decide)
1 _______________ behind schedule because of the storm, he
_______________ that he would not lose very much more time
if he followed the stranger’s instructions for a few hours. (be/feel)
2 So, _______________ to sail north-east as before, the old ship
_______________ course to north-north-east. (continue/change)
3 _______________ what to expect, they _______________
the new course until early the next morning. (know/follow)
4 _______________ enough light to see by, they
_______________ first one, then another and another and
another lifeboat, each full of exhausted men and ready to sink
under the heavy waves. (get/spot)
5 _______________ the stranger’s orders, they
_______________ the survivors of another ship – men who
would certainly soon have died! (follow/find)
4 Use linking words with ~ing forms to describe actions. Put the
verbs in brackets into appropriate forms – either a main verb
or an ~ing form. Add one of these linking words before each
~ing form.
after, after, although, before, on, while
Example: On reaching the lifeboats, sailors _______
_____________ lifted the
exhausted survivors to safety one by one. (reach/lift)
1 _______________ the survivors, the captain and his men
_______________ to hear their sad story. (rescue/begin)
2 _______________ their way through the storm, their ship
_______________ fire and it _______________.
(fight/catch/sink)
3 The only person who had died was their captain.
_______________ sure of all his men’s safety, he
_______________ ready to follow them into the lifeboats.
(make/be)
4 But then, _______________ the sinking ship, he
_______________ on the head by a falling mast and thrown
into the sea. (leave/hit)
5 ___________________ to find anything else, the junior officer
and the young sailor still _______________ to look out across
the rough grey sea for a few minutes more. But then they did
see something else: it was the body of a powerfully built, older
man in wet seaman’s clothes, with a pale face and a terrible head
wound. It was the body of the dead captain. (not expect/continue)
113
 48 Common expressions with ~ing forms
Let’s go surfing this Friday. It’s no use asking for time off.

Listen. Let’s go surfing this Friday.

No, it’s no use asking for time off. We’re busy
finishing the accounts here in my department.
But surely there’s
no harm asking
your boss! It would be a waste of time talking
to her. The answer would just be no!

A Go + ~ing forms
We use go + ~ing for various activities.
n Claire goes riding nearly every day.
n I’m going to go swimming this afternoon.
n Where did you go shopping the other day?
Most of these expressions are for outdoor leisure activities, e.g., go +
camping/climbing/diving/fishing/jogging/sailing/skiing/surfing/
swimming.

B It’s + ~ing forms

It’s no good …/It’s no use …/It’s useless …
n It’s no good banging on the door; everyone’s out.
CHOOSE YOUR HOLIDAY
n It’s no use saying sorry; Lucy’s too upset to talk to you.
n It’s useless trying to work now; it’s too dark.
It’s (not) worth …
n It’s not worth seeing that film. It’s really bad!
EVERY DAY
n It’s (well) worth going to the new play. It’s quite good. Go sailing!
Go diving!
C There’s + ~ing forms
Go windsurfing!
There’s no harm (in) …/There’s no point (in) …
n There’s no harm (in) seeing the doctor. You may be OK, but you
Or just chill out by one of
may not. our five beautiful pools.
n There’s no point (in) trying to start the car again. The engine’s
dead. We’ve got all your
favourite holidays at
D Have + ~ing forms
have (no) difficulty/have (no) problems/have (no) trouble
Dolphin Bay Beach Resort.
n We’re having (no) difficulty understanding her accent.
n I had (no) problems finding the address.
n She’ll have (no) trouble working out the answer.

E Expressions with ~ing forms for time and money

be busy 3 Having problems losing weight?
n I’m busy doing paperwork today, but I’m free tomorrow. 3 Wasting time and money on
spend/waste time/money
diets that just don’t work?
n Don’t waste time writing to her. Pick up the phone!
n Tony spent thousands travelling round the world.
a waste of time/money Well, now’s the time to change to
n It’s a waste of time talking to him. He never listens! the Easy-Way Diet.
n It was a waste of money buying this cooker. It’s gone wrong Proven in clinical tests.
already!

114 Verb + infinitive or verb + ~ing form 1? ∆ 42

 Exercises
1 Change the words in brackets to expressions with go + ~ing.
Example: A lot of people go climbing in the Alps every year.
(climb)
1 I usually ________________ in the morning. (go for a jog)
2 I also often _________________ in the evening. (have a swim)
3 Suzie had to _______________ yesterday. (buy some things at
the shops)
4 We’re planning to _______________ next summer. (have a
camping holiday)
5 The Red Sea is one of the greatest places in the world to
_______________. (dive)
2 Use appropriate It’s + ~ing expressions to replace the words
in brackets.
Example: (I don’t think it’s worth your time to go) It isn’t
worth going into town this afternoon. All the shops
will be shut.
1 (I can’t see any use in your shouting.) ___________________
______________________ No one can hear you.
2 (I think it’s worth the money to take) ____________________
___________________ a trip on the river. The views are great!
3 (You’re not doing any good by sending) __________________
___________________ any more e-mails. They’re never going
to answer them.
4 (It would be useless if you applied) ______________________
_________________ for the job. They’ve already given it to
someone.
5 (I don’t feel it’s worth the money to buy) _________________
_________________ a car if you live in the middle of a city.
You can just use the public transport – or ride a bike.
3 Combine the pairs of sentences using forms from C, D and E in
the Grammar section.
Example: n Harry developed his new invention. He spent
$200,000.
n Harry spent $200,000 developing
his new invention.
1 Right now, Anne’s very busy. She’s writing a report about her
business trip.
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
2 I looked for the book in all the bookshops. I wasted a lot of time.
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
3 I’m having big problems. I can’t find Gabriella’s address and
phone number.
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
4 Alan doesn’t understand our new software systems. He’s having
a lot of trouble with them.
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
5 I tried to repair that old car of mine. It was a complete waste
of time and money.
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
6 I had no trouble with that puzzle. I worked out the solution to
it really quickly.
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
7 Why try to teach this stupid animal anything at all? There’s
simply no point.
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
8 It’ll be easy to get the job done by midday. We won’t have any
difficulty, I can promise you.
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
9 Why not check all the equipment again before we go? There’s
no harm, is there?
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
10 I tried to finish my report last night. I spent three hours on it.
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
115
 49 Zero and first conditionals
If the wind is strong, the waves are dangerous.
FORMS
If it’s sunny tomorrow,
we’ll go to the beach. Zero conditionals
If + present simple, present simple
If the wind is strong, the waves are dangerous.
OR The waves are dangerous if the wind is strong.

First conditionals
If + present simple, future with will
If it’s sunny tomorrow, we’ll go to the beach.
OR We’ll go to the beach if it’s sunny tomorrow.

Put a comma after the If part when it comes first.

If the wind is strong, the waves are dangerous.
Do not use a comma when the If part comes second.
If the wind is strong, the
waves are dangerous. We’ll stay at home if it rains.

A Zero conditionals Three reasons why cigarettes

These express things which always happen. If one thing happens, then are bad for your social life.
another thing always happens. We use When similarly.
n If/When the wind is strong, the waves are dangerous.
If you smoke…
n If/When you shout at her, she always cries.
n your breath smells.
n your teeth turn yellow.
We can use If and When with instructions, but with different meanings. n your skin becomes wrinkled.
n If Ann phones, please take a message. (She may phone.) (And if you stop smoking, you live longer.)
n When Ann phones, please take a message. (She will phone.)

B First conditionals
We also use If sentences to talk about a probable future action or
STOP NOW
condition. Both parts of the sentence are about the future, but the If part
is in the present simple, not the future.
n If it’s sunny tomorrow, we’ll go to the beach. Litter – the new law and you
n If we hurry, we’ll catch the bus. If you drop litter and refuse to pick
n If we don’t hurry, we’ll miss it. it up, you will be fined £10.
The If part of the sentence says what may or may not happen. The If you don’t pay, you will be taken
to court and will face a fine of £1,000.
result – the other part of the sentence – follows from the If part.
If part The result LEAVING LITTER DOES NOT PAY
n If it’s sunny, … … we’ll go to the beach.
n If it rains, …
n If we hurry, …
n If we don’t hurry, …
… we’ll stay at home.
… we’ll catch the bus.
… we’ll miss the bus.
For unless (if … not ), ∆ Unit 52.
% 1 0
1VO0UCHER 10%% OFF

If we don’t have any item you want in stock,

our staff will happily order it for you. Sparrow 10%
If you present
G ro
discount on yo
this voucher at
up stor es
ur next purcha
any one of the
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e a 10%

116 Second conditionals ∆ 50 / Third conditionals ∆ 51 / wish and if only; other conditional forms ∆ 52
 Exercises

1 Complete the zero conditionals. Use these endings: 2 Enter the race. You’ll probably win.
it becomes ice. it soon goes bad. you get orange. _________________________________________________
the machinery soon breaks down. the oil light comes on. _________________________________________________
the lights come on. 3 The party may go on till late. If so, we’ll go home early.
Example: If you mix red and yellow, you get orange. _________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
1 If the car needs oil, __________________________________
4 Call the office at 2:00. Tony will be there.
2 If you cool water to 0°C, ______________________________
_________________________________________________
3 If you don’t keep food cool, ___________________________ _________________________________________________

4 If you press this switch, ______________________________
5 If the engineers don’t check every month, ________________
________________________________________________
2 Choose the correct form of the verbs.
Example: If Ann doesn’t call me, I’ll call her. (doesn’t
call/won’t call)
4 Write the verbs in the correct forms.
1 If the money __________________, I’ll put it in the bank.
(arrives/will arrive)
2 Peter __________________ us if he hears any news. (tells/will
tell)
3 If you don’t finish your homework, I __________________ you
watch TV. (don’t let/won’t let)
4 If the neighbours don’t stop that noise, I __________________
the police. (call/’ll call)
5 I’m sure Tom __________________ you some money if you
ask him. (lends/will lend)
6 If you shout like that again, Helen __________________ to
you. (doesn’t listen/won’t listen)
7 If the climbers __________________ down before the storm,
they’ll be in great danger. (don’t come/won’t come)
3 Join each pair of statements to make one statement.
Example: Tom may call. If so, I’ll talk to him.
If Tom calls, I’ll talk to him.
1 The police may come. If so, they’ll ask about Tom.
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
5 Ann may not call. I’ll be worried.
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
6 Finish the job today. Then you won’t have to come tomorrow.
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
Bob is reading the college newspaper.
Bob: Look. Here’s an advert for a water ski weekend. If we have a
group of ten, we’ll get a special price. (have/get)
Steve: It sounds good. But I 1_____________________ to go if it
2
______ in May. (not be able/be)
Bob: No, the offer starts in June. We can go just after the exams.
Steve: Yes, if we 3____________ to go then, everybody
4
__________________. (decide/come) Let’s ask some
people. Ask Alan.
Bob: Alan, 5________________________ us if we
6
_______________ a water ski weekend in June?
(you join/organize)
Steve: If we 7______ just after the exams, we 8____________ a
great time. (go/have)
Alan: OK, I 9____________ if it 10_________ too expensive.
(come/be not)
Steve: There’s a special group rate.
Bob: If we 11_________ another seven people, it
12
_______________ just £60 each. (find/cost)
Steve: We’d better hurry. If we 13__________________ fast,
somebody else 14__________________ up the offer
and we 15____________ the chance. (not act/take/miss)

117
 50 Second conditionals
If someone found him, he would have a huge meal.

What would you do

FORMS
if someone found us?
First, I’d have a huge meal. If + past simple, would + verb
If someone found him, he would have a huge meal.
OR He would have a huge meal if someone found him.
Put a comma after the If part when it comes first. Do not use a
comma when the If part comes second.
In conversation, we often use ’d for would and wouldn’t for
would not, e.g., I’d buy …, He wouldn’t buy …

A Use of second conditionals

Second conditionals express unreal situations that are either not
possible or not probable. The situation may be in the present or future,
but not in the past (despite use of the past simple in the if clause).
n If he won the prize, he’d buy a car. (But he probably won’t win.)
n If she had some money, she’d buy a car. (But she doesn’t have any.)
B Form of second conditionals
We use the past simple in the If clause. In the ‘result’ clause we usually
Train Pain
veryone says there are too many cars, but maybe if public
E transport was more reliable more people would use it!
Train services are appalling. My dad started taking the train to
work instead of the car but stopped after a month. The train
only ran on time 20 per cent of the time and sometimes it didn’t
come at all! Get your act together, train companies!
J Gadd, 12, Weston-Super-Mare

Fa v o u r it e
use would (from will) + verb.
A FEW OF MY Our regular interview column
n If he won £10,000, he would visit India. (sure to visit)
with a star who shares their
We also use could (from can) and might (from may) + verb. favourite things – past, present

T hings
and imaginary! This week,
n … he could visit Rome. (able to)
n … he might visit Paris. (unsure)
Jamie Baker
Note: Could may appear in the If clause, meaning was/were able to. In
the ‘result’ clause, could means would be able to. Q What would be your perfect day?
n If we could visit India, … (were able to) JB It would be a bright summer’s day
n … we could see the beautiful Taj Mahal. (would be able to) with no work, a group of friends
and a trek into the countryside.
C Single-clause forms
We can make statements with would, could and might, but without the Q Who would be your ideal dinner partner?
JB Nelson Mandela. It would be a great privilege to
If clause. The words would, could and might show that the statement is
have dinner with him.
about something improbable or impossible. The idea of the If clause is
understood, but not spoken. Q If you were only allowed to have two books,
what would they be?
1 Let’s invite Bill and Luke.
JB Now, this is a very difficult question.
No, they hate each other. They’d fight. (… if we invited them,
but we won’t.)
2 I dream of going to Paris.
We could have a wonderful time there. (… but it’s only a
What would I do
dream.) Ask yourself this question:
if I were too ill
For the answer come to Sure Future.
3 It’s a pity Sally and Helen hardly ever meet. to work?
We can arrange insurance cover
Yes, they might become friends. (… but they don’t meet.) for you and your family.

D Was and were For more information

Ring Freephone
We often use were instead of was in second conditionals, for example,
when we give advice. 0800 584921
n If I were you, I’d get a new job.
Sure Future Insurance Ltd
n If I were in your position, I wouldn’t buy that old car.

118 Zero and first conditionals ∆ 49 / Third conditional ∆ 51 / wish and if only ; other conditional forms ∆ 52
 Exercises
1 Write the verbs in the correct forms.
Examples: n If I had enough money, I’d buy that car. (have)
n You’d have enough money if you got a better job.
(have)
1 If we _________ a bigger house, we could invite people to stay.
(have)
2 I _________ out of business if we cut our prices. (go)
3 If I _________ my job, I wouldn’t know what to do. (lose)
4 If we _______________ the plan exactly, we’d never finish the
job. (follow)
5 I think she _________ angry if I didn’t invite her this evening. (be)
6 You ______________________________ me if I told you the
whole story. (not/believe)
7 If we decided to go to London, we ____________ with my
brother. (stay)
2 Write second conditionals.
Examples: (we/be/surprised/Ann/come)
We’d be surprised if Ann came.
(Tom/have/time/he/be/here)
If Tom had the time, he’d be here.
1 (Ann/be/pleased/Tom/call)
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
2 (you/not/visit/us again/we/be/very sad)
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
3 (I/get/fit quite fast/I/work out/at the gym)
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
4 (Barry/not/argue/so much/he/have/more friends)
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
5 (Hiroko/have/more money/she/fly/home/to Tokyo)
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
6 (the team/win/more games/they train/harder)
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
3 Write the verbs in the correct forms to complete the answers
without if.
Example: It’d be great if we had a million pounds.
Yes, we could do anything. (can/do)
1 Let’s give Larry some money.
No, he __________________ it all. (waste)
2 If you could change jobs, what would you do?
I __________________ a film star. (become)
3 I don’t want to go out tonight.
Why not? You __________________ yourself. (enjoy)
4 If I could, I’d love to travel through time.
But you ________________________ your friends and
family again. (may/never/see)
4 Write questions and answer them without if.
Example: You might lose your money. (What/you/do)
(go/to the police)
What would you do if you lost your
money?
I’d go to the police.
1 They might visit Turkey. (Where/they/stay) (stay/at cheap hotels)
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
2 We could complain at the Head Office. (Who/we/see) (talk/to the
Sales Manager)
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
3 I might visit Scotland. (How/you/travel) (go/by car)
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
4 They could leave school now. (What/they/do) (look for/jobs)
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
5 You could borrow a DVD. (Which/you/choose) (take/the new Will
Smith film)
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
119
 51 Third conditionals
If he’d bought a present, she’d have been happy.
FORMS

If + past perfect would have + past participle

If he had bought a present, she would have been happy.
OR She would have been happy if he had bought a present.
Put a comma after the If part when it comes first. Do not use a
comma when the If part comes second.
In conversation, we often use ’d for had and also ’d for would,
e.g., If he’d got ... and she’d have ...
Both ’d forms sound the same, but their meanings are different.

Yesterday was Mr and Mrs Carter’s wedding anniversary. She remembered it,

FAMILY OF FOUR
but he didn’t. If he’d bought a present, she’d have been happy!

A Use of third conditionals SAVED FROM SEA

T
Third conditionals express unreal situations – things that did not
he Air-Sea Rescue Service
happen – in the past.
saved Bill and Emma Price
n If he’d bought a present, she’d have been happy. and their two teenage sons
(… but he didn’t.) (… and she wasn’t happy!) yesterday when their seven-metre
n If he hadn’t forgotten, she wouldn’t have been angry. yacht was blown onto the
(… but he did.) (… and she was angry!) dangerous rocks at Pendene
Point. They were lifted to safety by
B Form of third conditionals helicopter minutes after their boat
struck the rocks and began
We use the past perfect in the If clause. In the ‘result’ clause we usually
breaking up in heavy seas.
use would have + past participle. After their dramatic rescue,
n If he’d remembered to buy a present, she’d have been very Bill, 42, said, ‘If we had known the
pleased. (sure) danger, we would never have
sailed so near the rocks.’
We also use could have and might have. minutes if the
Wife Emma added, ‘We would have died within
n … he could have got it on the way home. (possible) t arrive d when they did. These guys are
Rescue Service hadn’
n … he might have decided to get some flowers. (unsure) amaz ing, and we owe them our lives!’

C Single-clause forms
We can make statements with would have, could have and might have,
but without the If clause. The words would have, could have and might
have show that the statement is about something past and not real.
n It’s sad you didn’t visit Tim. He’d have loved that. (But you didn’t
visit.)
n I’m sorry we didn’t go to New York. We could have seen
Manhattan. (But we didn’t go.)
n He was stupid not to work. He might have passed his exams.
(But he didn’t work.)

D Special uses of third conditionals

We often use third conditionals to criticize people (or ourselves) for
making mistakes.
n If you’d taken my advice, you wouldn’t have wasted all
your money!
n You wouldn’t have lost your money if you hadn’t been so careless!
We also often use third conditionals to show regret about the past.
n If I’d said ‘Yes’ instead of ‘No’ that day, my whole life would
have changed!

120 Zero and first conditionals ∆ 49 / Second conditionals ∆ 50 / wish and if only ; other conditional forms ∆ 52
 Exercises
1 Write the verbs in the correct forms.
Examples: n If I’d driven faster, I’d have arrived in time.
(drive)
n We wouldn’t have gone to the show if Alan
hadn’t recommended it. (not go)
1 If you’d seen the film, you ___________________________ it.
(love)
2 If she _______________ earlier, she’d have seen Pat. (go)
3 We wouldn’t have noticed the house if you
________________________ it to us. (not show)
4 If the weather _______________ better yesterday, we’d have
gone out. (be)
5 If she _______________ some money, she
__________________ enough for those shoes. (save) (have)
6 We _______________________________________ for help
that night if we _____________________ desperate. (not ask)
(not be)
2 Write third conditionals.
Examples: (you/come/to the party/you/enjoy/it)
If you’d come to the party, you’d have
enjoyed it.
(we/be/very sad/John/not/marry/Suzie)
We’d have been very sad if John hadn’t
married Suzie.
1 (Jim/ask/us/we/lend/him our car)
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
2 (I/not/write down/her phone number/I/forget it)
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
3 (the car/not/crash/Tom/keep/to the speed limit)
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
4 (I/forget/to buy/Ann’s birthday present/you/not/remind/me)
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
3 Write third conditionals.
Example: The plane didn’t crash because the pilot landed on a
road.
If the pilot hadn’t landed on the road,
the plane would have crashed.
1 We didn’t find the house as we didn’t have a map.
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
2 They found the books when they opened the last box.
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
3 The tree didn’t fall on the car, so the driver wasn’t hurt.
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
4 I got lost on the mountain because I didn’t turn back.
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
4 Write answers without if.
Example: I wanted to go to New York. (we/can/see/the
Manhattan skyline)
Yes, I
did, too. We could have seen
the Manhattan skyline.
1 I’d have liked to go up the Empire State Building. (we/can/
visit/the Statue of Liberty, too)
Yes, I know. ____________________________________
_____________________________________________
2 It’s a pity Tom’s car broke down. (he/might/win/the race)
Yes, you’re right. ________________________________
_____________________________________________
3 Why didn’t she call the police? (they/can/catch/the thieves)
Yes, I agree with you. _____________________________
_____________________________________________
4 I should have taken the other road. (we/get/home an hour ago)
Yes, and I told you that, too! ________________________
_____________________________________________
121
 52 wish and if only ; other conditional forms
I wish I had enough money!

I wish I had FORMS

I wish you’d stop thinking
enough money
about shoes. You’ve
to buy those wish/if only + past simple (for something now)
already got too many!
shoes! If only
we were rich! I wish/if only we had enough money to buy those shoes!
wish/if only + would (for something from now into the future)
I wish/if only you would stop thinking about shoes.
wish/if only + past perfect (for something in the past)
I wish/if only I had not said anything.

a
I wish I could afford .
liday in the Ca ribbean
A I wish and If only compared ho
n
We use I wish and also If only when we want something to be different.
Well, n ow youostcaholidays
(If only is usually said with stronger feeling than I wish.) We can use h our low -c
wit
Sun + Fun
both in a single clause.
n I wish we had enough money! I wish we weren’t so poor! All holidays include flights

Holidays
and accommodation.
n If only we had enough money! If only we weren’t so poor! now or
Ask at your travel agent
We can also use If only in full, two-clause second and third conditionals. com
check us out at sun+fun.
n If only we had enough money, we would be able to buy those shoes!
n If only I had had enough money, I would have been able to
buy that coat!
Awful food? Noisy hotel?
B I wish and If only + verb forms
With the past simple, the meaning is present: we want something to be
Miles from the beach?
different now. If only they’d heard about
n I wish I had time to look round the shops more. Paradise Packages ... the
n If only I were rich enough to buy those shoes! holidays where everything
Note: We often use were instead of was (as in second conditionals). works out for the best.
With would, the meaning is future: we want something to be different in
the future. We often use these forms to complain about people’s actions
or about situations that we want to be changed. W ish you
n I wish you would stop thinking about shoes.
n If only you wouldn’t keep talking about shoes.
were here!
With the past perfect, the meaning is past: we want something to have been
different in the past. We use these forms to express regrets about the past.
n I wish I had kept quiet.
n If only I hadn’t spent all my money on other things!

C Other ways of expressing conditions

We can make sentences with conditional meanings using these forms:
n We’ll buy them as long as we have enough money left.
n They would buy them provided (that) they had enough money left.
Traffic news now. Serious
We use unless to mean if not. congestion on the M25 in both
n We won’t be able to buy them unless we have enough money left. directions. I expect all you
= We won’t be able to buy them if we don’t have enough money drivers wish you had stayed at
home. Better news for those on
left. the M4 – traffic there is
n We wouldn’t have been able to buy them unless we had had flowing again af ter this
enough money left. morning’s accident.

122 Zero and first conditionals ∆ 49 / Second conditionals ∆ 50 / Third conditionals ∆ 51

 Exercises
1 Express what Mrs West and her daughter Emma are thinking
outside the shoe shop. Use If only + past forms.
Examples: n Emma is sad because her family aren’t rich.
n ‘If only we were rich!’
n Mrs West is unhappy because Emma is so
interested in clothes and shoes.
n ‘If only you weren’t so interested in
clothes and shoes!’
1 Emma is sad because the shoes are so expensive.
________________________________________________
2 Mrs West is worried because the family have to pay so many
bills.
________________________________________________
3 Emma is unhappy because she doesn’t get regular money for
clothes.
________________________________________________
4 Mrs West is upset because they can’t buy everything they want.
________________________________________________
5 Emma is sorry because she upsets Mum so much and so often.
________________________________________________
2 Express yourself in these situations. Use I wish + would /
wouldn’t.
Examples: n Talking to someone who doesn’t think about other
people’s feelings:
n ‘I wish you’d think about other
people’s feelings!’
n Talking to someone who makes a mess everywhere:
n ‘I wish you wouldn’t make a mess
everywhere.’
1 Talking to someone who doesn’t listen to other people’s ideas:
________________________________________________
2 Talking to someone who arrives late for everything:
________________________________________________
3 To someone who isn’t telling the truth:
________________________________________________
4 To someone who keeps smoking all the time:
________________________________________________
3 Express yourself in these situations. Use If only and I wish +
past perfect.
Example: You have seen a wonderful present for a friend, but
you have left your money at home. (bring it with me)
If only I hadn’t left my money at
home! I wish I’d brought it with me!
1 You have received an invitation to the party of the year, but you
have agreed to speak at a meeting that evening. (refuse to go)
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
2 You have arrived late at a job interview because you got the
8:15 train to London. (catch the 7:55 instead)
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
3 The family dinner is burned because you left it in the oven for
over three hours. (take it out at the right time)
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
4 Change the form of the crossed out sentence parts. Use unless.
Example: If the weather doesn’t get better, Unless the
weather gets better, we won’t be able to climb
the mountain.
1 You won’t be able to go to the concert if you don’t buy your
tickets now. __________________________ They’re selling
fast!
2 We would never have been able to drive through that forest if
we hadn’t hired an off-road vehicle. ____________________
_____________________________
3 If I didn’t know some of the other guests, ________________
___________________ I wouldn’t want to go to the party.
Luckily, I do!
123
 53 Reported statements
He said (that) he was late.
FORMS
A Reported speech and time shift
In reported speech, we use a reporting verb such as say, tell, shout and He said, ‘I’m late.’ ➞ He said (that) he was late.
whisper. He said, ‘I’ll call you from New York.’ ➞ He said (that) he would
This reporting verb can stay in the present when we report something call us from New York.
as we hear it, e.g., on the phone.
n He says/He’s saying (that) he’s in New York now.
Later, on the phone.
But we usually put the reporting verb in the past, and then other verbs
‘I’m in New York now.’ ➞ He says (that) he’s in New York now.
also go ‘back’ a tense, e.g., present simple > past simple. Note also the
change from I to he.
‘I’m eating dinner here at my hotel.’ ➞ He says (that) he’s eating
dinner there at his hotel.
n ‘I’m late.’ ➞ He said (that) he was late.
n I’ll call you. ➞ He said (that) he would call us. I’m late. I’ll call you
After say, we need not mention the listener. After tell we must. from New York. Bye.

n I’ll call you. ➞ He told us (that) he would call us.

We often leave out that after the reporting verb.
n He said (that) he was tired.
We often keep and repeat that with two connected clauses after one
reporting verb. What did he say?
n He said that he was tired, but that he would still go to the meeting.

B Summary of time shift and other changes

Remember these common time shift changes. He said he was late.
am/is ➞ was, are ➞ were, have/has ➞ had, have/has got ➞ had,
do/does ➞ did, will ➞ would, can ➞ could, may ➞ might
Unlike can and may, these modal verbs do not have a past form to
which they can change. Karl Marx believed tha
t all
must, might, could, would, should, ought to history was a struggle
Note: In reported speech with time shift, we often make these modal
between the rich rulers
changes.
and the poor workers,
can ➞ was/were able to must ➞ had to
and that eventually
There are word changes to show changes of person and place.
n … call you from New York ➞ … call us from New York.
the workers would
n … here at my hotel. ➞ … there at his hotel. overthrow their rulers
There are word changes to show time changes between the statement in a revolution.
and reporting the statement.
n He said, ‘I’m flying tomorrow.’ ➞ He said he was flying the next
day.
Remember these other common changes.
Hundreds witness meteor
here ➞ there this/these ➞ that/those now ➞ then
today ➞ that day yesterday ➞ the previous day/the day before Police and coastguards in the
South West received
hundreds of calls on Thursday
followed by the meteor
breaking up into several
this Saturday ➞ last Saturday/the following Saturday pieces. Mr Richard Bater, a
night after a bright light flashed meteorologist from Newton
Note: We often do not use time shift to report things that always happen
across the sky. The object Abbott, who also saw the
or always stay the same. appears to have been a very meteor, said he believed it was
n Our Science teacher taught us that water boils at 100º. bright meteor. Mr John Milton, about a metre across and
an astronomer who lives in perhaps 40 kilometres up. He
Bodmin, Cornwall, said that said he couldn’t say whether
PASSING comment … from reports he had received, he anything reached the ground but
Frank Binns, Marketing believed it was a single fireball. that it was ‘not unlikely’, in
‘He didn’t make a stand on anything until he said he’d leave One witness told reporters that which case the proper
work if they got rid of the cafeteria.’ there had been a large explosion description would be a meteor.

124 Reported questions ∆ 54 / Reported orders, etc.; special reporting verbs ∆ 55

 Exercises
1 Report the telephone conversation.
Nick is in Australia and Alan is in Britain.
Nick: It’s hot here, and I’m sitting outdoors with Suzie by our new pool.
Alan: It’s really wet and cold here, so we’re staying indoors and
sitting by our fire.
They’re telling their wives about the conversation.
Nick to Suzie: Alan says it’s really wet and cold there,
1
so they’re _______________________________
Alan to Celia: Nick says 2________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
2 Write the statements in reported speech. Use He said … and
He told me …
You met an old school friend last year, and he told you all his news.
Examples: n ‘I’ve got a flat in London.’
n He said he had a flat in London.
n ‘I’m visiting my parents this weekend.’
n He told me he was visiting his
parents this weekend.
1 ‘I’m working away from London this month.’
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
2 ‘I finished my college course a year ago.’
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
3 ‘I haven’t been to see my parents for ages.’
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
4 ‘I arrived home with my family yesterday.’
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
5 ‘We’re going to go back to London tomorrow.’
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
6 ‘We can’t stay for long as I have to get back to work.’
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
7 ‘We may come back next year. I don’t know.’
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
8 ‘I’ll e-mail you soon and attach a photo of the family.’
_________________________________________________
_______________________________________________
3 Write replies to the comments. Use But you said … and But
you told me …
Example: I’m going to go home. (stay/here)
But you said you were going to stay here.
1 I don’t like this sort of music. (love)
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
2 Tom has decided to sell his bike. (not/sell)
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
3 I’m going to e-mail her. (write her a letter)
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
4 They’re showing the film tonight. (tomorrow)
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
5 They finally went on to win the match. (lose)
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
6 Lisa will only be at home tomorrow morning. (tomorrow night)
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
7 They have sent me a present. (not/send/anything)
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
8 The children can swim very well. (cannot/swim/at all)
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
125
 54 Reported questions
They asked if I had had a good journey.
FORMS

‘Did you have a good journey?’ ➞ They asked if I had had a

good journey.
‘How are your parents?’ ➞ They wanted to know how you were.
‘Do you plan to stay long?’ ➞ They asked if I planned to stay long.

LINE RESTORED
from Mrs Rita Secombe
A Reporting verbs in reported questions
When we report something as we hear it, e.g., on the phone, we usually Sir,
Our phone has been out of order for seven days,
start with is asking or wants to know.
despite numerous calls to British Telecom.
n She’s asking if you’re travelling by train.
I asked again when it would be reconnected. I was
n She wants to know what time you’ll arrive. told to ‘cross my fingers’ and it could be within
When we report with time shift (∆ Unit 53) both verbs go ‘back’ a tense. 24 hours. I did – and it was!
n They asked if I planned to stay long. Is this the latest advance in digital technology?
n They wanted to know what time I had left home.
Yours faithfully,
In written English, we sometimes use a more formal verb, e.g., inquire. Rita Secombe
Reported Yes/No questions need if or whether. Reading, Berkshire
n They asked if I had had a good journey.
n They wanted to know whether I liked London.

Reported Wh~ questions need a question word, e.g., how, when, what, etc.
n They wanted to know how you were.
n They asked what I wanted to do. So who really n
eeds $8.5m?
B Word order in reported questions
The verb after if or whether or question word is not in question form.
It is like a verb in a statement.
A n 83-year-old N
York woman has gi
$8.5m, her entire
ew money in su
ven Helen Bark
ch a way, Mrs
er said,‘I have
winnings my pe
n They asked if I felt hungry. from a lottery jackp nsion. I have ever
ot, to her thing y-
n They asked what I wanted to do. New Jersey council I need.’ She in turn
. When asked th
This is similar to the form of indirect questions. Compare the following: reporters asked e journalists whether
why she they
n Do you know what he wanted to do? wanted to dispos thought she w
e of her unusua as
l. The replies varie
Be careful about do, does and did. We use them in ordinary present and d.
past simple questions, but not in reported questions.
n ‘Where do you want to go?’ ➞ They asked me where I wanted to go.
n ‘How long did the journey take?’ ➞ They asked me how long the
journey had taken. She asked me if I could
In subject questions, the word order does not change. She asked me if I would
n ‘Who is coming?’ ➞ She asked me who was coming. Love her again ...

C Time shift and other changes

Word change rules for person, place and time are as for reported
statements. (∆ Unit 53)
n ‘How are you?’ ➞ They asked how I was. (person)
n ‘When will you get here?’ ➞ They asked when I would get there. (place)
n ‘Did you call yesterday?’ ➞ They asked if I had called the day
before. (time)

126 Wh~ questions ∆ 26 / Indirect forms; question word + infinitive ∆ 29 / Reported statements ∆ 53 / Reported orders, etc.; special reporting verbs ∆ 55
 Exercises
1 Report the telephone conversation.
Nick is in Australia and Alan is in Britain.
Nick: What are you and Celia doing this winter? Are you taking a
skiing holiday again?
Alan: No, we’re staying at home this year. Where are you and
Suzie going for your holiday? Are you going to visit us
again?
They’re telling their wives about the conversation.
Nick to Suzie: Alan is asking where 1_______________________
_________________________ He wants to know
2
________________________________________
________________________________________
Alan to Celia: Nick is asking what 3________________________
__________________________ He wants to know
4 ________________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
2 Write the Yes/No questions in reported speech.
You met your old school friend, Jim, last year.
Examples: n Jim: Are you still at college?
n Jim asked me whether I was still at
college.
n You: Do you remember Joe?
n I asked him if he remembered Joe.
1 Jim: Have you sold your terrible old car?
________________________________________________
2 Jim: Do you still live with your parents?
________________________________________________
3 Jim: Are you going to visit London soon?
________________________________________________
4 You: Is there room for me to stay with you?
________________________________________________
5 You: Can I have your phone number?
________________________________________________
6 You: Did you meet your wife at college?
________________________________________________
3 Write the Wh~ questions in reported speech.
Some British college students are talking to Jean-Pierre, a new
French student.
Example: ‘What subjects are you going to do?’
They asked him what subjects he was
going to do.
1 ‘What part of France do you come from?’
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
2 ‘How long have you been in Britain?’
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
3 ‘Why did you decide to come to college here?’
________________________________________________
4 ‘How long are you going to stay?’
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
5 ‘Where are you living at the moment?’
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
4 Write the questions in reported speech.
A teacher at a language school in London is reporting some of the
questions students asked him today.
Example: A German student: ‘How can I renew my passport?’
A German student asked me how to
renew his passport.
1 Two Swedish students: ‘Do you know the way to the station?’
________________________________________________
2 Some Turkish students: ‘Can you help us find a flat?’
________________________________________________
3 A Lebanese student: ‘What’s the best way to send a parcel home?’
________________________________________________
4 Two Italian students: ‘How long will it take us to travel to Edinburgh?’
________________________________________________
127
 55 Reported orders, etc.; special reporting verbs
They told him to be quiet.
FORMS
Be quiet! Could you turn it down, please?
Reported orders
‘Be quiet!’ ➞ He told him to be quiet.
Reported requests
‘Please don’t make so much noise!’ ➞ She asked him not to
make so much noise.
Special reporting verbs
‘I’m not making much noise!’ ➞ He denied making much noise.

C Reported suggestions, apologies, etc.

Suggest, apologize for, admit, deny and insist on usually take an
~ing form.
Subject Verb ~ing form
n Nick denied making much noise.
A Reported orders, invitations, etc.
n Later, he apologized for making so much noise.
Instruct, invite, order, remind, request, require and tell take an object
+ infinitive. Form the negative with not + infinitive. D Special reporting verbs
Subject Verb Object Infinitive Reporting verbs like warn, promise and deny tell us much more
n They ordered him to be quiet. than the basic reporting verbs say, tell and ask. They show a) what
n They reminded him not to do it again. the speaker is saying, and b) what the speaker is doing with his/her
After warn, the following action is usually expressed with an infinitive – words. Similar reporting verbs include accuse … of, complain
positive or negative. But a formal, negative warning sometimes takes about/of, correct and recommend.
against + ~ing form. (See Section C.)
n The police to Mr Saunders: ‘We believe that you took the car, Mr
n They warned him (not) to stop.
Saunders.’ ➞ The police accused Mr Saunders of taking the car.
n They warned him against stopping.
n A customer to a delivery company: ‘This morning I received the
B Reported promises, offers, etc. wrong goods and I’m really upset about it!’ ➞ The customer
Promise, offer, refuse, agree and threaten do not take an object before complained about receiving the wrong goods.
the infinitive. Form the negative with not + infinitive. n Lisa MacFee to a reporter: ‘You’ve got my name wrong. It’s M-a-c,
Subject Verb Infinitive not M-c.’ ➞ Lisa MacFee corrected the spelling of her name.
n He promised to turn it down. n A waiter to a customer: ‘You would enjoy the Chef’s Special. It’s
n They agreed not to make so much noise. excellent.’ ➞ The waiter recommended the Chef’s Special.

In the third century bc,

You promised not to laugh.
Greek scientists
suggested that the Earth
and planets move around
the sun. The telescope,
first used to observe the
heavens by Galileo,
proved this to be true.
Reality Bites
restaurant owner has
A been forced to live on
pasta and soup for four
months because his dentist
removed his teeth after
discovering that the patient
couldn’t pay his bill. Dentist
Anders Wick warned John
Wilby to pay up or risk
having his dental implants
taken back. The unfortunate
restaurateur had agreed to pay
the $500 cost of treatment but
by the time he came to settle
his bill, his restaurant had run
into difficulties and he could
not find the money.
Mr Wilby offered to
follow a payment plan but the
dentist refused, saying he
would not be able to afford
the payments. Mr Wick
apologized to his client for
having to take such drastic
action when he took Mr
Wilby’s teeth back.
Mr Wilby, meanwhile,
has accused the dental clinic
of cruelty, and threatened to
take the matter to court.

128 Reported statements ∆ 53 / Reported questions ∆ 54

 Exercises
1 Put the direct speech into reported speech.
Example: ‘Give me your books,’ the teacher told us.
The teacher told us to give him/her
our books.
1 ‘Could you open the door?’ the girl asked me.
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
2 ‘Don’t use this photocopier,’ Carol instructed the new assistant.
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
3 ‘Come for dinner on Saturday,’ Tom invited us.
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
4 ‘Don’t be late for the party,’ Celia reminded me.
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
5 ‘Could you please not make so much noise?’ Ann asked everybody.
________________________________________________
3 Report the statements and questions. Use these reporting verbs:
________________________________________________
6 ‘Give your name to the receptionist,’ Mrs Davis told Tony.
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
7 ‘Don’t touch the red button,’ Bob warned Emma.
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
8 ‘Remember to post the letters,’ the manager reminded her
assistant.
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
2 Report the conversation. Use these reporting verbs:
agree, offer, promise, threaten
Example: Bill is always late for appointments. His sister, Jean, is
tired of it.
‘Can we meet outside the cinema?’ Bill said.
‘All right. Outside the cinema,’ Jean agreed.
They agreed to meet outside the cinema.
1 ‘And can we meet at 7:30?’ he said.
‘Fine. 7:30,’ she agreed.
________________________________________________
2 ‘This time I’ll be there on time,’ he promised.
________________________________________________
3 ‘I’m not going to wait for you if you’re late,’ she threatened.
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
4 ‘Look, if you like, I’ll get there an hour early!’ he offered.
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
5 ‘You don’t need to do anything silly like that, but I’ll leave if you
aren’t there at 7:30,’ she threatened again.
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
6 ‘I won’t be late. Believe me,’ he promised.
________________________________________________
admit, apologize for, insist on, suggest
Example: ‘Let’s do something exciting,’ Bob suggested.
Bob suggested doing something exciting.
1 ‘Why don’t we go parachuting?’ Maria suggested.
________________________________________________
2 ‘Good idea, but it’s getting late. If we’re going to go parachuting,
we must go immediately,’ Barry insisted.
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
Later, 3,000 metres up in the sky ...
3 ‘I feel scared,’ Barry admitted.
________________________________________________
4 ‘I don’t want to jump either. I’m sorry, Barry. I was stupid to
suggest the idea of parachuting,’ Maria apologized.
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
5 ‘Look we can’t go back now. Even if you aren’t going to jump,
I am!’ Barry insisted. ‘Bye!’
________________________________________________
129
 56 Nouns: singular and plural
a girl, an apple, two boys, some chairs
FORMS

a
a girl, a table
an
an apple, an umbrella
number
two boys, five books
some
some chairs, some books

Action
Adventure
A Singular
All the things in the picture are countable nouns – we can count them,
e.g., two boys, three chairs. They have a singular form (for one),
for
e.g., boy, and a plural form (for more than one), e.g., boys. Do you have a great idea for an adventure?
We can use a/an before the singular form. Use a before a hard sound Then we may be able to turn your dreams into reality!
(consonant), e.g., a desk and a table (but an old table). Use an before The Pain Trust provides funding to support
a vowel sound, e.g., an apple, an olive (but a green olive). m young male applicants
m aged 11 to 21 years
Compare a hat and an hour. (an when the h is silent) m resident in East Devon
Compare an umbrella and a university. (a when the u sounds like you) in their quest for travel and adventure.

Do not use a singular countable noun by itself. It needs a determiner.

n I want a book. n I want my book.
n I want that book. n I want the book over there.

We use a/an to identify what a thing or a person is. Seahorses pair for life
What’s that? It’s a map.
and it is the male
What’s her job? She’s an actress.
that gives birth to the
B Plural
young, often producing
If we identify in the plural, we use the noun alone.
What are those? They’re maps.
hundreds of babies
What are their jobs? They’re actresses. at a time.
We can use the singular or the plural form to make general statements
about a group or type of thing. (∆ Unit 61)
In both these examples we mean ‘all horses’.
n A horse is an animal with four legs.
n Horses are animals with four legs. At Peak Park we run
More formally, we sometimes also use the + singular form to make an informal and friendly
general statements.
campsite.
n The horse is a large mammal that has been vital to human
development.
To express a plural number without stating the number, use some.
Dogs are welcome
n I’d like a beefburger and some fries, please. but must be kept
Be careful: fries and some fries, etc., have different meanings. under strict control. Peak Park
n I love fries. (all fries, at any time, anywhere)
n I’d like some fries. (a number of fries now)

130 Countable and uncountable nouns ∆ 58 / Articles 1: a/an, the and some ∆ 60 / Articles 2: general and specific ∆ 61
 Exercises

1 Write a or an. 4 Write some or nothing (7).

Examples: a girl an apple Examples: n Liz and Joe are X teachers.
n We’ve got some new CDs. Look.
1 ______ orange 7 ______ magazine
1 Could you get _________ oranges, please?
2 ______ exercise 8 ______ old car
2 I love _________ apples. I eat about five a day.
3 ______ newspaper 9 ______ Italian
3 I’m going to buy _________ shoes in the sale.
4 ______ aeroplane 10 ______ good book
4 Everybody studies _________ languages at school.
5 ______ letter 11 ______ united team
5 You look hungry. Have _________ biscuits.
6 ______ easy test 12 ______ unfriendly man
6 We found _________ old gold coins under a rock.
2 Write a, an or some and choose from these words.
book / books, desk / desks, egg / eggs, glass / glasses, 5 Write alternative general statements with a + singular noun
or plural noun alone.
letter / letters, paint / paints, taxi / taxis, umbrella / umbrellas
Example: A tractor is a farm vehicle.
Examples: n I’m reading a book about Japan.
n Let’s put some desks in that classroom.
Tractors are farm vehicles.
1 A college is a place to study.
1 Did you write _____________________ to Ann?
________________________________________________
2 It’s going to rain. Take _____________________ with you.
2 Large planes can carry very heavy loads.
3 Get _____________________ and we’ll decorate the hall. ________________________________________________
4 The children want a drink, so can you get 3 A student needs to use the Internet efficiently.
_____________________ of water, please? ________________________________________________
5 I usually have _____________________, toast and coffee for 4 Cars use more energy per person than buses.
breakfast. ________________________________________________
6 We’re late. Let’s take _____________________ to the airport. 6 Write a, an, some or nothing (7).
3 Write the correct present forms of be or do. At a jeweller’s.
Examples: n Look. Some boys are coming. Hello. Could I look at some rings, please? I want to buy a ring
n Does a lesson take 45 or 50 minutes? for my sister.
1 _________ some students live in college? Certainly, Madam. Here are 1_________ rings for ladies.
2 _________ a new car very expensive? These are all 2_________ diamond rings, aren’t they?
3 Two girls _________ helping the teacher. Yes, and they’re 3_________ top quality pieces. Look at this
4 _________ a CD take long to copy? one. It’s 4_________ really lovely ring.

5 A secretary _________ typing the report. Yes, but it’s 5_________ expensive one too.

6 A good dictionary _________ really useful. Ah, but Madam, 6_________ things like this are never cheap.

7 _________ the children in bed? Perhaps you’re right. But could I look at 7_________ other
rings? Could I see 8_________ different types of stone, too?
8 The students _________ having lunch.
Of course. Here’s 9_________ very nice one.
131
 57 Irregular noun forms
clothes, scissors, news, team, sheep, etc.

My clothes are in the cupboard.

A few nouns are always or nearly always plural. Learn these: clothes,
contents, thanks.
n My clothes are in the cupboard.
n The contents of the bag were all over the floor.
Some nouns are plural because they have two parts. Learn these:
binoculars, glasses, jeans, shorts, trousers. Use a pair of to make them
singular.
n Where are my scissors?
n Is there a pair of scissors in the kitchen?
Collective nouns describe a group of people or things as one unit, and they
are normally singular, e.g.,
n The new government is very different from the last one.
n Look at that flock of birds. There are thousands of them.
Learn these: class, club, committee, family, flock, government, herd, school,
team.
But with collective nouns referring to people, we often think of the group’s
members and use a plural verb.
n My family are all angry with me.
n The team are very happy with the result of the match.

A few nouns look singular because they have no ~s, but they are always
A few words are the same in the singular and the plural. Learn these:
plural and have no singular form. Learn these: the police, cattle. (For a
aircraft, crossroads, fish, headquarters, series, sheep, species.
singular form, use police officer, cow/bull.)
n You only caught one fish, but I caught three fish!
n The police are looking for three men.
n I saw three aircraft in five minutes, and each aircraft was different.
n There are 200 cattle on his farm.
A few plurals are irregular. Learn these common ones: child ➞ children,
A few nouns look plural, but are not. Learn these: athletics, gymnastics,
man ➞ men, woman ➞ women, person ➞ people, foot ➞ feet,
mathematics, news, physics, politics, the United States.
tooth ➞ teeth.
n Here is the nine o’clock news.
n I’ve got one child. My brother has got two children.
n Mathematics was the most difficult subject for me at school.
n My dentist filled one tooth and took two teeth out.

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Nouns: singular and plural ∆ 56 / Countable and uncountable nouns ∆ 58 / Articles 1: a/an, the and some ∆ 60 / Articles 2: general and specific ∆ 61 /
132 Noun and verb endings with ~es ∆ Appendix 2C / Words that end in ~y ∆ Appendix 2F / British and American English ∆ Appendix 6
 Exercises
1 Complete the statements and questions with plural nouns.
Example: Many thanks for all your help.
1 Somebody has taken all Mrs Bell’s money.
The ____________ are on their way here now.
2 In the Old West in America, cowboys used to look after
thousands of ____________.
3 The ___________ don’t look much like the picture on the can!
4 I’ll cut your hair for you. Where are your ____________?
5 It’s very cold in the mountains, so take some warm
____________ with you.
6 Where are my ____________? I can’t see without them!
7 You can’t play for our football team in jeans. You need some
proper ____________.
8 ____________ provide us with meat, wool and cheese.
2 Choose singular or plural present forms of be or do.
Examples: n Physics is my best subject.
n Do fish feel anything when we catch them?
1 The news _________ very bad. Three people have died and
hundreds have been injured.
2 _________ this pair of glasses belong to you?
3 Sheep _________ really stupid animals!
4 _________ Mathematics interesting?
5 Your trousers _________ too long. I’d better shorten the legs.
6 Which _________ the biggest fish? This one, I think.
7 The new science series on TV _________ very good.
8 Gymnastics _________ dangerous if you don’t train carefully.
9 _________ the United States have a prime minister or a
president?
10 Many aircraft today _________ able to fly 10,000 miles or more.
11 Most of the cattle on this farm _________ kept in the upper fields.
12 My family _________ all very pleased when I told them the news.
3 Complete the statements with singular or plural irregular
nouns.
Examples: n Two men with beards came to the door.
n One man spoke. The other said nothing.
1 We’ve got two ____________. Pip is five and Lucy is four.
2 There’s room for one more ____________ in the taxi.
3 My left ____________ hurts. I can’t walk very well.
4 A normal adult human mouth contains 32 ____________.
5 This ____________ really hurts. The dentist will have to take it
out.
6 This bus can carry 70 ____________.
7 In many countries, ____________ do all the jobs that men do.
8 That ____________ mustn’t play in the road. It’s dangerous.
Let’s stop her.
4 Complete the statements with the plural forms of these nouns:
(Before you start, study Appendix 2C and 2F.)
battery, knife, leaf, life, loaf, match, photo, potato, wife
Example: Could you put the shelves up here, please?
1 The children shouldn’t play with _______________. They might
cut themselves.
2 The children shouldn’t play with _______________ either. They
might burn themselves.
3 We eat _______________ with every meal.
4 I’ve bought three _______________ of bread.
5 Look. These are our holiday _______________. This one shows
our hotel.
6 The men played golf and their _______________ played a
game of tennis.
7 This radio runs on four 1.5 volt _______________.
8 When the ship sank, more than 1,500 people lost their
_______________.
9 The first big autumn storm blew most of the __________ off
the trees.
133
 58 Countable and uncountable nouns
I’d like some olives. I’d like some olive oil.

I’d like some olives, please.

FORMS

Countable nouns
And I’d like some
olive oil, please. I’d like some olives, please.
How many would you like?
Half a kilo, please.

Uncountable nouns
And I’d like some olive oil, please.
How much would you like?
A litre, please.

CROSSCHECK

A Countable nouns B Uncountable nouns

We can count a thing like an olive or three olives. It has a singular and a We cannot count a thing like olive oil. We do NOT say an olive oil or
plural form and goes with singular and plural verb forms. three olive oils. We use a singular verb with an uncountable noun.
n These olives are very expensive. n This olive oil is very good.

Countable nouns can go with other words, e.g., some, any, the, my; Uncountable nouns can go with other words, e.g., some, any, the, my;
also this/these, many, a few. also this, much, a little.
n The glasses are in the cupboard. n The salt is in the cupboard.
n Are there many eggs? n Is there much milk?

We can make uncountable nouns, e.g., cola, bread, into countable noun These nouns are always uncountable in English: accommodation,
phrases by using expressions such as a litre of/kilo of/bar of/can of/loaf advice, baggage, furniture, health, information, knowledge, luggage,
of/carton of/bag of/bottle of/box of/packet of/piece of/roll of. music, news.
n Two loaves of bread and three cans of cola, please. n Excuse me. I need some advice.
n Tell me where your luggage is and I’ll fetch it.
C Nouns that are both countable and uncountable
Sometimes the countable form is an example or part, and the
uncountable form means something in general or a material.
n Football is a great sport! n I like sport.
n Mend the wall with these stones. n The wall is made of stone. Sagittarius
Sometimes the countable and uncountable forms mean very different things.
November 23–December 22
n A glass of water, please! Windows are made of glass.
She wears glasses. It’s a difficult week for Sagittarians and you could get tired
n Rob has a small business. Let’s do business! (= work together)
and fed up. Some of the best advice you will get involves
staying at home with your family. Take it easy – your
When we order drinks, we often make uncountable words countable. health is very precious!
n Two teas and a coffee, please.

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134 Nouns: singular and plural ∆ 56 / Articles 2: general and specific ∆ 61

 Exercises

1 Write the kitchen things in two lists – countable and And I’d like to get a few 7__________________ too. (bread roll)
uncountable. Write the countable nouns in the plural.
These 8_________________ are going bad too. (tomato) Yes,
apple cheese pea
and we must remember to buy a bottle of 9_______________
apple juice cooking oil potato
too. (olive oil)
banana egg rice
bean milk salt OK. Now I’m going to write a 10_________, so we don’t forget
biscuit mineral water soup anything. (list)
bread olive sugar 3 Choose the correct words.
butter onion tea
Examples: n I love this music. (music/musics)
carrot orange tomato
n I want to buy a newspaper. (a/some)
Countable nouns Uncountable nouns
1 My father gave me ______ good advice. (a/some)
1 apples 13 apple juice
2 Can you give me some _____________________ about your
2 _____________________ 14 _____________________ company? (information/informations)
3 _____________________ 15 _____________________
3 I’ve got some ____________ for a new book. (idea/ideas)
4 _____________________ 16 _____________________
4 Here ______ the 9:00 o’clock news. (is/are)
5 _____________________ 17 _____________________
5 Put all the __________________ in the corner, so we can
6 _____________________ 18 _____________________ clean the floor. (furniture/furnitures)
7 _____________________ 19 _____________________ 6 I must go. I have to do ______ work now. (a/some)
8 _____________________ 20 _____________________ 7 I’ve got ______ job to do at home tonight. (a/some)
9 _____________________ 21 _____________________ 8 Where did you leave your _______________?
10 _____________________ 22 _____________________ (luggage/luggages)

11 _____________________ 23 _____________________ 9 Helen has got long, dark _________. (hair/hairs)

12 _____________________ 24 _____________________ 10 Have you got ______ writing paper? (a/any)

2 Write the nouns with or without ~s. 4 Match the two halves.

We need some things for dinner. (thing) For example, we 1 I’d like a carton of a cheese.
haven’t got any 1_________. (meat) 2 I need a five-litre bottle of b matches.
2
Yes, and we’ve only got a few __________________. 3 I’d like three loaves of c cooking oil.
(vegetable)
4 I need four cans of d bread.
You’re right. We’d better get some 3____________ and 5 I’d like a box of e potatoes.
4
____________. (bean) (onion)
6 I need a two-kilo bag of f Pepsi.
How much 5_________ have we got? (rice)
7 I’d like a piece of g milk.
Only a little. And look, this 6____________ is old. (bread) We
should buy some more.

135
 59 Two-word nouns
The weather man says there’s going to be a thunderstorm.

Sally, the weatherman Arthur, well, you do that, dear,

says there’s going to be a and I’ll take the teacups and
thunderstorm. Let’s put dirt y plates indoors.
the plastic covers on the
garden chairs.

A Noun + noun and adjective + noun Here are some more common examples:
We often put two (or more) nouns together to form a single noun. n a salad bowl/a bowl of salad n a shopping bag/a bag of shopping
n weather man (someone on the radio or TV who tells us tomorrow’s n a water glass/a glass of water n a coffee jar/a jar of coffee
weather) C Forming the first part of the noun with a noun
n plastic covers (covers that are made of plastic) The first (adjectival) noun is normally singular.
n garden chairs (chairs for the garden) n a bus stop (even though the stopping place is for many buses)
When two nouns are often used together, they can become one word. n some toothpaste (even though the paste is for all your teeth)
n thunderstorm (a storm in which there is thunder and lightning) When we include a measurement, this remains singular, too.
n teacups (cups for tea) n a three-kilo fish n a five-mile walk
Less commonly, they can also become connected with a hyphen. Compare: n an eight-hour journey
n wire brush n clothes-brush n hairbrush We often leave out ‘measurement’ adjectives, e.g., high, long, for example,
There are no clear rules, so check your dictionary if you are unsure. n The mountain is 5,000 metres high changes to It’s a 5,000-metre
The first noun gives extra information about the second one – like an mountain.
adjective. Compare: dinner plates (noun + noun) dirty plates (adjective When the focus is on an activity, the first part of the noun is often an
+ noun) ~ing form
Following this rule, the same words in different order have different n a living room n a playing field n running shoes
meanings. n a swimming pool
n flower garden (a garden that is full of flowers)
D Other ways of forming two-word nouns
n garden flowers (flowers that are grown in gardens)
We can put together adjectives and nouns to form two-word nouns.
B a teacup and a cup of tea n Arthur has been growing green peppers in his greenhouse this year.
n A teacup is a container for tea. A cup of tea is the container + tea.
We can also informally create two-word nouns from phrasal verbs.
n I’m tired. I need a cup of tea!
n Arthur has had a clear-out in his shed and thrown away some old
n Wait a moment. I’ll get you a clean teacup.
rubbish.
n But there’s no tea in the teapot.
n Sally isn’t going to cook this evening. Arthur is going to get the
n Don’t worry. I’ll make a fresh pot of tea.
dinner from the local Chinese takeaway.

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136 Use of adjectives; word order ∆ 77 / Phrasal verbs ∆ 93

 Exercises

1 Name these things. Use a word from each line. 7 I want to phone Paula, but I haven’t got her number.
credit desk football sales text travel Do you have it?
agent card chart lamp message player No problem. I’ve got her __________________ right here
in my diary.

1 2 3 8 I’m looking for a place to park my car.

Well, there’s a big __________________ right next to the
shopping centre.

9 Now that I’m starting my own business, I need to get some

4 5 6 cards made with all the details.
You should go to PrintEx. They produce _______________
quite cheaply.

10 Is there a pool near here? It’s very hot today and I’d love to
a sales chart
1 ____________________ 4 ____________________ go swimming!
Yes, there’s a very good __________________ in Florence
2 ____________________ 5 ____________________
Park. Let’s go there.
3 ____________________ 6 ____________________
3 Create noun forms with measurements.
2 Complete the replies with the correct two-word noun. Example: Sam has written a novel with 300 pages.
Example: Now that you have some money, you need an Sam has written a 300-page novel.
account at a bank.
1 This is a job that will take five days. This is a
bank account ?
I see, so how do I open a ________________ ________________________________________________.
1 And when I open this bank account, can I also get a card 2 They built the castle with stones that weighed two tonnes.
for buying things on credit? They built the castle with
Yes, the bank will probably offer you a _______________ ________________________________________________.
at the same time.
3 It’s a race that goes for 1,500 kilometres straight across the
2 We need a table for our coffee. desert. It’s a ______________________________________
You’re right. I’ll bring us a __________ from the next room. straight across the desert.
3 The bus will get us to the centre of the city. 4 Tina is half-way through a college course that comes in six
Fine. So what are we going to do then when we get to parts. Tina is half-way through a
the __________________? ________________________________________________.
4 Jenny is applying for the job of assistant to the director. 5 We need to buy a bottle of milk that contains four litres. We
That sounds good, but what exactly does the need to buy a
__________________ do? ________________________________________________.
5 I want to get a new fire which uses gas. 6 Tara has just climbed a mountain that’s 5,000 metres high.
Well, there’s a very good __________________ with Tara has just climbed a
20% off at Ace Homes. ________________________________________________.
6 Excuse me, but this is the wrong sort of knife for cutting steak. 7 The River Nile is a river that is 6,700 kilometres long. The River
I’m very sorry, Madam. I’ll get you a __________________ Nile is a _________________________________________.
immediately.

137
 60 Articles 1: a/an, the and some
Larry saw an old woman. The woman smiled.
A a or an
Use a before a consonant sound.
a bench, a packet, a sandwich, a woman
Use an before a vowel sound.
an old woman, an umbrella, an ice cream, an egg, an apple
But compare the following:
n an umbrella BUT a university (a when the u sounds like you)
n a hat BUT an hour (an when the h is silent)
B a/an or some
Use a or an when you first mention something, e.g., an old woman,
an umbrella and a packet of sandwiches.
n Larry saw an old woman. She had a packet of sandwiches.
Use some for both plural and uncountable forms.
n She threw some pieces of bread. n She threw some bread.
C a/an, some or the
Use the when you mention something (singular, plural or uncountable)
again. It is now old information. We already know, for example, about
‘an old woman’ with ‘a packet of sandwiches’, so now we can say:
n The old woman smiled. n She opened the packet.
D the
We do not always use a or an when we mention something new.
We use the when we all know the thing, e.g., the sun and the sky.
n The sun suddenly came out. The sky was blue.
More examples from nature: the Earth, the moon, the country(side),
the air, the ground.
Examples when we talk about a particular thing in a particular country:
the capital, the government, the army, the police.
Examples when local people talk about particular local places:
the park next to the bus station. (the only local bus station)
Examples when family members and friends talk about their things:
n Let’s do some work in the garden today. (our particular garden)
n Did you hear the phone ring? (the/any phone in our house)
n I think the boss has gone home. (the boss we both work for)
n You should see the doctor. (your family doctor)
138 Nouns: singular and plural ∆ 56 / Countable and uncountable nouns ∆ 58
FORMS
Yesterday, Larry saw an old woman in the park next to the bus
station. She had an umbrella and a packet of sandwiches with her.
The sun suddenly came out and the woman smiled. She sat down on
a bench by the pond, and she put the umbrella on the bench beside
her. She started to eat the sandwiches, and she threw some pieces of
bread to the birds on the water. Half an hour later, she went, but she
forgot the umbrella. Larry picked it up and went after her. He found
her in the bus station. She was getting on the Number 26 bus to Old
Town. She was really pleased. ‘Stupid me!’ she said. ‘I nearly went
home without it. Thank you for being such an honest person!’
We use the (or this/that, etc.) when we point to something.
n Look at the umbrella over there. Whose is it?
We also use the when we identify a thing through extra information.
n She was getting on the Number 26 bus.
n She was getting on the bus to London.
n She was getting on the bus outside the ticket office.
E Special uses of a, an and the
Numbers: We usually use a with these numbers:
a hundred, a thousand, a million, a billion, a trillion
But compare: I’ve got about a hundred./I’ve got exactly one
hundred.
American English (AE) uses one more than British English (BE), and
does not use and.
BE: a hundred and nine a thousand and ninety-nine
one thousand one hundred
AE: one hundred nine one thousand ninety-nine
one thousand one hundred
Rates: We can use per or a/an in the following:
n 100 kilometres per hour OR 100 kilometres an hour
n three dollars per kilo OR three dollars a kilo
We use the to help talk about the position of things.
n We live in the middle of London/on the edge of town.
n The house is on the right/left.
Superlatives: A superlative adjective + noun needs the because there
is only one (like the sun and the moon, etc.).
n It’s the fastest car in the world.
n Question three was the most difficult in the whole exam.
n Leaving school early was the worst mistake he has ever made.
Correct information: We also use the to talk about correct information.
n What’s the time, please? (the correct time now)
n Can you tell me the way to the cinema? (the correct road)
n The answer to Question 3 is ... (the correct answer)
We also say the with any wrong time/way/answer.
n That’s the wrong time! The clock is nearly two minutes slow.
/ Articles 2: general and specific ∆ 61 / British and American English ∆ Appendix 6
 KIDBS
In 1885, the French his
torian,
Edouard de Laboulaye,
proposed
a gift from France to com
memorate
the friendship between
France and
the United States of Am
erica.

CLU
The gift was of course
the famous
statue that stands in Ne
w York
Harbour, the Statue of
Liberty. It
was designed by engin

art
eer Alexandre
Gustave Eiffel, who lat
er built the
Eiffel Tower, which sti
ll today
dominates the Paris sky

drama
line.

sports
If you lose your debit card:
Outings every Wednesday after school
Contact your branch immediately or call

01426 330300. Annual membership is £30.

Please ask at the box office for an applicati
on form
and a programme of this term’s activities
You should also tell the police. .

Due to an area of low pressure in the south, some parts of South-east

England will see some very heav y rain tomorrow, and local floods are
possible in some places. The area of low pressure will move west and
the rain will die out, but the day will remain cloudy and windy with
some gusts of wind of up to 70 miles an hour.

The weather in the north will be a different story. There will be some
high cloud, but there will just be a gentle south-westerly breeze, with
some long periods of sunshine in many areas.

FRIDAY MORNING

139
 Exercises

1 Write a or an. 4 In a garden near home.

Example: I only had an apple for lunch. Excuse me. I’m looking for 1______ small, black cat. It’s run
away from home.
1 Would you like ______ orange? Ah, yes. Look over there. Is that 2______ cat you mean?
2 We planted about ______ hundred trees. Yes, that’s 3______ one. Thanks very much.

3 The car was travelling at 160 kilometres ______ hour. 5 In a street.

4 Are we going to stop for ______ rest soon?
5 Slow down or we’ll have ______ accident!
6 I’ve got ______ young son. He’s only four.
7 When you work for ______ airline, you have to wear ______
uniform.
Can you tell me 1______ way to Stanford Office Equipment?
I have to get 2______ printer paper and 3______ new ink
cartridges for my printer.
Go along Charles Street for 4______ kilometre, and you’ll
come to 5______ big crossroads. Turn left there, and you’ll
see 6______ big buildings on 7______ left. Stanford Office
Equipment is 8______ building in 9______ middle.

8 Alan was ______ honest person. He never told ______ lie in his 3 Write a, an or the.
life.
1 A holiday postcard.
2 Write a, an, some or the. I wrote a postcard to my friends at work when I was on holiday
Example: At a shoe shop: last month. It was only 1______ picture of 2______ hotel where
I want to buy some shoes to go with this dress. Can I stayed, so it wasn’t 3______ very special card, but I was
you help me? angry. You see, 4______ card didn’t reach 5______ office until
6
Yes, Madam. I think these are exactly the right shoes ______ week after I got back.
for you. 2 Two accidents in one day.
1 At a restaurant. Harry has got 1______ broken leg and 2______ broken arm. He
I’d like 1______ table for four people, please. got 3______ broken arm in 4______ car accident, but he got
5
Yes, of course. Please have the table over here by 2______ ______ broken leg later. He was sitting in 6______ wheelchair
window. and he was waiting for 7______ X-ray of 8______ broken bone.
And we haven’t got much time, so we’d like to order Unfortunately, he was waiting very near some stairs, and he
3
______ food immediately. moved 9______ wheelchair a little bit. One wheel went over
10
Certainly. I’ll bring 4______ menus straight to the table. ______ edge of 11______ stairs, and that was how Harry’s
second accident happened. 12______ chair ran all 13______
2 After shopping. way down 14______ stairs; Harry fell out of 15______ chair and
I’ve bought 1______ bread and 2______ flowers. into 16______ big piece of equipment standing at 17______
Are 3______ flowers for your mum? bottom of 18______ stairs. 19______ doctors say Harry will have
No. 4______ bread is for her and 5______ flowers are for you! to stay in hospital for 20______ month!
3 On the local radio news.
4 Complete the paragraph with the and these words:
And now we have 1______ news of 2______bank
beach, birds, fields, hill, sand, sea, sky, sun, trees, waves, wind, world
robbery in central Oxford this afternoon. Police Inspector
Ross, have you caught 3______ robbers yet? I remember a wonderful day when I was very young. We left our
No. We’re looking for two men in 4______ old BMW. holiday home early, and we walked down the hill for a swim at
1
5
______ driver of 6______ car was seen wearing 7______ __________________. It was a beautiful summer morning.
2
green anorak. 8______ passenger was wearing 9______ old ____________ was shining, and 3____________ was blue.
4
leather jacket. They’ve got 10______ money in 11______ __________________ were singing up in 5______ tall, green
green plastic shopping bags.
140
 6
____________. In 7______ wide, green 8____________ to our
left and right there were millions of flowers. They were all moving
in 9______ gentle 10____________ Ahead of us, we could see
11
______ blue and silver 12____________ and 13______ fast,
white 14____________ as they crashed onto 15______ golden
16
____________. For us, 17__________________ was a perfect
place that day.
5 Write a or the.
Examples: a The boys always stop at the park on their way
home from school.
b The Town Council are thinking of building a new park.
1 a John, ______ phone is ringing. Could you answer it, please?
b My brother doesn’t have ______ phone at home. He just
has his mobile.
2 a We used to visit our grandparents every summer. We loved
______ old house.
b Mr Brook is rich. He’s got ______ very big house.
3 a It’s warm now. Let’s eat lunch in ______ garden.
b We’re going to move house. We want somewhere with
______ big garden.
4 a Susan is training to be ______ doctor.
b Jimmy is feeling very ill. Quick. Call ______ doctor.
5 a Is Mr Bradley ______ good manager?
b Where’s ______ manager, please? I need to see her.
6 a I’m going to pay this money in at ______ bank today.
b Excuse me. Is there ______ bank near here?
7 a Your train is at 1:00, so I’ll take you to ______ station now.
b Our town used to have ______ station, but it’s closed now.
8 a I go to ______ dentist every six months.
b I wouldn’t like to be ______ dentist. I think it’s a horrible job!
9 a Every old town in England has ______ town square.
b I’ll meet you in ______ town square at midday.
10 a Could you get some stamps at ______ post office for me,
please?
b There’s ______ post office in King Street.
6 Write a, an or the and these words instead of the underlined
words.
electrician, long e-mail, mechanic, mountain, phone, police officer,
postman, present, reporter, ship, vase
Examples: n He brings our post every morning.
n The postman brings our post every
morning.
n The plane crashed into something.
n The plane crashed into a mountain.
1 Somebody answered when I phoned the newspaper.
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
2 Joe fell and knocked something over.
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
3 He stopped me for driving too fast.
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
4 It can travel from Britain to the USA in four days.
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
5 When I was away, I bought something for my parents.
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
6 I picked it up and called my sister.
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
7 Sarah wrote something to her father.
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
8 Carrie called somebody to change the kitchen lights.
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
9 I called him to book a service for my car.
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
141
 61 Articles 2: general and specific
A plane is a beautiful thing.
FORMS

John is a pilot, and for him a plane is a beautiful thing – a man-

made bird. ‘The plane has changed our world,’ he says. ‘Planes
allow us to travel anywhere in less than a day.’ He flies a small
jet, and he carries people by air from London to France,
Germany and the Netherlands. But to John, flying is not just a
job from Monday to Friday. At home at the weekend, he does
not watch TV or read the newspaper. After breakfast on
Saturday morning, he always goes straight to the garage and
takes out his other plane – a microlite!

A General statements – singular and plural
We can use a singular noun to make a general statement. A plane
means ‘any plane’. The plane means the type of thing called ‘plane’.
n A plane is a beautiful thing. n The plane has changed our world.
We can make general statements with plural nouns, e.g., people, and
uncountable nouns, e.g., life. Compare the general statements (without
the) and the specific statements (with the).
General Specific
Plural: People fly every day. The people here are
Dutch.
Students are usually poor. Meet the new students.
Uncountable: I like strong curry. I enjoyed the curry last
night.
We need water to live. The water is hot now.
B Special expressions – the + things in groups
Groups in society: We often use the + adjective for groups in society,
e.g., the poor, the rich, the sick, the old and the young.
n The gap between the rich and the poor is getting wider.
National groups: We use the with national and regional groups of
people, e.g., the Japanese, the French, the Germans, the Arabs and the
Europeans.
n The Japanese and the Germans have worked hard to become
rich.
Geographical groups: Most country names do not take the, e.g.,
Japan, France and Egypt. But the is necessary for countries that are a
group of smaller parts, e.g., the Netherlands, the United Arab Emirates
and the United States of America.
Other groups of places that also take the are islands, e.g., the West
Indies and the Seychelles, but not single islands, e.g., Madagascar.
Also mountain ranges, e.g., the Alps and the Himalayas, but not the
names of single mountains, e.g., Mount Everest.
Regions: We talk about regions in different ways. Some are names
with the, e.g., the Far East, the Middle East, the Rift Valley, the Sahara
Desert and the Nile Delta. But names with direction + noun do not take
the, e.g., North America and South Korea.
We can also talk about regions in this way:
northern/southern/eastern/western Australia OR the north/the south/
the east/the west of Australia
Rivers, etc: Rivers, canals, seas, gulfs, oceans and deserts all need the.
The Mississippi (River) flows into the Gulf of Mexico.
The Panama Canal connects the Caribbean (Sea) and the Pacific
(Ocean).
Last year’s Cézanne exhibition at
Bonnard at the Tate

the Tate Gallery broke all records.

Demand for tickets was huge, and
the press called it ‘a gorgeous
experience … a revelation’, ‘quite
HOUT
WO M AN WIT simply an unmissable event’.
A IS LIKE
A MAN HOUT
12 February - 17 May

Now you can book for its

IT
A FISH W LE successor: Bonnard, at the Tate
A BICYC from 12 February to 17 May.

142 Nouns: singular and plural ∆ 56 / Articles 1: a/an, the and some ∆ 60
C Special expressions without and with articles

The new
Places: We do not use the when we talk about normal activities that
happen at/to school, at/to work, at/to home, and in town, in bed, in
hospital, etc.
n Ann is at school. n Bob’s gone to bed. Marine Aquarium
We use the when we talk about a specific building or place.
The school is opposite the hospital. Tom was on the bed.
We also often use the with names of man-made features (just like the
names of natural features such as the Mississippi River and the
Caribbean Sea).
n The British Museum in London and the Louvre in Paris are two
of the world’s largest museums.
n The London Underground and the Paris Metro are two of the
world’s oldest underground rail networks.
Time: We do not usually use a, an or the with most time words and
phrases. But we use an article when we connect the time to a specific
experience. Compare the following:
n New Year was on a Sunday.
n We had a fantastic New Year with our friends.
n I came last week.
n I came the week Tom was born.
where truth is
Remember these special expressions: at night, during the night, on stranger than fiction
Saturday and Sunday, at the weekend, on Monday morning, in the
morning.
n I woke up during the night.
n I was away on Saturday and Sunday.
n I was away at the weekend.
n I went out on Monday morning.
Stevenson, Robert Louis
Meals: We do not usually use a, an or the with breakfast, lunch, dinner (1850–94) was a novelist, poet and
and supper. But we use an article when we connect the meal to a travel writer. Born into a family of
specific experience. Compare the following: Scottish lighthouse engineers, he
often travelled with his father –
n I have breakfast at 8:00. n I woke up at 9:00 and had a despite constant ill health – to visit
late breakfast. lighthouse projects up and down the
n We had steak for dinner. n That was the best meal of my life! dangerous coasts of Scotland and on
the many Scottish islands, including
Transport: We do not use a/an or the when we talk about the method the Hebrides and it was one of these
of transport. But we use an article when we talk about a specific plane, islands that gave him the map of his
most famous creation – Treasure Island.
car, etc. Compare the following:
Due to his bad health, Stevenson
n I came by plane. n I came on the 5:00 plane started travelling south as an adult to find warmer, drier
from Paris. climates. During one of these trips, to the south of France, he
n She likes travelling by car. n It’s a very comfortable car. met his American wife Fanny. Marrying in 1880, they travelled
widely together, and in 1888 they and their children sailed
Entertainment: Note the use of articles in the following: around the islands of the Pacific Ocean, they finally settled at
n I watch TV a lot, but I never listen to the radio. Vailima in the Samoa Islands. ere, he farmed, continued to
n We like going to the cinema, and we often go to the theatre too. write and also worked hard to improve the lives of the Samoans,
who gave him the name of Tusitala, ‘the teller of stories’. He
Musical instruments: British English usually uses the to talk about
died suddenly in 1894, still only in his mid-forties.
playing instruments.
n He plays the piano/the guitar/the drums.
However, American English usually leaves out the.
n He plays piano/guitar/drums.
143
 Exercises

1 Match the objects and their uses then write out the complete 4 ___ ____________________________________________
sentences. The first one has been done for you. ____________________________________________
1 A camera a picking up food. 5 ___ ____________________________________________
2 A pen b holding papers. ____________________________________________

3 A fork is for c storing computer data. 6 ___ ____________________________________________

____________________________________________
4 A file d taking pictures.
7 ___ ____________________________________________
5 A diary e writing. ____________________________________________
6 A fridge f keeping food cold.
3 Write true statements about these things. Use I like, I don’t
7 A CD-ROM g noting dates of meetings, etc. like or I don’t mind.
black coffee, chocolate, fast cars, homework, long journeys, loud
1 d A camera is for taking pictures. rock music, swimming, tennis
2 ___ ____________________________________ Examples: n I like chocolate.
n I don’t like long journeys.
3 ___ ____________________________________
1 _________________________________________________
4 ___ ____________________________________
2 _________________________________________________
5 ___ ____________________________________
3 _________________________________________________
6 ___ ____________________________________
4 _________________________________________________
7 ___ ____________________________________
5 _________________________________________________
2 Match the people and their inventions then write out the
complete sentences. The first one has been done for you. 6 _________________________________________________

1 Bell a the electric lamp. 4 Choose the correct words.

2 Otis b the radio. Examples: n All children like ice cream. (ice cream/the ice
cream)
3 Marconi c the modern car tyre.
n Did you enjoy the film last night? (film/the film)
4 Biro d the lift (or *elevator).
1 Peter is riding _______________ which was ill last week.
5 Edison e the sewing machine. (horse/the horse)

6 Dunlop f the ballpoint pen. 2 My brother visits _______________ all over the world.
(companies/the companies)
7 Singer g the telephone.
*American English 3 Could you pass _______________, please? (salt/the salt)

1 g Bell invented the telephone.
2 ___ ____________________________________________
____________________________________________
3 ___ ____________________________________________
____________________________________________
4 _______________ aren’t here. Where are they? (Books/The
books)
5 _______________ isn’t the most important thing in the world.
(Money/The money)
6 People can’t live for long without _______________. (water/
the water)

144
 7 _______________ live in both Africa and India. (Elephants/The 15 the United States ___________________________
elephants)
16 Venezuela ___________________________
8 _______________ is ringing. Could you answer it, please?
(Phone/The phone)
Now write the names of your country and your people.
5 Complete the statements with the and these words. ________________________________________________

old, poor, rich, unemployed, young, blind 7 Write the or nothing (7).
Example: The rich have to pay high taxes. Example: The Netherlands is a small country in 7 Europe.

1 These days ________________________ receive payments 1 ______ Mississippi is the longest river in ______ United States.
while they are unable to work.
2 ______ Lake Victoria is a beautiful lake in ______ East Africa.
2 Today, ________________________ are living for longer than
3 ______ Mount Everest is the highest mountain in ______
ever before.
Himalayan Mountains to ______ north of India.
3 ______________________ have to learn from their parents
4 ______ Jamaica is a beautiful island in ______ West Indies,
and their teachers.
which are in ______ Caribbean Sea.
4 ______________________ often use a dog or a stick to help
5 ______ Suez Canal lies along ______ western edge of ______
them find their way.
Sinai Desert in ______ Egypt. It connects ______
5 In the old days the government did very little to help Mediterranean and ______ Red Sea.
________________________.
8 Write the or nothing (7).
6 Write the names of the people.
Paul Ross is an international rock star now, but life was not always
Country People so good. He grew up in the north of England and went to 7 school
1 Australia the Australians there. He did not enjoy his schooldays very much, but there was a
very good music teacher at 1______ school, and she helped him a
2 Britain ___________________________ lot. He learned to sing well there, and he started to play 2______
3 China ___________________________ guitar when he was 12. At the age of 18, he went to 3______
music college, and there he studied other instruments, including
4 Denmark ___________________________ 4
______ drums.
5 Egypt ___________________________ When he left 5______ college, he could not find 6______ work, so
he started the rock band Magic Machine with some friends. Soon
6 France ___________________________
they were doing well and they went south to London. They went on
7 Indonesia ___________________________ 7
______ TV for the first time on 8______ day Paul turned 22.

8 Japan ___________________________ When they went to London, they drove there in Paul’s old car, but
now they travel everywhere by 9______ air.
9 Kuwait ___________________________
Paul and the others work hard, but at the moment, they are on
10 Netherlands ___________________________ holiday. Paul wakes up late in 10______ morning, and he eats
11
11 Portugal ___________________________ ______ breakfast late. He usually stays at 12______ home for
most of the day, and he listens to new music on 13______ radio.
12 Spain ___________________________ Then in 14______ evening, he often goes to 15______ cinema.
13 Russia ___________________________

14 Turkey ___________________________
145
 62 Direct and indirect objects
I’m writing my parents a letter.
FORMS

Indirect object Direct object

I’ve bought you a present.
I’m writing my parents a letter.

Direct object Indirect object

You never write a letter to me.
I’ve got something for you too.
He’s talking to them.

Yes, I am interested in using

FIND OUT MORE my tax exempt savings
A Verbs with two objects

N Ow
A lot of common verbs can take two objects. There is normally a direct allowance. Please send me
object. further information on the
n I’ve bought a present. Northern Bond including my
n I’m writing a letter. AND BEAT THE easy-to-complete application
form and my free keyring.
But we often want to say more, e.g., who is going to receive the letter
and the present. So now we need indirect objects, too. TAX MAN! Alternatively, you can call
n I’ve bought you a present. us on:
n I’m writing my parents a letter.

B Word order
The indirect object normally comes first.
From: National Car Insurance Date: 23/01/12
n I’ve bought her a present.
To: Mrs H Oliver
But, we can put the direct object first if: Subject: Car Insurance Renewal
• the indirect object is much longer than the direct object;
• we want to emphasize the indirect object.
Dear Mrs Oliver
n Dan is writing a letter to his parents back at home.
Re: Motor Policy No: 22042903/8207
n He’s writing a letter to his parents, not to me. Our records show that you recently returned your
Car
completed insurance renewal request to National
C To, for and at
nce, as reque sted, but that you did not includ e
Insura
Compare these sentences:
your payment. In view of the imminent renew al date,
ent
n Dan will send the letter to his parents tomorrow. we would be grateful if you could give us your paym
n He chose an animal toy for his daughter. by phone. Please call our free custom er Hotlin e on
ay
We use to with these verbs: bring, feed, get, give, hand, lend, offer, 0800 524613. Lines are open from 08:00–22:00, Mond
owe, pass, pay, post, promise, read, sell, send, show, take, teach, tell, to Saturday.
throw, write.
We use for with these verbs: book, bring, build, buy, choose, cook,
fetch, find, get, leave, make, order, pick, read, reserve, save.
We often use both to and for with bring, get and take.
n I took the books to my teacher. This is a waitress
n I brought some flowers for Rosa. service cafeteria.
D Verb + indirect object only Please find a seat and
Some verbs usually take only an indirect object. This is common with a waitress will come and
verbs taking at. take your order for you
n He’s talking to them. and bring it to your table.
n They’re laughing/looking/pointing/smiling at each other.

146 The sentence: types and structures ∆ 2 / Personal pronouns: subject and object ∆ 69
 Exercises
1 Write statements with the indirect objects in the correct
position.
Examples: n I’m writing a letter. (to my sister)
n I’m writing a letter to my sister.
n I’m writing a card. (my brother)
n I’m writing my brother a card.
1 Ann gave a present. (her parents)
_________________________________________________
2 Nick sent a book. (to his niece)
_________________________________________________
3 Did you really buy it? (for me)
_________________________________________________
4 Could you lend some money? (Harry)
_________________________________________________
5 I’ll take some magazines next time I visit her in hospital. (Celia)
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
3 Complete the e-mail with to or for.
6 Susie’s grandmother made a lovely dress. (for her)
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
7 Could you pass the report when he arrives? (to the boss)
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
8 I offered a place to stay as he had nowhere else to go. (Rob)
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
2 Write replies. Use indirect objects for emphasis.
Example: Could you give Bob this magazine? (Kim)
No, don’t give it to Bob. Give it to Kim.
1 I’m going to sell my pictures to Sally. (me)
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
2 I’d better take the car to the garage in town. (one near my
house)
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
3 I think I’ll buy the computer game for Sally. (her brother)
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
4 I’m going to show this information about Mr Blake to him.
(the police)
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
5 I think I’ll cook the steak for the children. (the adults)
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
6 Do I have to pay the money to Tom’s teacher? (the school
secretary)
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
7 I’ll buy a present for you while I’m in Paris. (the children)
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
From: JJ Date: 3rd March
To: KL
Subject: <no subject>
Ken,
Could you do a few things _____
for me while I’m away
in Rome? Could you finish the report on my desk
1
______ me? I’ve been writing it specially 2______
the Head of Sales, so could you please give it
3
______ him personally by midday on Thursday?
Please explain the special items 4______ him. I’ve
made some notes 5______ you, so you’ll know what
to write.
We’ve ordered some new computer equipment
6
______ the Sales Department. Could you ask the
men from Compu-Tech to take the equipment
7
______ Room 508? Please give the paperwork
on my desk 8______ the men when they come.
Thanks. I’ll get some really good Italian olive oil
9
______ you while I’m in Rome.
See you next week.
Julie
147
 63 Demonstrative forms; one and ones
this, these that one, those ones
FORMS

this, that, these and those

Could you put this/that vase
these ones by
that window, these/those tables
Could you put please?
that plant on this one and ones
bookcase, please?
the large/small one
this/that
the large/small ones
these/those

No stamp This car park

needed, but
using one will is for residen
A this, that, these and those as demonstrative adjectives save WorldAid ts
Use this and these for things which are near in place or time. Use that
money. only.
and those for things which are not near in place or time.
n … on that bookcase ...
n … over there on those tables …

cult classics
Use this or that with a singular or uncountable noun – or one.
n This wallet is mine. n That one is Tom’s.

Use these or those with a plural noun – or ones. cult films

The first in a season of
n These shoes are horrible! n Those ones are really nice! y 20 Jan uar y 7:0 0 and 9:45
Tuesda

B this, that, these and those as demonstrative pronouns

We can use this, that, these and those as pronouns – subject or object.
n This is boring. Let’s change channels. (this programme)
n Look at these! They’re my size. (these shoes or clothes) APOCALYPSE NOW (18)
ppola
Director: Francis Ford Co
Use expressions with that to refer to the previous speaker’s point. Sheen and Marlon Brando
Starring: Martin
rt
n Climate change is happening. That’s right. That’s very loration of America’s hea
This is Coppola’s epic exp
worrying. of darkness – Vietnam.
C one and ones
We can use the pronouns one and ones instead of repeating a noun –
Who can become a blood donor?
subject or object. Use them when you can show what you are talking
Anyone between 18 and 60 who is healthy and not
about.
subject to certain medical conditions.
n Which is your jacket? Is it this one? (pointing)
n I don’t like these socks, but I love those ones. Look! (pointing)
What types of blood are needed?
Which coat do you want?
All types – especially the most common ones
The green one with red buttons, please. (describing)
because they are the ones that are most in demand.
It’s the one on the chair. (saying where it is)
Use ones just like one – for plural countable nouns.
What colour shirts would you like?
A white one and two red ones, please.
Odd One Out
Which one of these is the odd one out and why?
Do not use one or ones with uncountable nouns. Use some instead. a) ostrich b) seagull c) eagle d) pigeon
Answer: a) It can’t fly.
What colour cloth would you like?
I’d like some white and some red, please.

148 Personal pronouns: subject and object ∆ 69 / Possessive forms ∆ 70

 Exercises
1 Write this, that, these or those.
Example: I can’t see. What are those things over there?
1 Could you put the bookcase over there between _________ two
windows?
2 _________ curry last night was very good.
3 Look how _________ diamonds shine when I turn them in the
light.
4 Look, you have to press _________ button here to start the
machine.
5 Do you remember _________ people from Canada?
We met them at _________ party in London last
November.
Do you mean _________ teachers – Bob and Lisa?
Yes. Well, they’re coming for dinner _________ evening.
Great!
2 Write this, that, these or those.
Example: Is this your car here?
No, mine is blue, not red. That’s it over there.
1 Alice, _________ is Tom Barnes, our new salesperson.
Tom, _________ is Alice Parker, our Finance Director.
Nice to meet you.
Good to meet you too.
2 Could you look at my book, please, Miss? Is _________
the right answer?
Yes, _________’s right. Well done!
3 Excuse me. Is _________ Hill Farm here?
No, _________ is Lower Farm. Just keep going up the hill.
_________’s it, up there at the top.
4 Here you are, Susan. _________ is your desk, and
_________ are your files. Enjoy your new job!
Thanks very much. _________ is a nice office.
5 No, Tom. You’ve brought me the wrong books. I don’t
want _________.
Oh, so do you want _________ over there?
Yes, _________ are the ones.
3 Write this/that (one) or these/those (ones).
Example: Look, this must be your bag.
No, this one isn’t my bag. Mine is that one
over there.
1 Look. Are _______________ Tom’s shoes here?
No. _______________________ over there are his.
_________________________ here are Fred’s.
2 I need to save these files to a USB stick. Could you pass me
_____________ blue _____________ on your desk, Bob?
Do you mean _______________ here?
Yes, _______________, please.
3 I need some lights for my bike, please.
Yes, sir. Have a look at _______________ here.
What about _______________ over there?
They’re good too, but _______________ are better.
4 Write one/ones or the one/the ones.
Example: Excuse me. I’m trying to find a house. It’s
Number 73.
Do you see the three small ones there?
Number 73 is the one on the left.
1 Go and say hello to Jim Baker.
Which ____________ is he?
He’s ____________ over there with dark hair.
2 I’d like some shoes from the shop window, please.
Of course. Which ____________ would you like?
They’re ____________ red ____________ on the left.
3 Are David Frost and Roger West here?
Yes, they’re by the window. David is ____________ on
the right, and Roger is ____________ on the left.
4 Could I borrow some plates for my dinner party?
Of course. They’re all in this cupboard. Which
____________ would you like – ____________ large
____________ or ____________ small ____________?
5 Hello. You’re from the band Magic Machine, aren’t you?
I’m Pete Price. I’m ____________ who’s interviewing you.
Which of you is ____________ who writes the songs?
I’m Paul – ____________ who writes the music. Ron and
Bob are ____________ who write the words.
149
 64 some or any We’ve got some olives. We haven’t got anything.

Have we got any green olives? Yes, we’ve got FORMS

some green olives,
but we haven’t got Have we got any green olives?
any black olives.
Yes, we’ve got some green olives, but we haven’t got any
black olives.
Have we got any tomato juice?
Yes, we’ve got some tomato juice, but we haven’t got any
orange juice.
Have we got anything for dinner?
Yes, I think we’ve got something. Look, we’ve got some
chicken.

A some or any
Use some in positive sentences with plural nouns and uncountable Aromatherapy can induce a sense of
nouns. well-being. The oils used are said
n There are some green olives. n There’s some tomato juice. to affect messages sent to the
Use any in negative sentences with plural nouns and uncountable brain. You can buy some
nouns. oils in pharmacies.
n There aren’t any black olives. n There isn’t any orange juice.
But read the instructions
Use any with plural nouns and uncountable nouns in Yes/No questions. carefully or ask the pharmacist
n Have we got any green olives/orange juice? for advice, because some oils could
When we think the answer to our question is Yes, we use some. be dangerous, particularly in pregnancy.
n Are you going to buy some things in town today?
We use some in requests and to make offers sound positive.
n Could I have some money, please?
Bringing Hollywood
to Your Home!
n Would you like some money?

We also use some (often with emphasis) to show that we mean ‘Some
of a group, but not all’. This voucher entitles
Did everyone go? Some people did, but not all. the holder to £1
off any movie rental h)
Heaven branc
We can use any to talk about things that are possible, but uncertain. (exchangeable at any Hollyw
ood

n If there are any calls, please tell me.

n Please send any letters to my new address. (If there are any letters)

We can use some and any as pronouns.

Is there any tea? We had some, but there isn’t any now. If you have any Happy Mother’s Day
problems with this
product, please return to the best Mum in the
B something, anything, etc.
it to the store where WHOLE WORLD
We can use some and any to make these new words. you bought it or send
~thing ~body/one ~where it to our Customer
some something somebody somewhere Services Department,
outlining the problem
any anything anyone anywhere
and stating when and
We choose them as we choose some or any. where you bought it.
n He told her something. (e.g., some news – positive)
n We didn’t see anybody. (e.g., any people – negative)
n Are you singing anything tonight? (e.g., any songs – uncertain)

We can use any, anything and anybody to mean ‘it doesn’t matter what’. … and I don’t say tha
t to just
n You can buy these at any supermarket. anybody!
n Anybody can grow anything they want on this fantastic land!

150 something, anybody, everyone, etc. ∆ 65

 Exercises
1 Write some or any.
Dear Aunt Lucy,
Well, here we are on holiday. We’re having a good time, and there
are some great things about this place, but there are 1_________
bad things too. The sea is great, but the hotel swimming pool isn’t.
There isn’t 2_________ water in the pool! There are 3_________
interesting places to visit near here, but there aren’t 4_________
cars to hire. It’s true, there are 5_________ buses, but those are all
in the middle of the day. There aren’t 6_________ in the morning or
the evening.
Must stop. See you soon.
Love, Sam
PS We’ll bring you 7_________ local olives. They’re really good!
2 Write some or any.
Example: Come and sit down. Now, have some coffee
and biscuits.
I’m sorry, but I don’t drink coffee. Have you got
some/any tea?
4 Complete the answers. Use anybody, anything, any or
anywhere + noun from the first speaker’s sentence.
1 I’m looking for ________ cups, but I can’t find ________.
Perhaps there are ________ in the dishwasher.
2 Rod, could you lend me ________ money?
I’m sorry, Bob, but I haven’t got ________. I wanted to ask
you for ________ money!
3 I need ________ help with this work. Have you got ______
free time today?
OK. I can give you ________ time tonight.
4 Ben, would you like to spend ________ time with your
grandparents this summer?
Well, they’re very nice, but I haven’t got ________ friends
where they live.
3 Write some, any, somebody, anybody, something or anything.
Example: I’m getting some things at the market.
Can I get you something/anything?.
No, I don’t need anything thanks.
1 Is there anything good on TV at the moment?
No, there isn’t _______________ really. There’s just
_______________ about wildlife in India.
2 Listen! I think I heard a noise. Can you hear ___________?
Do you mean that noise outside? I think ______________
is coming to the front door.
3 Hello! Is _______________ at home?
Oh, hello, Richard. Come in. You’re just in time for
______________ tea.
4 Could ______________ please open the door for me?
My hands are full.
Certainly. And would you like _______________ help with
carrying those things too?
5 You look hungry. I’ll get you _______________ to eat.
Thanks. I haven’t had _______________ to eat since
yesterday.
6 Are there _______________ people still living in the house?
No, we looked round, but there wasn’t _______________
there.
Examples: Which car can we hire?
We can hire any car we like.
I mustn’t spend too much.
Don’t worry. You can buy anything you want.
1 I like this car, but I don’t like the colour.
You can have _______________ you like, sir.
2 I’m from Channel 5 TV, and I’d like to interview some
members of the team.
You’re welcome to interview _______________ you wish.
3 Are you sure you don’t want to keep any of these things?
Yes, you can take _______________ you want.
4 Where shall we go on holiday this year, Tom?
We can go _______________ you want to go, Penny.
5 Which show shall we go to? There are several to choose
from.
We can go to _______________ you like. They all look
good.
151
 65 something, anybody, everyone, etc.
There’s something for everyone.
FORMS

thing body one where

(pronoun) (pronoun) (pronoun) (adverb)
some something somebody someone somewhere
(a thing) (a person) (a person) (in a place)
any anything anybody anyone anywhere
(a thing) (a person) (a person) (in a place)
every everything everybody everyone everywhere
(all the (all the (all the (in all the
things) people) people) places)
no nothing nobody no one nowhere

A Formation
For someone special The Winter Warmer
We can put some, any, every and no together with thing, body, one and
where to form new words. Flowers by post Enjoy the warm atmospher
at the Royal, where nothin
e
g
n My book is somewhere in this room. is too much trouble!
n Has anyone seen my book?
n Everybody! Please help me find it!
n I looked, but I found nothing.
Telephone your order to
B Uses Flora Post 01295 555678
The words something and anything, etc., are like some and any.
Positive statements: He told her something. The Royal Hotel
Negative statements: We didn’t see anybody. DRESS CODE Market Street, Tredydon
The management
ma
01872 270335
Yes/No questions: Did you go anywhere? refuse entry to any y for more information and
one bookings
wearing unsuitabl
Positive questions: Did you find something? e
clothes.
Offers: Can I help anyone? No jeans or traine
rs
Requests: May I see someone in the office? please!

Things that are possible, but not certain: If anybody calls, tell me.
Meaning ‘it doesn’t matter what’. Anybody can say anything they
want at the meeting.
ARTS COLLEGE
All the words in this group are singular, including the words with every. Something you’ve always wanted to do ...
n Is everyone here now? n Everything takes a long time. Creative Writing u Art & Design u Photography
Textiles u Singing u Video Production
No one, nothing, etc., are themselves negatives, so the verb stays positive.
History of Art u Painting u Garden Design u Drawing
n Nothing happened. n No one wants to go out. Music u Interior Design u Opera u Calligraphy
We can use an adjective, e.g., boring, funny, good, strange, after words
with some, any and no, (but not usually after words with every). Who can join? Anyone. There are no entry requirements or
age limits. For further details, write to the address below.
n Is there anything good on TV?
n Somebody strange came to the door.
The Complete Cookery Course
We can use else after all these words. Life’s but a walking
by Maggie Windsor
n We don’t have anything else to eat. shadow, a poor player,
n There’s nowhere else to go.
For everyone who wants That struts and frets his
to cook. Everything hour upon the stage,
And then is heard no more;
We can use possessive ~’s with the words that end with body or one. you need to know
It is a tale told by an idiot,
n Is this anybody’s jacket? n The accident was no one’s fault. about selecting,
e Full of sound and fury,
n Somebody’s car is in our parking space! preparing and cooking food – mor Signifying nothing.
than 450 recipes!
(Macbeth, William Shakespeare,
1564–1616)
152 Zero and first conditionals ∆ 49 / some or any ∆ 64 / Possessive forms ∆ 70
 Exercises
1 Write some, any, something, anybody, somewhere, etc.
Examples: n I met some old friends yesterday.
n Yesterday I met somebody who knows you.
1 I’ve got __________________ free time tomorrow.
2 I can’t think of __________________ to do.
3 Have you got __________________ money?
4 Tony must be __________________ in the park.
5 Does __________________ here know how to work this
machine?
6 Could I take __________________ paper, please?
7 If __________________ asks for me, just say I’m busy.
8 Would you like __________________ coffee?
9 She can’t find her glasses __________________.
10 I’ve got __________________ for you to do this afternoon.
2 Complete the statements with the correct words beginning
with some~, any~, every~, and no~.
Example: I don’t know anybody as clever as Tom. (any~)
1 If __________________ is here now, the meeting can begin.
(every~)
2 __________________ we went in Africa, we found the people
very friendly. (every~)
3 Excuse me. I’ve got __________________ important to say.
(some~)
4 __________________ in the world can run as fast as Steve.
(no~)
5 If there’s __________________ still in the building, tell them
to come out quickly. (any~)
6 Is there __________________ quiet near here for us to talk?
(any~)
7 Is there __________________ I can do to help you? (any~)
8 I’ve done all I can. There’s __________________ else I can do
now. (no~)
9 We lost each other __________________ in the middle of
town. (some~)
3 Write something, anybody, everyone, nowhere, etc.
Has anybody seen my new Bruce Springsteen album? I’ve
been looking for it 1__________________ – all over the house.
I don’t think it’s 2__________________ in this room.
Well, it must be 3__________________ round here. It can’t
have disappeared. 4__________________ must have seen it.
Did you lend it to 5__________________? Or did you take it
6
__________________ with you – into town, for example?
No, I’ve been absolutely 7__________________ since
yesterday morning. I’ve just been at home. And
8
__________________’s borrowed it either.
Wait. Look! There’s 9__________________ under that chair. Is
that it?
Where? I can’t see 10__________________. Oh, I see it now.
You’re right. That’s it! Thanks very much!
4 Complete the statements. Use the clues in brackets.
Examples: n There’s something good on TV tonight.
(a good thing)
n We’re all here now. There’s nobody else to
come. (not another person)
1 There’s ____________________________________ on TV
tonight. (no interesting thing)
2 I haven’t told you the whole story. I’ve got
____________________________________ to tell.
(another thing)
3 This beach is too crowded. Isn’t there
______________________________ we can go?
(another place)
4 Is ____________________________________ coming to
dinner this evening? (a nice person)
5 I’ve looked for the money ____________________________.
(all possible places)
6 There’s ____________________________________ to look
for the money. (no other place)
153
 66 there is, there are ; it, they, them, etc.
There’s a hotel in the village. It’s in the square.
FORMS

there is and there are

Driver: Is there a place to stay near here?
Man: Yes, there’s a small hotel in the next village.
it, they, them, etc.
Man: It’s in the village square.
it for time, distance and weather
Excuse me ...
Driver: Good – because it’s getting late and it’s getting cold.
Is it far?
Man: No. It’s only five kilometres.
it as an empty subject
Driver: All right. It’ll be best to stop there for tonight.

A there is and there are

The Church of St Pete
We can use there is/are to talk about something for the first time. Highfield r,
Is there a bakery in the town? Yes, there’s one near the bank.
There has been a church in High
field for over 1,200 years and
Use there are to talk about quantity with, e.g., any, some, a lot (of), there is a Norman door in the
church tower. The tower was
very early in the 13th century, built
several, a few, many. but it has been restored several
times since. It has some of the
heaviest bells in the country.
Are there any other shops? Not many, but there are a few.
Use there with different forms of be: will be, was/were, has/have been.
n Will there be time to buy some things?
‘It is better to be beautiful than to be good. But … it is better
n There was no time to do any shopping in the last village.
to be good than to be ugly.’
(Oscar Wilde, 1854–1900)
B it, they, them, etc.
We often change to subject or object pronouns after there has
introduced a new subject. The pronouns refer back to that subject.
n There was a hotel in the last village, but we didn’t like it very much.
A walk on the wild side?
n There were some shops too, but they were closing. The South-West Wildlife
Trust invites you to take par
in a special event on the rive t
r on Sunday 18th March.
C it for time, distance and weather There are two walks in diff
erent directions, and the
Use it in expressions about time, weather and distance. walks both start in Car Par
k 1 at 11 am.
What time is it? It’s 5:00. It’s getting late, and it’s
time to go.
Is it far to the farm? It’s a long way. It’s still two miles Frozen Land
away.
Margaret Daley
£16.99 (Fiction)
St Just:
n It’s cold. It’s going to rain. n It was a hot day. It was very sunny. Britain’s most
ISBN 0 333 71166 1 westerly town
D it as an empty subject MARGARET Daley’s
Oh … and ther
Use it … to and it … that in expressions like these: first novel, Goodnight My e are shops
Friend, was one of last and places to ea
t and things
n It’s a good/bad idea to stop. n It was good/lovely to see her. year’s most impressive to do when it’s
wet. And it’s
n It’s sad/a pity that you can’t stay. n Is it true that he’s leaving? debuts. It is most unfair to well worth visiti
ng one
expect a second book of (or more!) of th
Use it is (not) worth/is no use + ~ing in these expressions: e pubs of
the same excellence, and St Just – The St
Frozen Land doesn’t quite
ar, The
n It’s (not) worth buying that old car. Wink, The North
match up. Inn, The
n It’s no use talking. He never listens. Radjel, The Gu
rnard’s Head,
(Note: There’s no use talking. is also possible.) The Tinners an
d many more.

154 Personal pronouns: subject and object ∆ 69

 Exercises

1 Write questions and answers. Use there + the correct form of
be.
Examples: (sugar?) (Yes/over there) Is
there any sugar?
Yes, there’s some over there.
(onions?) (No/buy some) Are there any onions?
No, there aren’t. I’ll buy some.
1 (potatoes?) (Yes/in the bag)
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
2 (coffee?) (No/buy some)
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
3 (large pan?) (No/buy one)
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
4 (carrots?) (No/buy some)
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
3 Write There + the correct form of be and pronouns.
Examples: n There was a dog in our garden yesterday.
It came from next door.
n There isn’t any butter. We finished it
yesterday.
1 _______________ some flowers for Ann. _________’re from
Tom.
2 _____________________ much sugar last night. Mum used
most of ______ to make a cake yesterday afternoon.
3 _____________________ many people at the concert last
Saturday, but I think _________ enjoyed it.
4 ____________ somebody on the phone for you. His name is
Peter. Do you know _________?
5 _____________________ any matches. Have you used
_________ all?
6 __________________ much water, so we’ll have to use
______ very carefully.

5 (butter?) (Yes/in the fridge) 4 Complete the statements. Choose from these expressions:
_________________________________________________
It’s a good/bad idea to …
_________________________________________________
It was good/lovely/sad to …
6 (teapot?) (Yes/on the shelf)
very sad that …
_________________________________________________
a pity that …
_________________________________________________
not worth …
2 Write There was, There were, There wasn’t or There weren’t.
no use …
Example: There weren’t many people at the party.
Example: It was a bad idea to go camping in the middle
1 _____________________ much food in the house. of winter.

2 _____________________ no time to talk. 1 ______________________________ see all the family

together again today.
3 _____________________ many shops open after 9:00.
2 ______________________________ walking ten kilometres
4 _____________________ a lot of strange noises outside in
tomorrow just to see that boring view.
the forest.
3 ______________________________ shouting at the children.
5 _____________________ no bank in the village.
It doesn’t do any good.
6 _____________________ only a few days left before the
4 ______________________________ we lost the match after
exams.
we had done so much training.
7 _____________________ very little time to do anything.
5 ______________________________ he died so young.
He was only 32.

155
 67 Quantity
a lot of, many, much, a few, a little, few, little
FORMS
Do you have a
lot of tracks?
Have you got many CDs?
Yes, I’ve got a lot.
What about DVDs?
I’ve only got a few.
Have you got much pop music?
Yes, I’ve got a lot.
What about classical music?

Have you got much pop music?

I’ve only got a little.

Weather is cool, but

Chicagoans warm, location
A Uses of a lot of, many, a few, etc. v. good. Lots of buildings to
go up and down. You’d like Ms J Turner,
Use a lot of, many, a few with countable nouns, e.g., a lot of CDs, many it here. Hope all are well. 23, Smith Street,
DVDs. Much love, London EC1
Use a lot of, much, a little with uncountables, e.g., much music, a little Mum and Dad xxx UK
time.
Use a lot of in positive statements more than in questions and negative
statements. We use the informal lots of in the same way.
Everyday Etiquette
n He’s got a lot of CDs. n She’s got lots of classical music. Q When visiting friends for a week
end where it is likely that many
drunk, how many bottles should bottles of wine will be
one take? We always seem to take
We can use short forms in answers to questions. many, but receive few!
Peter Hargreaves, Plymouth
Are there many songs on the CD? A There are no strict rules here, but
quality is more important than
generally prefer one really good quantity. A host will
Yes, there are a lot/lots. bottle to a lot of something cheap
er and not so enjoyable.
We usually use many and much in questions and negative sentences
(but sometimes in formal positive sentences too). We can use many and
much by themselves as pronouns. Wildlife Word Wizardry
Are there many songs on the CD?
How many words of three letters or more can you make out of the letters in
No, there aren’t many. the word WILDLIFE?
Is there much music on the CD? You can use each letter once only in each word. (No names allowed.)
No, not much. 6 – Good, 7–12 – Very Good, More than 12 – Excellent!

We usually use a few and a little in positive statements, and also in

requests and offers. We can use a few and a little with nouns, but also London Factfile
by themselves as pronouns. Check out the Houses of Parliament, Westminster Abbey,
St
n There were a few people in the room and a little food on the table. Paul’s Cathedral, Buckingham Palace, Trafalgar Square
and
the National Gallery, Madame Tussaud’s, the Planeta
n I need some stamps. Could I borrow a few? rium, the
Tower of London … These are just a few of the main attracti
ons,
n I’ve got some extra money. Would you like a little? but there is so much more to see. For more details, contac
t
any tourist information centre. A lot of the pleasure in
London
is in just walking around and getting the atmosphere.
B a few and few; a little and little Don’t
forget the shopping either. There are just so many good
A few is for a small number of something, but positive. Few is also for places, but places worth including on your list are Oxford
a small number of something, but negative. The noun is countable. Street, Knightsbridge, Covent Garden, Camden Lock Market
.
n I’m going to see a few friends this evening. (positive)
n Few people live to 100. (negative)
Shadows on the Water By Steven Jones
A little and little are similar and are for a small amount of something.
£19.95 (non-fiction) ISBN 0 393 31676 9
The noun is uncountable. With little experience of either mastery of detail in this cultural
ships or icebergs, Steven Jones history of the disaster. His
n We’ve got a little time, so let’s have tea. (positive)
cannot hope to compete with his narrative is concerned not with
n Hurry! There’s very little time. (negative) fellow Titanic historians on the practicalities of the

156 some or any ∆ 64 / Partitives ∆ 68

 Exercises

1 Complete the statements and questions. Use a lot (of), lots 4 The soup isn’t ready yet. I think it needs ____________ cream
(of), many or much. and ____________ more chopped vegetables.
Example: Have we got much tea?
5 We can only afford ____________ small presents this year.
No, we haven’t, but we’ve got a lot of/lots of
We’ve got very ____________ money.
coffee.
6 Could you lend me ____________ money? I only need
1 Let’s hurry. There’s ____________ work to do, and there isn’t
____________ pounds.
____________ time.
7 The generals of the war were men with ____________ ideas
2 Harry talks to ____________ people in his work, but he hasn’t
and ____________ imagination.
got ____________ close friends.
8 I put on ____________ weight while I was on holiday.
3 Some people spend ____________ time at the office, but they
How much?
don’t really do ____________ work.
____________ kilos.
4 I haven’t got ____________ money.
3 Complete the conversation. Choose from these forms:
How ____________ have you got?
a few, a little, little, a lot (of), lots (of), many, much
5 Are there ____________ people in the shops today?
No, not ____________, even though ____________ the How’s business, Fred?
shops are having sales. It’s quite good. We’re getting a lot of orders this year. Not
6 How ____________ time do you spend travelling every week? like last year. Last year, we had very 1_________ work, and
2
____________. Probably about 20 hours. _________ of our staff lost their jobs. How’s your company
doing?
7 How ____________ times have you been to France?
Not ____________. Three times altogether. It’s still not very good, I’m sorry to say. We’ve only got
3
_________ new orders at the moment, and not 4_________ of
8 How ____________ do you weigh? those are big ones.
Too ____________. Nearly 85 kilos.
I’m sorry to hear that.
2 Complete the statements and questions. Use a few, few, a
little or little. There’s another big problem too. Some customers owe us
5
_________ money from jobs that we did months ago.
Examples: n You’d better go to the corner shop. We’ve only got
a few eggs and a little milk. That’s terrible. How 6_________ money do they owe you?
n We’d better hurry. There’s very little time.
About £100,000. That’s 7_________ for a small company like
1 We’d better go to the supermarket. There’s only ___________ mine.
orange juice, and there are only ____________ tomatoes.
Can you do anything to make them pay?
2 My motorbike is very cheap to run. It uses very ____________
No, I can’t really do very 8_________. If a company really
petrol, and very ____________ ever goes wrong with it.
decides not to pay me on time, there’s very 9_________ that I
3 Smoking is going out of fashion. ____________ people I know can do about it.
still smoke, but very ____________ of them think it’s a good
Perhaps you should get them to pay you 10_________ each
thing to do.
month.

That’s a good idea. I might try it.

157
 68 Quantifier + of
all of, most of, none of, both of, neither of, either of, etc. every, each
FORMS

all of, both of, etc.

All of us enjoyed the trip.
We had two instructors. Both of them helped us a lot.
every and each
The weather was good every day except Thursday.
The instructors helped each of us, one by one.

A all of, both of, etc

All of means 100% of a group. None of means 0% of a group.
n All/None of us enjoyed rock climbing. INTERIOR PAINTING
Note: none of is itself negative, so the verb stays positive. None of is Dates July 14–16
also singular.
Times 10 am to 5 pm
n None of us likes rock climbing.
Use other phrases, e.g., most of, a few of, for quantities in between. Colour-washing, marbling and
wood-graining are
n Most of/Some of/A few of us wanted to do more archery. just some of the paint effects
you will study.
Both of means 100% of a pair. Neither of means 0% of a pair.
n Both of/Neither of the instructors taught us sandsurfing.
With both, all + noun, you can leave out of. With both + noun, you can
also leave out the. (For all – the, see Section C below.)
n Both (of) (the) instructors helped all (of) the students.
You can also use they both/all (subject) and them both/all (object).
An tib io tic s
n They both helped them all. Not a miracle cure!
Use of after the other partitives and also before all object pronouns.
Most infections get better without antibiotics.
n most of the students n neither of the instructors

Mega-Mini Books
n Both of them helped all of us.

B None of and Neither of ; not … any of and not … either of

Subject Object Each mini-hardback
Group: None of not … any of book in this series
stands alone but is
Pair: Neither of not … either of
complemented by the
n None of us enjoyed it. They didn’t help any of the students. others, giving practical
n Neither of them taught us. We didn’t like either of them. information for every
girl who wants to
We can make statements about choices with any of/either of. look good.
n You can swim in either of the two/any of the three lakes.
Mega-Mini Books £2.99 each
C General and specific
Compare talking about a group and making general statements.
n Most of the students enjoyed it. (most of the group of students)
n Most students work hard. (most students in the world)

Use all, some and no to talk in general. Great British

n All cats like milk. n Some trees grow fruit. n No man can fly.

D every and each

Pub Food
Use these to talk about all members of a group. Use a singular noun
All Day Every Day
and verb.
n Every day was fun. (all the days together)
n Each day was different. (all the days one by one)

158 Articles 2: general and specific ∆ 61 / some or any ∆ 64 / Quantity ∆ 67

 Exercises

1 Complete the statements about the students. Use these 3 Complete the negative statements. Use these words:
words:
any of, either of, neither of, none of
all, almost all, a few, most, one, some, two
Examples: n The couple next door are strange. I don’t like
A teacher checked her class register for the last 15 lessons. either of them much.
NAME PRESENT ABSENT n None of the children wanted to go home at the
John 14 1 end of the party.
Lisa 1 14
1 I asked Wayne and Brian, but _______________ them could
Lucy 4 11
lend me any money.
David 15 0
Robin 8 7 2 I offered all the old people a trip to London, but
Greg 12 3 _______________ them wanted to go.
Sally 2 13 3 We looked at several restaurants, but we didn’t like
_______________ them.
Examples: n John came to almost all of the lessons.
n Lisa only came to one of them. 4 Peter tried two different hotel jobs, but he wasn’t very good
at _______________ them.
1 Lucy only came to __________________________________
5 _______________ Joe’s clothes fitted him any more because
2 David came to _____________________________________
he was growing so fast.
3 Robin came to ____________________________________
6 _______________ the teams scored, and the match ended
4 Greg came to _____________________________________ at 0–0.

5 Sally only came to _________________________________
2 Complete the second statements. Use the words on the left
and right to complete the sentences.
all of, both of, most of, half of, a few of us, you, them
Example: Rob and I don’t always get to work on time.
Both of us were late again today.
7 I test-drove a number of new cars, but I didn’t buy
_______________ them.
8 I took two exams, but because I hadn’t done enough work,
I didn’t pass _______________ them.
9 I’ve read both of these books and I didn’t like
_______________ them. They were very boring.

1 You and your brother look ill. _____________________ need
to see the doctor.
2 The teacher put the class in two groups.
_____________________ prepared questions, and the other
half prepared their answers.
3 Well, everybody, you did very badly in the test.
_____________________ got less than 50%. That’s really not
good enough!
4 The senior and the junior basketball teams are doing very well.
_____________________ have reached the national
championships.
5 About 60 supporters went to the championships. The team
coach took _____________________ in his car, but
_____________________ went by bus. We had a great time.
10 I asked the class if _______________ them would help me
move the tables, but _______________ them did. So I did it
myself.
4 Complete the paragraph. Use these words:
all, both, each, every
Jamie and his friends, Bob and Pete, go to judo classes every
week. He and 1_______ his friends love judo, and they never miss
their class 2_______ Friday evening. There are about 20 people in
the class, and 3_______ of them train very hard. To start with, they
4
_______ do exercises together. Then the teacher works with
5
_______ member of the class, one by one. 6_______ student
trains at his or her own standard. 7_______ three months, they take
a test. If they pass, they go up to the next grade.

159
 69 Personal pronouns: subject and object
You can give it to me.
FORMS
We must get this package to the Yes, you can give it to me. I’m
Manchester office fast. They need going to visit them this afternoon.
it urgently. Can I ask you to help? 1st person 2nd person 3rd person
Singular
Subject I you he she it
Object me you him her it
Plural
Subject we you they
Object us you them

We all live in the

same world
Make sure you are part of it.
A Introduction
Personal pronouns refer to people and things. We use them instead of Join today.
nouns, e.g., for people’s names, when the meaning is clear.
Don’t leave it too late.
First person: subject (I, we) and object (me, us)
Subject: We must get this package to Manchester.
Object: You can give it to me.
Second person: subject (you ) and object (you ) Jamie Jean Run to me HHH
Subject: You can give it to me. You should know the story, but
if you don’t, then check this:
Object: Can I ask you to help? ‘I’m your babe’, ‘He gives me fire’
(remix), ‘Let me be your
lover’, ‘We can work together’.
Third person: subject (he, she, it, they) and object (him, her, it, them) They have three things in com
mon – they all topped the
Subject: They need it fast. charts, they were all taken from
albums by different singers,
and Jamie Jean sang backing
Object: I’m going to see them this afternoon. vocals on all four. She now has
her own single, ‘Run to me’. We’l
l see if she can have the
same success on her own.
B Direct and indirect objects
An object pronoun can be either a direct object or an indirect object.
n They need it fast. (direct object)
n You can give it to me. (indirect object)

HAPPY
BIRTHDAY!
C Personal pronouns in short answers
You can use subject pronouns in short answers to questions. There is
also another, informal way of doing this – with object pronouns.
Who broke this dish? I did/I didn’t. OR Me./Not me.
Who’ll wash the car for me? We will./We won’t. OR Us./Not us.

D Talking about people in general: you, one and they

We often do this in informal conversation with you.
n You never know what’s going to happen.

One is very formal. The same idea may also be expressed with a passive. With love fromyou
n One should not judge people by the way they look. me to
n People should not be judged by the way they look.

They is informal and refers to other people in general, or to people

in charge.
‘You can lead a horse to water,
n They say some people hardly ever sleep. but you can’t make it drink.’
n They don’t let foreigners visit without a visa. (Proverb)

160 Direct and indirect objects ∆ 62 / Possessive forms ∆ 70 / Reflexive pronouns ∆ 71

 Exercises

1 Read the conversation. Then write the meanings of the 3 Write the correct object pronouns.
underlined pronouns.
Example: Where did you put my hat?
Paul: What are 1 you doing tomorrow? I put it on the table.
Bill: 2 I’m going to football practice in the morning.
1 Do you know where Ann is?
Paul: 3 I’d like to go to that too. I love football. What time does 4 it Yes. I can see _________ over there.
start?
2 I’ll be at home this evening.
Bill: At 10:00. Why don’t 5 you come with 6 me? Then after that,
All right. I’ll call _________ at 7:00.
we can meet Neil in town. 7 He wants to see the new
Batman film. 3 I need to see Mr Brice, please.
Paul: Oh, yes. People say 8 it’s good. Certainly. You can see _________ at 3:00.

Bill: Yes, 9 they say it’s the best Batman film yet. So I think 10 we 4 Do you like these shoes?
should all go and see it together. What do you think? Yes. I’m going to buy _________.

5 Why does Peter always call _________ in the evening, Tony?

Bill
1 you = _______________ 6 me = _______________
Because he always wants _________ to help _________
2 I = _______________ 7 He = _______________ with his homework.

3 I = _______________ 8 it = _______________ 6 Were there any calls for _________ while we were out?
There weren’t any calls for Bill, but there was a call for
4 it = _______________ 9 they = _______________
_________. Mrs Tucker phoned and she wants _________
5 you = _______________ 10 we = _______________ to call _________ back.

2 Write the correct subject pronouns and short forms of be. 4 Write the correct subject and object pronouns and short forms
Example: What are you doing, Sally? of be.
I’m making a cake. It’s Tom’s first day at the office.

1 Where are Tom and Bill going? Jim: Tom, come and meet Ann Scott. She’s our Finance
____________ going to the cinema. Director. Ann, this is Tom Blake. 1_________ our new sales
assistant.
2 Susan looks great in that dress.
Ann: It’s nice to meet 2_________, Tom.
Yes, ____________ a beautiful girl.
3
Tom: _________ good to meet 4_________ too, Mrs Scott.
3 What are you and the boys doing?
Ann: Oh, please call 5_________ Ann. 6_________ all use our
____________ going to the swimming pool.
first names here.
4 What’s that dog doing in our kitchen?
Later the same day.
___________ taking our lunch!
Jim: Tom, could 7_________ help 8_________ please?
5 Do you know Peter Wells?
Tom: Yes, of course. What can 9_________ do?
Yes, ____________ the man with the big house at the end
of our street. Jim: Take this report to Finance and give 10_________ to Ann.
And give 11_________ these papers, too. 12_________ very
6 You ____________ touring France soon, aren’t you, Fred? important. 13_________ needs 14_________ for a meeting.
Yes, I ____________ travelling by bike. 15
_________ starting in a few minutes from now.
7 ____________ looking very happy today, Sally. Tom: Right. 16_________’ll go immediately.
Yes, ____________ my birthday and ____________ 18
today. Please come to my party!
161
 70 Possessive forms
Is this your jacket? It’s mine. It’s Tim’s.
FORMS
Is this your jacket?
No, this is mine. I think it’s Tim’s. Look! Possessive Possessive
determiners pronouns
Singular
1st person my mine
2nd person your yours
3rd person her/his/its hers/his/its

Plural
1st person our ours
2nd person your yours
3rd person their theirs

Possessive with ~’s

A Possessive adjectives and possessive pronouns
My, your, their, etc., come before a noun. These determiners are
possessive adjectives: they show who or what owns something.
n Where are my shoes? n Is this your jacket?
This shirt belongs to Tim. ➞This is Tim’s shirt./This shirt is Tim’s.
These shirts belong to the boys. ➞These shirts are the boys’ shirts./
These shirts are the boys’.

We can use mine, yours, theirs, etc, instead of a possessive

adjective + noun. They are pronouns. 4 FREE CDs FOR YOUR FRIENDS
n This coat isn’t mine. Is it yours? n That car isn’t ours. It’s theirs. As part of their introductory offer, your friends can choose any five albums
for the price of just one.
Note: His and its are determiners and also pronouns.
(But its as a pronoun is very rare.) Your first friend’s order form
n Perhaps this is his bag. n No, it isn’t his. It’s mine. My favourite kind of music is (please tick one box only):
chart pop indie/alternative dance rap
Its is different from it’s. Its is a possessive determiner. It’s is short for it R&B soul classical easy listening
is or it has.
n Here’s the camera, and this is its case. (possessive)
n Look. Now it’s raining. (it’s = it is)
Tonight is the
n There’s the bus! At last it’s arrived. (it’s = it has) first
meeting of the
Parents’ Associ
B Possessive with ~’s ation
Use noun + ~’s like a possessive adjective. with its new
committee mem
n This is her coat. ➞ This is Sally’s coat. bers.
All parents are
Use noun + ~’s like a possessive pronoun.
warmly invited
n This hat is hers. OR This hat is Sally’s. to
attend in Room
12
After a plural noun with ~s, write noun + ~s’. at 7:45 pm.
n These are the girls’ coats.
n These coats are the girls’, not the boys’.
Technical
Theatre
With first or family names ending in ~s, we sometimes write (and say)
the possessive form as ~s’ and sometimes as ~s’s. DRIVE CAREFULLY
Skills
Dates August 17–28
n James’/James’s bag was on the bench. AND MIND Times 10 am to 5 pm
THAT CHILD.
With ordinary singular nouns ending in ~s, we normally write (and say) Learn how to transform a designer’s
only the ~s’ form – or change to a different expression. IT COULD BE dream into a working set with this
YOURS! hands-on introduction to stagecra
n Gymnastics’ origins lie in ancient Greece. ft.

n The origins of gymnastics lie in ancient Greece.

162 Irregular noun forms ∆ 57 / Personal pronouns: subject and object ∆ 69 / Reflexive pronouns ∆ 71
 Exercises
1 Write possessive adjectives.
Example: Hello. My name is Bob.
1 Could you write ___________ address here, please?
2 The boy fell down and hurt ___________ arm.
3 Let’s take ___________ holidays at the same time and go
away together.
4 Could you call at Mr and Mrs Hill’s house and give them back
___________ books?
5 Is Sally Barrett here? This is ___________ bag.
6 That’s ___________ pen! Give it back to me!
7 The cat wants ___________ dinner. Look, it’s waiting outside.
2 Write the answers.
Example: Are these shoes Sally’s? (No/bigger)
No they aren’t hers. Hers are bigger.
1 Is that coat John’s? (No/older)
_________________________________________________
2 Are those magazines Julie’s? (No/newer)
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
3 Is that car Tom’s and Lucy’s? (No/smaller)
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
4 Is that coat mine? (No/nicer)
_________________________________________________
5 Are these reports ours? (No/longer)
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
6 Is this umbrella yours, I wonder? (Yes)
Yes, it is _________! Thank you very much!
3 Write the answers.
Example: Is this bag his or hers? (hers)
It’s hers! Look, its got her name inside.
1 Are these boots yours or mine? (yours)
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
2 Is this briefcase his or hers? (his)
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
3 Are these shoes ours or theirs? (theirs)
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
4 Is that jacket hers or yours? (mine)
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
5 Is that t-shirt hers or mine? (hers)
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
6 Are these books yours or his? (ours)
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
4 Write its or it’s.
Examples: n The dog ate its food in less that a minute.
n It’s 1:00 and this is the news.
1 The sky has gone dark and _______ started to rain.
2 Here’s the DVD, but I’ve lost _______ case.
3 Let’s stay indoors. _______ too cold to go out.
4 I know _______ hard for you, but you must finish the work.
5 This is our cat. _______ name is Fluffy.
6 Don’t try to move your leg. I think _______ broken.
5 Complete the words with ~’s or ~s’.
Examples: n Look at Tony’s pictures. They’re lovely.
n The two boy s’ bikes are in the garage.
1 My parent ___ phone number is 023-345321. You can call
them any time.
2 My brother Peter___ phone number is 023-345789.
3 Please, can you tell me Sally West___ room number?
4 A policeman___ job is often difficult.
5 The government has refused to raise hospital worker___
pay again this year.
6 Why did you laugh at Tony___ suggestions? I don’t understand
why you can’t accept other people___ ideas.
163
 71 Reflexive pronouns
You’ll hurt yourself.
FORMS
A Basic uses
Use a reflexive pronoun when the subject (S) of a verb (V) is also the Subject Object
direct object (DO) of the action. Compare: Singular
S V DO S V DO 1st person I’ll hurt myself.
n You’ll hurt him. You’ll hurt yourself.
2nd person You’ll hurt yourself.
n He’s cut her. He’s cut himself.
3rd person He’ll hurt himself.
Use a reflexive pronoun when the subject is also the indirect object (IO).
She’ll hurt herself.
Compare:
S V IO S V IO It’ll hurt itself.
n She talked to me. She talked to herself. Plural
n He works for us. He works for himself. 1st person We’ll hurt ourselves.
There can be a reflexive indirect object plus direct object. Compare: 2nd person You’ll hurt yourselves.
S V IO DO S V IO DO
3rd person They’ll hurt themselves.
n She bought me a book. She bought herself a book.
n We taught them French. We taught ourselves French.
Note the singular ➞ plural change in self ➞ selves.
n I enjoyed myself at the party. n We enjoyed ourselves at the party.
Be careful, or you’ll
Do not confuse ~selves and each other/one another. Compare: fall and hurt yourself.

They bought themselves They bought each other

tickets. presents.

B Special uses
Use a reflexive pronoun to emphasize contrast.
n The old man’s wife is worried about him, but he himself thinks he is
No gift ideas? If you see someone in
difficulties, don’t put
fine.
Give a Book Token! yourself at risk to
If you are unsure what to give rescue them.
token
Use a reflexive pronoun to emphasize the subject as the one that does someone, why not give them a book
and let them choo se it themselve s?
the action. This type of reflexive pronoun comes after the object of the Dial 999 and
verb. We sometimes add for. Tokens are exchangeable at more than ask for the
3,000 bookshops. COASTGUARD.
Let me deal with the problem for you.
Thanks, but I have to deal with it (for) myself. (I must do it – not you.)
Use by + reflexive pronoun to emphasize that the subject does the
t to live on
action alone. We sometimes add all for extra emphasis. We can also People in the Third World don’t wan
opp ortu nity to
say (all) on (my) own. hand-outs. All they want is the
erty – and the
n Ann sat (all) by herself/(all) on her own, away from the other girls. work themselves out of pov
dent lives.
n John climbed the mountain (all) by himself/(all) on his own. chance to live dignified and indepen
Your £4 a month will help these
This is one of those movies that takes itself a little
too seriously. But there is some fine acting from the people in their daily struggle
star cast. to help themselves.
3 out of 5 Please complete the coupon inside.

164 Direct and indirect objects ∆ 62 / Personal pronouns: subject and object ∆ 69 / Possessive forms ∆ 70
 Exercises
1 Write the correct reflexive pronouns.
Example: Stop shouting. Control yourself.
1 Tell the children to dry _______________ or they’ll catch cold.
2 The light turns _______________ off automatically.
3 Her real name is Monica, but she calls _______________ Mo.
4 I was tired, so I gave _______________ a day off work.
5 Dan injured _______________ badly at work.
6 We need to protect _______________ from the sun.
We’d better wear hats.
7 Tim, stop playing with that knife or you’ll cut
_______________.
8 Kids, while I’m out I want you to behave _______________.
2 Write the correct verbs and reflexive pronouns. Use these
verbs:
bought, burn, kill, look after, looked at, made, push, save, wash
Example: Be careful with the pan. It’s hot. Don’t burn
yourself.
1 The boat crashed into the rocks, but Fred managed to
_____________________.
2 Drive more slowly in future, or you’ll _____________________
one day.
3 Tina tried on the hat, and then she
______________________________ in the mirror.
4 I was tired when I got home, so I _______________________
a cup of tea.
5 Everybody in the team went to the sports shop and they
_________________________________ the same kind of
baseball cap.
6 We’re not doing enough training. We’ve got to
___________________________ even harder if we want to
win the championship.
7 Our cat is a very clean animal. It likes to sit in the sun and
_____________________.
8 I shall miss you both while you’re away. Be careful and
_________________________________.
3 Write the correct type of pronoun.
Examples: n Then I saw Bob. He was quite near, so I called
him.
n Sue bought some books, and she taught herself
to cook.
1 I looked at Sam. He looked back at __________________.
2 Look at __________________ in the mirror! You’re all in a
terrible mess.
3 Sue doesn’t think about other people. She only thinks about
__________________.
4 Your house is very near ours. You must come and visit
__________________ soon.
5 Let’s press the red button, and then we can record
__________________ dancing.
6 They never help us, so I don’t want to help
__________________.
7 My son is going away to university soon. I’ll miss
__________________ very much.
4 Write the answers. Use reflexive pronouns for emphasis.
Example: Did Alan’s assistant send the letters?
No, he sent them himself.
1 Did your dad pay for your car?
_________________________________________________
2 Does Sue’s secretary prepare the reports?
_________________________________________________
3 Is Steve’s brother bringing the equipment?
_________________________________________________
4 Will I have to tidy the children’s room?
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
5 Are the boys going to clean our car?
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
6 I’m hungry! Are you going to make dinner now?
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
165
 72 Relative clauses with who, which, that
He’s the person who caused the accident.
FORMS
A Introduction
A clause is a group of words with a subject and a verb. It can be a He’s the person who caused the accident.
complete, simple sentence, or it can be a part of a larger sentence. that
A relative clause is only a part of a sentence. It adds meaning to the That’s the car which he was driving.
main clause of a sentence.
that
Who, which and that are relative pronouns, and they introduce relative
clauses. They:
1 refer back to a noun 2 introduce a new idea
and stand instead of it. about the noun.
➞
He’s the person who … caused the accident.
➞
That’s the car which … he was driving.
Below, Idea 1 is the main clause. Idea 2 supports it and completes the
meaning of the sentence. It is a defining relative clause.
1 I often see some old friends. 2 Some old friends live in Oxford.
(+ who)
➞ I often see some old friends who live in Oxford.
1 The bus is going to London. 2 The bus has just left. (+ which)
➞ The bus which has just left is going to London.

It may refer back to the object of the main clause – see above:
old friends – or it may refer back to the subject – See above: the buses.
Relative pronouns who or that refer to people.
n The man who/that bought the coat is standing over there. Barry Collins dies, aged 51
Relative pronouns which or that refer to things and animals. A popular Sidmouth saxophonist who helped
n Those are the cars which/that crashed. raise money for disabled people has died,
aged 51.
B Basic uses
Barry Collins, who suffered from multiple sclerosis
Use defining relative clauses in general statements.
for many years, lived at Mayfield House. Last year,
n People who do dangerous jobs are usually paid well. he joined a group of residents and helpers on a trip
n A nice car is something which most people want. to Disneyworld, Florida, with money he had raised
Use defining relative clauses to define and identify. through a concert with his band, The Majestics.
n Gold is a heavy metal which is very valuable.
n Bell was the man who invented the telephone.

Use defining relative clauses to emphasize and focus attention. that

is a haven for donkeys
n He’s the person who caused the accident. (Not the other man.) The Donkey Sanctuary m wo rking
glected, retired fro
n That’s the car which he was driving. (Not the other car.) have been mistreated, ne longer
cannot be cared for any
We sometimes also use an ‘empty’ subject + relative clause to on the beaches or simply founded
Dr Elisabeth Svendsen
emphasize and focus attention. by their owners. Since
n It was Sam who organized everything. the Sanctuary in 1969,
n It was Nick who we wanted to see. over 7,000 of these
gentle creatures have
Tomorrow’s television been taken into care,
which makes it the
Sibling rivalry: Why do brothers and sisters compete? Part three
largest sanctuary for
of Baby Wars looks at the tightrope which families walk between
co-operation and conflict. donkeys in the world.

166 Further information on relative structures ∆ 73–76

 Exercises
1 Write who, which or that.
Arthur Penn is an old farm worker who/that lives in our village. He
1
lives in a small house _________ his family have had for 100 years.
Recently, he was outside, moving a pile of stones and bricks
2
_________ used to be an old garden shed. Suddenly his spade hit
something 3_________ wasn’t stone or brick. It sounded like metal.
He dug a little more, and he found it was a very old box.
He called to an old friend 4_________ was passing the garden gate.
They worked together until they were able to pull the heavy box out.
‘Perhaps it’s something valuable 5_________ somebody wanted to
hide years ago,’ Arthur said.
‘Let’s open it and see,’ his friend said. ‘Come on. You’re the one
6
_________ should do that.’
‘All right,’ Arthur said, and he broke open the box. However, there was
no gold or silver – just a set of old-fashioned garden tools! ‘They’re the
tools 7_________ my grandfather used,’ Arthur said. ‘He was the one
8
_________ built the shed 100 years ago.’
’I remember him,’ said Arthur’s friend. ‘He was the lovely old guy
9
_________ helped us build our treehouse when we were kids!’
‘That’s right,’ Arthur said. ‘And these tools 10_________ we’ve found
may not be worth much money, but they’ve certainly got a lot of
sentimental value for me!’
2 Join each pair of statements to make one statement with a
relative clause.
Example: A girl won the prize. She wrote the best essay.
The girl who/that wrote the best essay
won the prize.
1 A pilot escaped without injury. He crashed his small plane in a
lake near Oxford.
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
2 A student has got a place in the national team. He broke the
10,000-metre record yesterday.
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
3 A bus broke down on the motorway. It was taking people to the
airport.
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
4 A file is lying up there on the top shelf. It has all the information.
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
5 A policeman has received an award for bravery. He rescued 15
people from a fire last year.
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
6 A woman wanted to speak to you about work. She phoned last night.
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
3 Write relative clauses with who, which or that. Use these endings:
It teaches Japanese.
She painted that picture.
They built the first aeroplane.
It will pay a better salary.
She was lost for five days.
They are warm and friendly.
He scored all the goals.
He invented the petrol-engine car.
He can repair my old motorbike.
Example: who/that
Were the Wright brothers the ones
built the first aeroplane?
1 What was the name of the player _______________________
_________________________________________________
2 I want to get a new job _______________________________
_________________________________________________
3 Where can we find a mechanic _________________________
_________________________________________________
4 Ann wants to find a book ______________________________
_________________________________________________
5 I like people _______________________________________
_________________________________________________
6 Do you know the artist _______________________________
_________________________________________________
7 Mountain rescuers have found the climber ________________
_________________________________________________
8 Karl Benz was the man _______________________________
_________________________________________________
167
 73 Reduced relative clauses; prepositions; whom
The man they want is wearing a coat.
FORMS

Reduced relative clauses with objects

The man who we want is coming now.
The man we want is coming now.

Relative clauses with prepositions

The person I spoke to was very helpful.
There’s the book we have been looking for.

Bored? Tired of routine office life?

Then don’t ring us.
The assistant we are looking for is full of energy,
The man we want is coming now. enthusiasm and creative approaches to problem solving.
He or she enjoys being part of a team and looks forward
to the challenges of running a busy PR office. If you are
the person we want, contact
A Reduced relative clauses with objects
Who, which and that can be the subject (S) of a clause, or they can be PRofessional makers
the object (O). If they are the object, we can leave them out. the PR specialists
S O
n The man who wants us is coming now. (subject – no change)
O S
n The man who we want is coming now. (object – change possible)
➞The man we want is coming now.
O S
n Did you see the dress which she bought? (object – change possible)
➞ Did you see the dress she bought? The UK monument tourists
visited most last year
was Stonehenge, the prehisto
B Prepositions in relative clauses ric stone circle on the
Salisbury Plain. Next came the
A lot of verbs take prepositions, e.g., agree with, ask for, look for, speak Tower of London in the
centre of the capital, followe
to, talk about. We can use these prepositional verbs in a subject relative d by Hampton Court,
Henry VIII’s palace, with its
clause like this. famous maze. The
monument least visited was
S O
n There’s the man who has been looking for us.

Students considering a course that will

When who, which and that are the object of a clause with a
help them develop or change their career
prepositional verb, the preposition usually moves with its verb to the will find the best range of options in the
end of the clause. As in A, we can leave out who, which and that when Department of Continuing Education.
they are the object of the clause.
n There’s the man we have been talking about.
n That’s the case we have been looking for.
36 Modern History
C Whom
You may sometimes see whom instead of who/that as an object relative
Chapter 7:
pronoun, but it is old-fashioned and is usually only used in very formal
Development of the Lakow Movement
writing. If you see whom in a relative clause, it will probably be after a
Ordinary working people were the ones for whom and
preposition.
by whom the new political party had been formed.
n I regret to have to tell you that the person about whom you
wrote to us no longer works for the company.

168 Prepositional verbs ∆ 92

 Exercises

1 Join each pair of statements to make one statement. Use who, 3 Write who, which, that where possible, or nothing (7)
which or that as the subject of the relative clause.
Example: The house 7 we bought stood by the river.
Example: The person wasn’t there. She had sold the watch. The person who/that had sold the watch
The person who/that had sold the wasn’t there.
watch wasn’t there.
1 The bus _________ we caught got to town early.
1 The book has disappeared. It has all the answers.
_________________________________________________ 2 The man _________ will show you round is my brother.
_________________________________________________ 3 Here’s the money _________ I owe you.
2 We climbed over the fence. It separates the fields. 4 Aren’t they the people ________ we met at Jenny’s party?
_________________________________________________
5 Put the package in the box _________ you’ll see by the door.
_________________________________________________
6 Rob was the player ________ won the game for our team.
3 The old man can’t see very well. He crashed his car.
_________________________________________________ 4 Use the prepositional verbs and other words from the questions
_________________________________________________ to answer with relative clauses. Use who, which or that when
necessary, but leave them out when you can. Write (7) instead.
4 I’m going to give the boy some money. He found my camera.
Example: Who’s that girl? Didn’t you speak to her yesterday?
_________________________________________________
Yes, that’s the girl 7 I spoke to yesterday.
_________________________________________________
1 Is that the station? Did the train stop at it?
2 Join each pair of statements to make one statement. Use who,
Yes, that’s the __________________________________
which or that as the object of the relative clause.
_____________________________________________
Example: The house stood by the river. We bought it.
The house which/that we bought stood 2 What about that winter coat? You were looking for that sort,
by the river. weren’t you?
Yes, that’s the sort of _____________________________
1 The taxi finally arrived. I’d ordered it.
______________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________ 3 Did you see the girl? Isn’t she applying for the new job in Sales?
Yes, she’s the __________________________________
2 The girls seemed sad. We met them at the wedding.
_____________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________ 4 You’ve just bought this new car, haven’t you? You asked
about it at the car showroom, didn’t you?
3 The flowers are dying now. She bought them for us.
Yes, this is the __________________________________
_________________________________________________
______________________________________________
_________________________________________________
5 He’s the manager, isn’t he? He apologized for the delivery
4 The man is coming to see us this afternoon. We were
delay, didn’t he?
discussing him.
Yes, he’s the ___________________________________
_________________________________________________
______________________________________________
_________________________________________________
6 Aren’t those the boys? Didn’t the farmer shout at them?
5 The museum is putting on two new exhibitions. You recently
Yes, those are the _______________________________
mentioned it.
_____________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
169
 74 Relative clauses with whose, what, when, where, why
There was a time when you could live well.
FORMS
The areas where we used to
catch most fish are dead now. Relative clauses with whose
There are many whose debts have destroyed them.

Relative clauses with what

This is what has happened to Tom Billings.

Relative clauses with when, where, why

I remember a time when you could live well.
The areas where we used to fish are dead now.
The main reason why this has happened is the industry itself.

WE’LL RESPECT YOUR PRIVACY

We occasionally make our customer lists available
to carefully screened companies whose products
or services we feel may interest you. If you do not
wish to receive such mailings, please send an
A Relative clauses with whose exact copy of your name and address to:
Whose is a relative pronoun like who that is also possessive like my and
their. The Bodmin Clothes Company,
1 There are many fishermen. 2 Their debts are rising. (+ whose) Data Protection Department,
➞ There are many fishermen whose debts are rising. Admail 789
We use whose with people, but also sometimes with things and
animals.
n Mary Owen was the girl whose story won first prize. CRITIC’S CHOICE
n Brazil is a country whose economy is very successful.
WATCH OUT FOR THE JELLYFISH
n The boys found a bird whose wing was broken.
Radio 4, 10 am
Relative clauses with whose are quite common in more formal writing.
Series in which famous politicians remember their
We do not use them much in conversation.
early years. This week, Michael Redfern returns to
B Relative clauses with what his boyhood in Paisley, the Scottish town where his
grandfather ran a brewery.
When we use what as a relative pronoun, we do not put a noun in front
of it: it means the thing which/that …
n Worldwide overfishing is what has created this crisis. (= the thing
that)
We can put the what clause first to create extra emphasis.
BRAVE RAT SAVES E
FAMILY FROM FwilIR
n What has created this crisis is worldwide overfishing.

C Relative clauses with when, where and why l never forget the
quay, Devon
e Gumbley family of Tor in his
We can use these words as relative pronouns referring to a time, place saved their lives. Fido was
day when a rat called Fido alight to the
or reason. en an electric fire set
cage at 2 am on Friday wh xha m wh ere Fid o live s
house in Bri
n I remember a time when you could live well. carpet and furniture of the doo r was ope n, Fido
g the cag e
n I remember the place where I grew up. with his owners. Spottin gan’s
ped out , clim bed 15 stairs and scratched at Me
n He’s lazy! That’s the reason why he failed. jum wh o sme lt smo ke
ke the family,
bedroom door. e noise wo e fire brig ade was
the hou se.
We very often leave out the noun before a when/where/why clause. and managed to get out of n
This reduces emphasis and also makes the sentence more informal. and qui ckl y con tro lled the blaze. Later, a spokesma
call ed peo ple wh ose dog s
e’ve all heard of
n I remember when you could live well. for the fire brigade said, ‘W a rat. We hop e to giv e
, but nev er
n I remember where I grew up. or cats warn them of danger
Fido a bravery award.’
n He’s lazy! That’s why he failed.

170 Possessive forms ∆ 70 / Relative clauses with who, which, that ∆ 72

 Exercises
1 Complete the questions with whose, who, which or that.
Choose from the following to answer the questions.
Christopher Columbus Japan Malaysia Marco Polo Marie Curie
Texas The Pyramids Yuri Gagarin
Examples: Q What was the name of the man who first reached
America from Europe in 1492?
A Christopher Columbus.
Q What is the name of the country whose
Kuala Lumpur?
A Malaysia.
1 Q What is the English name for the three ancient man-made
structures _________ stand near Cairo?
A ____________________________
2 Q What was the man _________ first flew into space called?
A ____________________________
3 Q Name the woman scientist _________ most important
work was the discovery of radium.
A ____________________________
4 Q What was the name of the Italian _________ travelled to
China and home again 700 years ago?
A ____________________________
5 Q What is the country _________ flag has a red circle on a
white square?
A ____________________________
6 Q Name the US state _________ is famous for cowboys and
_________ symbol is a yellow rose.
A ____________________________
2 Answer the questions. Use whose as the subject of the
relative clause.
Your friend is looking at a wedding party guest list and trying to
remember people.
Example: Who was Lyn Don? Her husband had a large beard.
She was the one whose husband had a
large beard.
1 Which one was Tim Barr? His wife had a wonderful
diamond necklace.
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
2 Do you remember the Schmidts? Their children fell in the pool.
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
3 Who was Lucy Rosser? Her hat flew off in the wind.
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
4 What about the Lewis family? Their car broke down.
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
capital is 3 Reorder the sentence parts and add what to form
relative clauses.
Example: Look, there’s hardly any oil. (the engine./has
damaged/That’s)
That’s what has damaged the engine.
1 The new Gremlins album is out today! (I’d like/my birthday.
/That’s/for)
______________________________________________
2 They’re talking about our town on the news. (about./I/you
/was telling/This is)
______________________________________________
3 I’ve been reading a lot about climate change recently.
(is going to cause/That’s/in the coming years./the
greatest problems)
______________________________________________
4 Write statements about the underlined parts of the conversation.
Use when, where or why as the subject of the relative clause.
Example: Do you remember that time on the river?
Oh, yes. Our boat nearly sank!
They talked about the time when their
boat had nearly sunk.
1 Our boat nearly turned over because you turned it in front
of that big river cruiser.
Yes, that was the reason.
They talked about the ________________________________
_________________________________________________
2 And then we stayed at that old hotel.
Yes. We dried out our clothes there.
They talked about the ________________________________
_________________________________________________
3 And what about the night of the storm?
Yes. The rain almost washed our tent away.
They talked about the________________________________
_________________________________________________
171
 75 Relative clauses with ~ing, ~ed and infinitive forms
Dr Tyler was the first to realize.
FORMS

Relative clauses with ~ing and ~ed participles

Divers are finding treasures lying on the seabed.
Experts examining the ingots say they are evidence of sea trade.
They are finding objects last seen 4,000 years ago.

Relative clauses with infinitives

Dr Tyler was the first to realize the importance of the find.
These were some of the earliest to make long sea journeys.

Amateur historians are finding objects last seen 4,000 years ago.

A ~ing participle clauses

The verb in a relative clause can express a continuing action or state. If
it does, we can leave out who, which or that and then just use the ~ing
(present) participle.
n Divers are finding treasures which are lying on the seabed.
➞ Divers are finding treasures lying on the seabed.
n A diver moved a rock that covered an ingot ‘PLEASE DO NOT TOUCH!
Any goods damaged must be paid for.’
➞ A diver moved a rock covering an ingot.
n Experts who are examining the ingots say they are evidence of
sea trade.
➞ Experts examining the ingots say they are evidence of sea trade.

B ~ed participle clauses

The ~ed (past) participle can be part of a passive structure. If it is, we
can leave out who, which or that and then use the ~ed participle.
n They are finding objects which were last seen 4,000 years ago.
➞ They are finding objects last seen 4,000 years ago.
Would all passengers
n There is nothing left of the sailors who were lost with the boat. sitting in rows
➞ There is nothing left of the sailors lost with the boat. 28 to 36 please begin
boarding now?
With a continuous passive structure use being + ~ed participle.
n These are the ingots which are being examined by experts.
➞ These are the ingots being examined by experts.

FITNESS FAST
C infinitive clauses
We can use an infinitive very much like a clause with who, which or
s centre
that. We often use an infinitive after, e.g., the first/second, the next/last, Your new local health and fitnes
the only and also superlatives, e.g., the earliest. When we use these
words, we can usually leave out the noun. The first 100 members to join will
n Dr Tyler was the first (person) who realized the importance of receive an extra month’s membership
the find. ➞ Dr Tyler was the first (person) to realize the

FREE!
importance of the find.
n These were some of the earliest (traders) who made long sea
journeys. ➞These were some of the earliest to make long sea
journeys.

172 Reduced relative clauses; prepositions; whom ∆ 73

 Exercises
1 Write the ‘active’ participle form of these verbs.
arrive, enter, finish, go, show, stand, wear, work
Example: The police stopped a car going at 220 kph.
1 We listened to the guide __________________ us round the
palace.
2 People ________________ late for the show had to wait outside.
3 Did you see anybody __________________ the house by the
back door?
4 At the end, I took photos of everyone __________________
the race.
5 Scientists ________________ in the Amazon have found many
new species.
6 Can you pass me the vase __________________ on the
cupboard?
7 I didn’t like the man __________________ the red jacket.
2 Write the ‘passive’ participle form of these verbs.
build, find, hide, load, make, paint, prepare, repair, use, write
Examples: n This is the gun found in the car.
n The houses being built in London Street will
soon be ready.
1 This was the plane ________________________ by the
president on his trip to Australia last month.
2 You are now going to see a picture _____________________
in the traditional Chinese style.
3 We watched the room _____________________ for the party.
4 This is a story ________________________ for young people.
5 That’s the bridge ________________________ after last
week’s storm. It’ll be closed for another week.
6 I prefer shoes ________________________ of real leather.
7 We discovered some ancient tools ______________________
long ago in the roof of the old house.
8 The cars now _______________________ onto these trucks
are going to be exported to America.
3 Form clauses to join the sentences.
Examples: n The bank sent me a leaflet. It contained some
useful information.
n The bank sent me a leaflet containing
some useful information.
n The crops will be ready early. They’ve been grown
under glass.
n The crops grown under glass
will be ready early.
1 Dan lives in that house. It’s painted yellow and white.
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
2 I wrote a long report. It consists of three sections.
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
3 That vase is 100 years old. It’s standing on the bookcase.
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
4 The wallet belonged to a customer. It had been left at the
checkout.
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
4 Use to-infinitive clauses to agree with speaker A.
Example: A Ian came to the party at 7:00, didn’t he? I think he
was the first.
B Yes, Ian was the first to come to the
party.
1 A And when Ian left wasn’t he the last guest?
B Yes, __________________________________________
2 A Lucy met Tina and she was the only one, wasn’t she?
B ______________________________________________
3 A Galileo studied Jupiter’s moons, and wasn’t he the first.
B ______________________________________________
4 A Felipe climbed Everest. Wasn’t he the oldest?
B ______________________________________________
5 A A lot of flower species grow wild in the forest. But this is the
most beautiful one.
B ______________________________________________
______________________________________________
173
 76 Defining and ‘adding extra’ relative clauses
He’s the driver who won. Alan Brant, who won in Monaco, is number one.
FORMS

Defining relative clauses

Anna: Who’s that in the picture?
Jean: Alan Brant. He’s the driver who won the big race
yesterday.
Anna: What race was that?
Jean: The race which they showed on TV yesterday.

Adding extra clauses

Alan Brant, who won in Monaco yesterday, is now number one. The
The race, watched by millions, took place in the city of Monaco.
race, which was watched by 100 million people, was in the city.

CROSSCHECK
CROSSCHECK

Compare defining relative clauses with another type – ‘adding extra’ clauses, which are often called non-defining relative clauses.

A Defining relative clauses B ‘Adding extra’ clauses

These clauses explain which driver and which race. The sentences are These relative clauses add extra information to the basic sentences.
not complete without these clauses. The basic sentences are complete without these clauses.
n He’s the driver who/that won the big race. n Alan Brant, who yesterday won in Monaco, is now number one.
n That was the race which/that they showed on TV. n The race, which was watched by 100 million, was in the city.

These clauses do not have commas. They are a main part of the
sentence.
We can use that instead of who or which. We can often use reduced
forms.
n We mended the window which/that was broken.
n They’ll only give jobs to pilots they know are very experienced.
We separate this type of clause from the basic sentence with commas
(,). In informal writing, you may see dashes (–) instead of commas.
We cannot use that instead of who or which. But we can use whose,
when and where.
n We mended the kitchen window, which I’d only just put in!
n These pilots – whose names I have here – will be given jobs.

We use defining relative clauses a lot in both speaking and writing. In Which can refer to a noun or to the whole main clause.
speaking, most relatives are defining relative clauses. n I mended the doll, which was broken.
n They worked on the car all night, which helped Alan win.

We use non-defining relative clauses mainly in writing. Newspaper

Hideous Kinky, with Kate Winslet in
an early starring role, was reports often use them because they give a lot of information quickly.
filmed on location in Morocco. In this
film adaptation of Esther
Freud’s novel, Winslet plays an Engl
ish woman who takes her
two young daughters to Marrakech and
gets caught up in an
exotic new life. We invited our readers to tell us which member
of the Royal Family from any period in history they
would most like to have dinner with.
The royal that 78 per cent of readers chose
of Atlantis sank in a
Legend says that the ancient city was Diana, Princess of Wales. Other popular
es, rain and floods in about 9,000
single day of earthquak
e say it’s the Gree k island of Santorini. Others royals were Henry VIII and Queen Victoria, as well
BC! Som
link it with the Berm uda Tria ngle , where ships and as our own queen, Queen Elizabeth II.
planes mys terio usly disap pear !
Henry VIII

Warning: not suitable for young Many tributes have been

children, who may choke on small paid to the trombonist,
parts.
George Chisolm, who died
yesterday at the age of 82.

174 Relative clauses with who, which, that ∆ 72 / Reduced relative clauses; prepositions; whom ∆ 73
 Exercises
1 Are the underlined clauses defining or ‘adding’? Add commas
if necessary.
Example: Beethoven, whose music is loved by millions, was born
in 1770 and died in 1827. adding
1 Dover Castle which is a very impressive building was built by the
Normans. _______________
2 She’s the girl who found the wallet. _______________
3 The programme that we watched last night was awful.
_______________
4 The writer Pete Holmes whose most famous book is ‘Glory’ has
died today. He was 75. _______________
2 Join each pair of statements to make one statement with an
‘adding’ clause. Use who or which.
Examples: n Harry Lane is a rich man now. He was at college
with me.
n Harry Lane, who was at college with
me, is a rich man now.
1 Old Professor Jones is going to stop work soon and retire. He’s
nearly 70 years old.
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
2 To the north of India are the Himalayas. They include the
highest mountains in the world.
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
3 After leaving college, I bought myself some good, new clothes.
I needed them for my exciting new job.
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
4 Amazingly, Barry Stone has actually built his own house. He
works as a video game designer.
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
3 Match the statements 1–7 and a–g. Join each pair, changing
a–h into ‘adding’ clauses with which.
1 The baby cried all night.
2 The old ship stayed in port.
3 I was out when Peter called.
4 The company has won the contract.
5 They’ve started doing road repairs.
6 The sun has come out at last.
7 I took the wrong turning.
a That saved it from the storm.
b It’s causing bad traffic delays.
c That was why I didn’t hear the news.
d It meant I was tired all next day.
e That means we can go to the beach.
f That’s the reason why I got here late.
g That’s good news.
1 d 2 ___ 3 ___ 4 ___ 5 ___ 6 ___ 7 ___
1 The baby cried all night, which meant I was
tired all next day.
2 _________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
3 _________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
4 _________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
5 _________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
6 _________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
7 _________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
175
 77 Use of adjectives; word order
It’s large. It’s a large suitcase.
FORMS
A Use of adjectives
Word order 1
Adjectives tell us more about nouns and pronouns. They go with
It is a large suitcase.
singular and plural nouns without changing form. Examples:
red, green, blue dark, light, bright large, small beautiful, ugly
Japanese, English my, your, her The suitcase is large.
B Word order 1 Word order 2
Most adjectives can go in two places. They can go before a noun or the It’s a large, brown suitcase.
pronouns one and ones. Adjectives with and
n I’ve got a blue bag. n The blue one is mine. The lost property assistant was helpful, pleasant and efficient.
They can also go after a noun + linking verb. Linking verbs include:
Excuse me. We’ve lost a suitcase. What does it look like, sir?
appear, be, become, feel, get (= become), look, seem, smell, sound,
stay, taste.
n The bag is blue. n I’m getting tired. It’s large and it’s brown. Mmm ... a large,
n He seems nice – but is he? brown suitcase.

A few adjectives are always or nearly always used only after a noun + linking
verb. They include: afraid, alike, alive, alone, asleep, awake, ill, well.
n The children were afraid, and they started to move away.
We do not normally put them before a noun; we use a similar adjective
instead, e.g., afraid ➞ frightened ; alike ➞ similar ; alive ➞ living
n The frightened children started to move away.

C Word order 2
Adjectives which give feelings come before adjectives which give facts.
n Ann bought a beautiful red dress. n It was a terrible dark night.
Delicious fre John and Margaret Hancock
Adjectives give different types of facts. If we want to give more than one sh coffee
are delighted to announce
fact, the adjectives usually go in the following order. We sometimes put
commas between several adjectives together. We do not usually use and.
served the birth of their daughter,
Hannah, a sister for Toby.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 here
Feeling Size Age Shape Colour Origin Material + noun
ugly big old square red French metal
beautiful little new round blue German wooden ELEGANT DESK LAMP
office
A quite stunning lamp, this
classic
n I bought a beautiful old French clock. essential is reminiscent of the
modern
desk lamp but with a clean,
n He saw an ugly little wooden box. with glass
style. In gleaming chrome,
w bulb.
shade. Takes a standard scre
D Adjectives with and Stands 48cm high.
We put and between adjectives that are factual ‘partners’ in describing Desk Lamp £49.95

a noun, e.g., a red and green suitcase, a *glass and *concrete 1367 Blue
1442 Green
building. 1443 White
*These are nouns used like adjectives.
With several adjectives after a noun, we usually put and before the The Costa Travel Compani
last one.
on
n The lost property assistant was helpful, pleasant and efficient.
n Commander Tempest was tall, dark and handsome.
T his superb, large travel com
perfect for any trip, long or
from beautiful, soft, hand-s
panion is
short. Made
ewn leather, it is
stylish, strong and very pra
ctical. Featuring
five handy compartments,
it is available in
four attractive colours – bla
ck, burgundy,
green and hot pink.

176 Two-word nouns ∆ 59 / Participle adjectives; it + adjective + infinitive; the young ∆ 78

 Exercises

1 Complete the statements. Use these linking verbs and 3 Rewrite the answers in single sentences. Use commas
adjectives: between the adjectives.
Linking verbs: feel, get, seem, smell, sound, stay, look Example: What was the snake like? It was big! It was green! It

Adjectives: angry, delicious, fresh, happy, terrible, tired, right
Example: I’ll have to check the sales figures again. They don’t
look right.
1 I didn’t get enough sleep last night. I still _________________.
2 Don’t try to take a dog’s food away, or it’ll ________________.
3 Oh, no! Annie’s doing her music practice again.
It ________________________.
4 Dinner’s ready.
Mmm! It ________________________.
was horrible!
It was a horrible, big, green snake.
1 What was the man like? He was little. He was old. He was funny.
_________________________________________________
2 What was the box like? It was ugly. It was brown. It was metal.
_________________________________________________
3 What were the jackets like? They were silk. They were new.
They were Italian. They were beautiful.
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________

5 The children are all laughing. 4 What were the vases like? They were tall. They were wonderful.
Yes, they _______________ really ________________. They were Chinese. They were round.
_________________________________________________
6 Why do they keep the flowers in this cold room?
_________________________________________________
They do that so that the flowers _____________________.
4 Find suitable pairs to complete the sentences below.
2 Write the words in the correct order.
black blue
Example: (beautiful/a/flower/red) a beautiful red flower
carved exhausted
1 (book/old/a/boring) cold polished
_________________________________________________
faded and shut
2 (blue/an/diamond/unusual) glass steel
_________________________________________________
open torn
3 (film/exciting/new/an) red white
_________________________________________________
Example: I brought the little black and white cat home for
4 (yellow/light/a/strange) the children.
_________________________________________________
1 She was wearing a beautiful _____________________ dress.
5 (an/clock/German/interesting)
_________________________________________________ 2 We entered the huge new _________________ airport building.

6 (little/a/lovely/baby) 3 After the ________________________ people came down

_________________________________________________ from the mountains, we found them somewhere warm to sleep.

7 (green/a/valley/pleasant) 4 It was clear who had stolen the money: it was an

_________________________________________________ _______________________________ case.

8 (a/man/tall/young) 5 The old man was poor, and he wore a

_________________________________________________ ________________________________ jacket.
9 (round/box/a/plastic) 6 The ancient ___________________________ sculptures
_________________________________________________ looked beautiful in the sunlight.

177
 78 Participle adjectives; it + adjective + infinitive; the young
interesting, interested It’s good to learn. The young learn more.
FORMS
This programme is interesting.

No, it isn’t. It’s boring! Adjectives with ~ing endings

The programme is interesting.
You should watch. It’s good (amusing, boring, exciting, horrifying, surprising, worrying)
to learn about science.
Adjectives with ~ed endings
Alan is interested.
interesting (amused, bored, excited, horrified, surprised, worried)
bored It’s + adjective + infinitive
It’s good to learn about science.
interested
the young, the old
The young today learn much more about science than their
grandparents did.

CROSSCHECK
CROSSCHECK
There are some important pairs of ~ing and ~ed participle adjectives that relate to feelings.

A Adjectives with ~ing endings C It’s + adjective + infinitive

These describe something, e.g., a TV programme, a film, a book or a person. We use this form to make judgements with words like these.
Compare these examples: n It’s good/interesting/important to learn about science.

n Ann thinks computer games are boring. n It’s better/more useful to watch science programmes than

n The football match was exciting. cartoons.

n Rod works at an amazing speed. Other adjectives that we often use like this: dangerous, difficult, easy,
n A bad school report is very depressing. funny, important, safe, stupid.
We use a similar pattern to express feelings with words like these.
B Adjectives with ~ed endings n I’m happy/sorry to say that I can/can’t go to the meeting.
These describe the way you feel about something, e.g., a TV Other adjectives that we often use like this: afraid, delighted,
programme, a film, a book or a person. embarrassed, pleased, sad, worried

Compare these examples: D the young, the old

n Ann gets bored when her brother plays computer games.
n Everybody at the match was excited.
n We are amazed at the speed Rod works.
n Mum will be very depressed when she reads my school report.
Which should you say? (You will be embarrassed if you make a mistake!)
n I’m boring! OR n I’m bored!
We use some adjectives like nouns to describe groups of people
in society.
n The young today learn much more than their grandparents did.
n The old/The elderly often need more help as time goes by.
The following are also common: the disabled, the rich, the poor,
the unemployed.

(I’m boring! means that other people are not interested in me.)

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friendly waiting staff in the information. for a sympathetic
We guarantee that you’ll be
relaxing atmosphere of the
Meeting Room Suite. thrilled with the results. ear and helpful ad
vice.

178 Use of adjectives; word order ∆ 77 / Two-word nouns ∆ 59

 Exercises

1 Write the correct adjectives. 6 (tire)

Example: Thunderstar 2 is the most exciting film of the year. I’ve been working all day, but I don’t feel _________ at all.
(exciting/excited) Well, you’re lucky. I find this job very ____________.

1 Everybody was __________________ when we reached the 3 Complete the statements. Use these words with the correct
huge waterfall. (exciting/excited) endings:
amuse, frighten, horrify, relax, satisfy, terrify, worry
2 The map of the city was out of date, and I was soon
__________________. (confusing/confused)
Example: I don’t like being high up. It’s really frightening.
1 That boy always wants more to eat! He’s never
3 One of the __________________ things about Steve is his
__________________.
stupid laugh. (annoying/annoyed)
2 Susan keeps refusing to eat and is losing weight. It’s very
4 I was __________________ by the engines in the Science
__________________.
Museum. (fascinating/fascinated)
3 When we got back to town, we saw the __________________
5 It’s __________________ that Tina is late. She’s usually on
damage done by the storm.
time. (surprising/surprised)
4 The president is feeling __________________ after a good
6 The story of the Earth’s development is __________________.
holiday.
(amazing/amazed)
5 The film isn’t very funny, but it’s quite __________________.
2 Write the correct adjectives.
Example: (bore) 6 We thought the plane was going to crash. We were all
This programme is boring. __________________.
Yes, I’m bored with it too. Let’s turn it off.
4 Complete the statements. Use these endings:
1 (astonish) to go home. to have you with us.
I was __________________ that Tim passed the exam. to meet you. to play with matches.
Yes, he found it __________________ too! to remember to post them. to understand.

2 (shock) Example: Goodbye for now. It was nice to meet you.

The way Sam talks to people is _______________.
1 Put them down. It’s dangerous _________________________
I know. I was __________ when I heard him being so rude.
2 I’ve really enjoyed this holiday. I’ll be sorry ________________
3 (embarrass)
It was really ____________________ to ask for my money. 3 Please don’t forget these letters. It’s very important
Why? You shouldn’t be ________________ to ask for the _________________________________________________
money people owe you.
4 Of course you can come too. We’ll be delighted
4 (depress) _________________________________________________
I’ve failed my driving test again. I’m very ______________
5 They were speaking very fast, so it was difficult
about it.
_________________________________________________
I remember the feeling. It certainly is ________________.

5 (interest)
Here’s an __________________ job advert in the paper.
Are you __________________ in applying for it?

179
 79 Adjectives and adverbs
He’s a brilliant guitarist. He played brilliantly tonight.
FORMS
Jet’s a brilliant guitarist.
Adjective or adverb
Noun + adjective Verb + adverb
He’s a brilliant guitarist. He played brilliantly.
Adjective ➞ Regular adverb
brilliant ➞ brilliantly

Irregular forms
1 good/well
2 hard, fast, etc.
Yes, he played 3 hard/hardly, etc.
brilliantly tonight. 4 friendly, lively, likely, etc.

CROSSCHECK
CROSSCHECK

A Adjectives B Adverbs
Adjectives add information to nouns. Adverbs say more about verbs.
n Jet is ➞ brilliant. n He plays ➞ brilliantly.
loud. loudly.
amazing. amazingly.
This sentence uses the linking verb is. Other linking verbs include The sentence below uses an action verb, work. Other action verbs
appear, be, become, feel, get (= become), look, seem, smell, sound, include run, talk, drive and write. Adverbs go with action verbs, not
stay, taste. linking verbs.
n Jet seems brilliant. n That boy works slowly.
sounds moves
looks runs
Some verbs are both linking and action verbs, but with different meanings.
As linking verbs they take adjectives. As action verbs they take adverbs.
n Ann looked happy. n Peter looked quickly in the box.
n The milk tasted bad. n I tasted the food nervously.
n I felt awful, so I went to bed. n The chef felt the fruit carefully to choose the best.

C Adjective ➞ regular adverb D Irregular forms

We form most adverbs from adjective + ~ly, e.g., slow + ~ly ➞ slowly. good ➞ well
beautifully, carefully (l + ~ly ), coldly, freely, quickly, quietly, sadly, Note this irregular form – good ➞ well. Well is also an adjective.
safely, warmly n The car goes well.

We form other adverbs according to special spelling rules. (See Appendix 2.) Is she well? No, she’s ill.
angry ➞ angrily, easy ➞ easily, lucky ➞ luckily hard, fast, etc.
n Luckily, I was able to answer all the exam questions quite easily. These are both adjectives and adverbs: deep, direct, early, far, fast,
comfortable ➞ comfortably, gentle ➞ gently, possible ➞ possibly free, hard, high, late, long, low, near, right, short, straight, wrong.
n We moved the old man gently until he was lying comfortably. n It’s a deep swimming pool. n He dived deep into the water.

true ➞ truly, whole ➞ wholly n It’s a fast car. n He climbed the tree fast.

n The expedition’s food supplies had been wholly destroyed by the
fire, and we are truly desperate.
hard/hardly, etc.
A few words have two adverb forms – one form is like the adjective and
one form ends in ~ly. They have different meanings. Compare the
sentences in Section E.
free/freely, hard/hardly, high/highly, late/lately, near/nearly, short/shortly

180 Use of adjectives; word order ∆ 77 / Adverb positions ∆ 80 / Some spelling rules ∆ Appendix 2
CROSSCHECK

E Single adjective/adverb form Special ~ly form

n Airline staff can fly free. (without paying)
n We worked hard all night. (with a lot of energy)
n John works high above the city, on the 83rd floor. (a long way up)
n I have to work late this evening. (a long time after normal)
n Can we see the mountain? Yes, we’re going to drive very near it. (close)
n My brother was very ill, so we cut short our holiday and went home. (reduced)
➞ n The animals can move round freely. (without control)
➞ n We had hardly any sleep that night. (almost no)
➞ n This snake is highly poisonous. Don’t touch it! (very)
➞ n What’s Sue doing these days? I haven’t seen her lately. (recently)
➞ n We’ve nearly run out of bread. I’ll buy some more. (almost)
➞ n The bus will be here shortly. (soon)

F ~ly adjectives
These adjectives end in ~ly: deadly, friendly, likely, lively, lonely, lovely, silly, ugly.
n They’re a very friendly family. nThat poor girl is lonely.

We cannot use them as adverbs. We have to say in a + adjective + way.

n He spoke in a lively, friendly sort of way.
n He always speaks in that silly way of his.

Who’s at risk?
Readers’
hobbies:
If you drink at all, you
’re affected by
alcohol. Generally, if you
only drink a
ered ... little and if you don
your questions answ
’t drink very
frequently, the risks are
the more you drink and very small. But
the more frequently you
blend aromatherapy
Q I’ve heard that you can drink, the higher the risk
s.
how do you know which
essential oils together, but That’s why it’s important
ones work well together? drinking habits. This boo
to look carefully at you
r
s klet will help you to find
just a few sensible guideline out if you are a sensible
A Well, luckily, there are drinker, or what you can
do to become one.
you can follow…

GOAL! What an amazing goal from Hinks! The

CAUTION keeper looked disgusted with himself but he didn’t
stand a chance. What a game this is turning into!

SHALLOW POOL

NO DIVING – SWIM SAFELY

181
 Exercises

1 Write an adjective after a linking verb or an adverb after an 4 (pleasant/pleasantly)

action verb. The weather is very _____________________ at this time
Examples: n The old man looked sad. (sad) of year.
n The old man spoke sadly to us. (sad) And the garden looks really _____________________
now, with all the flowers coming out.
1 We finished the work _______________, so we were able to
go home early. (quick) 5 (intelligent/intelligently)
Sally dealt with the problem very ___________________,
2 Ann looks very ____________ in that dress. (nice)
I thought.
3 This soup tastes _____________________. What’s in it? Yes, she’s a very ________________________ woman.
(wonderful)
6 (bad/badly)
4 Have a good trip home. It’s a little foggy so drive Look, the builders have built this wall really ____________.
____________. (safe) You’re right. They’ve done a very ____________ job.
They’ll have to do it again.
5 Spring is coming and the weather is getting ____________.
(warm) 7 (effective/effectively)
Which of these cleaning chemicals is more
6 Mrs Pearce greeted the new neighbours ____________ and
_______________, do you think?
she invited them for coffee _____________________. (warm)
Well, Clean-ezy works more __________________ with
(immediate)
really thick dirt, but Clean-up seems just as
7 Old Tom seems very ____________, but he’s really very __________________ as Clean-ezy for most jobs.
____________. (bad tempered) (kind)
3 Write the correct adverbs.
8 The back of the ship rose ____________, high into the air, and
Example: Ann sang that song beautifully . (beautiful)
then the whole ship slid ____________ into the cold, black
sea. (slow) (quiet) 1 Ellen didn’t panic after the accident. She acted very
__________________. (sensible)
2 Write the correct adjectives or adverbs.
2 We were able to cut through the dead wood ____________.
Example: (slow/slowly)
(easy)
Arthur is a slow worker.
Yes, he does everything very slowly. 3 The pilot is looking for somewhere to land ____________.
(safe)
1 (proper/properly)
Is this the ____________ tool for the job? 4 The astronauts completed all their tasks
No, I’m afraid this one won’t do the job ____________. _____________________. (successful)

2 (quiet/quietly) 5 I had forgotten to take any cash. ____________, I had my

Lucy is a very _______________ person, isn’t she? cheque book with me. (lucky)
Yes, she talks so _______________ that it’s sometimes
6 We don’t usually think __________________, but this time I
difficult to hear her.
____________ agree with you. (similar) (whole)
3 (smooth/smoothly)
7 ________________________, everything went wrong with my
I drove the new Porsche the other day. It was a very
plan, and now I’m ____________ and _________ sorry for
__________________ drive.
the problems I’ve caused you all. (unfortunate) (real) (true)
I agree. And it handles extremely __________________
in wet road conditions too.

182
4 Complete the statements. Use these irregular adverbs:
direct, early, far, hard, high, late, low, short, straight, well, wrong
Example: The bus goes straight from Oxford to London
without stopping.
1 We got home very ____________ that night.
2 The children sang ____________ in the concert.
3 They’ll have to leave ____________ in the morning, or they’ll
miss the train.
4 The horse jumped really ____________, and it got over all the
fences.
5 They worked ____________ all night to get the car working
again.
6 The plan seemed to be working, but then everything went
____________ at the last minute.
7 I tried to throw a rope up to the girl, but it fell ____________.
8 The Clark family don’t live ____________ from here – just five
minutes on foot.
9 You don’t need to ask the hotel telephone operator. You can call
any outside number ____________.
10 The helicopter flew so ____________ over the trees that it
nearly touched them.
5 Write the correct forms of the adverbs.
3 (near/nearly)
a The ball landed on the ground ____________ the house.
b It very ____________ hit the kitchen window.
4 (free/freely)
a After the borders were opened, people like us were able to
move much more ____________ round Europe.
b As we were students, we couldn’t afford to pay much for our
travel, but we often travelled for ____________ by
hitchhiking.
5 (short/shortly)
a Unfortunately, we have fallen ____________ of our sales
target for this year.
b However, the economy is getting better, and we expect
better sales ____________.
6 (direct/directly)
a Please call me _______________ if you get any more
news.
b You can call me _______________ on this number.
6 Write the correct adverbs or adjectives. Choose from these,
changing the form where necessary:
early, easy, good, hard, late, long, quick, serious, tired, well
Tom: Oh, hi Ann. It’s good to see you. How have you been
keeping?
Ann: I’ve been keeping very 1_______________, thanks. And
what have you been doing 2_______________?

Example: (late/lately) Tom: Oh, well, I’ve just been working really 3_______________
a) Have you seen Peter lately? to pass my exams.
b) He’ll be in trouble if he goes back to college late. Ann: Oh, I’m sure you’ll pass them 4______________– no
problem! You should relax more. Why not finish work
1 (hard/hardly) 5
_______________ this evening and come out with us for
a The people in this part of Africa have got ____________
an hour or two? You don’t need to stay out for very
any food left to eat. 6
_______________.
b The UN are working ____________ to get help to the
Tom: No, sorry, I don’t think I should. I’m feeling really
people soon.
7
_______________ and I’d like to finish as
2 (high/highly) 8
_______________ as possible and then just go to bed.
a Our pilots are all ____________ aware of the need for
Ann: Well, all right, but I think you should take life a bit less
safety in the air. 9
_______________.
b They watch the plane’s control systems at all times as they
fly ____________ above the ground.

183
 80 Adverb positions
He drove slowly. He slowly drove.
FORMS

Adverbs (and adverbial phrases) in front, middle and end

positions
It’s a quiet road, and Brian usually drives quite fast along
there. Luckily, he was only driving slowly that day. Suddenly,
he saw the tree. He hit it, but he wasn’t hurt.
Adverbs in questions
Have you ever had an accident before?
How fast were you driving when it happened?

East Salterton
A Front position
We often use an adverb in front position to show a feeling, or to create welcomes you
special emphasis. The adverb adds its meaning to the whole sentence.
Please drive slowly
n Luckily, he was only driving slowly. (speaker’s feeling)
n Finally, we all decided to go. (special emphasis)
through the village

B Middle position
you
Main verb only: before the main verb: ‘Are you in earnest? Do you truly love me? Do
n He usually drives a long way. sincerely wish me to be your wife? ’
swear it.’
n We quickly finished dinner. ‘I do: and if an oath is necessary to satisfy, I
‘Then, sir, I will marr y you.’
Auxiliary verb only: usually after the auxiliary verb:
n He is certainly a good driver. (Jane Eyre, Charlotte Brontë, 1816–1855)
n We were always the first to arrive.

One auxiliary + main verb: between the auxiliary and the main verb:
n He was only driving a short distance. Another important factor
in preventing
n Ron has always lived in London. osteoporosis is getting
out into the
sunshine. Ultraviolet ligh
Two auxiliaries/modal + auxiliary + main verb: after the first element: t helps the
body make its own Vita
n The car has definitely been damaged. min D, which is
essential for the absorp
n The tree should never have been left on the road. tion of calcium.
You only need 15 minute
s a day
C End position outside during the sum
mer months,
We often put the adverb after the verb, at the end of a sentence. An so you won’t put yourse
lf at risk of
adverb of time goes after any other adverb or an adverbial phrase. premature ageing and ski
n cancer.
n He was driving slowly today. Always remember to use
the right
n I’ll be working over there tomorrow. factor sunscreen.
n We’re living in London now.

D Adverbs in questions
We do not usually put the adverb in front position in questions. The
adverb usually goes in middle or end position.
n Has Ron always lived in London? n Was he driving slowly? If the surface
n Where has Ron always lived? n Who was driving slowly? becomes dirty,
To find out more about an action, we often add an adverb to the wipe it gently
with a soft cloth.
question word how, e.g., how fast, how far, how well.
n How well does Brian drive?
We do the same with adjectives to find out more about someone or
something, e.g., How bad was the crash?

184 Adjectives and adverbs ∆ 79 / Adverb types ∆ 81

 Exercises

1 Write these adverbs in front position. Add commas. 5 (don’t work) (usually)
Speaker’s feeling: amazingly, frighteningly, hopefully, luckily, sadly We ______________________________ on Saturdays.

Special emphasis: angrily, finally, quietly, stupidly 6 (clearly) (has been failing)
Example: Amazingly, John learned French in a month. Alan _______________________________________ to do
(speaker’s feeling) this job properly.

1 _____________________ we’ll be able to finish work in time 7 (have you been) (ever)
to go to the cinema. (speaker’s feeling) _________________________________ to Japan before?

2 _____________________ I forgot to take my passport with me 8 (must talk) (never)

to the airport. (special emphasis) You ______________________________ like that again.

3 _____________________ the boss banged his desk and 3 Write the adverbs and adverbial phrases in end position.
shouted, ‘Get out!’ (special emphasis) Example: (all day) (very hard)

4 _____________________ pieces from the ceiling started to
fall around us. (speaker’s feeling)
5 _____________________ the bus arrived – 45 minutes late!
(special emphasis)
6 _____________________ Bob moved past the sleeping dogs
and escaped. (special emphasis)
7 _____________________ the great painter died before
finishing the picture. (speaker’s feeling)
8 _____________________ the burning plane managed to land
without crashing. (speaker’s feeling)
I’ve been working very hard all day.
1 (very soon) (there)
Don’t worry. We’ll be ________________________________
2 (in America) (for five years)
Brian lived ________________________________________
3 (yesterday) (very heavily)
It snowed _________________________________________
4 (since last September) (much harder)
Lisa has been studying _______________________________
_________________________________________________

5 (as soon as possible) (over here)

2 Write the verbs and adverbs with the adverbs in the correct
middle positions. Please get ________________________________________
_________________________________________________
Example: (is flying) (probably)
John is probably flying home now. 6 (wrong) (all the time)
Poor old Paul. He gets things __________________________
1 (get) (always)
_________________________________________________
I _____________________ to work at 8:30.

2 (only) (was trying) 4 Add these adverbs to the e-mail:

Everybody was angry with Sam, but he over here, usually, last week, sadly, last year, definitely, this time, soon
___________________________ to help them. Dear Chris,

3 (sometimes) (can see) It was good to hear from you last week. We were pleased to hear
You ______________________________ France from you’ll be travelling 1______________. 2______________, we were
England.
away when you visited Miami 3______________. So you must
4 (will be) (only) 4
______________ stay with us 5________________. We’re
Peter _____________________ here for two days. 6
____________ at home in the evening, so call us 7___________.

185
 81 Adverb types
fast, there, today, usually, luckily, very, etc.
FORMS

A breakdown truck soon got there from a local garage.

Fortunately, the garage was able to repair Brian’s car quite
quickly. Now he always drives extremely carefully.
Adverb type Expresses Examples
Manner how fast, slowly, wrongly
Place where there, here, outside
Time when today, now, then
Frequency how often usually, always
Degree how much very, only, quite
Sentence the speaker’s feeling luckily, certainly
special emphasis

A Adverbs of manner (fast, quickly, etc.) always sometimes,

These usually go in end position and sometimes also in middle position. occasionally
However, irregular adverbs, e.g., fast, well, etc, go in end position.
For special emphasis, we can use front position, often with a comma. almost always hardly ever,
n Peter quickly stopped. rarely
n Peter stopped quickly.
n Quickly, Peter stopped. usually, never
generally,
B Adverbs of place (there, outside, etc.) normally
These usually go in end position. They do not go in middle position. Use
often,
front position for emphasis. frequently
An adverb of place usually goes after an adverb of manner.
n The children are playing outside.
n I know I’ll find her somewhere. We often use ever in questions about frequency.
n Somewhere I know I’ll find her. Have you ever visited London? Yes, I’ve often been there.

C Adverbs of time (today, tomorrow, etc.) You can show frequency with adverbial phrases like these. They usually go
These usually go in front position or end position. In end position, a time in end position.
adverb goes after any other adverb. once a day
n Tomorrow we’re all going to the beach.
twice a week
n We’re all going to the beach tomorrow.
three times a month
several times a year
D Adverbs of frequency (usually, always, etc.)
n Most people eat three times a day.
These usually go in middle position. Adverbs of frequency include:
n I take the medicine once a day.
always, almost always, usually, generally, normally, often, frequently,
sometimes, occasionally, hardly ever, rarely and never.
n I always go to bed at 10:30.
n Pete usually plays football on Sundays. ‘Have you given him up?’
‘No, father,’ she answered.
n It’s sad, but I hardly ever see my brother because he lives in Australia.
He looked at her again for some moments without speaking.
n They never ate sweets when they were children. ‘Does he write to you?’ he asked.
See the following diagrams for more information on meanings. ‘Yes, about twice a month.’
The Doctor looked up and down the valley, swinging his
‘Tomorrow never comes.’ stick; then he said to her, in the same low tone,
(Proverb) ‘I am very angry.’

(Washington Square, Henry James, 1843–1916)

186 Adjectives and adverbs ∆ 79 / Adverb positions ∆ 80 / too and enough ∆ 84 / a bit, very ; much, a lot ; so, such ∆ 85
E Adverbs of degree (very, quite, etc.)
Use these adverbs to make an adjective or another adverb weaker or
stronger. WE DON’T SERVE
Weak: slightly, a little, a bit (informal)
n I felt slightly ill, but I didn’t stop.
FAST FOOD, …
Stronger: *quite, fairly, rather, pretty (informal) … WE SERVE GOOD
n It isn’t snowing, but it’s fairly cold. Bring some warm clothes!
FOOD FAST!
Strongest: very, extremely, really (informal)
n Eddy is extremely good at tennis. In fact, he’s Number 10 in the
world.
Be careful: very and too are different. Too means ‘more than a certain Learn French Fast
amount’. Intensive French classes
n I was very tired, but I went on walking. starting now
n I was too tired to walk. I had to stop.

*quite: This often means different things in British and American English.
BE: We were quite pleased to have a short rest. (= fairly, but not very) For a free brochure,
AE: We were quite pleased to meet the star of the show. (= very) call 0171 888 9999

F Sentence adverbs (luckily, probably, etc.)

Sentence adverbs often go in front position. They give their meaning to

The Natural Bedroom

the whole sentence. They show the speaker’s feeling about the
information in the sentence. Sentence adverbs include luckily, sadly,
surprisingly, disappointingly, obviously, certainly, probably and perhaps.
n Then we ran out of petrol. Luckily, there was a petrol station 300
metres along the road.
n Sadly, Alan is ill and can’t be with us.
n The train will probably be late, and then we obviously won’t get
to the meeting.
natural,
Our bedlinen ranges are all made from
this makes
chemical-free, unbleached cloth. Initially,
become
them a little crisp, but with washing they
We answer your delightfully soft and comfortable.

holiday questions ...

Q I never burn so do I really
need to use a sun cream PROJECT: Building a traditional picket fence
at all?
Lay a pair of pre-cut rails on a flat surface
A Yes! UV light speeds the and carefully position the first upright
ageing process, especially section at one end of the rails. Then use
re
if your skin has been another upright at the other end to ensu
unprotected. Years of that the rails are parallel.
exposure can cause Next, fix the other
lasting damage and uprights, being careful
be dangerous.
to space them
equally along
the rails.

187
 Exercises

1 Find and write the adverbs. Example: well manner

Example: My brother arrived yesterday. yesterday
1 there
1 The boys are working upstairs. ____________
2 very
2 The train is definitely late. ____________
3 extremely
3 Time passed slowly as we waited. ____________
4 slowly
4 I’m tired, so I’m going to bed now. ____________
5 all night
5 This book is hard to understand. ____________
6 finally
6 John always does what he promises. ____________
7 at 6.00
7 Luckily, the tree fell just behind our car. ____________
8 terribly
2 Name the types of adverb and adverbial phrase in italics. 9 immediately
Choose from these.
degree, frequency, manner, place, sentence, time 10 a lot

I remember one Japanese national holiday well. Some friends and I 11 once a day
decided to go to the mountains 100 kilometres from Tokyo in two
cars. The problem was that everybody else in Tokyo seemed to be 12 every day
going 1there too. The road was 2very busy and we moved 13 outside
3
extremely 4slowly. We travelled 5all night and we 6finally got to the
house 7at 6:00. We were 8terribly tired, and we went to sleep 14 quickly
9
immediately.
15 certainly
We enjoyed the next three days 10a lot. We walked through the
woods to the village 11once a day to buy food. And 12every day we 16 sadly
cooked our meals 13outside on a barbecue. Time went 14quickly, and
17 late
the last day came. We 15certainly didn’t want to return to Tokyo but,
16
sadly, we had to go. 18 Unfortunately
‘Let’s leave 17late,’ somebody said. ‘That way the roads will be
19 nowhere
quieter.’ 18Unfortunately, everybody else had the same idea. The
journey home was just as slow as the trip from Tokyo. We seemed to 20 suddenly
get 19nowhere in the long, long line of cars. At 2:00, the people in
the first car 20suddenly left the main road to try a smaller road. We 21 Strangely
followed in the second car. Five more cars followed us, so we
22 slowly
thought, ‘This must be a good road. The Japanese are using it too.’
21
Strangely, the road became narrower. At 2:45 it came to an end. 23 definitely
We were back in the mountains again. The cars stopped, and
24 politely
everybody 22slowly got out. The Japanese were embarrassed. ‘We
didn’t know you were foreigners,’ one of them said. ‘You 23definitely 25 really
seemed to know the way, so we followed you.’ Everybody laughed
24
politely, but we all felt 25really tired. 26 early in the morning

We reached Tokyo 26early in the morning, and 27then we all had to 27 then
go to work.
28
28 After that
After that, I 29always stayed at home during national holidays!
29 always

188
3 Write the adverbs and phrases of manner, place and time in
end position.
Example: (soon) (somewhere)
I’m tired of driving. Let’s stop somewhere soon.
1 (before midday) (there)
Hurry up! We have to get _____________________________
2 (beautifully) (yesterday)
The team played ___________________________________
3 (for a year) (everywhere)
The police looked for the two men _____________________
________________________________________________
4 (angrily) (last night) (at the meeting)
A lot of people spoke ________________________________
________________________________________________
5 (at college) (these days) (well)
Harry is doing _____________________________________
________________________________________________
4 Write the adverbs and phrases of frequency in the most usual
position – middle or end.
Examples: n Jack goes into town. (sometimes)
n Jack sometimes goes into town.
n A ship visits the island. (twice a month)
n A ship visits the island twice a
month.
1 I do the washing on Monday. (usually)
________________________________________________
2 Do you visit your old school? (ever)
________________________________________________
3 Flights to New York leave. (once an hour)
________________________________________________
4 You have to take the medicine. (twice a day)
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
5 I used to go windsurfing in the old days. (often)
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
5 Emphasize the speaker’s feeling. Change the adjective in the
second sentence into an adverb in front position. Leave out
unnecessary words.
Example: I fell. It was lucky that I managed to catch a tree
branch.
I fell. Luckily, I managed to catch the
tree branch.
1 I called Ann at 7:00. It was sad that she’d already gone.
I called Ann at 7:00. _________________________________
________________________________________________
2 Bill is getting better. We’re hopeful that he’ll be well soon.
Bill is getting better. _________________________________
________________________________________________
3 My wife and I are scientists. We were surprised that our children
were good at Art.
My wife and I are scientists. ___________________________
________________________________________________
4 The prize goes to Clint Starr. It’s unfortunate that he isn’t here to
receive it.
The prize goes to Clint Starr. __________________________
________________________________________________
6 Write the words in the best order.
Example: (will be) (probably) Ann will probably be late
home.
1 (has finished) (definitely)
The football game __________________________________
___________________ now.
2 (’ll visit) (never)
I __________________________ that place again!
3 (are delivered) (always)
New books _______________________________________
on Monday morning.
4 (hasn’t understood) (definitely)
She _____________________________________________
anything I’ve said.
5 (’ll see) (hardly ever)
If you move away from here, I _________________________
you again.
189
 82 Comparison 1: adjectives and adverbs
cheaper, cheapest more expensive, most expensive more quickly, most quickly
FORMS

Comparison with adjective + ~er/~est

The Highlight car is cheaper than the Gazelle. It’s the cheapest
of the three.
Comparison with more/most, less/least + adjective
The Rebel is more expensive than the Gazelle. It’s the most
expensive car.
Comparison with two-syllable adjectives
He wants the Rebel, but she is happier with the Gazelle.
Comparison with adverbs
The Rebel accelerates more quickly than the others. It
accelerates the most quickly.

A Comparison of adjectives n Cars are more reliable now than they were 20 years ago.
We use a comparative form of an adjective (adjective + ~er or more + n She’s the most beautiful girl in the world!
adjective) to compare two things. We use a superlative form of an n I’m less tired than I was yesterday.
adjective (adjective + ~est or most + adjective) when one of a group is n It’s the least tiring job.
beyond the others, e.g., the cheapest and the most expensive. Compare: We can also use these forms for all adjectives with two syllables.
Comparative cheaper (than) more expensive (than) n Jack is the most lazy boy I know.
adjectives: less n John’s work is less careful than it should be.
Superlative (the) cheapest (the) most expensive We can also use more/most and less/least like fewer/fewest to talk
adjectives: (the) least about quantity.
We usually use than after a comparative form. It connects the two
things that we are comparing. We usually use the before a superlative The advanced
form. It refers to the thing that we are describing.
Foto-Tekniks
B Comparison with adjective + ~er/~est system is the newest, most
We use ~er/~est with nearly all one-syllable adjectives. Note the spelling exciting and fastest-growing
changes. (See Appendix 2 for more information on spelling rules.) format in photography.
Adjective + ~er + ~est Adjective + ~r + ~st
small smaller smallest nice nicer nicest
slow slower slowest large larger largest
Adjective + doubled consonant + ~er + ~est
big +g bigger biggest
hot +t hotter hottest
n His house is smaller than hers.
n Mexico City is the largest city *in the world.
n Today is the hottest day **of the year. SALE
*in + place or group, e.g., in the world/my class Further reductions
**of + period of time or several different things, e.g., of the year/of the
three cars The Bigger Sale
C Comparison with more/most or less/least + adjective with Lower
We use more/most or less/least for all adjectives with three syllables or Prices
more. We also use these forms for all adjectives ending in ~ing or ~ed,
e.g., pleasing/pleased, tiring/tired, worrying/worried and
embarrassing/embarrassed.

Participle adjectives; it + adjective + infinitive; the young ∆ 78 / Adjectives and adverbs ∆ 79 / a bit, very, much, a lot; so, such ∆ 85 /
190 Some spelling rules ∆ Appendix 2
D Comparison with two-syllable adjectives E Comparison with adverbs
You can use more/most and less/least for all adjectives with two We use a comparative form of an adverb (more + adverb or adverb +
syllables. ~er ) to compare two actions. We use a superlative form of an adverb
n As a family car, the Gazelle is more useful than the little Rebel (most + adverb or adverb + ~est ) when one of a group does something
sports car. beyond the others, e.g., … accelerates the most quickly.
n In fact, I think it’s the most useful of the three.
Many adverbs have the form adjective + ~ly, e.g., quickly, slowly and
However, we usually use ~er/~est with two-syllable adjectives ending nicely. Just like longer adjectives, these ~ly adverbs take the forms
in ~y, e.g., dirty, easy, funny, happy, lazy, lovely, pretty, silly, sunny and more/most and less/least.
tidy. They change like this: dirty + ~ier/~iest ➞ dirtier/dirtiest. n Rob works more quickly than Steve.
n Jack is the laziest boy I know. n Jane sings the most beautifully in the class.
n Question 2 is easier than Question 1. Some adverbs look like short adjectives which take ~er/~est, e.g.,
These common two-syllable adjectives can take ~er/~est or deep, early, fast, hard, high, late, long and near. Just like these short
more/most, less/least: clever, cruel, gentle, narrow, pleasant, polite, adjectives, these adverbs usually take the forms ~er/~est.
quiet, simple, stupid, tired. n The Rebel goes faster than the Gazelle.
n Ann is more polite than her sister. n I arrived the earliest at the meeting.
n Tom is the cleverest boy in the class. Note the irregular forms.
Adjective Adverb Comparative Superlative
good well better best
bad badly worse worst
far far farther/further farthest/furthest
PHOTOS n This year’s results are better than last year’s.
30% BIGGER n My headache is getting worse.
n We can’t go any farther tonight.
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191
 Exercises

1 Write the ~er and ~est forms. 3 We’re coming to the _______________ part of the river now.
Examples: short shorter shortest Here it’s only five metres wide.
pretty prettier prettiest 4 Rod is the _______________ member of the team. He’s been
Adjective ~er form ~est form training very hard.

1 long ____________ ____________ 5 He was the _______________ man I’ve ever heard. I couldn’t
stop laughing.
2 ugly ____________ ____________

3 large ____________ ____________ 4 Complete the radio adverts with regular ~er and ~est forms.
Use these adjectives:
4 big ____________ ____________ easy, fast, fine, fit, low, white
5 small ____________ ____________ Example: SPEED CLEAN was always the fastest home
cleaner. Now it’s faster than ever before. It does
6 nice ____________ ____________
the job in seconds.
7 cool ____________ ____________
1 You’ll be ____________ in just three days with the HOME
8 easy ____________ ____________ EXERCISER. And after a month, you’ll be the ____________
you’ve ever been in your life.
9 simple ____________ ____________
2 There’s no ____________ watch in the world than the TIME
10 fine ____________ ____________
PERFECTA. Remember, we’ve been makers of the
11 thin ____________ ____________ ____________ watches in the world for 30 years.

12 hot ____________ ____________
2 Write the correct ~er forms of the adjectives in italics.
Example: Bill has a large car. It’s even larger than my brother’s.
1 Yesterday’s test was easy – much ____________ than last
month’s.
2 Question 2 was simple. It was certainly ____________ than
Question 1.
3 My cousin is nice – a lot ____________ than my brother.
4 It’s been hot today, and it’ll be even ____________ tomorrow.
5 I was away for a long time – much ____________ than I’d
planned.
5 Complete the conversations. Use more/most, less/least or
3 Write the ~est forms. Use these adjectives:
3 You’ll find the ____________ prices in town at GOOD WAY
SUPERMARKETS. And that’s a promise. If you can find
____________ prices anywhere else, we’ll pay you twice
the difference.
4 GLEAM CREAM cleans your teeth ____________ than white.
For the ____________, cleanest teeth of all, choose GLEAM
CREAM.
5 Do you hate all those video controls? Well, now TELE-SELECT is
here. It’s the ____________ thing in the world to use. Just talk
to it. Tell it the time, the channel and the film to record, and
TELE-SELECT does the rest. What could be ____________ than
that?
fewer/fewest.

early, fit, funny, late, narrow, quick Example: I’ve just moved to a bigger apartment in the same
building.
Example: There’s a train at 5:30 am. That’s the earliest one.
Do you have to pay more rent?
1 This is the _______________ model. It’s just come out. Yes, it’s the biggest in the building, so it costs
the most.
2 Which is the _______________ way to Paris, please?

192
 1 Bob seems to get richer but meaner every day. I can’t stand
him these days.
Yes, he’s got ____________ money than ever before, but
he’s got ____________ friends!
2 I’m still hungry. Is there any ____________ food?
But you’ve already had the ____________ out of
everybody. Don’t be so greedy!
3 This motorbike is certainly quite cheap. It costs
____________ than all the other models we’ve looked at.
I’ve read that it also costs the ____________ to run out of
all the bikes this size. And I’ve also heard that it has the
____________ mechanical problems.
But if there’s a mechanical problem, spare parts are very
expensive. In fact, they cost the ____________ out of all
the models in the 750cc class.
6 Write the comparative and superlative forms of the adjectives.
8 Write statements with superlative adverbs.
Example: less
No language is easy to learn, but Italian is
difficult than I thought. In fact, it’s the least
difficult language I’ve ever studied. (difficult)
1 Joe is doing well at art college. He isn’t the _______________
student in his year, but he’s ________________________
than 90% of the other students. (talented)
2 Why do you always have to buy the ____________________
thing in the shop? Couldn’t you choose something
________________________? (expensive)
3 I think rock climbing is even __________________________
than deep-sea diving. In fact, I think it’s one of the
___________________________ outdoor activities you can
do. (dangerous)
4 I don’t like Robin Black’s new book as much as his last one. It’s
___________________________. In fact, I think it’s the
___________________________ book he’s ever written.
(interesting)
5 Rough, uncut diamonds straight from the ground are already
valuable, but they are much ___________________________
than diamonds that are cut and polished. One of the
__________________ diamonds in the world is the Millennium
Star, with an insured value of US$205,000,000. (valuable)
7 Complete the statements with a verb and comparative adverb.
Example: n Ann is a quicker worker than Sue.
n Ann works more quickly than Sue.
1 Grandad is a slower driver than me.
Grandad __________________________________ than me.
2 Stephen Prince is a less exciting writer than Sid Shelley.
Stephen Prince ____________________________________
than Sid Shelley.
3 Don is a lighter sleeper than his brother.
Don ________________________________ than his brother.
4 Ron is a faster thinker than Bob.
Ron always ________________________________ than Bob.
5 Joe is a less intelligent football player than Steve.
Joe ____________________________________ than Steve.
We tested three washing machines – the Crystal, the Wash-Tech
and the Snowline. Here are the results.
Examples: (Snowline/wash/+ good/Crystal/wash/- effective)
The Snowline washed the best, and the
Crystal washed the least effectively.
1 (Crystal/perform/+ reliable/Wash-Tech/perform/- reliable)
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
2 (Wash-Tech/run/- economical/Crystal/run/+ cheap)
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
3 (Crystal/finish/+ fast/Snowline/finish/- quick)
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
193
 83 Comparison 2: sentence patterns
Hill finished faster than Rossi. He’s the fastest man in the world.
FORMS
A Sentence patterns with comparatives Sentence patterns with comparatives
A comparative sentence compares two things. When we mention both
Hill finished faster than Rossi.
things, we link them with than.
n Hill is faster than Rossi. n A film lasts longer than a TV show. Sentence patterns with superlatives
But we do not always mention both things. Hill is the fastest man in the world.
Which is your jacket? The bigger one. Sentence patterns with (not) as ... as
Tell me about Rossi and Hill. Hill drove faster.
Rossi is good, but he is not as good as Hill.
We often repeat comparative forms to express continuing change in an
Comparison and object pronouns
informal way.
n I feel happier and happier every day. I drove faster than he did. ➞ than him.
n The weather is getting more and more terrible.
Fantastic! Nigel Hill is first on
Note these common idiomatic patterns with comparative adjectives and Number 32! And Carlo Rossi
adverbs. is second. So Hill is the new
champion – the fastest man
I’ve brought lots of money. Good! The more the better.
in the world on t wo wheels!
I’ll get there as fast as I can. Please! The faster you can get
here, the sooner we’ll get the
job done.
n The more he talks, the less I understand what he is saying.

B Sentence patterns with superlatives

We usually use the before superlative adjectives.
n Paul is the tallest person here. He’s also the most pleasant.

We often do not use the before superlative adverbs. Compare the following:
n Which is the best song? n I like Sad Heart best.
For art lovers, St Just is an excellent base
We can use in or of after a superlative. Use in to talk about places and to tour the many galleries of the area –
groups. Use of to talk about periods of time or several different things. quieter and less expensive than St Ives.
And for those who like hitting small balls
n I’m the tallest boy in the class.
all over the place, there is a magnificent
n July is the warmest month of the year. 18-hole golf course nearby.
C Sentence patterns with (not) as … as
Use as … as to say that two things or actions are equal.
‘You know,’ he said very gravely, ‘it’s one of the most serious
n Paul is as tall as his father now. n I drive as well as Tom.
things that can possibly happen to one in a battle – to get one’s
Use not as … as (or not so … as) to say that two things or actions are head cut off.’
not equal.
n English isn’t as difficult as Maths. (Maths is harder than English.)
(Through the Looking-Glass, Lewis Carroll, 1832–1898)
n He can’t work as quickly as I can. (I can work faster than he can.)

D Comparison and object pronouns I don’t think I

Words
After a comparative with than or as … as, we often talk about another deser ve a zero
for this test.
person. If we use a name, we can do it in these two ways:
n I drove faster than Carlo did. n I drove faster than Carlo.
of players.
A game for any number
d.
A subject pronoun + auxiliary verb (be, do or have) often changes to an The letter dice are rolle
ers hav e 1 minute to list as
Play
object pronoun. from
many words as they can
A subject pronoun + modal verb often changes in the same way. the letters shown. Neither do I,
The longer the word, the but it’s the
n I drove faster than he did. ➞ I drove faster than him. ner
bigger the score. The win lowest mark
n He can’t run as quickly as I can. ➞ He can’t run as quickly as me. the first to get to 101 .
is I can give you.
Full instructions inside.

194 Uses of adjectives; word order ∆ 77 / Adjectives and adverbs ∆ 79 / Comparison 1: adjectives and adverbs ∆ 82 / Some spelling rules ∆ Appendix 2
 Exercises
1 Write statements with comparative adjectives.
Example: Tom is 17. Sam is 19. (old)
Sam is older than Tom.
1 Sue is 10. Ann is 12. (young)
________________________________________________
2 The Honda costs £21,000. The Toyota costs £23,000.
(expensive)
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
3 Robin can do 100 metres in 10 seconds. Jack can run 100
metres in 10.5 seconds. (fast)
________________________________________________
4 Five climbers have died on Mount George. Eleven climbers have
been killed on Mount Egmont. (dangerous)
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
5 The journey by sea is an hour. The journey by tunnel is only half
an hour. (short)
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
2 Write statements with superlative adjectives and be in the
correct form.
Example: (the new Airbus/be/big/plane in the world)
The new Airbus is the biggest plane
in the world.
1 (yesterday/be/hot/day of the year)
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
2 (the XL400/be/popular/car in Europe this year)
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
3 (Tom and Sam/be/good/players in last year’s team)
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
4 (some people say Casablanca/be/fine/film of all time)
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
3 Correct the statements. Use isn’t nearly as … as …
Example: Kuwait is larger than Saudi Arabia.
That’s not right. Kuwait isn’t nearly as large
as Saudi Arabia.
1 A Jumbo 747 is faster than a space rocket.
That’s wrong. _____________________________________
________________________________________________
2 Britain is warmer than Egypt.
I’m afraid that’s not quite right. ________________________
________________________________________________
3 Silver is more expensive than gold.
I’m sorry, but that’s wrong. ___________________________
________________________________________________
4 Rome is older than Athens.
No, it’s the opposite. ________________________________
________________________________________________
5 I think English food is better than French food.
I’m afraid I don’t agree. I think _________________________
________________________________________________
4 Write the correct pronouns.
Examples: n He’s cleverer than they are. (they/them)
n He’s cleverer than them. (they/them)
Tom: Sue, why did you give the mailroom manager’s job to Tim?
Ann is twice as clever as 1______ is. (he/him)
Sue: Yes, but he knows the work better than 2______. (she/her)
Remember, he’s been with the company much longer than
3
______ has. (she/her)
Tom: Well, what about Alan and Emma? Tim hasn’t been here any
longer than 4______ have. (they/them) And he certainly
doesn’t know the work any better than 5______.
(they/them)
Sue: Yes, but they’re both cleverer than 6______, and I’m going
to give them better jobs. (he/him)
Tom: Well, I still don’t agree about Tim.
Sue: Believe me, you don’t know him as well as 7______ do.
(I/me) If you did, I’m sure you’d make the same decision as
8
______. (I/me)
195
 84 too and enough
The truck is too heavy. The bridge is not strong enough.
FORMS
We have to go on! It would take too much time to
go by another route, and I haven’t got enough fuel.
too + adjective/adverb
The truck is too heavy.
The SUV was not too heavy.
Adjective/adverb + enough
The road is wide enough.
The bridge is not strong enough.
Further patterns
It would take too much time (for us to go another route).
I haven’t got enough fuel (for us to do that).
The truck is too heavy for the bridge.
to cross the bridge.
The bridge is too weak for the truck to cross.
A too and enough
We use too and enough when we talk about right and wrong quantities,
e.g., with size, weight, food, time, money and age.
Too and enough go with adjectives and adverbs. Too goes before an
Too tired to party?
adjective/adverb. Enough goes after an adjective/adverb.
Adjectives Adverbs
Try
WakeMeUp
Multivitamins
n The truck is too heavy to cross. n Slow down! We’re going too
fast. The par ty’s jus t beginning!
n The bridge is not strong enough. n The driver is not slowing
down fast enough.

Help
B too + adjective/adverb
Too means more than the right quantity. Not too means a quantity that
is acceptable. Note: We often leave out the last part in brackets.
n At eight tonnes, the truck is too heavy (to cross).
Mark Seed We still don’t have

n At four tonnes, the SUV was not too heavy (for the bridge).
House and enough items for
our jumble sale on
Garden Maintenance Friday. So please have
Too is not the same as very. Compare the following. another look in the
Free estimates attic and bring those
n The SUV was very heavy, but it was able to cross.
unwanted books,
n The truck is too heavy. It cannot cross. No job too small! clothes, bric-a-brac
and toys into school
C Adjective/adverb + enough by Thursday.

Enough means a quantity that is acceptable. Not enough means less
than the right quantity. Note: We often leave out the last part (shown in
brackets).
n The road is seven metres across, so it’s wide enough (for the truck).
n The bridge can only carry 7.5 tonnes, so it isn’t strong enough
(to carry the truck).
D Further patterns
Enough can go with a noun – before, not after. Too needs much or
many to go with a noun.
n I haven’t got enough fuel. n It would take too much time.
We can put the following for and infinitive structures together.
n It would take too much time for us to go another route.
n I haven’t got enough fuel for us to do that.
Many thanks.
Tom appeared on the sidewalk with a bucket of whitewash and a long-
handled brush. He surveyed the fence, and the gladness went out of
nature, and a deep melancholy settled down upon his spirit. Thirty yards
of broad fence nine feet high! ...
He began to think of the fun he had planned for this day, and his
sorrows multiplied. Soon the free boys would come tripping along on
all sorts of delicious expeditions, and they would make a world of fun
of him having to work. He got out his worldly wealth and examined it
– bits of toys, marbles and trash; enough to buy an exchange of work
maybe, but not enough to buy so much as half an hour of pure freedom.
(The Adventures of Tom Sawyer, Mark Twain, 1835–1910)

196 Adjectives and adverbs ∆ 79 / Comparison 1: adjectives and adverbs ∆ 82

 Exercises
1 Write too + these adjectives or adverbs.
Adjectives: late, strong, young
Adverbs: loudly, quickly, quietly, slowly
Example: Can’t you work faster? You’re working too slowly.
1 I’m only 15, so I can’t drive yet. I’m __________________.
2 Time goes __________________ when you’re having fun.
3 I couldn’t hold the thief. He was __________________.
4 I ran, but I missed the train. I was __________________.
5 Tell Ann to speak up. She’s speaking __________________.
6 Could you all please keep the noise down? You’re talking
__________________.
2 Write these adjectives or adverbs + enough.
Adjectives: big, good, soon
Adverbs: carefully, hard, quickly, well
Example: Can’t you work faster? You aren’t working quickly
enough.
1 I can’t climb through the window. It isn’t ________________.
2 I can tell you the answer tomorrow. Is that _______________?
3 The engine broke down. The engineers hadn’t checked it
___________________________.
4 Nick is going to lose the race. He hasn’t trained
___________________________.
5 I’m going to buy the smaller sound system. It isn’t the best, but
it’s ___________________________.
6 Cathy didn’t get the role she wanted in the new musical. She
doesn’t sing ___________________________.
3 Complete the dialogues. Use too + little/few, enough or not/n’t
… enough.
Mr Simpson and his assistant are checking stock in his small
stationery shop.
Example: (3 A5 paper/7 A4 paper/7 brown envelopes)
Mr Simpson: We’ve got enough A5 paper, but we have n’t
got enough A4 paper.
Assistant: And we’ve got too few brown envelopes.
1 (7 large paper clips/7 medium clips/3 small clips)
Mr Simpson: We have ____ got _________________________
and we’ve ____ got ________________________
Assistant: But we’ve got _____________________________
2 (7 brown sticky tape/7 clear tape/3 elastic bands)
Mr Simpson: We’ve got ________________________________
and we have ____ got ______________________
Assistant: But we’ve got _____________________________
3 (7 glue/7 stapling machines/7 staples)
Mr Simpson: We’ve got _________________________ and
we’ve got ________________________________
Assistant: And we have ___ got _______________________
4 Write statements.
Example: The boys don’t like the weather. It’s too hot.
The weather is too hot for the boys.
1 I really want a holiday. I haven’t got enough money.
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
2 Your mother won’t like this coffee. It’s much too strong.
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
3 All the family are very happy with the new house. It’s big enough.
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
5 Write statements.
Example: I don’t want to go out. It’s too hot.
It’s too hot to go out.
1 We don’t want to go out. It isn’t warm enough.
________________________________________________
2 They tried to catch the bird. It was too fast.
________________________________________________
3 We wanted to catch the bus. We were too late.
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
4 The plane missed the mountain. It was flying just high enough.
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
197
 85 a bit, very ; much, a lot ; so, such
I felt a bit ill. I felt much better. I felt so tired.
FORMS

a bit, very, etc. + adjective/adverb

Climbing the mountain, he felt a bit tired, but he did not stop.
much, a lot, etc. + comparative adjective/adverb
He was able to come down the mountain much more quickly.
He felt a lot better.
so + adjective/adverb, such (+ adjective) + noun
Back at home, he was so tired that he went straight to sleep.
It had been such a hard journey that he rested all the next day.

A a bit, very, etc. + adjective/adverb

Use these to give a weaker or stronger feeling. A bit, pretty, really
are informal. Outdoors Mayfield XCS CAT
Weakest Weak Stronger Strongest *** ** ****
Classic brown Black leather and Oxford Boots
not (+ verb) + very slightly, a little, quite, rather, very, extremely, leather boots rubber training boots
a bit fairly, pretty really £85 £75 £79.99
n He didn’t feel very well. In fact, he felt really ill. Not really my A bit heavy, but with These are my
style, but very the right trousers favourites.
n Eddy is extremely good at tennis. He’s Number 10 in the world.
comfortable and very cool and stylish. Very stylish
SO light. and comfortable.
B much, a lot, etc. + comparative adjective/adverb
I would feel so
Use these to give a weaker or stronger feeling. good in them,
Weak Strong Strongest I could wear
them anywhere.
slightly, a little, a bit much, a lot far
n Could you please talk a little more quietly?
n I felt a lot better after a good night’s sleep.
‘It is a far, far better thing that I do, than I have ever done;
n Susan can speak Japanese far better than she can write it.
it is a far, far better rest that I go to, than I have ever known.’
CCROSSCHECK
CROSSCHECK (Sydney Carlton’s last thoughts before being guillotined.
A Tale of Two Cities, Charles Dickens, 1812–1870)
C so + adjective/adverb such (+ adjective) + noun
Use so to add strength. Use such to add strength.
n The film was so boring! n He always talks such rubbish! So good, it’s a pity
n What took you so long to get here? n What took you such a to share them ...
long time?
n I didn’t see. It happened so
quickly!
n Look! Can you see? That’s
such a beautiful house. Ego
Add a that phrase to show the result of the so/such part of the sentence. chocolates
n The story was so exciting n It was such an exciting
(that) I couldn’t stop reading. story (that) I couldn’t stop ...They make
reading. you selfish
n I was so cold that I wore two n It was such a cold day
sweaters. that I wore two sweaters.
... and that was our last review
D So + many + countable noun + that ; so + much + uncountable tonight in Movie Spot. It’s been
such a good week for movies
noun + that but that last one is great for a
Use this form to talk about a countable quantity. date. So scary you’ll spend all
n He ate so many cakes (that) he made himself ill. evening in each other’s arms ...
Use this form to talk about an uncountable quantity.
n He spent so much money (that) he had none left.

198 Adjectives and adverbs ∆ 79 / Adverb types ∆ 81 / ∆ Appendix 6 / too and enough ∆ 84
 Exercises
1 Complete the statements. Use these words:
a bit, not very, quite, very
Example: The traffic was travelling at 5 kph. The journey was
very slow.
1 Sally is doing much better at Maths now, but she’s still
____________ slow.
2 I like football, but I’m ____________ good at it.
3 I’m ____________ hungry. I need food now!
4 The new XR200 is ____________ a good car, but it isn’t my
favourite.
5 Don’t climb on that old fence. It’s ____________ strong.
2 Complete the statements. Use these words:
a little, far, much
Example: Tony is still very ill, but he’s getting a little
every day.
1 Both pairs of shoes look the same, but these are $300 more
than those. They’re ____________ more expensive!
2 I failed my driving test badly the first time, but I did
____________ better the second time, and I passed.
3 Sue is ____________ older than Tim. She’s 10 and he’s 9.
4 Our new house is ____________ bigger than our old one. It’s
got six bedrooms instead of two.
5 Tony used to be a really terrible driver. Now though, he drives
____________ more carefully than he did a few years ago, but
he still sometimes frightens me a bit!
3 Complete the conversation with so or such.
You’re so quiet! Is anything wrong?
It’s my exams. They’re 1______ soon, and I’ve got 2______ a lot
of work to do. I’ve got to stay up all night.
Don’t be 3______ an idiot! You’re obviously 4______ tired that
you can’t work properly. It would be 5______ a waste of time if
you stayed up all night! What’s more, you’d be 6______
exhausted tomorrow that you’d waste the whole day!
But I’m 7______ worried! If I don’t pass, it’ll be 8______ a disaster!
You’ll pass. The trouble with you is that you’re 9______ a
worrier, and you’ve really 10______ little to worry about!
4 Match statements 1–8 and a–h. Then join them using so or
such … (that).
1 The weather was bad.
2 The students made a noise.
3 The birds are friendly.
4 The children made a mess.
5 Everybody is busy.
6 I haven’t driven for a long time.
7 After the trip we were all tired.
8 They took a long time to get ready.
a All the neighbours complained.
b They nearly missed their plane.
c We went straight to sleep.
d They even take food from your hand.
e We gave up our holiday and went home.
better
f Nobody is answering the phone.
g I feel quite nervous about going on the road.
h It took an hour to clean the room.
1e 2 ___ 3 ___ 4 ___ 5 ___ 6 ___ 7 ___ 8 ___
1 The weather was so bad (that) we gave up our
holiday and went home.
2 ________________________________________________
________________________________________________
3 ________________________________________________
________________________________________________
4 ________________________________________________
________________________________________________
5 ________________________________________________
________________________________________________
6 ________________________________________________
________________________________________________
7 ________________________________________________
________________________________________________
8 ________________________________________________
________________________________________________
199
 86 Prepositions 1: place and movement
on, onto, into, out of, across, by, down, from, in, through, under, etc.

Uses
The prepositions in this unit help to express place or movement. The preposition refers to the noun which always follows it.
n The hotel is down the hill. (place)
n The Wood family are walking down the hill. (movement)

A on, on top of
n There’s a suitcase on the chair. (place)
n There’s another suitcase on top of that tall cupboard. (place)

B on, onto, off

n Nick Wood is putting a pile of clothes onto/on the bed.
(movement)
n His cap is falling off the pile. (movement)

C in, into, out of

n There are some clothes in the cupboard. (place)
n Nick is taking some more clothes out of the cupboard. (movement)
n He’s putting them into/in the case. (place)

D down, up
n Nick is taking his case down the stairs. (movement)
n His sister is coming up the stairs. (movement)
n Their house is up the hill. (place)

E inside, outside
n There are two sports bags inside the front door. (place)
n There are some beach things outside the front door. (place)
n We went outside the back door. (movement)

F behind, in front of, around, round

n The car was in the garage behind the house. (place)
n Now it’s in front of the house. (place)
n Mr Wood has brought it around/round the house. (movement)

200 Prepositions 2: place ∆ 87 / British and American English ∆ Appendix 6

G next to, by, beside
n The car is next to/by/beside the garden fence. (place)
n There are some pieces of luggage next to/by/beside the
car. (place)
n Mr Wood is standing next to/by/beside the car. (place)

H across, along
n Mrs Wood is going across the road. (movement)
n A friend is coming along the road. (movement)

I near, from, to
n The Wood family live in Sandford near Oxford. (place)
n Today they’re driving from Sandford to Heathrow Airport.
(movement)

J away from, towards, past

n They’re driving away from Sandford. (movement)
n They’re going towards the motorway. (movement)
n They’re driving past the motorway sign. (movement)

K over, under, through

n They’ve just driven over a bridge. (across a bridge is also
possible.) (movement)
n There’s a river under the bridge. (place)
n They’re going to drive through a tunnel. (movement)

L above, below
n The Wood family have caught their plane. Soon it’s above the
clouds. (place)
n Nick is watching the clouds below the plane. (place)

M between, among, opposite

n The Woods finally reach their hotel. It’s between the hills and
the sea. (place)
n It stands among a lot of trees. (place)
n It’s opposite a small island. (place)

201
 Exercises

1 Look at the picture. Then complete the statements with these 4 There is a lamp ____________ the desk.
prepositions:
5 There is a rubbish bin ____________ the desk.
above, behind, between, in, in front of, near, next to, on, opposite,
under 6 There is an empty box ____________ the rubbish bin.
Example: There is a light near the window. 7 There is a phone ____________ the desk.
1 There is a desk ____________ the window too. 8 There is a filing cabinet ____________ the desk.
2 There is a light ____________ the desk. 9 There is a large wall map ____________ the window.
3 There is a chair ____________ the desk. 10 The desk is ____________ the window and the wall map.

2 Write the correct prepositions.

Example: There were a lot of people outside the cinema 6 Please don’t stand ____________ the children. They can’t see
before the doors opened. (inside/outside) what’s happening. (opposite/in front of)

1 There’s someone ___ the door. Could you answer it, please? (in/at) 7 Look! Can’t you see your glasses now? They’re right
____________ you. (opposite/in front of)
2 Is Lucy ___ home today? (in/at)
8 Swindon is a large town about halfway ____________ London
3 Listen! I think I can hear somebody ___ the garden. (in/at)
and Bristol. (between/among)
4 I’m sorry. Mr Davis isn’t ___ his office just now. He’s seeing the
9 ____________ all the white sheep in the field there were a few
Director. (in/at)
black ones. (between/among)
5 There’s a newspaper shop on the other side of the road,
10 The woods are lovely there, and we camped ____________ the
____________ our house. (opposite/in front of)
trees by the stream. (between/among)

202
3 Look at the picture. Then complete the statements with
prepositions.
(across, along, into, past, through)
Example: The cat walked along the road for a while.
1 It went ____________ the bus stop.
2 Then it suddenly ran ____________ the road.
3 It came ____________ our garden.
4 It came in ____________ the gate.
(along, over, round, towards, up)
5 It walked a little way ____________ the garden path.
6 Then it ran ____________ the tree.
7 Next it went ____________ our summer house.
8 It jumped ____________ the flower bed on the way.
9 It climbed ____________ one side of the summer house.
(away from, down, inside, out of, under)
10 And it climbed ____________ the other side.
11 Next, it crawled ____________ the summer house.
12 Then it went ____________ the summer house for a moment.
13 But then it jumped ____________ the window.
14 Finally, it ran ____________ the summer house and left the garden.
203
 87 Prepositions 2: place
at, in, on

Where do you live? Where do you live in England?

I live at Number 25.

I live in a village called

Sandford. It’s on the
River Thames.

A at
Use at for an exact place, e.g., at your house. Saint Catherine’s
n Where’s Mary? She isn’t at her desk. Woodbridge
n I’ll meet you at the cinema entrance. The present church was begun in
the 13th century. The tower was
Use at for an event. added in 1409 with fascinating
n Were you at the football match? gargoyles at each angle.
n Over 100 people were at the meeting.

B in Pack your bags

Use in when there is something around, e.g., a person in a village or a country.
A selection of last-minute holidays and travel opportunities
n She isn’t in the kitchen. Perhaps she’s in the garden. at home, on the continent, further afield; in the country,
n Did you put the pen in your pocket? on the coast, near national parks; many at bargain prices.
Compare the use of in and at. Phone GETAWAY BREAKS,
n The meeting was in Room 93. (the place) the last-minute specialists
n Over 100 people were at the meeting. (the event) on 0171 599 3111.

C on
Use on for any surface.
n Nick was standing on the chair.
n There’s a mark on the ceiling.
After my work in the City, I like to be at home. What’s the good of a
home, if you are never in it? ‘Home, Sweet Home’, that’s my motto.
n Her name is on the door.
n The answer is on page 75. (The Diary of a Nobody, 1892, George & Weedon Grossmith)

Use on for a line that runs between two places, e.g., a river.
n Our house is right on the River Thames.
n The Wood family were on the road to the airport.
The Thelma Hulbert
G A L L E R Y
n There were guards on the frontier between India and Pakistan.

D Common expressions of place T he Thelma Hulbert Gallery is situated in Elmfield House, Honiton.
The Gallery incorporates a changing display of paintings by artist
Thelma Hulbert together with temporary exhibitions of contemporary
at in on
at school/work/home/college in hospital/town on holiday/business art and craft.
Thelma Hulbert was born in Bath, Somerset, in 1913. She
at the library/crossroads in the country/a forest on a lake/island studied painting and design at Bath School of Art before moving to
at the (third) turning in the middle of the road on the right/left London in the early 30s.
at the front/back of a in the front/back of a on the front/back of
queue/hall/bus/plane car an envelope/a book
at a party/meeting/lesson in a group/queue/line on TV/DVD Breathless, we flung us on the windy hill,
at the top/bottom of a hill in the middle/centre of on the edge/outskirts Laughed in the sun, and kissed the lovely grass.
at the end of a road/line a city/town/village of town/a city
(The Hill, Rupert Brooke, 1887–1915)

204 Prepositions 1: place and movement ∆ 86

 Exercises
1 Match statement halves 1–10 and a–j. Then write the
complete statements.
1 Tom lives at
2 There’s a notice on
3 Ann is buying some things in
4 Dad is having a sleep in
5 My aunt lives in
6 Come and meet all the trainees in
7 I want you to introduce me to everyone at
8 There are two men working on
9 Sally put the vase of flowers on
10 Both London and Oxford are on
a the shopping centre.
b Room 564.
c a small town outside London.
d the small bedroom.
e the roof.
f the party.
g Number 25, North Street.
h the River Thames.
i the wall outside my office.
j the table.
1 g 2 ___ 3 ___ 4 __ 5 ___ 6 ___ 7 ___ 8 ___
9 ___ 10 ___
1 Tom lives at Number 25, North Street.
2 ________________________________________________
3 ________________________________________________
4 ________________________________________________
5 ________________________________________________
6 ________________________________________________
7 ________________________________________________
8 ________________________________________________
9 ________________________________________________
10 ________________________________________________
2 Complete the statements. Use these phrases:
at that desk, at the entrance, at the meeting, in a village, in the
garden, in the middle of, on that wall, on the way, on the bottle,
on the edge of
Example: Sally lives on the edge of London. She can see
the country from her house.
1 I live ________________________ London. It takes an hour to
get out of the city.
2 We can stop for some petrol ________________________ to
the shops.
3 A lot of people spoke _______________________________
4 Let’s put this picture ________________________________
5 What does the label _____________________________ say?
6 My brother usually works _____________________________
7 You can buy your ticket ______________________________
8 Mary is picking some flowers __________________________
9 My sister lives __________________________ near Oxford.
3 Complete the dialogues. Use in, on or at.
Excuse me. Where can I find a photocopier?
There’s one in Room 303. Go upstairs and turn right 1____
the top of the stairs. It’s 2____ the right 3____ the end of the
corridor.
Look. There’s a note 4____ the front door.
Oh, yes. It’s written 5____ the back of an envelope. It’s from
Jenny. She says she’s 6____ a meeting 7____ college. She’ll be
back for dinner.
Is Sue 8____ home this afternoon?
No, sorry. She’s 9____ the library.
Is that the one 10____ Bath Street 11____ town?
No, she always uses the one 12____ the shopping centre 13____
the edge of town.
205
 88 Prepositions 3: time 1
at, in, on past, to from … to, between … and
FORMS
We’ll arrive at 12:40 local time.
at, in and on
The Wood family had their holiday in July.
They left on Saturday.
They left on 7th July.
They left at 7:20 in the morning.
past and to
They left at twenty past seven.
They arrived at twenty to one local time.

C on
Use on for days and dates.
n They arrived on Saturday.
n We left on 7th July.

Use on for special days.

n I visited my parents on New Year’s Day.
A at
n I didn’t have a party on my birthday.
Use at for time.
n Did things go well on your wedding day?
n Lunch will be at 1:00.
n Mum called us at dinner time. Use on for parts of a particular day. Compare the following.
n Did they go on Saturday morning?
Use at for a known point in the past or the future.
n Did they go in the morning?
n They married young. At that time, they were poor.
n We will arrive at 10:00. At that point, you will open the main door. Do not use in or on with this, last, next, yesterday, tomorrow, each
and every.
Use at for special days, short holidays and festivals.
n I came to work late this morning.
n We always have a party at New Year.
n Did you go away last weekend?
n I often go surfing at the weekend.
n Tom cleans his car every weekend.
B in
Note these common expressions with at, in and on + time(s).
Use in for centuries, years, months and seasons.
n He’s usually happy, but at times he feels sad. (sometimes)
n The car was invented in the 19th century.
n He’s rich now, but at one time he was very poor. (for a time in the past)
n We bought our house in 1989.
n The soldiers climbed the ropes (three) at a time. (three together)
n School started again in September.
n We met in time to talk before the film. (with enough time)
n We always go skiing in (the) winter.
n The plane took off on time. (at the right time – not too early, not too late)
Also use in for periods of time. n You must always get to work on time. (You must not be late for work.)
n We don’t do much work in the holidays.
n Are you going away in the summer break?

Compare these examples with at + short period of time. August 6, Bank Holiday.
n We always have a party at New Year. As there was no sign of Lupin moving at nine o’clock, I
n What are you doing at the weekend? knocked at his door, and said we usually breakfasted at half-
Use in for parts of the day (but not usually with the word night ). past eight, and asked how long would he be? … he said he
could do with a cup of tea, and didn’t want anything to eat.
n I ate in the morning/afternoon/evening.
Lupin not having come down, I went up again at half-past
n We arrived late at night. one, and said we dined at two; he said he ‘would be there’.
Use in for a measured time. He never came down till a quarter to three.
n Tony finished the job in three weeks.
n Your pizzas will be ready in ten minutes. (The Diary of a Nobody, 1892, George & Weedon Grossmith)

206 Prepositions 4: time 2 ∆ 89 / Days, dates and times ∆ Appendix 5 / British and American English ∆ Appendix 6
D past and to
We can tell these times in different ways. b a
n 12:15 ➞ twelve fifteen OR quarter past twelve
n 12:30 ➞ twelve thirty OR half past twelve
Steve and Kate Bolton
n 12:45 ➞ twelve forty-five OR quarter to one together with
n 12:50 ➞ twelve fifty OR ten to one John and Loraine Harwood
We can also tell between the ‘fives’ and ‘tens’ times in different ways.
If we use the second way, say minutes.
request the pleasure of your company
n 1:03 ➞ one oh three OR three minutes past one
at the marriage of
n 1:39 ➞ one thirty-nine OR twenty-one minutes to two

Note: In American English, after and of are often used instead of past Lisa Bolton
and to. A is used with quarter. With times between the ‘fives’ and ‘tens’,
minutes is usually left out: &
n 12:20 ➞ twenty after twelve
n 12:22 ➞ twenty-two after twelve
Aaron Harwood
n 12:45 ➞ a quarter of one
at Wilderhope Manor
E From … to, between … and on Saturday the 29th of October at 4 p.m.
We use both these different pairs of words to express a length of time.
From … to is more common.
RSVP
n I was at home from 6:00 to 9:00.
n Between the ages of 16 and 19. Harry never saw his family.
c d
3
At half past twelve I left home.
Rehearsals
of town. I wanted to arrive on
I walked to the centre
start for
with the bank manager at a qua
time for my appointment
rter to one. When I
Mozart Mass
arrived at the bank ten minutes REHEARSALS for the
later, I didn’t notice
anything unusual at first. It was Exmouth Choral and
only when I knocked
on the manager’s door, that I rea
lized the building was Orchestral Society’s ‘Mass
completely empty. in C Minor’ by Mozart
started on Monday at
Glenorchy Church, Exeter
Road.
The mass will be

T oni Morrison was born in 1931 in performed at Holy Trinity

Church on April 25.
a small steel town in Ohio in the
United States. In those days blacks lived
separately from whites, but Morrison O Five Cornish Artis
says she never felt inferior because of her invite you to
ts O
a pr ivate view of
on Sunday 10 their
work
colour. She was more aware of being th May from 4:3
(thereafter 11 0 to 6:30 p.m
.00–5.00 from .
poor than black. at the Brick St Tuesday 12th
May to Saturd
reet Gallery, Pe ay 30th May)
nzeen (just be
hind the Corn
Market).

207
 Exercises

1 Complete the conversation. Use at, in and on. 12 What are you doing _____ Wednesday evening?
Tony and his mother are talking on the phone. 13 We’ll be at a party _____ New Year’s Eve.
Mum: So can you come home on Saturday, Tony?
14 We’ll be away for a week _____ New Year.
Tony: I’m sorry, Mum, but I can’t come 1_____ the weekend this
week or next week. 15 Hurry! We have to leave _____ an hour’s time.

Mum: Well, are we going to see you 2_____ the holidays? Can you 16 The climbers reached the top _____ the fifth day.
get away from London 3_____ the last week of December?
17 Tom left home _____ the age of 15.
Tony: Well, I can get away 4_____ the 30th.
18 We finished the job _____ less than a week.
Mum: The 30th. That’ll be a Thursday, won’t it?
Tony: That’s right. And New Year’s Eve will be 5_____ Friday. I’ll be 19 I haven’t got any money _____ the moment.
able to stay until the following Monday.
3 Complete the conversation. Use at, in, on or nothing (7).
Mum: Good! So you’ll be with us 6_____ New Year. It’s good to be
at home with your family 7_____ that time of the year. Hello, Fred. I was trying to call you 7 last weekend.
Did you call on Saturday?
Tony: Right. And we’ll have a good time 8_____ New Year’s Eve –
just like the old days. Yes, that’s right. I phoned 1___ Saturday morning and again 2___
Mum: Wonderful! So what time can we expect you? Will you be lunchtime.
arriving late 9_____ night? I’m sorry, but I was out. I always go sailing 3___ Saturdays.

Tony: I’ll probably leave London 10_____ lunchtime, so that means So I suppose that means you’re going sailing again 4___
I’ll get to you 11_____ about 6:00. Saturday 5___ this weekend too.
Mum: So you’ll be with us 12_____ the evening. Dad and the I’m afraid so. What’s the problem?
children will be pleased. Well, I’d like your help with a new computer that I bought 6___
2 Complete the statements. Use at, in and on. last week.
Sure. No problem. I can help you 7___ Sunday night.
Example: I’ll be away on Thursday.
Ah, but I’ll be away all day until late. You see, I visit my parents
1 The meeting will start _____ 10:00. 8
___ each Sunday.
2 I took a short holiday _____ January. I see. Well, what about 9___ the evening? I’m free after I finish
work 10___ 5:30. In fact, I don’t usually do much 11___ the week
3 Columbus sailed across the Atlantic _____ 1492.
these days, and I’m free 12___ nearly every evening.
4 We flew to Malta late _____ Saturday.
Well, I have to go out 13___ tonight, but could we get together
5 Are you doing anything special _____ your birthday? 14
___ tomorrow evening?
Fine. I’m free 15___ the evening tomorrow too. I’ll come round to
6 The telephone was invented _____ the 19th century.
your place 16___ 7:00. Thanks.
7 I’ll be in New York _____ this time next week.
That’ll be really great!
8 We always go to France _____ the summer.
4 Complete the statements. Use these phrases.
9 I won’t be away for long. I’ll be home _____ three days.
at times, at a time, at one time, in time, on time
10 The president is arriving _____ midday. Example: Don’t be late. Make sure you’re there on time .
11 Ann usually watches TV _____ the evening. 1 The runners left in groups every two minutes. They left six
__________________.

208
 2 I enjoy life most of the time, but __________________ I’d like
to go back to the old days.
3 We arrived just _________________. The shop was just going
to close.
4 There are factories everywhere here now, but
__________________ there were just green fields.
5 The trains always leave _______________. They’re never late.
5 Write the times in words. Use past and to.
Examples: n 12:15 quarter past twelve
n 10:41 nineteen minutes to eleven
1 3:10 ___________________________________________
2 7:50 ___________________________________________
3 9:30 ___________________________________________
4 Moving into June now, ______________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
5 ________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
6 ________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
7 ________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
8 ________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________

4 2:45 ___________________________________________ Diary

5 5:15 ___________________________________________
May
6 1:13 ___________________________________________
Mon, 26th May
7 11:31 __________________________________________ 8:30 a.m. – travel to NY

8 12:59 __________________________________________ Wed, 28th May

3:45 p.m. – return to London
6 Rewrite the diary notes as full statements. Use the present
continuous. Fri, 30th May
all day – meet Japanese visitors from the Subarashi Corporation
You work for a busy company director. Remind him of his activities
in the next two weeks. Sat, 31st May

Example: On Monday the 26th, you’re travelling evening – speak at the goodbye party for the Managing Director
to New York at 8:30 in the morning. June
1 ________________________________________________
Mon, 2nd June
________________________________________________
p.m. – attend the sales conference
________________________________________________
Tues, 3rd June
2 ________________________________________________
a.m. – talk at the sales conference
________________________________________________
________________________________________________ Thurs, 5th June
________________________________________________ 7:15 a.m. – fly to Rome
3 ________________________________________________ Fri, 6th June
________________________________________________ 11:45 a.m. – leave Rome for Madrid
________________________________________________ Sat, 7th June
________________________________________________ midday – travel back to London

209
 89 Prepositions 4: time 2
for, since ago, before during, while until/till, by
FORMS

for and since

I’ve lived here for 50 years.
And I’ll stay here till I die.
I have lived here for 50 years.
He has lived there since the 1960s.
ago and before
He moved there 50 years ago.
He had lived with his parents before that.
during and while
A lot has changed during those 50 years.
A lot has changed while he has been there.
until/till and by
He will be there until/till he dies.
By the year 2020 he will be 80 years old.

CROSSCHECK
CROSSCHECK

for ©™ since
We use for to say how long in any tense, in the past, present or future. We use since to say how long mainly in the present perfect.
n It rained for three hours. n He’s lived here since 1945.
We use for with the present perfect to say how long up to the present. For We use since with the present perfect to say how long up to the present.
refers to the time between the start and now. Since refers to the start.

ago ©™ before
We use ago to say when something happened in the past. We use before to say when something happened in the past. Count back
Count back from the present. from another event in the past.
n Where’s my book? It was here a minute ago! n I finished at 4:30, but the others had finished two hours before.

during ©™ while
We use during to refer to a period of time expressed as a unit of time. Use We use while to refer to a period of time expressed as an activity. Use while
during + noun, e.g., the day, or + noun phrase, e.g., the early afternoon. + verb, e.g., ... while I was training, or + clause, e.g., ... while I was away
n I’ll call again during the week. on holiday.
n I’ll visit you while I’m in town.
until/till
Until/till refers to a period continuing to a point in time. ©™ by
n I’ll be busy until 5:00. (I have no free time between now and 5:00.) By refers to a point in time.
Therefore I can’t call before 5:00, but I will be able to call at 5:00.) n Please reply by 5:00. (Please call at or before 5:00. 5:00 is the latest
possible time. Before 5:00 is better.)

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210 Present perfect 2 ∆ 12 / Prepositions 3: time 1 ∆ 88

 Exercises

1 Complete the story with for or since. 5 Somebody got into the house _________ the night.
Oxford Lasers (OL) has been in business since 1977, and it has 6 They’d never seen anything like that _________ their whole
held an important place in the high-tech world of laser technology time in Canada!
for many years. The five directors had done a lot of work on lasers
at Oxford University 1_________ several years before they started 7 I worked out my travel plans _________ I was waiting for the
their company, and they continued to work at the university train.
2
_________ some time after 1977 too. Because of this, OL 8 _________ you’re cleaning the car, could you also check the
developed very slowly, but it has come a long way 3_________ the oil, water and tyres? Thanks!
introduction of its early products in the 1980s. There were financial
problems in the early 1990s 4_________ a year or two, but the 4 Complete the dialogues with by or until/till.
company got through these and has remained a leader in laser Example: Do you think you’ll be able to finish the picture by
technology 5_________ then. 6_________ a number of years it has tomorrow morning?
been developing sales world-wide, and 7 _______ 1985 it has also Yes, but I’ll have to work until midnight to do it.
owned a company in the USA. More recently, 8_______ 2000, OL
1 Ann was already married _________ the age of 19.
has been developing a number of laser systems that cut and
She lived at home _________ then, didn’t she?
measure materials with microscopic accuracy. These technologies
will find new uses in communications and other industries 2 I’m sorry, sir. Your car won’t be ready _________ early
9
_______ many more years to come. tomorrow afternoon.
2 Complete the dialogues with ago or before. So, if I come at 4:30, will it be ready _________ then?
Oh, yes. No problem, Sir.
Example: Tim bought a BMW two days ago.
He had an old Fiat before didn’t he?
3 _________ this time tomorrow, I’ll be in Tokyo.
1 You went to Ibiza two years _________, didn’t you? How long are you going to stay there?
That’s right. We’d never been there _________. _________ this time next week.

2 How long _________ did you try to call her? 4 I’m sure Tony has left the office _________ now.
An hour _________. But she’d left ten minutes _________. I don’t think so.
He said he’d have to work _________ late this evening.
3 Lucy went away to college three years _________, didn’t she?
5 Complete the story. Use prepositions from Exercises 1–4.
Yes, and it was a hard time because she hadn’t been away
from home very much _________. Arthur had worked in the same, large office for 30 years. ‘I’ve
worked here 1_________ I was 19,’ he often thought. ‘And
3 Complete the statements with during or while. 2
_________ all those years I haven’t done anything very exciting.’
Examples: n Jim Brown called while you were out.
One day, 3_________ he was at a very boring meeting, he suddenly
n There will be a fire practice during the morning.
decided to change his life completely. He thought, ‘I’ll go on working
1 What’s Tom going to do _________ he’s in America? 4
_________ another six months – 5_________ my 50th birthday –
2 _________ the meeting, we’ll discuss the sales report. and then I’ll stop. I’ll sell the house, buy a boat and go sailing.’

6
3 _________ you’re at the bank, could you get me some money too? _________ the middle of the following year he had done all these
things. As he sailed among the Scottish islands on his first long trip,
4 Are you going to visit Australia _________ your trip round the
he thought, ‘Why didn’t I do this 7_________? I should have left
world?
that office ten years 8_________!’

211
 90 Preposition + noun; noun + preposition
by Shakespeare, for you, on TV, etc.

A Preposition + noun
Many phrases have the form preposition + noun. Here are some common ones.

Here you are. It’s a n It’s a picture by Rembrandt.

play by Shakespeare.
n I paid by credit card/cheque. (But in cash)
n They cut through the rock by hand.
n We sent the package by special delivery.

It’s for you. Thanks, Dad. n There’s someone on the phone. It’s for you.
n We’re having fish for dinner/lunch/breakfast.
n Let’s go out for a walk/swim/run/meal.
n They’ve gone for a short holiday. (But go on holiday)

n I heard it on TV/on the radio. (But at the cinema/theatre)

I’ve seen this on TV.
n He hurt her on purpose. (But by accident/mistake/chance)
n The house is on fire.
n Sally is on a diet. She wants to lose six kilograms.

n The bus leaves at 12:00, so be there on time.

n We’re going to stop for tea on the way there.
n Bill is going to Africa on business/holiday/safari.
n They’re going on a trip/bus tour.
I’m going on a school trip
to see it in London soon.

n We’re going by car/bike/plane/train/ship/road/air/rail/sea.

We’re going by bus and not by train. (But on foot)
Here, by refers to the method of transport (just like by hand, by
special delivery above). We use in or on for a specific vehicle.
n He’s in his car/on his bike.
n He’s on the bus/plane/train/ship.

B Noun + preposition
Many phrases have the form noun + preposition. Here are some
common ones.
n Tom’s teacher sent the theatre a request for 60 tickets. (also
Romantic
Flowers
application for/need for/reason for)
n He was very pleased as the theatre reduced the price of the
tickets by 20%. (also cost of/hope of/way of )
n Unfortunately, there was a problem with the bus company.
(also trouble with/matter with) by post from Guernsey
n There was a rise in the cost of hiring the bus. (also for Birthdays and Anniversaries
fall/increase/decrease in)

212 Adjective + preposition ∆ 91 / Prepositional verbs ∆ 92

 Exercises

1 Complete the dialogues with at, by, for, in and on. 6 It’s a nice day. Let’s go ________________________ along the
Example: Did you go by bus? river.
No, we went in Steve’s car. 7 They’re showing a new film ________________________ in
1 Let’s go to the beach ______ foot. George Street.
No, let’s go ______ bike. It’s quicker. 8 If you want to get this package to the customer early tomorrow,
2 I saw you! You hit Sam ______ purpose! send it ________________________.
No, I didn’t. I did it ______ accident! 9 We aren’t eating very much at the moment. We’re
3 There’s someone ______ the phone, and it’s ______ Bob. ________________________.
He isn’t here. He’s gone out ______ a run. 10 It’s a wonderful picture. It’s ________________________ who
4 I’m going to have some toast ______ breakfast. lived about 600 years ago.
No, you aren’t. It’s ______ fire! Can’t you smell it?
3 Complete the statements with these words. Put a preposition
5 Are you here ______ holiday? after each one.
No, I’m ______ a short business trip. applications, call, difficulties, fall, hope, increase, interested, matter,
need, problem, way
6 Can I pay ______ cheque?
I’m sorry, sir. We can only accept payment ______ cash
Example: We’ve had a lot of applications for the job of
Chief Engineer.
or ______ credit card.
1 What’s the __________________ you? You always seem angry
7 Is there anything good ______ TV tonight?
about something.
No, and there’s nothing interesting ______ the radio either.
2 Could you please keep quiet? There’s no __________________
8 What’s the new play ______ the theatre this week?
all this noise.
It’s called Paris in the Spring. It’s ______ that new writer,
Mark Ross. 3 We’d better stop here for tonight. There’s no
__________________ reaching the village before dark.
2 Complete the statements with these words. Put a preposition
before each one. 4 Prices have gone up a little this year. There’s been a small
a diet, air, an artist, a school trip, a tour, a walk, dinner, his bike, __________________ the cost of living.
my car, special delivery, the cinema
5 Scientists have found a new __________________ producing
Example: I’m hungry. Let’s stop at that restaurant for electricity cheaply.
dinner.
6 There’s a __________________ your plan. I’m afraid it won’t
1 My cousins from Australia are visiting Britain. They’re work.
________________________ of the country.
7 The rescue team has had a __________________ help. They’re
2 Their car is full. You’d better go ________________________. on their way to the accident now.
3 Tony’s class is going ________________________ to Italy. 8 There has been a __________________ the size of families.
4 Tony and his friends are travelling to Italy They’re smaller nowadays.
________________________. 9 I’m very _______________________ photography.
5 Can you see Rob? He’s over there. He’s going down the road 10 Peter had _______________________ his homework.
________________________.

213
 91 Adjective + preposition
He’s good at figures.

Some adjectives take one or more prepositions. Here are some common ones
and some examples on the right. 1 2

1 n Sam is a junior accountant. He’s excited about his first business

trip next month.

2 n He’s worried/anxious about his accountancy exams next week.

n He got angry/annoyed about a noisy party next door last night.
n His neighbour was sorry about the noise.

n He got angry/annoyed with his neighbour last night.

n He sometimes gets bored/fed up with his work.
n He’s afraid/nervous of failing his exams next week.
n He isn’t at all sure of passing them.
3 4
n His family will be proud of him if he passes.
n He’s tired of studying late every night.

n He’s not used/accustomed to so much hard work.

n Luckily, he's very interested in what he’s doing.

3 n Sam was amazed/surprised/shocked at/by the number of

books he had to read for the exams.
n His boss is pleased/happy with/about Sam’s work now.
n He was disappointed with/about Sam’s work at first.
n Sam is very careful/careless with/about his work.

n Sam is responsible for the weekly sales figures.

n The figures are nearly ready for printing.
n He’s late/early for a meeting.
n Sam’s family feel sorry for him when he works late.
n His mother thinks the work is bad for his eyes.
n His father knows the work is good for his future.

4 n He’s good/brilliant at figures.

n He’s bad/terrible/hopeless at languages.

n Life for Sam often seems quite similar to school. ON YOUR BIKE! Looking for a bargain late
break on the Cote d’Azur?
n ‘With all the exams, work is no different from/to my last year at Cycling is the trendy way to travel, You can be sure of a
school,’ he often tells his parents. according to Sustrans (which stands for wonderful welcome
Sustainable Transport), the national cycle at the fabulous
network. Apparently, cyclists suffer less
from pollution than many motorists! And if L’hotel beau
you’re worried about cycle safety, Sustrans
Football news now, and non-league Tinford
went out of the FA Cup yesterday but has lots of tips on their website ... from £595 *p.p.p.w.
they have no reason to feel disappointed *per person per week
with their performance.

H a i r C l i n i c
I’m fed up with my shoulder-length hairstyle.
Whenever I wash it, it just tends to get
very static. What do you suggest I do?

Mrs C Louch, Nottingham

214 Preposition + noun; noun + preposition ∆ 90 / Prepositional verbs ∆ 92

 Exercises
1 Complete the statements with about, at, for, of and with.
Example: I feel very sorry for Ann. The poor girl has been ill
for so long.
1 Are you ready _________ a big surprise?
2 Tim is quite good _________ sport.
3 Write statements using the underlined words and the words in
3 I’m very angry _________ Sam. He never answers my letters.
4 We really thought our team would win, so we were disappointed
_________ the bad result.
5 I wish they’d be more careful _________ their work.
6 You must stop working day and night. It’s very bad _________
you.
7 I’m fed up _________ eating at home all the time. Let’s go out.
8 Tony and Lisa were so annoyed _________ the people next
door that they called the police.
2 Complete the statements with these words. Put a preposition
after each one.
different, early, good, late, proud, responsible, shocked, terrible,
worried
Example: I was shocked at the bad sales figures.
Me too. I’d expected much better sales.
1 I can’t understand this Maths problem.
But it’s easy! You must be really _______________ Maths.
2 People in Manchester are very _______________ their
football team.
Yes, especially as they’ve won the championship again.
3 The men have done the job again, but it still looks bad.
I agree. It’s no _______________ last time.
4 It isn’t _______________ small children to stay up late
at night.
That’s right. It means they’re very tired the next day.
5 Calm down! Why are you running around like that?
Because I’m _______________ a very important meeting.
6 Have you heard? Joe’s a senior manager now.
Yes, I hear he’s _______________ the whole factory now.
7 I hope you got to the interview on time.
Yes, I did. In fact, I was twenty minutes _______________ it.
8 Have Robin and Steve reached Australia in their little boat yet?
No. They’re two weeks late, and we’re very _______________
them.
brackets.
Example: Ann reads a lot about sailing. (interested)
She’s interested in sailing.
1 Mrs Elfin shouted at her children. (angry)
She was __________________________________________
2 Working at night was strange at first, but it’s all right now.
(used)
I’m ______________________________________________
3 Bob is going to give away all his old computer games. (tired)
He’s _____________________________________________
_________________________________________________
4 Peter isn’t sure if his first business trip on his own will go well.
(anxious)
He’s _____________________________________________
_________________________________________________
5 The airline staff felt bad because of the long delay at the airport.
(sorry)
They were ________________________________________
_________________________________________________
6 Bill decided to turn the never-ending radio programme off. (bored)
He was ___________________________________________
_________________________________________________
7 Old Mrs Price doesn’t like going out alone at night. (nervous)
She’s ____________________________________________
_________________________________________________
8 It was a fantastic surprise to see the huge number of people at
the concert. (amazed)
We were __________________________________________
_________________________________________________
215
 92 Prepositional verbs
She applied for several jobs. He stole $600 from her.

A Verb + preposition
1 2
Some verbs take a preposition followed by an object.
Here are some common ones.
1 n Claire looked for a job before she left college.
n She asked for details of lots of jobs.
n She applied to a lot of companies.
n She applied for lots of jobs.
n She waited hopefully for the replies, but they were all negative.

n Then she heard about a good job in Paris.

n She had never dreamed of a job abroad before.
n But she talked about it with her friend.
n She read about the company on the Internet.
n She thought about the job a lot. 3 4
n Then she wrote to the company in Paris.
n The director replied to her letter immediately.
2 n He talked to her on the phone.

Be careful. A few verbs take different prepositions – with different meanings.

n Look at this photo. It’s beautiful.
n I’m looking for my glasses. Can you see them?
n Could you look after the baby for a few minutes?

n I think about the job a lot – the good things and the bad things.
n Listen! I’ve just thought of an amazing new idea!
n When I dream about the crash, I always wake up.
LOOKING FOR A PUBLISHER?
n Harry dreams of success, but it’s never going to happen!
DO YOU DREAM OF BECOMING AN AUTHOR?
B Verb + object + preposition
Don’t sign a contract before reading the cover story in Writing
Some verbs take an object and then a preposition followed by another Magazine, now on sale in newsagents and bookshops for £3.75.
object. Here are some common ones:
n The company invited Claire to an interview.
n They provided her with train tickets.
3 n In Paris, she asked someone for directions. Adopt a panda
and save him
n At the interview, she asked them about the job.
from extinction.
n They told her about the pay and conditions.
Adoption costs just £15 a year.
n She accepted the job and they congratulated her on her decision. When we hear from you, we’ll
send you a certificate, a photo
4 n She also had a bad experience in Paris. A thief robbed her of your animal and a quarterly
of her money. progress report.
n He stole 300 from her. Send for your pack today.
n Fortunately, she had insured herself against theft.
n She blamed herself for the theft because she had left her
purse on a cafe table.

SCENE
n She informed the police of/about the theft immediately. The only magazine
n She described the purse to the police, but they never found it. that specializes in
bringing you what’s
QuickReach Messaging Service
To contact me via my QuickReach messager:
magazine hot in music, fashion
and the world of art.
• Dial my messager number (see reverse).
• Wait for a bureau operator to answer, then leave a short message of up to 90 characters (about 15 words).

216 Preposition + noun; noun + preposition ∆90 / Adjective + preposition ∆ 91 / British and American English ∆ Appendix 6
 Exercises

1 Complete the statements with about, for, and to. 3 Complete the statements with these verbs. Add prepositions.
Example: A boy came to the door and asked for a glass of water. ask, congratulate, insure, provide, steal, tell

1 I’ll wait ____________ you outside the cinema. Example: Companies need to insure themselves against
injuries to their staff.
2 Ann is on the phone. Could you talk ____________ her,
please? 1 The old man __________________ us _________ some
money, so we gave him £1.
3 They’re very bad. They take ages to reply ____________
letters. 2 Mrs Brett, we’d all like to __________________ you
_________ reaching the fantastic age of 100.
4 The family talked ____________ their plans every night.
3 We __________________ all employees of the company
5 Danny dreams ____________ being famous one day. _________ identity cards.
6 Every night, Suzanne dreams ____________ her family back 4 There’s a reporter here. He wants to __________________
home in Canada. you _________ your plans for a new factory.

2 Complete the dialogues with the correct forms of the verbs 5 The reporter said, ‘Could you please __________________
and prepositions. me _________ your ideas for a new factory in town?’
Example: There’s Mark Blake. He’s famous!
6 I’m sure you’re wrong about the missing money. Sam would
Mark Blake? I’ve never heard of him! (hear)
never __________________ anything _________ anybody.
1 Hello, I’m Tom Grant.
Hello. I’ve often _____________________ you. It’s nice 4 Complete the statements. Write the words in order and put the
verbs in the correct forms. Add prepositions.
to meet you at last. (hear)
Example: stole my wallet from my
Yesterday a thief
2 I hear you’re looking for a new job. pocket. (my/my/steal/pocket/wallet)
That’s right. I’ve _____________________ several
companies. (apply) 1 Tim couldn’t understand the homework task, so he _____________

3 What sort of job are you _____________________? (apply) _______________________________ (the/help/ask/teacher)

I’m trying to get a job in sales. 2 We phoned the doctor, and we _________________________
4 Have you found an answer to the problem yet? _______________________________ (him/the/tell/accident)
No. I’ve been _____________________ it for ages, but
3 It wasn’t Tony’s fault, but they still ______________________
I haven’t got any ideas. (think)
_______________________________ (him/the/crash/blame)
5 Can you see what to do about the problem?
Well, yes, I’ve suddenly _____________________ a new 4 The police are coming soon, so you can __________________
idea! (think)
_____________________________ (them/man/describe/the)
6 Who waters the plants when you’re away?
5 It’s my birthday next week, and I’m _____________________
My neighbours _____________________ them. (look)
_________________________ (my/my/invite/all/party/friends)
7 What sort of bike would you like?
6 The police took the man’s gun, arrested him and ___________
One like this! Come and _____________________ it. (look)
________________________________________________
8 Oh, no! I’ve lost my wallet. (him/right/silent/inform/to remain/him)
Don’t worry. I’ll help you _______________ it. (look)

217
 93 Phrasal verbs
come in, sit down, give out, pick up, turn over, etc.
FORMS

You can turn over your papers and begin. Verb + adverb
The students came in and sat down.
Verb + adverb + object
The teacher took out the exam papers, and then he gave them out.
Verb + adverb + preposition
The students carried on with their work.

All these phrasal verbs are without objects. Here are some
more examples.
Last month, I went away for my summer holidays. I had an early start
when my alarm clock went off at 3:45. I woke up, but then I nearly
fell asleep again. I finally got up at 3:55. I quickly had breakfast and
then went out at 4:20. I put my luggage in the car, got in and set off.
I arrived at the airport at 5:00, went in and checked in. Then I sat
down and waited for hours: my flight didn’t take off till 9:30!

B Phrasal verbs with and without objects; object word order

A Meanings of phrasal verbs Some phrasal verbs have no object, e.g., all the ones in Section A.
We use phrasal verbs a lot, especially in informal conversation. They all But many do.
include a verb and an adverb, and many of them are easy to n The teacher put down her briefcase.
understand: they mean what the verb and the adverb together say. n She took out the exam papers.
n Hearing Joe and the other students outside the classroom, their n She gave out the exam papers.
teacher stood up and called out, ‘Come in, everyone, and n The students turned over the papers.
please sit down.’ n They picked up their pens and started writing.

Adverbs which are used in phrasal verbs include: about, across, along, These noun objects are in end position. We can also usually put a noun
around, away, back, behind, by, down, forward, in, off, on, out, over, object in mid-position. Compare:
round, through, to, under, up n The teacher gave the exam papers out.
n The students picked their pens up and started.
Although some phrasal verbs are easy to understand, e.g., Come in,
everyone …, many have special meanings that you have to learn. Here But if the noun object is more than one or two words long, we usually
are a few examples: keep it in end position.
n That new hairstyle came in last year. (became popular) n The teacher gave out the Information Technology exam
n Reports of a big earthquake are coming in. (are being received) papers.
n We came in second out of 15 boats. (finished the race) On the other hand, if the object is a personal object pronoun, it nearly
(And from this, you can also see that the same phrasal verb may have always stays in mid-position.
several different meanings.) end position mid-position
Some of the most common verbs in English, e.g., come, go, put, take, are I I
the ones that form the most phrasal verbs. Take the verb come: it forms n The teacher took out the exam papers. Then she gave them out.
phrasal verbs with several other adverbs. Here are a few examples: n Joe carefully worked out each answer. Then he wrote it down.
n She’s a good speaker. Her ideas come across very clearly. (are But other types of pronoun can come in end position, particularly for
understood) emphasis.
n This plan is really no good. It just won’t come off! (succeed) n The teacher gave out the wrong papers. She gave out these ones,
n When Ian came round after the crash, he saw that the car was on and she should have given out those.
fire. (became conscious again after an injury, often to the head) n Joe and Sue picked up the wrong pens. He picked up hers, and
n I have to go. Something has come up at the office. (happened she picked up his.
unexpectedly)

218 Prepositional verbs ∆ 92

 Here are some more examples of phrasal verbs with objects:
r the
After work in London, Dan always gets on the train at exactly 5:35.
Look out fo bers!
He opens up his newspaper at the page where he stopped on the
missing num
train to work in the morning. He gets off the train at 6:17, and he
walks home. When he gets there, he takes off his jacket, and he
puts away his briefcase. He then goes to the freezer, takes out
some food, puts it in the microwave and turns it on. He eats at
7:00, and then he does what he loves best. He puts on his black
motorbike leathers and helmet, takes out his powerful
motorbike and roars off down the road at high speed! rs will be
ttery numbe
National Lo ay and
ery Wed sd
ne
C Verb + adverb + preposition broadcast ev ening on
Saturday ev
Idiomatic phrasal-prepositional verbs are common. R adio 5 Live.
BBC1 and
phrasal preposition
I I
n Joe often looked up at the clock as he worked.
Need some holiday inspiration
As with phrasal verbs, the same words can mean different things. ?
n We have to get on with the job quickly. (continue doing) Do you feel the need to spice up
your
holiday plans this year? Don’t put
n Joe gets on with Mark very well. (has a good relationship) up with
the same old ideas.
Here are some more examples of phrasal verb + preposition. Come with us and discover a worl
d of
Several months ago, Lucy decided to go in for the London Marathon. difference.
But she soon came up against a problem: work had become very
busy. As a result, she did not get round to doing much training for Different
ages. Finally, she realized that she was running out of time to
prepare. She knew she could not get away with running a marathon
Destinations
like this. So last month she faced up to the need for a tough training
programme. She often does not feel up to running before work, but
she always does. She recently joined in with some other people
you to drop in
Debbie and Chris invite
preparing for the race. At first, she could not keep up with them, but
p.m. on October 22
nd
now she is doing better. At last, she is looking forward to the ‘big
betw een 6 p.m. an d 10
nk.
for a housewarming dri
day’ – which is good because it’s tomorrow!

Our new address is:

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219
 Exercises

1 Complete the statements with these phrasal verbs.
call out, come in, get on, give out, pick up, put away, sit down, stand
up, turn over, turn up, write down
Example: I can’t find my book now, but I know it’ll turn up
later.
1 Could you _______________ all the rubbish on the floor,
please? It looks very untidy.
2 I’m going to _______________ sets of working clothes to all
the new trainees.
3 Use these phrasal verbs with objects to complete the
3 Please _______________ on the chairs over there.
5 You can go home now, but please _______________ to the
office by 2:00.
6 I don’t _______________ immediately in the morning. I lie in
bed and plan my day.
7 That coat looks good on you, but does it look all right from the
back? _______________ slowly and let me see.
8 Pat was so tired that she couldn’t _______________. She
didn’t open her eyes for ten minutes.
statements. Change forms as necessary.

4 We always have to _______________ our papers when we pay in/take out (e.g., money at the bank)
finish work and leave our desks clean. put on/take off (e.g., clothes)
put up/bring down (e.g., shop prices)
5 _______________ the paper and start the exam, please.
switch on/switch off (e.g., lights)
6 Don’t wait outside the door. Please _______________.
turn up/turn down (e.g., radio volume)
7 I’ve still got a long way to go this evening, so I’d better Example: It’s getting dark. I’ll switch on the lights.
_______________.
1 I’ll need some money for the weekend. I’d better find a cash
8 Please take a seat. I’ll _______________ your name when it’s machine and ________________________ £50.
your turn.
2 Look. They’ve ________________________ the price of these
9 When the President enters the room, everyone has to laptops. They’re only $650 now.
_______________.
3 Could you ________________________ the TV, please? It’s
10 Can I ask you to _______________ your name and contact too loud.
details, please?
4 Tom ________________________ his dirty boots before he
2 Use these phrasal verbs without objects to complete the went into the house.
statements.
5 It was raining, so I ________________________ a coat when
Moving: come in, come back, go on, go out, move away, turn round
I went out.
Resting: get up, lie down, wake up
Example: Please come in. The door is open. 6 Oh, no! They’re ________________________ the price of
petrol again! It’s getting expensive!
1 I’m tired. I’m going to _______________ and have a rest.
7 When Ted goes away on holiday, he always _______________
2 This place is horrible. Let’s get on the road again, and let’s ______________ the TV at the wall.
_______________ to the next town and stay there.
8 I ________________________ the radio because I couldn’t
3 Let’s _______________ and get some fresh air for an hour. hear what they were saying.
4 If you _______________ and live abroad, we may never see 9 I ________________________ some cash and some cheques
you again. at the bank.

220
4 Complete the statements. Change the noun objects into
pronoun objects.
Example: Bob told me to give out the clothes, so I gave them
out.
1 Ann wanted Tom to pick up the rubbish, so he _____________
________________________________________________
2 Dad asked us to switch off the TV, so we _________________
________________________________________________
3 My boss told me to put away my papers, so I ______________
________________________________________________
4 Sue asked the men to put down the cases, so they _________
________________________________________________
5 Steve wanted his brother to turn up the volume, so he _______
________________________________________________
6 The boss asked us to pay in the money at the bank, so we
________________________________________________
7 My sister wanted me to try out her new fish pie recipe, so I
________________________________________________
8 The children kept asking Lynda to finish off their bedtime story,
so she ___________________________________________
9 The strange woman kept asking Mrs James to call her back, so
she finally ________________________________________
10 Mum told Tina to turn over the sausages before they got burned,
so she ___________________________________________
5 Add a verb + adverb + preposition with a similar meaning to
the underlined word(s) in each sentence. Choose from the
following.
come up against cut back on face up to feel up to
get away with get on with get round to go back on
join in with put up with run out of
Example: I can’t accept the neighbours’ noise any more. I’m
calling the police!
I can’t put up with the neighbours’ noise any
more. I’m calling the police!
1 Peter said he would help us, but it seems he’s reversed his decision.
Peter said he would help us, but it seems he’s
_______________________ his decision.
2 Listen, we really have to reduce the amount we spend every
month.
Listen, we really have to ________________________ the
amount we spend every month.
3 Are you well enough to feel like going to the party tonight?
________________________ going to the party tonight?
4 The engineers have hit a huge problem, and they’re not sure of
the answer.
The engineers have ________________________ a huge
problem, and they’re not sure of the answer.
5 It’s time to look clearly at the fact that we need to replace this
old cooker.
It’s time to ________________________ the fact that we need
to replace this old cooker.
6 Did you take part in that great big street party in town last
New Year?
________________________ that great big street party in
town last New Year?
7 Well, it’s nice talking, but now I must begin cooking dinner for
the family.
Well, it’s nice talking, but now I must ____________________
______ cooking dinner for the family.
8 I think we’re going to have no milk left very soon, so I’ll add it to
the shopping list.
I think ________________________ milk very soon, so I’ll add
it to the shopping list.
9 Tidying up his room is something that Harry never seems to find
enough time to do!
Tidying up his room is something that Harry never seems to
________________________ doing!
10 Mark’s the only one not helping, and no one is saying anything!
How does he manage to do that without getting into trouble?
Mark’s the only one not helping, and no one is saying anything!
How does he manage to ________________________ that?
221
 94 Linking ideas in a single clause
We sell office machinery as well as stationery.
FORMS

We stock paper in plain white and in many colours.

We supply printer ink cartridges, but not spare parts.
You can buy notebooks singly or in packs of five.

We sell office machinery as well as stationery.

We’ve got office furniture such as desks and filing cabinets.

Michael found everything on his list except for a traditional

At Planet Office we sell everything
you can think of for the office.
desk lamp.
He was able to take everything by car apart from the furniture.
The total cost of his new office was $1,320 for everything but
carpets.

A Conjunctions in a clause B Other ways of adding information to a clause

A clause is the simplest sentence unit, and it may just contain a subject We can avoid a second clause (or a second sentence) in other ways too.
and a verb. (∆ Unit 2C) Compare:
Subject Verb n We sell office machinery, and we also sell stationery equipment.
Michael was shopping. ➞ We sell office machinery as well as stationery equipment.
However, a clause usually contains more. Compare these further examples:
n Tom was shopping (at Planet Office). n We’ve got furniture. For example, we’ve got desks and filing
n He was checking (the prices of various things). cabinets. ➞ We’ve got furniture such as desks and filing cabinets.
n Michael found nearly everything, but he did not find a lamp.
Sentences often contain a second idea. This may be in a second clause
with another verb, but we can often add the idea without another verb. ➞ Michael found everything except for/apart from/but a lamp.

We usually use the conjunctions and, but and or to do this.

n Tom bought a printer and (he bought) some copy paper.
n The printer is very good but (it is) very expensive/not cheap.
n It can print in one colour or (it can print) in full colour. CAR PARK
With and and but, you can say and/but also or and/but … too for Parking is at owners’ risk.
emphasis.
n Tom bought a printer and also some copy paper.
The management will not be
n The printer is very good but very expensive too. responsible either for theft
With or, you can say either … or for emphasis. or for damage.
n It can print either in one colour or in full colour.

For stronger emphasis on the second alternative, you can add else.
n You can buy either standard Ace paper or else the much better
Super Ace quality. The horrific Black Death, which
Similar two-part expressions for emphasis include both … and and swept across Europe in 1347–51,
neither … nor. killed about 25 million people –
n To our surprise, Alan bought both a PC and a laptop.
n Despite their promises, the company delivered neither the desks
a third of the total population. In
nor the chairs. many communities, all but a few
Note: The form positive verb + neither/nor is formal.
died; in others none at all survived.

222 The sentence: types and structures ∆ 2 / Linking ideas in sentences ∆ 95–98 / Connecting sentences ∆ 99
 Exercises
1 Expand the sentence parts. Add and, but or or.
Example: Did you buy the eggs and the tomatoes I asked you
to get?
(get)/eggs/not/tomatoes
I got the eggs but not the tomatoes.
1 I’d love something cold to drink.
(can have) orange juice/ice coffee
________________________________________________
2 What did you do yesterday evening?
(go) into town/then/all the way/Jack’s house
________________________________________________
3 Have they managed to do all the work yet?
(finish)/sales figures/not/report
________________________________________________
2 Complete the statements. Choose between the words in
brackets.
Example: I thought the new manager would do badly, but he’s
been making good decisions and quick decisions
too. (but … too / and … too)
1 Tom was growing fast, and just a year later, he was a lot taller
_______________ a lot stronger. (and also / but also)
2 As Tammy gets older, she works less _______________ more
efficiently. (and also / but also)
3 The Laser X sports car looks fast and exciting. But I’m sorry to
say that it’s __________ fast __________ exciting to drive.
(neither … nor /both … and)
4 That day, I left my wallet at the supermarket ______ my mobile
at a sandwich bar ______. (and … too / but … too)
5 We have to choose. For dinner tonight we can have ______
steak and chips ______ fish and chips. (neither … nor / either
… or)
6 I’m not sure that life today is better than it was 100 years ago.
People now have more possessions ______ more stress in their
daily lives ______. (and … too / but … too)
7 Compared with the old machines, the new ones are ______
more reliable ______ less expensive to run. (both … and /
neither … nor)
3 Sarah is setting up her new office at home and is shopping for
things she needs. Rewrite underlined parts of the
conversation, using these words:
as well as except for/apart from/but such as
Example: Sarah I see you’re having a sale.
Assistant Yes, there’s 20% off, and there’s also a
30% discount on sales over £500.
Yes, there’s 20% off as well as
a 30% discount on sales over
£500.
1 Sarah Does the sale include everything in the shop?
Assistant It includes nearly everything, but it doesn’t include
computers.
_______________________________________
_______________________________________
2 Sarah Let’s start with printers. Have you got any that are
especially suitable for a very small office?
Assistant Well, there are several suitable printers. For
example, we’ve got these Logimax machines.
_______________________________________
_______________________________________
3 Sarah I’ve heard the Logimax printers are good.
Assistant Yes, they’re reliable, and they’re also economical
to use.
_______________________________________
_______________________________________
4 Sarah And what sort of paper should I buy? It’s only for
ordinary text, not for anything special like colour
photos.
Assistant I suggest you try a medium-price make. For
example, you could try Paper Magic.
_______________________________________
_______________________________________
5 Sarah I need a photocopier too, but as I said, my office is
quite small. Which of these smaller machines would
you recommend?
Assistant I’d recommend nearly all, but I wouldn’t recommend
the Dynaprint.
_______________________________________
_______________________________________
223
 95 Linking ideas in sentences 1: overview
and, or, but, although, to, so that, so, because, if, when
FORMS

Clause Linking word + Clause

(conjunction)
Ann is in Oxford, and she has to go to
London.
She can take a train, or she can take a bus.
The train is faster, but it is more expensive.

WELCOME TO THE
NEW SEASON’S CATALOGUE
It will soon be spring and to celebrate we’ve put together
a marvellous new collection of home storage items.

A Linking two clauses

A clause has a subject and a verb and can be a complete sentence.
n Ann is in Oxford. n    She has to go to London.
Basic linking words (conjunctions) and, but and or link clauses like
these. And adds one thing to another; but contrasts one thing with
another; or expresses one possibility instead of another.
‘If everybody minded their own business,’ said the
Duchess in a hoarse growl, ‘the world would go round
a deal faster than it does.’
(Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland, Lewis Carroll, 1832–1898)

We usually put a comma (,) between two clauses, especially long

clauses: see main sentence 1 below. Main sentence 2 below has only
one verb, and so it needs no comma. URGENT: Motor Insurance Expiry Warning
1 They didn’t take a train, and they didn’t take a bus. They took
a taxi.
Dear Mrs Oliver
2 They didn’t take a train *or a bus. They took a taxi.
*In a negative clause listing two or more items, the linking word is or, Motor Policy No: 22042904/8207
not and. Renewal Date: 31/01/13

B More ways to link clauses in sentences I wrote to you recently with details of your motor insurance
premium for the coming year. So far, I have not received
There are many ways to link clauses. Units 96–98 expand on these
your instructions to renew, so I am writing to you again
types of link.
to remind you that your cover expires at noon on the
1 Contrast: compare the following: (∆ Unit 96)
renewal date.
n I don’t have much money, but I’m going to take the train.
n Although/Even though I don’t have much money, I’m going
to take the train.
2 Purpose: compare the following: (∆ Unit 97)
n I have to take the train to/in order to/so as to get there on time.
n I have to take the train so that I can get there on time. You don’t have to be
CRAZY
3 Reason and result: compare the following: (∆ Unit 97)
n I don’t have much time, so I’m going to take the train.
n I’m going to take the train because I don’t have much time.
4 Conditions: compare the following: (∆ Unit 98)
n If I take the train, I’ll get there on time. to work here,
n I won’t get there on time unless I take the train.
5 Future time connections: compare the following: (∆ Unit 98)
n When I get on the train, I’ll start preparing for the meeting.
but it helps!
n I’ll prepare for the meeting while I’m travelling to London.

224 The sentence: types and structures ∆ 2 / Linking ideas in a single clause ∆ 94 / Linking ideas in sentences ∆ 96–98 / Connecting sentences ∆ 99
 Exercises
1 Connect the clauses with and, but, or or.
Example: You can buy or rent the apartment.
1 I’m tired, ______ I’m hungry too.
2 The Prince was rich, ______ he wasn’t happy.
3 You can take the money now, ______ you can take it later.
2 Connect clauses 1–3 and a–c with and, but or or.
but we’re eating at
Example: We usually eat at 8:00,
7:30 this evening.
a he can see it at 4:00 instead.
b he seems very tired at the moment.
c he also owns a house in Scotland.
1 Ben has an apartment in London, _______________________
_________________________________________________
2 Sam can watch the film at 1:45, ________________________
_________________________________________________
3 John is usually very energetic, _________________________
_________________________________________________
3 Rewrite the but statements. Change the clause order and use
even though/although in middle position.
Example: The engine is still new, but it’s already going wrong.
The engine is going wrong even
though/although it’s still new.
1 Sally is young, but she does her job well.
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
2 The film is quite old, but it’s still very popular.
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
3 Their new house was expensive, but it looks terrible.
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
4 Ed never seems to try very hard, but he always does well.
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
4 Rewrite the so statements. Change the clause order and use
because/as in middle position.
Example: This car is ancient, so I’m getting a new one.
I ’m getting a new car because/as this
one is ancient.
1 I was very tired, so I went to bed.
_________________________________________________
2 It was dark, so we couldn’t see much.
_________________________________________________
3 I have to go out now, so I’ll call you later.
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
4 The train was late, so we couldn’t get to the meeting.
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
5 Connect the clauses with in order to, because, even though, if,
when or nothing (7) in the correct position.
Examples: 7
________ I drove fast in order to get to the
hospital quickly.
When 7
I got home, ________ everybody was eating.
1 __________________ I’d known about Ann’s illness,
__________________ I wouldn’t have asked her for help so
much.
2 __________________ Mary would lend you £100
__________________ you asked her.
3 __________________ Harry worked all day,
__________________ he still couldn’t finish the job.
4 __________________ Annie ran home
__________________ she was afraid of the dark.
5 __________________ Rod went on the Internet
__________________ find the cheapest seats.
6 __________________ Amy gets this note,
__________________ I’ll already be in Canada.
7 __________________ Tony has looked after our old car so well,
__________________ I think we should give it to him as a
present.
8 __________________ Sam remembered to phone home
__________________ he arrived in Australia.
9 __________________ I decided to play in the match
__________________ I still didn’t feel very well.
10 __________________ pay for the holiday,
__________________ we started saving money every week.
225
 96 Linking ideas in sentences 2: contrast
Despite starting well, they’re losing control.
FORMS
A But, whereas, while
But is the most basic (and the safest) way to show contrast. The more
formal linking words whereas and while express contrast and also
United are very inexperienced, but they came out
comparison between ideas. They sometimes can and sometimes cannot fighting and scored an early goal. Despite starting
take the place of but. well, they’re beginning to lose control. They’re
n United played well in the first half, but/whereas/while City are making mistakes now, whereas City are doing
playing better in the second half. (contrast with comparison) better and have just scored another goal. United
n United played well in the first half, but (whereas/while) they are might still come back, although it really doesn’t
going to lose the match. (contrast without comparison) look very likely.
Whereas and while can be used before the first clause, and not just
(like but) between the contrasting clauses.
n Whereas/While United won everything last year, they certainly
won’t be champions again this year.

B Although, though, even though

Instead of but, we can use although, though or even though – in this way.
n United’s captain was hurt, but he played on. ➞ Although/
Though/Even though the captain was hurt, he played on.
n The captain played on, although/though/even though he was hurt.
These three linking words are similar to but. However:
• they can be used before the first clause, and not just between
the clauses; A short guide to classical mus
ic
• they show contrast + surprise: we do not expect the captain to
play on.
There are differences between them.
Opera – Fidelio
• Although is more formal than though.
Although Beethoven explored
• Even though is stronger than the other two, i.e., it shows more surprise. many operatic ideas from
• We can use though at the end of a sentence. 1800 to 1815, he completed
n United hoped to win. They’re going to lose, though. just one opera – Fidelio. It is,
though, one of the greatest of
C Despite, in spite of
all German operas.
These linking words are similar to although in meaning, but different
grammatically: although takes a verb, but despite/in spite of take a
noun or an ~ing form.
n Although they started well, they are going to lose.
n Despite starting well, they are going to lose.
n In spite of their good start, they are going to lose.
Like although, they can go to the second clause.
Rediscovery
n The captain played on, in spite of being hurt. & Restoration
We can also say despite/in spite of the fact that + verb (like

Despite having fallen into disrepair for

although + verb).
n The captain played on, despite the fact that he was hurt.
nearly 100 years, much of the route
survived and was rediscovered by Jack
CARS COMPARED Dalby. It was his book that inspired
The 1.8-litre saloon has a top speed of 118 mph, others to consider, first documentation,
whereas the more powerful 2-litre sports version and then restoration of the canal.
offers a maximum speed of 132 mph.

226 The sentence: types and structures ∆ 2 / Linking ideas in a single clause ∆ 94 / Linking ideas in sentences ∆ 95, 97–98 / Connecting sentences ∆ 99
 Exercises
1 Match clauses a–c to clauses 1–3. Join them using but,
whereas or while.
Example: Other staff work from 9:00 to 5:00, whereas I
work from 8:30 to 4:30.
a I prefer to stay at home.
b the nights are still quite cold.
c it does not appear to help others.
1 The spring days are warm now,
_________________________________________________
2 The new flu vaccine is helping some people,
_________________________________________________
3 The others all want to go out,
_________________________________________________
2 Decide which linking words are possible. Write
but/whereas/while or just but.
Examples: n Tom told me something, but I can’t tell anyone else.
n Tom told me something, but/whereas/while
Sam said nothing.
1 a I’m driving as fast as I can, ________________________
I won’t get home till late.
b I’m driving as fast as I can, ________________________
Lisa is going very slowly.
2 a Some people wanted to do drama, ___________________
others chose sport.
b Some people wanted to do drama, ___________________
there was no more room in the group.
3 a I can go on walking a bit longer, _____________________
I’m getting tired.
b I can go on walking a bit longer, _____________________
the others want to stop for a rest.
4 a Emma wants to go to the cinema, ____________________
Peter wants to go to the concert.
b Emma wants to go to the cinema, ____________________
she hasn’t got any money.
3 Put the sentence parts in order to form statements.
Example: (tired,/I kept working/Although I felt)
Although I felt tired, I kept working.
1 (he never puts them/ideas,/into action/Sam has/Although)
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
2 (we/more milk/We bought/had some./even though)
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
3 (were not close friends./we/although/friendly,/We were)
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
4 Rewrite the although and but sentences with the forms in
brackets. Where necessary, change adjectives into nouns.
Example: Lisa felt sad, but she kept smiling.
(despite + ~ing) Despite feeling sad, Lisa
kept smiling.
(in spite of + noun) In spite of her sadness,
Lisa kept smiling.
1 Dan was still ill, but he went back to work.
(despite + noun) ___________________________________
_________________________________________________
(in spite of + ~ing) _________________________________
_________________________________________________
2 Although I had doubts about the plane, I believed the pilot.
(despite + ~ing) ___________________________________
_________________________________________________
(in spite of + noun) _________________________________
_________________________________________________
3 They had a long talk, but the two sisters could not agree.
(in spite of + ~ing) __________________________________
_________________________________________________
(despite + noun) ___________________________________
_________________________________________________
4 Although we’re happy now, we’re still worried about the future.
(in spite of + noun) _________________________________
_________________________________________________
(despite + ~ing) ___________________________________
_________________________________________________
227
 97 Linking ideas in sentences 3: purpose, reason and result
It’s to get away from the traffic. So your plan has failed.
FORMS

1 Purpose
Lyn: What are we turning off for, Ted?
Ted: To get away from the traffic – so that we can get to the
coast faster.
Lyn: I’m not sure about this. The thing we need is a satnav.

2 Reason and result

Lyn: Ted, why is this road empty?
Ted: I think I can see why. It’s because it doesn’t go
anywhere. We’re back to where we started!
Lyn: So your plan has failed!

The Millers are driving to the coast for a day by the sea. So are millions of others!

A Purpose: to, in order to, so as to D Reason: because, because of, etc.

We often use to + infinitive to express purpose, especially in speaking. We use because, since and as to express a reason.
n Ted is turning off to get away from the traffic. n The road is empty because/since it doesn’t go anywhere.
More formally, we can use in order to or so as to. n Since/As it was a lovely day, millions headed for the coast.
n Ted is turning off in order to/so as to find a better way. We also give reasons with as a result of, because of, due to, in view of,
We also use the negative forms in order not to and so as not to. owing to followed by a pronoun, noun (phrase) or ~ing form. These
n Ted is turning off in order not to/so as not to stay in the traffic. expressions are quite formal.
n Here is the News. Travel conditions are difficult everywhere today
B Purpose: so that
as a result of/because of/due to very heavy traffic.
With so that, we need a subject and a verb. We usually use a modal
verb. E Result: so, therefore
n Ted is turning off so that they can get to the coast faster. We often use so to express a result.
n Ted turned off so that they wouldn’t have to stay in the traffic. n The road didn’t go anywhere, so Ted’s plan failed.
More formally, we use therefore, often before a main verb.
C Purpose: for
n Millions of vehicles are at a standstill, and the police are,
We often use What … for? when we ask about purpose.
therefore, advising drivers to return home.
n What are we turning off for, Ted?
We also often use for + noun (phrase) to express purpose.
n Let’s go for a drive.
n They’re driving to the coast for a day by the sea.
We express a general purpose with for + ~ing form (or to + infinitive). Toddle along to your library
n A satnav is used for finding/to find the best route from A to B. Because:
• We have loads of books for
babies and small children …
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228 The sentence: types and structures ∆ 2 / Linking ideas in a single clause ∆ 94 / Linking ideas in sentences ∆ 95–96, 98 / Connecting sentences ∆ 99
 Exercises

1 Rewrite the statements using the expressions of purpose in 3 Match purposes a–d to actions 1–4. Add for and complete the
brackets. statements of purpose.
Example: Amy and Dan want to visit Thailand, so they are saving Example: Lisa is going away for a short holiday.
hard. (so as to) a a good night’s sleep.
Amy and Dan are saving hard so as to b a swim in the sea.
visit Thailand.
c a nice meal.
1 Jack needs to buy a car, so he is borrowing some money. d the London Marathon.
(so as to)
________________________________________________ 1 It’s my birthday, so we’re going out ______________________

2 Carrie carried the vase carefully as she didn’t want to drop it. 2 I’m tired and I’m going home ___________________________
(so as not to) 3 They’re training _____________________________________
________________________________________________ 4 It’s a lovely day. Let’s go to the beach ____________________

3 I want to grow my own vegetables, so I’m planting lots of seeds. 4 Complete the sentences with because or because of.
(in order to)
Examples: The trip took hours because the traffic was terrible.
________________________________________________
The trip took hours because of the terrible traffic.
4 We’re going early as we don’t want to be late for the party.
1 I’m going to call Carry __________________ I think she needs
(in order not to)
my help.
________________________________________________
2 The manager needs an assistant __________________ his
2 Complete the statements using so that and the verbs in heavy work load.
brackets. Change the verb forms as necessary.
Example: (be able to run) Lyn is training so that she will 3 __________________ the very long meeting, we had no time
be able to run the London Marathon. to see the city.

1 (can see) Let’s go outside ____________________________ 4 __________________ they were good friends at college, Fred
the fireworks more clearly. and Jim decided to go into business together.

2 (can save) Lisa got everything ready that night _____________ 5 Rewrite the statements using the expressions of reason and
______________________ time the next morning. result in brackets.
Example: I was hungry, so I went to the fridge. (... because ...)
3 (be able to speak) Amy is learning Greek _________________
I went to the fridge because I was hungry.
___________________ to people when she goes there.
1 As Kate hadn’t flown before, she was very nervous at first. (…, so …)
4 (know) I must report the problem to the others _____________
________________________________________________
______________________ what to do about it in future.
2 We’re sad to go because we’ve had a nice time here. (…, so …)
5 (be able to help) Jenny moved next door to her elderly parents
________________________________________________
______________________________ look after them.
3 I’m very tired, so it’s time to go to bed. (… because …)
6 (always know) Jack keeps his workshop very tidy
________________________________________________
______________________________ where everything is.
4 They had been kind, so she gave them all presents. (… as …)
7 (not have to work) I’m doing extra hours this week
________________________________________________
______________________________ next Monday.
________________________________________________

229
 98 Linking ideas in sentences 4: conditions and future time connections
If we hire two, that’ll be enough. After they get there, they’ll cook.
FORMS

1 Conditions
Sam: If we hire two boats, that’ll be enough for everyone.
Amy: But we must hurry. They’ll all be taken by other people
unless we book them soon.
Sam: OK, I’d better do it today, or I’ll forget.
Ben: We should give you some money in case you have to
pay when you book.
2 Time connections
As soon as they take out the boats, they will go up the river till
they come to Green Island. After they get there, they will have
a barbecue. While Sam and Amy are cooking, the others will
be making sandwiches for everyone. They will stay until about
When college finishes next week, Sam and his friends want to go on a river trip.
6:00, but then they must leave because they will have to get the
boats back before the boat company closes at 7:00.

A Conditional forms: if, as long as, provided (that) (∆ Unit 52)

If is the basic way to express conditionals.
n If they hire two boats, there will be enough room.
We sometimes use substitutes for if, including as long as and provided (that).
n They will have a great day, as long as/provided the weather stays good.
Note: These are like the first conditional if sentence: the following verb refers
to the future, but is in the present simple. (The forms below – with unless and
in case – do the same.)
VOLUNTEERS NEEDED URGENTLY
Residents in Binkfield are encouraged to help their local
post office in a bid to save it from shutting down. ‘Any
time you can give will help us loads’, says volunteer
Lucy Clarke. Unless more people come forward to help,
the post office may be forced to close forever.

B Conditional forms: unless, or (∆ Unit 52)

Unless means if … not. Compare these sentences:
n The boats will all be taken if we don’t book them soon.
n The boats will all be taken unless we book them soon.
We can express a similar meaning differently with or. Across the world and around the corner
The British Red Cross helps people in crisis, whoeve
n We should book them soon, or they will all be taken. r
and wherever they are. We are part of a global volunta
ry
network, responding to conflicts, natural disasters and
C in case individual emergencies. We provide a range of local
services in the UK every day. All are delivered by skilled
In case means ‘because it is possible that’, so Ben means, ‘We should give you some
volunteers and staff.
money because it is possible that you will have to pay.’ Look at this sentence:
n We should take umbrellas in case it rains. First aid at events
When large numbers of people gather for an event, there
We mean: ‘because it is possible that it will rain’. needs to be first aid cover in case anything goes wrong.
Our teams of trained volunteers attend everything from
D Future time connections: after, as soon as, before, etc. football matches to flower shows, from concer ts to car
rallies.
When we use these linking words to talk about the future, most work like if
in a first conditional sentence: the following verb is in the present simple, but
, you’ll soon come
it refers to the future. When you leave Beechford on the A391
there into
n As soon as they take out the boats, they will go up the river. to a roundabout. You’ll need to turn right
for 3 miles. Then you’ll
Lansdowne Road and keep going
n They will go up the river *till they come to Green Island. just before you come to
see a left turn into Honey Lane
However, to express a continuing ‘long’ action, we often use the present bridge . As soon as you turn there, you’ll
the old stone
continuous, especially after while, as and sometimes also when. see a big barn on your right. Just after you pass the
for Greenhill
n While Sam and Amy are cooking, the others will be making sandwiches. barn, you’ll see a farm gate and a big sign
drive carefully,
*Till and until mean the same, though till is more informal and is often used Farm Bed & Breakfast – and that’s us. So
and we’ll see you in about 20 minut es.
in speaking. Note the different ~ll and ~l spellings.

230 The sentence: types and structures ∆ 2 / Linking ideas in a single clause ∆ 94 / Linking ideas in sentences ∆ 95–97 / Connecting sentences ∆ 99
 Exercises
1 Complete the pairs of sentences. Add if, as long as or
provided and unless, and put the verbs in the correct forms.
Examples: a If I can leave work early, I’ll be able
to meet you at 5:00. (can leave) (be able to meet)
b I won’t be able to meet you at 5:00
unless I can leave work early. (not be able to
meet) (can leave)
1 a _______________ we _______________ walking,
_________________ home by 6:00. (keep) (get)
b _______________ we _______________ walking,
_________________ home by 6:00. (keep) (not get)
2 a The work _______________ long _______________
we all _______________. (not take) (help)
b The work _______________ ages ________________
we all _______________. (take) (help)
3 a _______________ Stella _______________ some
good friends, _______________ life at college. (make)
(enjoy)
b _______________ Stella _______________ some
good friends, _______________ life at college. (make)
(not enjoy)
4 a We _______________ the job tomorrow
______________ the goods _______________ today.
(start) (arrive)
b We _______________ the job tomorrow ____________
the goods _______________today. (not start) (arrive)
2 Rewrite the sentences with should … or and unless in middle
position.
Examples: If we go early, we’ll get good seats.
a We should go early or we won’t get
good seats.
b We won’t get good seats unless we go
early.
1 If you think carefully, you’ll find the answer.
a ______________________________________________
b ______________________________________________
2 If we get petrol now, we won’t have to fill up later.
a ______________________________________________
b ______________________________________________
3 If they don’t repair the wall soon, it’ll fall to pieces.
a ______________________________________________
b ______________________________________________
3 Match possible situations a–e to advice 1–5. Add in case and
complete the statements.
Example: Situation: It may rain.
Advice: You’d better take an umbrella.
You’d better take an umbrella in case
it rains.
a It’s possible you’ll find the same product for less money.
b They may be faulty and have to be replaced.
c It’s possible that it’s exactly the job you need.
d You may have to wait for a long time at the hospital.
e It may break down a long way from a garage.
1 You’d better take something to read ____________________
________________________________________________
2 Keep receipts for things you buy _______________________
________________________________________________
3 You ought to check some more websites _________________
________________________________________________
4 You should keep a tool kit in your car ___________________
________________________________________________
5 I suggest you answer the advert _______________________
________________________________________________
4 Put the verbs in brackets into the correct forms.
OK, so you’ve never flown before, so here’s what you’ll have to
do when you get to the airport. (have to do) (get to) As soon as
you 1____________, you 2____________ straight to the check-in
desk. (arrive) (go) After the assistant 3____________ your passport
and ticket, she 4____________ your luggage, and then she
5____________ you your boarding pass. (check) (check in) (give)
Security 6____________ at this and your passport before you
7____________ through to the departure lounge. (look) (go) There
you 8____________ until you 9____________ the gate number for
your flight up on the flight departures screen. (have to wait)
(see) While you 10____________, you 11____________ time
for a coffee and sandwich. (wait) (have) Then, when you
12____________ your gate number you 13____________ to go
straight there, ready to get on your flight. (see) (need)
231
 99 Connecting sentences
and, but, or, so In addition, However, Alternatively, As a result
FORMS

Dear Sir,
Thank you for your order on 13th March for 4,000 K52 Matsuo
MP3 players.
We note your specific colour requirement for black. In addition,
we note your required delivery date of 30th March. However, we
are sorry to say we cannot meet that schedule. Demand has been
heavy for this popular product. As a result, we are now out of
stock and are waiting for new supplies from Japan. Nevertheless,
we can promise delivery by 10th April. Alternatively, we can offer
you immediate delivery of the K53 model.
A Sentence connectors instead of and, but, or and so
We use and, but, or and so to link parts of sentences. (∆ Units 94–97)
n Harry found some bread, but there was no butter.

We also often want to connect the ideas in two separate sentences. In

spoken English, we often use and, but, or and so.
n He’s very good at football. And he’s a great runner too.
What’s in your garden?
In formal, written English, we usually avoid this use of and, but, or and
Fill in the enclosed form and tell us what birds you
so. Instead, we use connectors like the ones in the letters.
n And > In addition,/Furthermore,/Moreover, we note your required …
have in your garden. Alternatively, you can fill in the
n But > However, we cannot meet that schedule. form online. Happy spotting.
n Or > Alternatively,/Instead, we can offer you the …
n So > As a result,/As a consequence,/Consequently,/Therefore,
we are now out of stock. ARE YOU READY?
The letter also uses Nevertheless, meaning Despite this,/In spite of this,. PREPARING FOR EMERGENCIES
Some connectors can be used formally or informally. For example:
WHAT YOU NEED TO KNOW
n We cannot accept the goods due to late delivery. Besides,/What Be a good neighbour
is more, many units arrived damaged. (adding support to the In many emergencies some mem
bers of the community
may be more vulnerable than othe
previous point) rs, so it is good to know
your neighbours.
n There are several alternatives to the K52. For example,/ For instance,
For example, the elderly, very youn
we can offer the K53. g or disabled are more
vulnerable to extreme heat and cold
.
n The K52 is slower than the K53. On the other hand,/At the You should always ensure that you
same time,/Still, it is less expensive. (making a contrasting point) and your family are safe
first. However, helping your frien
ds and neighbours is also
important and can save lives.
You will sometimes see these connectors in other parts of the sentence,
with or without commas. However, at the start of a sentence, always
use a comma.

B Sentence connectors with pronouns, etc.

With some of the sentence connectors in A, we can make the meaning
clearer by referring back to the previous point in this way: ROAD RESURFACING
connector + preposition + reference (pronoun, noun (phrase) or
~ing form). As a result, this road will
n In addition to this, we note your requirement for ...
n As a result of the heavy demand, we are now out of stock. be closed from
n Instead of buying the K52, they will take the K53.
Other connectors which can do this are: as an alternative (to), as a 25th–28th September.
consequence (of).
In these forms, they are like linking words in sentences. (∆ Units 95–98)

232 The sentence: types and structures ∆ 2 / Linking ideas in a single clause ∆ 94 / Linking ideas in sentences ∆ 95–98
 Exercises
1 Change the informal spoken statements to formal statements
from a business report. Use full verb forms and change and,
but, or or so to the following:
Alternatively, As a result, However, In addition,
Example: We’re unable to meet the schedule, so we won’t get
the contract.
We are unable to meet the schedule. As a
result, we will not get the contract.
1 It’s possible to update our present model, or it’s possibly the
right time for a completely new model.
_________ possible to update our present model.
______________________________ possibly the right time
for a completely new model.
2 We’ve reached this year’s production target already, and we’ve
managed to cut waste by 8%.
______________________________ this year’s production
target already. ____________________________________
__________________ to cut waste by 8%.
3 We’re reducing most costs successfully, but we’re failing to hold
down the cost of wages.
________________________ most costs successfully.
__________________________________________ to hold
down the cost of wages.
4 We haven’t tried selling to America up till now, so we don’t yet
know if it’ll be a good market for us.
_________________________________ selling to America
up till now. ____________________________________
_______________ if __________________ a good market for
us.
2 Write nothing (7) or one of these words to complete the
connectors.
for, from, of, to
Example: Apart from this,
1 As a result ______ this, 5 In addition ______ this,
2 Despite ______ this, 6 In spite ______ this,
3 Due ______ this, 7 Instead ______ this,
4 Except ______ this,
3 Choose the right connecting statements from a–f to complete
the teacher’s reports 1–6.
Example: Susan has not worked hard this year. Despite this,
she has done enough to pass the year.
a she has behaved badly in class all year.
b she could go on to do extra Science.
c she has achieved a Grade A.
d she has found it difficult to improve.
e she has often failed to complete her homework.
f she must learn to do some hard work.
1 Sally is very intelligent and has worked extremely well.
As a result, _______________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
2 Lisa has worked very well in class. However, ______________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
3 Tessa has failed to produce any good work. In addition,
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
4 Lucy is clever, but she seems to spend her time thinking about
pop music. Instead, ________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
5 Kate has tried hard this year. In spite of this, ______________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
6 Denise is very talented at both Maths and Science. She may
decide to take Higher Maths. Alternatively, _______________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
233
100 Shaping discourse
Talking about Max, he’s doing very well.
A Discourse and discourse markers
Discourse is a piece of language with more than one sentence.
Discourse markers hold the discourse together, organizing it and
creating connections. Sentence connectors (∆ Unit 99) create logical
connections between sentences. But there are other ways of connecting
and shaping such as the following.
B Linking
We can express a connection between something already said and
something that we now want to talk about. In informal conversation, we
can say:
n Talking about …, n   Which reminds me, … n   By the way, …
n Incidentally, … n   Going back to what you said about …,
I can’t wait to see you and Lucy again!
Which reminds me, Lucy wants you to come to a barbecue she’s
having on Saturday – the day after you get back.
In formal business letters, we often say:
n With reference to your letter of … n    Further to your quotation, …
C Reacting
We can react to another speaker’s expectation – sometimes positively,
but often negatively.
n To tell (you) the truth, … n   Actually, …
n In fact, … n   As a matter of fact, …
It’s a good film, isn’t it?
Yes, in fact, it’s great./Well, actually, I think it’s awful.
D Correcting and making oneself clear
We can make adjustments to what we have just said. We can make a
correction:
n Or rather, … n    Or to be more exact, …
Where did you stay that night?
We got as far as Bordeaux – or rather, a small village just outside
Bordeaux.
234 Connecting sentences ∆ 99
FORMS
Tina: There’s Max Hill with the director. I wonder what they’re
discussing.
Bill: Oh, yes … Talking about Max, he’s doing very well in
his new job, isn’t he?
Tina: To tell the truth, I’m not sure that he is. Or rather, I’m
pretty sure that he isn’t. For one thing, he hasn’t got the
right experience. And for another, he hasn’t got the right
personality. I mean, he doesn’t get on well with people,
does he? In other words, I think he was the wrong
person for the job.
Bill: Well, anyway, the important thing is what he actually
does in the job. By the way, how’s your sister getting
on with her move to Italy?
We can also make something clearer or add extra support.
n I mean, … n    In other words, … Formally: n    That is to
say, …
How many of you will be coming to the party?
Well, we’d all love to come. In other words, all five of us, if that’s
all right.
E Listing
We can list facts and arguments in different ways.
Formally: n First,/Firstly,/First of all, … n Secondly, …
n Thirdly, … n    Finally, …
Informally: n    To start with, … n    For one thing, … n    And for
another, … n Then again, … n And last but not least, …
We can see that you want Jackie Smith to be the new manager,
don’t you? Perhaps you could give us your reasons.
Certainly. You see, first of all, she’s well organized. Secondly,
she’s got a lot of experience. And finally, everyone in the
department likes and respects her.
F Refocusing on the main point
We can close down an unimportant point, and go back to what you
think is the important thing.
n (Well,) anyway, … n   (Well,) anyhow, … n   (Well,) at any rate, …
Did you hear him singing while he was working? It was awful!
Well, at any rate, he did a good job, and that’s the main thing.
G Changing the subject
Linking (Section B) half-changes the subject, but sometimes we want a
complete change. We can say:
n (But) changing the subject, …
n (Yes, well,) on a completely different matter, …
More formally: n    On another/On a different matter,/issue,/point, …
… And we had a really nice time chatting about the old days.
Yes, well, on a completely different matter, I think we should
have a look at this problem with our sales figures.
 Exercises
1 Link to something that has been said.
Example: Your friend has just mentioned the concert on
Saturday, and you remember that there are still some
tickets for sale.
Things are busy at the Town Hall. There’s a big
party on Friday, and there’s a jazz concert on
Saturday.
concert, there are still
Talking about the
some tickets for sale.
A minute ago, your friend mentioned a special bus trip to London,
and you would like to go if there are still some seats available.
On Saturday, there’s a special bus trip to London. And then next
Wednesday, we’ll be visiting Oxford.
Going back to _____________________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
2 React to something that has been said.
Your friend has just said something unpleasant about the
neighbour’s new cat, but you think it is lovely.
Samantha’s new cat is horrible, isn’t it?
Well, ____________________________________________
________________________________________________
3 Correct something that you have said.
You have just said that you chose the present that you are giving
your friend, but now you want to correct yourself and say that Josie
and you both decided it was the right colour.
It’s lovely! Thank you so much!
I decided it was just the right colour for you ... Or __________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
4 Make yourself more clear.
Your friend wants to backpack through a dangerous part of the
world, and you have stated several reasons why you think this is a
bad idea. You want to finish by saying very clearly that you really
don’t think he should go.
I’ll be alright. Honestly.
No, listen! You might be kidnapped or even killed! In
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
5 Give a list of points.
You are going to move from your small apartment to a house with a
garden, and you are explaining some of the advantages to your
friend. These include:
* an extra bedroom;
* more living space;
* a garden;
* a garage for your car.
Are you sure it’s worth all the trouble of moving?
Yes, for lots of reasons. For one ________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
6 Close off a subject of conversation.
You and your friend have been talking about young Sam, who was
dangerously ill in hospital but is now getting better. Your friend is
complaining about Sam, but you want to focus on the important
thing – that he has left hospital now and he is recovering at home.
And, you know, he keeps asking for things all day long – ice
cream, for example.
Well, ____________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
7 Change the subject.
Your friend has been talking about her wonderful new camera for
the last five minutes, and you are tired of this. You are also worried
about the project you have been doing together. You need to talk
about the deadline for finishing it.
… And I just can’t stop taking pictures and trying out all the
different things you can do with it.
But _____________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
235
 Answer key
Unit 1 7 nearly Exercise 2 5 Don’t forget
Exercise 1 8 quickly 1 S V C 6 press
1 Adjective 9 late 2 V O 7 Don’t drive
2 Noun 10 certainly 3 S A V O 8 Write
3 Determiner 4 A V O
Exercise 5 Exercise 3
4 Conjunction 5 S
1 It 1 put in
5 Verb V O
2 a 2 place/put
6 Adverb 6 V S C
3 we 3 press/push
7 Preposition 7 S
4 we 4 choose
V O
Exercise 2 5 a 5 place/put
1 bedrooms 6 it Exercise 3 6 press/push
2 bathroom 7 the 1 Your brother seems very 7 take
3 living room 8 the tired. 8 enjoy
4 television 9 whole 2 Don’t put the boxes over
Exercise 4
5 dining room 10 the there.
1 Turn
6 visitors 11 Ours 3 Did you see the news
2 Turn
7 kitchen 12 a yesterday?
3 Take
8 food 13 Most Exercise 4 4 Pass
9 dishes 14 in 1 and 5 Follow
10 garden 15 one 2 or 6 turn
11 time 16 An 3 but 7 Cross
12 flowers 17 a
Exercise 5 8 turn
13 vegetables 18 of
1 if 9 Drive
14 supermarket 19 along
2 in order to 10 take
20 the
Exercise 3 3 even though
21 us Unit 4
1 cooks 4 because
22 They Exercise 1
2 get
23 us Unit 3 1 live
3 leave
24 to Exercise 1 2 like
4 is
25 the 1 Be 3 cries
5 drops
2 don’t be 4 start
6 work Unit 2
3 Be 5 goes
7 have Exercise 1
4 Don’t be 6 fetches
8 takes 1 Question
5 Be 7 has
9 drives 2 Order
6 Don’t be Exercise 2
10 has 3 Exclamation
7 Be 1 want; love
4 Statement
Exercise 4 8 Don’t be
5 Question 2 use; doesn’t work
1 only
6 Statement Exercise 2 3 doesn’t get; eats
2 big
7 Exclamation 1 Don’t play 4 don’t like; don’t enjoy
3 badly
8 Order 2 Take 5 doesn’t swim; goes
4 right
3 Turn off 6 don’t drink; keeps
5 fine
4 Don’t talk 7 doesn’t drive; walks
6 fast

236
Exercise 3 3 You aren’t 1 metre 75. You’re 2 Are you enjoying 4 don’t like
1 Does Tom drive? 1 metre 80. am 5 Does the bus stop
2 Do you know Ann Smith? 4 They aren’t at home. They’re 3 is Bill training 6 doesn’t do
3 Does the TV work? at school. He’s trying 7 does Lisa leave
4 Do you go out much? 4 Is Sally going 8 goes
Exercise 4
5 Does Marie speak French? isn’t 9 walk
1 Yes, she is.
6 Do Fred and Mary live near 5 are we flying? 10 don’t mind.
2 No, we aren’t. We’re very
here? We’re doing 11 Do you know
late.
Exercise 4 6 Are the boys washing
3 No, it isn’t. It’s 30th April. Exercise 3
1 How does Tom go to work? they’re cutting
4 Yes, there are. 1 You’re
2 When does Sally visit her 7 What’s the cat eating?
5 No, I’m not. I’m only 28. 2 don’t
parents? It’s eating
3 What‘s
Exercise 5
3 Where do they go on holiday Exercise 4 4 Are
1 How old is he?
every year? 1 He’s getting 5 does
He’s 25.
4 What time does Mark get 2 are choosing 6 do
2 What’s his job?
home in the evening? 3 Are you writing 7 isn’t
He’s a designer.
5 Why do we always make 4 I’m planning 8 does/doesn’t
3 Where’s his office?
mistakes? 5 We’re leaving 9 Do
It’s on the second floor.
6 How long do the children 6 are you cutting 10 I‘m
4 Which is his desk?
watch TV after school? 7 is making
It’s the one by the window. Exercise 4
7 Which newspaper does Lucy
5 How many people are there in Exercise 5 1 I’m making
usually buy on Sunday?
his office? 1 I’m working 2 I’m staying
Unit 5 There are six. 2 We’re building 3 do
Exercise 1 3 are 4 get up
Unit 6
1 are 4 studying 5 start
Exercise 1
2 Is 5 I’m not 6 eat
1 I’m going.
3 is 6 I’m training 7 own
2 You aren’t going./You’re not
4 Am 7 is 8 I’m living
going.
5 Are 8 going 9 takes
3 He isn’t going./He’s not going.
6 is 9 He’s starting 10 train
4 They’re going.
7 Are 11 He’s finishing
5 It isn’t going./It’s not going. Unit 7
8 am; is; are 12 I’m writing
Exercise 1
Exercise 2
Exercise 2 1 Are you going Unit 8
1 I’m not feeling
1 I’m 2 Are you doing Exercise 1
2 aren’t working.
2 he’s 3 is staying 1 asked
3 is ringing; isn’t answering
3 they’re 4 I’m taking 2 was/were
4 I’m looking for
4 you’re 5 aren’t doing 3 broke
isn’t working; He’s visiting
5 I’m not 6 aren’t going 4 called
5 She’s having
6 he isn’t/he’s not 7 are you planning 5 did
6 aren’t watching
7 they aren’t/they’re not 8 We’re having 6 drove
They’re listening
8 you aren’t/you’re not 7 ate
Exercise 2
Exercise 3 8 found
Exercise 3 1 don’t need
1 are the children doing? 9 went
1 I’m not 80 kilos. I’m 85 kilos. 2 look
They’re playing 10 had
2 Alan isn’t in Berlin. He’s in Paris. 3 do you say

237
11 invited Exercise 5 4 were; we‘re 12 were eating
12 jumped 1 When did she go there? 5 is; were 13 decided
13 kept 2 How did she get there? 6 wasn’t; he‘s 14 happened
14 left 3 Why did she go? 15 was getting
Unit 10
15 met 4 What time did she get there? 16 began
Exercise 1
16 needed 5 Who did she meet? 17 fell
1 was calling
17 opened Unit 9 18 were watching
2 were swimming
18 ran Exercise 1 19 started
3 was watching
19 saw 1 was; were 20 felt
4 were having
20 woke up 2 were; was; were 5 was getting Unit 11
Irregular verbs: be, break, do, 3 were; was; was 6 were riding Exercise 1
drive, eat, find, go, have, keep, 4 were 1 asked
leave, meet, run, see wake up Exercise 2
was; was 2 been
Both main and auxiliary verbs: be, 1 was; calling
Exercise 2 3 chosen
do, have was calling
1 was 4 done
2 were; riding
Exercise 2 2 Was 5 eaten
were riding
1 saw 3 was 6 found
3 Was; listening
2 jumped 4 were 7 given
wasn’t; was watching
3 ran 5 were 8 had
was he watching
4 ate/had 6 was 9 invited
was watching
5 had 7 wasn’t 10 joined
4 were; swimming
6 left 8 weren’t 11 kept
were swimming
7 drove 9 were 12 left
Were they swimming
10 wasn’t 13 made
Exercise 3 weren’t; were swimming
14 needed
1 found my old suit; didn’t find Exercise 3 Exercise 3 15 opened
my new one. 1 How old was the house? 1 were you doing 16 put
2 cleaned her red shoes; didn’t About 100 years old. 2 was he running 17 run
clean her black ones. 2 How many bedrooms were 3 was driving; broke down 18 started
3 called their mother; didn’t call there? 4 opened; was shining 19 taken
their sister. Four. 5 were working; rang 20 woken up
Exercise 4 3 How big was the living room? 6 hit; was trying Irregular verbs: be, choose, do,
1 Did Tim and Fred visit Paris 10 x 6 metres. 7 was trying; crashed eat, find, give, have, keep, leave,
too? 4 Where was the kitchen?
Exercise 4 make, put, run, take, wake up
No, they didn’t. At the back of the house.
1 was Both main and auxiliary verbs: be,
2 Did Ann run well too? 5 What was outside?
2 were singing do, have
Yes, she did. A garden with a stream.
3 was walking Exercise 2
3 Did they have a French test 6 What was the only problem?
4 noticed 1 found
too? The price.
5 was playing 2 bought
No, they didn’t. 7 How much was the house?
6 called 3 started
4 Did Peter practise the piano £900,000.
7 looked 4 joined
too? Exercise 4 8 shouted 5 made
Yes, he did. 1 are; were 9 invited 6 met
2 was; isn’t; wasn’t; is 10 were playing 7 been
3 weren’t; they’re 11 stopped 8 invited

238
Exercise 3 Exercise 7 3 We haven’t had fish for Exercise 3
1 They’ve broken 1 Yes, she’s just gone to Rome. dinner for months. 1 asked asked
2 has painted 2 No, I haven’t met them yet. 2 was/were been
Exercise 4
3 have arrived 3 Yes, he’s just bought some 3 cut cut
1 Have you ever stayed in
4 has won chocolate. 4 did done
5 has got Miami?
4 No, we haven’t finished work 5 found found
Yes, I’ve stayed there three
Exercise 4 yet. 6 went gone
times.
1 has joined the school drama 5 No, they haven’t come home 7 had had
2 How many times has he seen
group; hasn’t joined the yet. 8 invited invited
Avatar?
tennis club. 6 Yes, I’ve just bought some. 9 joined joined
He’s seen it seven times.
2 has made a cake; hasn’t 7 Yes, I’ve just put them in your Irregular verbs: be, cut, do, find,
3 Have they ever tried Indian
made any sandwiches. room. go, have
food?
3 have brought their books; Exercise 8
Both main and auxiliary verbs: be,
Yes, they’ve tried it a few times.
haven’t brought their pens. do, have
1 But you still haven’t called 4 How often has it rained
4 have chosen the carpets for
him. today? Exercise 4
their new house; haven’t
2 We’ve already bought the It’s rained twice today. 1 has
chosen any furniture.
tickets. 2 didn’t/has
5 I’ve washed the car; haven’t Exercise 5
3 But you still haven’t packed 3 hasn’t
washed the children’s bikes. 1 Have; been
your bag. 4 Did
6 We’ve invited Alan to the has; gone
4 She’s already got £150. 5 haven’t
party; haven’t invited Joe. 2 He’s gone
5 It’s already doing 300 kph.
He‘s; been Exercise 5
Exercise 5 6 But I still haven’t had a reply.
1 haven’t written
1 Have the boys done their Unit 13
Unit 12 2 has been
French homework too? Exercise 1
Exercise 1 3 have begun
No, they haven’t. 1 did you do?
2 Has Mark been busy all day 1 This land has belonged to Mr 4 I’ve had
2 went
too? Hill since 1980. 5 told
3 looked
Yes, he has. 2 Sally has had the same car 6 He’s let
4 Did you find
3 Have you learnt to fly too? for five years. 7 got
5 weren’t
Yes, I have. 3 We’ve lived in this house 8 I’ve found
6 was
4 Has Sally brought her books since I was 25. 9 signed
7 didn’t call
too? 10 gave
Exercise 2 8 didn’t want
No, she hasn’t. 1 have they had Unit 14
9 did you do
Exercise 6 Since 10 phoned Exercise 1
1 How long has Emma lived in 2 has he worked 1 I’ve been working
Exercise 2
London? For 2 They’ve been playing
1 have you put
2 Why have you come home so 3 have they wanted 3 has been using
haven’t seen
late? Since 4 I’ve been doing
2 Have you packed
3 What have you done with my 4 has he lived 5 She’s been studying
I’ve left
shirt? For
3 Has Dad given Exercise 2
4 Where has Andy put the bike?
Exercise 3 hasn’t 1 hasn’t been spending;
5 How many kilometres have
1 He hasn’t seen her for three 4 I’ve brought He’s been saving
you driven today?
weeks. has gone 2 haven’t been going;
2 They haven’t met since We’ve been going
Claire’s wedding.

239
 3 hasn’t been doing; Exercise 4 4 Is Sally going to buy a Exercise 5
She’s been listening 1 We drove out of town when newspaper? 1 I’ll phone
we’d loaded the Jeep. No, she isn’t. 2 won’t be
Exercise 3
2 We stopped for a rest when 3 Will everybody want
1 have you been doing Exercise 4
we’d driven into the hills. 4 will
2 has he been getting on 1 Where is she going to put
3 We started again when we’d 5 will we need
3 Has he been learning them?
had a good rest. 6 We’ll have to
4 Have you been eating 2 When are they going to move
4 We finally stopped for the 7 Will we need
5 have they been working out?
night when we’d been on the 8 won’t
3 How many are you going to
Exercise 4 road for over ten hours. 9 we’ll have
make? 10 won’t rain
1 has Pam been doing 5 We started to cook dinner
4 What is he going to see?
She’s been looking for a new when we’d unpacked the Unit 18
job. Jeep. Unit 17 Exercise 1
has she been doing 6 We went to sleep when we’d Exercise 1 1 At 9:45 he’ll be (doing) Art.
Since last month./For a month. finished dinner. 1 won’t find 2 At 10:30 he’ll be (learning)
2 have Nick and Andy been 2 will cross French.
Unit 16
doing 3 won’t open 3 At 11:15 he’ll be (studying)
Exercise 1
They’ve been training for the 4 They’ll do Maths.
1 I’m going to wash it after
London Marathon. 5 won’t be 4 At 12:00 he’ll be (having)
lunch.
have they been doing English.
2 She’s going to clean them Exercise 2
Since the month before 5 At 12:45 he’ll be having
now. 1 I’ll buy
last./For two months. lunch.
3 They’re going to mend them 2 won’t be
Unit 15 this evening. 3 I’ll wash Exercise 2
Exercise 1 4 It’s going to have it in a 4 I’ll close 1 I’ll be meeting the sales
1 had gone minute. 5 won’t make manager.
2 had taken 6 won’t forget 2 I’ll be visiting the factory.
Exercise 2
3 had eaten 3 I’ll be having meetings with
1 It’s going to rain. Exercise 3
4 He’d changed the sales team.
We’re going to get 1 He’ll get
5 we’d seen 4 I’ll be showing visitors round
2 isn’t/He’s not going to get 2 She’ll give
6 had bought London all day.
He’s going to miss 3 I’ll carry
7 he’d left 5 I’ll be spending the day in
3 We’re going to run out of 4 I’ll cut
8 they’d started Paris.
aren’t/We’re not going to reach Exercise 4
Exercise 2 4 isn’t/He’s not going to give up 1 Will Ann be ten next week?
Exercise 3
1 she’d already arranged He’s going to finish 1 When will he be flying to
Yes, she will.
2 They’d never seen Florida?
Exercise 3 2 Will the boys like their new
3 had just started Next Monday.
1 Is Sam going to pass his school?
4 She’d recently heard about 2 How long will he be riding
exams? No, they won’t.
5 still hadn’t repaired across America?
Yes, he is. 3 Will Mr Hall arrive tonight?
6 had already spent For two months.
2 Are your parents going to Yes, he will.
3 Where will he be arriving in
Exercise 3 take you out? 4 Will next term start on 15th
ten weeks?
1 arrived; had gone No, they aren’t. April?
In California.
2 had got away; closed 3 Are you going to watch TV No, it won’t.
4 Where will he be going from
3 we’d crossed; were able this evening?
there?
4 left; we’d done Yes, I am.
To Alaska.
5 turned back; they’d run out of

240
 5 How will he be crossing to 5 You’ll be; are you going to 3 Did you have Exercise 2
Asia after that? leave did; didn’t have; had 1 finishes
By ship. I’m going to study 4 do you have? 2 I’m listening
6 will the meeting start don’t have; haven’t had 3 hope
Unit 19
won’t be did you have? 4 is he making
Exercise 1
5 has 5 does she go
1 she’ll have written a book of Exercise 2
has he had 6 Are you enjoying
short stories. 1 They’re taking
2 reaches he’s had; doesn’t have
2 she’ll have produced a play in Exercise 3
London. 3 They’re flying Exercise 3 Verbs with no change:
3 she’ll have published a best- 4 takes off 1 have got cost cost cost
selling novel. 5 arrives 2 hasn’t got cut cut cut
4 she’ll have won an important 6 are staying 3 they’ve got hit hit hit
international prize. Exercise 3 4 they’ve had let let let
5 she’ll have made a lot of 1 I’ll be flying; will you be doing? 5 they’ve Verbs with one change:
money. I’ll be working 6 had feel felt felt
2 she’ll pass 7 didn’t have get got got
Exercise 2
won’t do 8 had
1 won’t have finished keep kept kept
3 will Sam be 9 they’ve got
2 will have sold make made made
will have 10 they’ve got
3 they’ll have gone Verbs with two changes:
we’ll be talking 11 it’s had
4 she’ll have got give gave given
4 we’ll be waiting
5 won’t have had Exercise 4 ride rode ridden
I’ll have
1 has a look see saw seen
Exercise 3
Exercise 4 2 has a chat
1 What will they have finished take took taken
1 will have laid 3 have time
They’ll have put in the
2 will be working 4 have coffee
Exercise 4
windows, but they won’t have 1 cut
3 will be working 5 has a game
fitted the doors. 4 I’ll be taking cut
6 has a swim
2 What will they have done 5 I’ll have left; I’ll be training 2 make
7 have lunch
They’ll have done the wiring, 6 will be arriving made
8 have a rest
but they won’t have laid the won’t have finished 3 ride
9 has a run
floors. ride; rode
Unit 21 10 has a chance
3 What will they have completed 4 let
Exercise 1
They’ll have plastered the Unit 22 let; hit; got
1 Have you got
walls, but they won’t have Exercise 1
haven’t got; he’s got Exercise 5
painted the house. 1 know
hasn’t got 1 done
drives
Unit 20 2 he’s got made
2 start
Exercise 1 Has he got 2 seen
begins
1 We’re going to crash hasn’t given
3 like
We’ll be 3 seen
Exercise 2 watches
2 Are we going to eat
1 Do you have 4 have
got
we’re going to go don’t have; has 4 hit
has
3 I’ll have doesn’t have cut
5 goes
4 Will you answer 2 has
go
It’ll probably be Does she have
does; takes
doesn’t

241
Unit 23 6 Don’t you have to go home b Why were they so slow with 15 we’ll
Exercise 1 now? their work? 16 That’s
1 I’m 7 Which parts don’t we have to Because they were careful.
Exercise 4
2 is learn? c Why have they been so slow
1 we have
3 We’ll be 8 Which questions haven’t they with their work?
2 are not
4 has been answered yet? Because they’ve been careful.
3 do not
5 were Exercise 5 Unit 24 4 I am
6 I’ve been 1 have you Exercise 1 5 they are
7 Are 2 doesn’t he 1 You’re 6 will not
8 was 3 weren’t they 2 He’s 7 we are
Exercise 2 4 do you 3 I’m 8 have not
1 do 5 didn’t he 4 What’s
Exercise 5
don’t 6 haven’t they 5 We’ll
1 we had
2 Do 7 does he 6 he’s; he’ll
2 you would
don’t 8 wasn’t she 7 you’d
9 are you 3 it is
3 did 8 she’d; she’d
10 did he 4 he has
didn’t 9 They’ve
5 He is
4 does Exercise 6 10 I’d
6 I would
don’t 1 Neither/Nor do we.
Exercise 2
5 Did 2 So does Alan. Unit 25
1 don’t
didn’t 3 Neither/Nor have I. Exercise 1
2 isn’t
6 Does 4 Neither/Nor did Lisa. 1 Does Bob like football too?
3 hasn’t
doesn’t 5 So have her brothers. 2 Is Lucy good at cooking too?
4 won’t
6 Neither/Nor is she. 3 Has Dad had dinner too?
Exercise 3 5 Don’t; didn’t
7 Neither/Nor had we. 4 Did Jim cook the meat too?
1 Have 6 I’m not
8 So did the van. 5 Are you going out tonight too?
haven’t; haven’t 7 isn’t; doesn’t
2 hasn’t Exercise 7 8 hadn’t; wouldn’t Exercise 2
3 Have 1a What are you having for 9 haven’t 1 Does he have to go now too?
I’ve; haven’t lunch? 10 wasn’t 2 Must she finish the letters too?
4 hadn’t We’re having chicken. 3 Can he swim fast too?
Exercise 3
5 We’ll have b What did you have for lunch? 4 Should we train every evening
1 don’t
6 has We had chicken. too?
2 I’m
He’s c What have you had for lunch? 5 Will we have to write to all
3 What’s
7 won’t have We’ve had chicken. our friends too?
4 I’ve
8 they’d 2a How much work is he doing? Exercise 3
5 You’d
He’s doing ten hours. 1 Have they been married for
Exercise 4 6 I’d
b How much work did he do? long?
1 Hasn’t Paul come home yet? 7 haven’t
He did ten hours. 2 Did they move to Manchester
2 Why didn’t they call the 8 I’m
c How much work has he at that time?
police? 9 Don’t
done?
3 Aren’t you enjoying the film? 10 You’re 3 Have they got any children?
He’s done ten hours.
4 Why don’t you agree with 11 won’t 4 Do the children go to school?
3a Why are they being so slow
me? 12 doesn’t 5 Is she starting school soon?
with their work?
5 Isn’t Rosie going to the Because they’re being 13 I’ll
wedding? careful. 14 he’ll

242
Exercise 4 Unit 27 Unit 28 Exercise 2
1 Isn’t it a good one? Exercise 1 Exercise 1 1 Do you know if/whether
2 Don’t you like flying? 1 won’t you 1 I haven’t they’ve had lunch?
3 Hasn’t he gone to college yet? 2 has it 2 I do 2 Can you say if/whether you’ll
3 aren’t they 3 I’m not be home tonight?
Unit 26
4 didn’t it 4 we should 3 Do you have any idea
Exercise 1
5 is she 5 I would if/whether the team are going
1 Where
6 was he 6 there aren’t to win?
2 Whose
7 can he 7 I haven’t 4 Can you tell us if/whether
3 How long
8 shouldn’t he 8 he is we’re having a test this
4 How many
9 need we 9 I can’t week?
5 Which
6 When 10 mightn’t she 10 I did Exercise 3
7 Why 11 won’t he 11 I must 1 Can you tell me if/whether
8 What 12 have you Tom goes to college?
Exercise 2
13 won’t they 2 Can you say if/whether the
Exercise 2 1 I’m not
14 has it ring cost a lot?
1 How old are you? 2 I haven’t
15 is it 3 Could you tell us when the
I’m … 3 I wasn’t
16 wasn’t it bus went?
2 What’s your address? 4 I didn’t
17 doesn’t he 4 Do you know how the engine
It’s ... 5 I was
18 didn’t you works?
3 What does your father do? 6 I was
19 don’t you
He’s a/an … 7 I did Exercise 4
20 didn’t she
4 Why are you learning English? 8 I was 1 Why do you think he arrives
Because … Exercise 2 9 I did late?
1 didn’t it 10 I was 2 Do you think they’re going to
Exercise 3
2 were they finish today?
1 Why hasn’t he answered the Exercise 3
3 aren’t you 3 How far do you think they
e-mail? 1 Yes, I am./No, I’m not.
4 is she walked?
2 What haven’t we done? 2 Yes, I do./No, I don’t.
5 haven’t you 4 Do you think we’ve made a
3 Why won’t they be able to go 3 Yes, it is./No, it isn’t.
6 will they mistake?
on holiday? 4 Yes, I am./No, I’m not.
4 Where didn’t we go? Exercise 3 5 Yes, they do./No, they don’t. Exercise 5
5 Why isn’t she going to go out 1 isn’t it 6 Yes, they do./No, they don’t. 1 Can you tell me where to post
tonight? 2 are there 7 Yes, I do./No, I don’t. these letters?
6 Why doesn’t he like this 3 are they 8 Yes, I will./No, I won’t. 2 Can you tell us what to say to
television programme? 4 have I 9 Yes, I have./No, I haven’t. the boss?
5 didn’t you 3 Do they know how long to
Exercise 4 Unit 29
6 won’t we wait at the station?
1 Who called the police? Exercise 1
Exercise 4 1 Do you know what date it is 4 I’m not certain how far to
2 What went wrong?
1 didn’t I today? drive along the road.
3 What did Bob find by the
door? 2 haven’t you 2 Could you tell me when Ann Unit 30
4 Who did Tom phone? 3 weren’t they is coming home? Exercise 1
5 What did the car run over? 4 aren’t we 3 Do you have any idea why 1 Neither/Nor do I
6 Who saw Peter? 5 does it Tom has gone? 2 So am I
7 What did Julie eat? 6 don’t we 4 Can you say how long you’ll 3 So am I
7 is there be away? 4 So did I

243
 5 Neither/Nor did I Exercise 5 4 can/could 5 You shouldn’t have gone to
6 So did I 1 were able to 5 Shall Miami. You ought to have
7 Neither/Nor could I 2 could 6 could/may chosen somewhere else.
8 So was I 3 can 7 can
Unit 34
9 So is mine 4 couldn’t
Unit 33 Exercise 1
10 So does mine 5 be able to
Exercise 1 1 has he had to pay for it?
11 So is mine 6 can’t
1 ought 2 will she have to go to
7 were able to
Exercise 2 2 should London?
8 couldn’t
1 neither/nor is Ted 3 ought 3 did they have to go last
2 so is Sally Exercise 6 4 should week?
3 so does Claire 1 can’t have 5 should 4 does she have to change all
4 so does Ken 2 could have her plans?
Exercise 2
5 so can Ted 3 can’t have 5 have they had to live in the
1 ought
6 neither/nor can Claire 4 could have flat?
2 oughtn’t
Exercise 3 Unit 32 3 should Exercise 2
1 I expect so. Exercise 1 4 ought/oughtn’t 1 must rest for a week, Mr
2 I suppose so. 1 can 5 shouldn’t Robbins.’
3 I don’t think so. 2 Would/Could 6 should 2 have to pay immediately.
4 I’m afraid not. 3 Would/Could 7 should 3 must check in two hours
5 I guess not. 4 can 8 ought before the flight.’
6 I think so. 5 May/Could 4 have to complete a
Exercise 3
6 May/Could registration form.
Unit 31 1 You’d better
Exercise 2 5 must be home by 6:00.’
Exercise 1 2 He’d better not
1 Can I borrow your book? 6 had to go to the police
1 can see 3 We’d better not
2 Can you lend me your pen? station.
2 can go 4 They’d better
3 can’t walk 3 Would/Could you tell me your Exercise 3
Exercise 4
4 can’t catch address? 1 must
1 You ought to do more
4 Would/Could you take a seat, 2 has to
Exercise 2 exercise.
please? 3 must
1 can’t; could 2 You’d better see a dentist.
5 May/Could I put your bag 4 had to
2 can; couldn’t 3 You shouldn’t watch any TV.
away? 5 must
3 couldn’t; can’t 4 You oughtn’t use the phone
6 Would/Could all passengers 6 have to
4 could; can’t so much.
remain in their seats until the 7 must
5 You’d better not go out yet.
Exercise 3 plane stops?
6 You should go to the beach. Exercise 4
1 could hear
Exercise 3 1 mustn’t
2 could remember Exercise 5
1 Yes, you can. 2 don’t have to
3 could understand 1 He should have seen the
2 No, you can’t. 3 mustn’t
4 could feel doctor.
3 Yes, you can. 4 mustn’t
2 They shouldn’t have played
Exercise 4 4 No, you can’t. 5 doesn’t have to
outside.
1 could 6 don’t have to
Exercise 4 3 We ought to have turned left
2 could 7 mustn’t
1 would/could at the traffic lights.
3 were able to 8 don’t have to
2 Can/Could 4 She oughtn’t to have bought it.
4 was able to
3 would/could
5 could

244
Unit 35 Exercise 2 3 may/might/could have Exercise 4
Exercise 1 1 He can’t be under 60. 4 may/might/could have 1 mustn’t; must
1 needn’t He may be/might be about 64 5 must have 2 mustn’t; we’ll have to
2 mustn’t or 65. 3 must; must
Exercise 3
3 mustn’t He must be 65 because he’s 4 can’t/mustn’t; must/have to
1 wouldn’t have
4 needn’t just retired from work.
2 should have Exercise 5
5 mustn’t 2 It can’t be Rod. Rod is taller.
3 needn’t have 1 don’t need to/needn’t
6 needn’t It must be Julian because
4 could have 2 didn’t need to/didn’t have to
that looks like his jacket. 5 would have
Exercise 2 3 don’t have to; have to
It may be/might not be him. 6 I’d have
1 I have to work late. 4 had to; didn’t have to/didn’t
He’s walking towards some 7 shouldn’t have
2 Where do they have to go? need to
other people. 8 We’d have
3 Does she need to go so soon? 5 don’t need to/needn’t;
3 It can’t be Sue’s. She’s
4 Do you have to work Unit 38 need to/have to
carrying hers.
tomorrow? Exercise 1 Exercise 6
It may be/might be Maria’s.
5 I don’t need to do my 1 can’t; Can 1 will
She isn’t carrying a sports bag.
homework. 2 could 2 may
No, it must be Lucy’s. It’s got
6 Why do they need to learn 3 couldn’t 3 may not
her name on it.
French? 4 Could 4 It’ll
Exercise 3 5 were able to 5 could/might/may
Exercise 3
1 can’t be doing 6 Was he able to
1 Do you need to 6 could/might/may
2 can’t be playing
2 needn’t Exercise 2 7 won’t
3 must be practising
3 need to 1 Can/Could I borrow your
Exercise 7
4 need to Exercise 4 book?
1 must be meeting Stephen
5 needn’t 1 can’t have dropped 2 May/Can I help you?
Fisher.
6 need to 2 may/might have left 3 Could/Can you get the red
2 may be at the City Hotel;
7 mustn’t 3 must have put file, please?
may be at the Ritz Grill.
8 do we need to 4 Would you like/Can I offer you
Unit 37 3 can’t be in Birmingham.;
a cup of tea?
9 need to Exercise 1 must be travelling to Liverpool
5 Could/May I have your name,
10 mustn’t 1 could or Manchester.
please?
Exercise 4 2 had to/needed to
6 Can/Could you lend me some Exercise 8
1 didn’t need to 3 was able to
money? 1 should have/ought to have
2 needn’t have 4 had to/needed to 7 May/Could I have a day off 2 can’t have/couldn’t have
3 needn’t have 5 didn’t need to/didn’t have to next week, please? 3 shouldn’t have/oughtn’t to
4 didn’t need to 6 had to/needed to 8 May/Can I park my car have
5 didn’t need to 7 couldn’t outside the entrance? 4 needn’t have
6 needn’t have 8 had to
Exercise 3 (Possible answers) 5 would have/could have
9 could
Unit 36 1 You should go to the dentist. Unit 39
10 needed
Exercise 1 2 They oughtn’t to watch TV. Exercise 1
11 couldn’t
1 may/might 3 You’d better get some 1 is made
12 couldn’t/wasn’t able to
2 may/might glasses. 2 is produced
13 was able to
3 may not/might not 4 He ought to find a better job. 3 are provided
4 may/might Exercise 2 5 He’d better not miss the next 4 are brought
5 may not/might not 1 can’t have test.
5 is put
6 may not/might not 2 may/might/could have 6 He shouldn’t go out yet.
6 are then delivered

245
Exercise 2 4 She was being looked after by 2 This jewellery is said to be 2 Let’s have these brochures
1 was built Sue. nearly 3,000 years old. printed soon.
2 were used 5 It’s being serviced at the 3 Ancient sea levels are known 3 Let’s get this wall rebuilt
3 were flown garage. to have been much lower tomorrow.
4 were found than they are now. 4 Let’s have the door painted
Exercise 2
5 were carried 4 This city is considered to be before winter.
1 A lot of new houses have
6 were begun developing into the world’s
been built. Unit 42
7 were provided financial capital.
2 It hadn’t been driven for 20 Exercise 1
8 was employed
years. Exercise 2 1 to play
Exercise 3 3 We’ve been left behind. 1 It has been agreed that both 2 to give
1 First, the new factory was 4 We hadn’t been told anything sides should meet. 3 to see
built. about it. 2 It has been announced that 4 to get
2 Then the new Superbike last year’s sales were up. 5 to win
Exercise 3
2,000 was designed. 3 It is assumed that the truth 6 to move
1 Up to five books can be
3 The design wasn’t shown to will never be known. 7 to climb
borrowed.
anyone. 4 It used to be believed that the 8 to learn
2 Books should always be
4 Over 1,000 were bought in world was flat.
returned on time. Exercise 2
the first year.
3 Books cannot be renewed Exercise 3 1 watching
Exercise 4 more than three times. 1 Sam got stopped for speeding 2 losing
1 When was oil first used? 4 Protective clothing must be by the police./by the police 3 buying
It was first used thousands of worn at all times. for speeding. 4 eating
years ago. 5 Food must not be brought 2 Amy’s brave actions got 5 saying
2 Was it burned for light? into the office. mentioned in the newspaper 6 waiting
Yes, it was. 6 Personal calls should not be report. 7 smoking
3 When was far more oil made from company phones. 3 We never get to do a lot of 8 walking
needed? important jobs at home.
Exercise 4 Exercise 3
It was needed about 100 4 Do all the letters to customers
1 This castle was built in 1760. 1 to spend
years ago. get checked before they get
2 Tony was being pulled along 2 arriving
4 Was more oil found at that sent out?
the road. 3 to have
time?
3 The match won’t be won by Exercise 4 4 to save
Yes, it was.
Alan. It’ll be won by Jim. 1 I need to get changed into 5 smoking
5 How many barrels of oil are
4 Contracts should always be some warmer clothes. 6 going
pumped every day now?
read before they’re signed. 2 You’ll get lost without a 7 to see
About 80 million barrels (are).
5 A memo has been written by satnav. 8 doing
Unit 40 Bob, and it’s being read by 3 They’re planning to get 9 going
Exercise 1 the staff. married in June. 10 to go
1 We were being called by 6 The garage isn’t being 4 Poor Roz! She got burned 11 walking
somebody. cleaned out by Julie. That job very badly by the sun.
Exercise 4
2 They are being pulled down is being done by Sue. 5 Lucy hopes to get qualified as
1 not to mind what he said.
next week. a doctor by the age of 24.
Unit 41 2 not making so much noise?
3 The work wasn’t being done
Exercise 1 Exercise 5 3 not having the money to
efficiently.
1 No one is thought to know 1 Let’s get the windows repay Sam.
everything that happened. mended now. 4 not to go out with the others.
5 not to talk to Bill any more.

246
Unit 43 5 to tell you that your son has 4 to see the contract. Exercise 4
Exercise 1 done very badly in his exams. 5 our friends (to) cut down a 1 thought about/of going
1 to be 6 stop here for a minute to buy tree. 2 decided against doing
2 to take some things for dinner at this 6 for you to see your present yet. 3 discouraged us from
3 forming supermarket. choosing
Exercise 4
4 to provide/providing 7 throwing your work away and 4 insisted on inviting
1 swimming
5 to ask/asking starting all over again from 5 looking forward to showing
2 to have
the beginning. 6 dreamt of visiting
Exercise 2 3 to help
8 to phone you this morning, 7 thank her for asking
1 to get up/getting up 4 to get
but I was just too busy. Unit 46
2 to go 5 buying
9 really need painting.
3 to check/checking 6 talking Exercise 1
4 to swim/swimming Exercise 6 1 capable of hurting
Unit 45
5 to read/reading 1 training 2 excited about going
Exercise 1
6 to do 2 to find 3 fond of visiting
1 for breaking
7 to visit 3 doing 4 interested in studying
2 on paying
8 to play/playing 4 to do 5 pleased about passing
3 about moving
9 to know/knowing 5 thinking 6 fed up with hearing
4 to going
10 to live/living 6 passing 7 bad at cooking
5 like doing
7 leaving
Exercise 3 6 about/of joining Exercise 2
8 to take 1 Mark was very grateful for
1 to post
9 to say Exercise 2
2 to buy having a chance to show his
10 to catch up 1 My brother and I disagreed
3 asking invention on TV.
11 to study about selling the old family
4 hearing 2 We’re all very interested in
house in London.
5 saying Unit 44 taking cookery classes.
2 I must apologize for arriving
6 saying Exercise 1 3 We feel annoyed about
so late at night.
7 to get 1 Alan to be quiet. playing badly and almost
3 They finally succeeded in
8 to do 2 Rob not to drive so fast. losing the match.
discovering a new route
3 me not to take photos. 4 Later, Alan felt ashamed of
Exercise 4 through the mountains.
4 her son to take his medicine failing to help anyone else.
1 to get/getting 4 We want to concentrate on
after lunch. 5 I’m not very keen on meeting
using planning the company’s next
5 everybody to try the cake. those people.
2 writing; signing project in China.
6 the man to stop. Exercise 3
to do
Exercise 3
3 correcting Exercise 2 1 Isn’t Pat worried about losing
1 You can’t prevent me from
to do 1 Tina not to buy the dress. his place in the football team?
winning.
2 the climbers to turn back. 2 Ed is tired of travelling to
Exercise 5 2 Ben’s father punished him for
3 our boat to roll over. work in the city every day.
1 to get the licence on his way breaking the window.
4 us go out. 3 Naomi is responsible for
home from work. 3 I must warn you about going
5 the boys run five kilometres. choosing office equipment at
2 to develop a new kind of sailing in this wind.
6 you buy now and pay later. her company.
solar-powered engine. 4 I can’t forgive her for hurting
4 Our engineers were anxious
3 remember having fights with Exercise 3 my child.
about failing to find the fault
other children when I was 1 to buy that car. 5 You can’t blame him for
in the ship’s engines.
young. 2 Tom to get the job. leaving that terrible job.
4 stop making so much noise 3 Mrs Jones to leave her cases 6 We can’t stop the dogs from
late at night. (there). fighting.

247
Exercise 4
1 Have you got used to living
I‘m not used to coping
you‘ll get used to
2 did you use to do
used to be
Did you use to work
used to make
Unit 47
Exercise 1
1 Watching; saw;
decrease/decreasing
2 was making; rising; falling
3 saw; appear
4 Moving; pushed
5 Staring; said
6 Not understanding; replied
7 heard; say
Exercise 2
1 Adding; disappeared; had
appeared
2 Shaking; stared
3 Having thought; sent
4 Having heard; was
5 Putting; went
Exercise 3
1 Despite being; felt
2 instead of continuing;
changed
3 Without knowing; followed
4 On getting; spotted
5 By following; found
Exercise 4
1 After rescuing; began
2 While/When fighting; caught;
sunk
3 After making; was
4 before leaving; was hit/had
been hit
5 Although not expecting;
continued
248
Unit 48 Unit 49 14 will take
Exercise 1 Exercise 1 15 we’ll miss
1 go jogging 1 the oil light comes on.
Unit 50
2 go swimming 2 it becomes ice.
Exercise 1
3 go shopping 3 it soon goes bad.
1 had
4 go camping 4 the lights come on.
2 I’d go
5 go diving 5 the machinery soon breaks
3 lost
down.
Exercise 2 4 followed
1 It’s no use shouting. Exercise 2 5 she’d be
2 It’s worth taking 1 arrives 6 wouldn’t believe
3 It’s no good sending 2 will tell 7 we’d stay
4 It’s useless applying 3 won’t let
Exercise 2
5 It’s not worth buying 4 I’ll call
1 Ann would be pleased if Tom
5 will lend
Exercise 3 called.
6 won’t listen
1 Right now, Anne’s very busy 2 If you didn’t visit us again,
7 don’t come
writing a report about her we’d be very sad.
business trip. Exercise 3 3 I’d get fit quite fast if I worked
2 I wasted a lot of time looking 1 If the police come, they’ll ask out at the gym.
for the book in all the about Tom. 4 If Barry didn’t argue so much,
bookshops. 2 If you enter the race, you’ll he’d have more friends.
3 I’m having big problems probably win. 5 If Hiroko had more money,
finding Gabriella’s address 3 If the party goes on till late, she’d fly home to Tokyo.
and phone number. we’ll go home early. 6 The team would win more
4 Alan is having a lot of trouble 4 If you call the office at 2:00, games if they trained harder.
understanding our new Tony will be there.
Exercise 3
software systems. 5 If Ann doesn’t call, I’ll be
1 he’d waste
5 It was a complete waste of worried.
2 I’d become
time and money trying to 6 If you finish the job today, you
3 You’d enjoy
repair that old car of mine. won’t have to come
4 might never see
6 I had no trouble working out tomorrow.
the solution to that puzzle Exercise 4
Exercise 4
really quickly. 1 Where would they stay if they
1 won’t be able
7 There’s simply no point (in) visited Turkey?
2 is
trying to teach this stupid They’d stay at cheap hotels.
3 decide
animal anything at all. 2 Who would we see if we
4 will come
8 We won’t have any difficulty complained at the Head
5 will you join
getting the job done by Office?
6 organize
midday, I can promise you. You’d talk to the Sales
7 go
9 There’s no harm (in) checking Manager.
8 we’ll have
all the equipment again 3 How would you travel if you
9 I’ll come
before we go, is there? visited Scotland?
10 isn’t
10 I spent three hours trying to I’d go by car.
11 find
finish my report last night. 4 What would they do if they
12 it’ll cost
left school now?
13 don’t act
They’d look for jobs.
 5 Which would you choose if
you could borrow a DVD?
I’d take the new Will Smith
film.
Unit 51
Exercise 1
1 you’d have loved
2 she’d gone
3 hadn’t shown
4 had been
5 she’d saved; she’d have had
6 wouldn’t have asked
hadn’t been
Exercise 2
1 If Jim had asked us, we’d
have lent him our car.
2 If I hadn’t written down her
phone number, I’d have
forgotten it.
3 The car wouldn’t have
crashed if Tom had kept to
the speed limit.
4 I’d have forgotten to buy
Ann’s birthday present if you
hadn’t reminded me.
Exercise 3
1 If we’d had a map, we’d have
found the house.
2 If they hadn’t opened the last
box, they wouldn’t have found
the books.
3 If the tree had fallen on the
car, the driver would have
been hurt.
4 If I’d turned back, I wouldn’t
have got lost on the mountain.
Exercise 4
1 We could have visited the
Statue of Liberty too.
2 He might have won the race.
3 They could have caught the
thieves.
4 We’d have got home an hour
ago.
Unit 52
Exercise 1
1 If only the shoes weren’t so
expensive!
2 If only we didn’t have to pay
so many bills!
3 If only I got regular money for
clothes!
4 If only we could buy
everything we want!
5 If only I didn’t upset Mum so
much and so often!
Exercise 2
1 I wish you’d listen to other
people’s ideas!
2 I wish you wouldn’t arrive late
for everything!
3 I wish you’d tell the truth!
4 I wish you wouldn’t keep
smoking all the time!
Exercise 3
1 If only I hadn’t agreed to
speak at a meeting that
evening! I wish I’d refused to
go!
2 If only I hadn’t got the 8:15
train to London! I wish I’d
caught the 7:55 instead!
3 If only I hadn’t left the family
dinner in the oven for over
three hours! I wish I’d taken it
out at the right time!
Exercise 4
1 unless you buy your tickets
now.
2 unless we’d hired an off-road
vehicle.
3 Unless I knew some of the
other guests,
Unit 53
Exercise 1
1 staying indoors and sitting by
their fire.
2 it’s hot there and he’s sitting
outdoors with Suzie by their
new pool.
Exercise 2
1 He said he was working away
from London that month.
2 He told me he’d finished his
college course the year before.
3 He said he hadn’t been to see
his parents for ages.
4 He told me he’d arrived home
with his family the day before.
5 He said they were going back
to London the next day.
6 He told me they couldn’t stay
for long as he had to get back
to work.
7 He said they might come
back the following year. He
didn’t know.
8 He told me he’d e-mail soon
and send me a photo of the
family.
Exercise 3
1 But you said you loved this
sort of music.
2 But you told me he wouldn’t
sell his bike.
3 But you said you were going
to write her a letter.
4 But you told me it was on
tomorrow night.
5 But you said they’d lose the
match.
6 But you told me she’d be at
home tomorrow night.
7 But you said they hadn’t sent
you anything.
8 But you told me they couldn’t
swim at all.
Unit 54
Exercise 1
1 we’re going for our holiday
this year.
2 if we’re going to visit them
again.
3 we’re doing this winter.
4 if we’re taking a skiing
holiday again.
Exercise 2
1 Jim asked me if I’d sold my
terrible old car.
2 Jim asked me if I still lived
with my parents.
3 Jim asked me if I was going
to visit London soon.
4 I asked him if there was room
for me to stay with him.
5 I asked him if I could have his
phone number.
6 I asked him if he’d met his
wife at college.
Exercise 3
1 They asked him what part of
France he came from.
2 They asked him how long
he’d been in Britain.
3 They asked him why he’d
decided to go to college here.
4 They asked him how long he
was going to stay.
5 They asked him where he
was living at the moment.
Exercise 4
1 Two Swedish students asked
me if I knew the way to the
station.
2 Some Turkish students asked
me if I could help them find a
flat.
3 A Lebanese student asked
me what the best way to send
a parcel home was.
4 Two Italian students asked
me how long it would take
them to travel to Edinburgh.
249
Unit 55 Unit 56 4 A car uses more energy per Exercise 4
Exercise 1 Exercise 1 person than a bus. 1 knives
1 The girl asked me to open the 1 an 2 matches
Exercise 6
door. 2 an 3 potatoes
1 some
2 Carol instructed the new 3 a 4 loaves
2 x
assistant not to use the 4 an 5 photos
3 x
photocopier. 5 a 6 wives
4 a
3 Tom invited us to come for 6 an 7 batteries
5 an
dinner on Saturday. 7 a 8 lives
6 x
4 Celia reminded me not to be 8 an 9 leaves
7 some
late for the party. 9 an Unit 58
8 some
5 Ann asked everybody not to 10 a
9 a Exercise 1
make so much noise. 11 a 1 apples
6 Mrs Davis told Tony to give 12 an Unit 57
2 bananas
his name to the receptionist. Exercise 1
Exercise 2 3 beans
7 Bob warned Emma not to 1 police
1 a letter 4 biscuits
touch the red button. 2 cattle
2 an umbrella 5 carrots
8 The manager reminded her 3 contents
3 some paint 6 eggs
assistant to post the letters. 4 scissors
4 some glasses 7 olives
5 clothes
Exercise 2 5 an egg 8 onions
6 glasses
1 She agreed to meet at 7:30. 6 a taxi 9 oranges
7 shorts
2 He promised to be there on 10 peas
Exercise 3 8 sheep
time. 11 potatoes
1 Do
3 She threatened not to wait for Exercise 2 12 tomatoes
2 Is
him if he was late. 1 is 13 apple juice
3 are
4 He offered to get there an 2 Does 14 bread
4 Does
hour early. 3 are 15 butter
5 is
5 She threatened again to leave 4 Is 16 cheese
6 is
if he wasn’t there at 7:30. 5 are 17 cooking oil
7 Are
6 He promised not to be late. 6 is 18 milk
8 are
7 is 19 mineral water
Exercise 3
Exercise 4 8 is 20 rice
1 Maria suggested going
1 some 9 Does 21 salt
parachuting.
2 x 10 are 22 soup
2 Barry insisted on going
3 some 11 are 23 sugar
immediately.
4 x 12 were 24 tea
3 Barry admitted feeling
5 some
scared. Exercise 3 Exercise 2
6 some
4 Maria apologized for 1 children 1 meat
suggesting the idea of Exercise 5 2 person 2 vegetables
parachuting. 1 Colleges are places to study. 3 foot 3 beans
5 Barry insisted on jumping. 2 A large plane can carry a 4 teeth 4 onions
heavy load. 5 tooth 5 rice
3 Students need to use the 6 people 6 bread
Internet efficiently. 7 women 7 bread rolls
8 child

250
 8 tomatoes Exercise 3 4a 11 the
9 olive oil 1 five-day job 5a 12 sea
10 list 2 two-tonne stones 6 some 13 the
3 1,500-kilometre race 7 the 14 waves
Exercise 3
4 six-part college course 8 the 15 the
1 some
5 four-litre bottle of milk 9 the 16 sand
2 information
6 5,000-metre mountain 17 the world
3 ideas Exercise 3
7 6,700-kilometre river
4 is 1 1a Exercise 5
5 furniture Unit 60 2 the 1 a the
6 some Exercise 1 3a ba
7 a 1 an 4 the 2 a the
8 luggage 2 a 5 the ba
9 hair 3 an 6a 3 a the
10 any 4 a 2 1a ba
5 an 2a 4 aa
Exercise 4
6 a 3 the b the
1 g
7 an; a 4a 5 aa
2 c
8 an; a 5 the b the
3 d
6a 6 a the
4 f Exercise 2
7 an ba
5 b 1 1a
8 the 7 a the
6 e 2 the
9 the ba
7 a 3 some
10 the 8 a the
4 some
Unit 59 11 the ba
2 1 some
Exercise 1 12 The 9 aa
2 some
1 a sales chart 13 the b the
3 the
2 a football player 14 the 10 a the
4 The
3 a credit card 15 the ba
5 the
4 a desk lamp 16 a
3 1 some Exercise 6
5 a text message 17 the
2a 1 A reporter answered when I
6 a travel agent 18 the
3 the phoned the newspaper.
Exercise 2 19 The
4 an 2 Joe fell and knocked a vase
1 credit card 20 a
5 The over.
2 coffee table 6 the Exercise 4 3 The police officer stopped me
3 city centre 7a 1 the beach for driving too fast.
4 director’s assistant 8 The 2 The sun 4 The ship can travel from
5 gas fire 9 an 3 the sky Britain to the USA in four
6 steak knife 10 the 4 The birds days.
7 phone number 11 some 5 the 5 When I was away, I brought a
8 car park 4 1a 6 trees present for my parents.
9 business cards 2 the 7 the 6 I picked the phone up and
10 swimming pool 3 the 8 fields called my sister.
5 1 the 9 the 7 Sarah wrote a long e-mail to
2 some 10 wind her father.
3 some

251
 8 Carrie called an electrician to 6 water 12 x 6 for
change the kitchen lights. 7 Elephants 13 the 7 to
9 I called the mechanic to book 8 The phone 14 the 8 to
a service for my car. 15 the 9 for
Exercise 5
Unit 61 1 the unemployed Unit 62 Unit 63
Exercise 1 2 the old Exercise 1 Exercise 1
1 d A camera is for taking 3 The young 1 Ann gave her parents a 1 those
pictures. 4 The blind present. 2 That
2 e A pen is for writing. 5 the poor 2 Nick sent a book to his niece. 3 these
3 a A fork is for picking up 3 Did you really buy it for me? 4 this
Exercise 6
food. 4 Could you lend Harry some 5 those; that
1 the Australians
4 b A file is for holding papers. money? those
2 the British
5 g A diary is for noting dates 5 I’ll take Celia some this
3 the Chinese
of meetings, etc. magazines next time I visit
4 the Danes/Danish Exercise 2
6 f A fridge is for keeping food her in hospital.
5 the Egyptians 1 this; this
cold. 6 Susie’s grandmother made a
6 the French 2 this
7 c A CD-ROM is for storing lovely dress for her.
7 the Indonesians that
computer data. 7 Could you pass the report to
8 the Japanese 3 this
the boss when he arrives?
Exercise 2 9 the Kuwaitis this; That
8 I offered Rob a place to stay
1 g Bell invented the telephone. 10 the Dutch 4 This; these
as he had nowhere else to go.
2 d Otis invented the 11 the Portuguese This
lift/elevator. 12 the Spanish Exercise 2 5 these
3 b Marconi invented the radio. 13 the Russians 1 No, don’t sell them to Sally. those
4 f Biro invented the ballpoint 14 the Turks/Turkish Sell them to me. those
pen. 15 the Americans 2 No, don’t take it there. Take it
Exercise 3
5 a Edison invented the electric 16 the Venezuelans to the one near my house.
1 these
lamp. 3 No, don’t buy it for Sally. Buy
Exercise 7 Those ones; These ones
6 c Dunlop invented the it for her brother.
1 The; the 2 that; one
modern car tyre. 4 No, don’t show it to him.
2 x; x this one
7 e Singer invented the sewing Show it to the police.
3 x; the; the that one
machine. 5 No, don’t cook it for the
4 x; the; the 3 these ones
children. Cook it for the
Exercise 3 (Possible answers) 5 The; the; the; x; the; the those ones
adults.
1 I (don’t like) black coffee. these ones
Exercise 8 6 No, don’t pay it to Tom’s
2 I (like) fast cars.
1 the teacher. Pay it to the school Exercise 4
3 I (don’t mind) homework.
2 the secretary. 1 one
4 I (don’t like) loud rock music.
3 x 7 No, don’t by one for me. Buy the one
5 I (like) swimming.
4 the one for the children. 2 ones
6 I (don’t mind) tennis.
5 x the; ones
Exercise 3
Exercise 4 6 x 3 the one; the one
1 for
1 the horse 7 x 4 ones; the; ones; the; ones
2 for
2 companies 8 the 5 the one; the one
3 to
3 the salt 9 x the one; the ones
4 to
4 The books 10 the
5 for
5 Money 11 x

252
Unit 64 7 anybody/anyone 5 Is there any butter? 3 A few; few
Exercise 1 8 some Yes, there’s some in the fridge. 4 a little; a few
1 some 9 anywhere 6 Is there a teapot? 5 a few; little
2 any 10 something Yes, there’s one on the shelf. 6 a little; a few
3 some 7 few; little
Exercise 2 Exercise 2
4 any 8 a little
1 everybody/everyone 1 There wasn’t
5 some A few
2 Everywhere 2 There was
6 any
3 something 3 There weren’t Exercise 3
7 some
4 Nobody/No one 4 There were 1 little
Exercise 2 5 anybody/anyone 5 There was 2 a lot/lots
1 some; any 6 anywhere 6 There were 3 a few
some 7 anything 7 There was 4 many
2 some 8 nothing 5 a lot of/lots of
Exercise 3
any; some 9 somewhere 6 much
1 There are; They
3 some; any 7 a lot
Exercise 3 2 There wasn’t; it
some 8 much
1 everywhere 3 There weren’t; they
4 some 9 little
2 anywhere 4 There’s; him?
any 10 a little
3 somewhere 5 There aren’t; them
Exercise 3 4 Somebody/Someone 6 There isn’t; it Unit 68
1 anything; something 5 anybody/anyone Exercise 1
Exercise 4
2 anything 6 somewhere 1 a few of them.
1 It’s good/lovely to
somebody 7 nowhere 2 all of them.
2 It’s not worth
3 anybody 8 nobody/no one 3 some of them.
3 It’s no use
some 9 something 4 most of them.
4 It was a pity/very sad that
4 somebody 10 anything 5 two of them.
5 It was very sad that
some
Exercise 4 Exercise 2
5 something Unit 67
1 nothing interesting 1 Both of you
anything Exercise 1
2 something else 2 Half of them
6 any 1 a lot of/lots of; much
3 somewhere else 3 All/Most of you
anybody 2 a lot of/lots of; many
4 anybody/anyone nice 4 Both of them
3 a lot of/lots of; much
Exercise 4 5 everywhere possible 5 a few of us; most of us
4 much
1 any colour 6 nowhere else
much Exercise 3
2 anybody
Unit 66 5 many 1 neither of
3 anything
Exercise 1 many; a lot of/lots of 2 none of
4 anywhere
1 Are there any potatoes? 6 much 3 any of
5 any show
Yes, there are some in the A lot 4 either of
Unit 65 bag. 7 many 5 None of
Exercise 1 2 Is there any coffee? many 6 Neither of
1 some No, there isn’t. I’ll buy some. 8 much 7 any of
2 anything 3 Is there a large pan? much 8 either of
3 any No, there isn’t. I’ll buy one. 9 either of
Exercise 2
4 somewhere 4 Are there any carrots? 10 any of; none of
1 a little; a few
5 anybody No, there aren’t. I’ll buy
2 little; little
6 some some.

253
Exercise 4 5 me 6 They’re ours. Look, they’ve Exercise 4
1 both 6 We got our names inside. 1 No, I paid for it myself.
2 every 7 you 2 No, she prepares them herself.
Exercise 4
3 all 8 me 3 No, he’s bringing it himself.
1 it’s
4 all 9 I 4 No, they’ll have to tidy it
2 its
5 each 10 it themselves.
3 It’s
6 Each 11 her 5 No, we’re going to clean it
4 it’s
7 Every 12 They’re ourselves.
5 Its
Unit 69 13 She 6 No, you’re going to make it
6 it’s
Exercise 1 14 them yourself.
15 It’s Exercise 5
1 Bill Unit 72
16 I 1 parents’
2 Bill Exercise 1
2 Peter’s
3 Paul Unit 70 1 which/that
3 Sally West’s
4 the practice Exercise 1 2 which/that
4 policeman’s
5 Paul 1 your 3 which/that
5 workers’
6 Bill 2 his 4 who/that
6 Tony’s; people’s
7 Neil 3 our 5 which/that
8 the film 4 their Unit 71 6 who/that
9 People 5 her Exercise 1 7 which/that
10 Paul, Bill, Neil 6 my 1 themselves 8 who/that
7 its 2 itself 9 who/that
Exercise 2
3 herself 10 which/that
1 They’re Exercise 2
4 myself
2 she’s 1 No, it isn’t his. His is older. Exercise 2
5 himself
3 We’re 2 No, they aren’t hers. Hers are 1 The pilot who/that crashed
6 ourselves
4 It’s newer. his small plane in a lake near
7 yourself
5 he’s 3 No, it isn’t theirs. Theirs is Oxford escaped without
8 yourselves
6 You’re smaller. injury.
I’m 4 No, it isn’t mine. Mine is Exercise 2 2 The student who/that broke
7 You’re nicer. 1 save himself the 10,000-metre record
it’s; I’m 5 No, they aren’t ours. Ours are 2 kill yourself yesterday has got a place in
longer. 3 looked at herself the national team.
Exercise 3
6 mine 4 made myself 3 The bus which/that was
1 her
5 bought themselves taking people to the airport
2 you Exercise 3
6 push ourselves broke down on the motorway.
3 him 1 They’re yours. Look, they’ve
7 wash itself 4 The file which/that has all the
4 them got your name inside.
8 look after yourselves information is lying up there
5 you 2 It’s his. Look, it’s got his
me; him Exercise 3 on the top shelf.
name inside.
6 us 1 me 5 The policeman who/that
3 They’re theirs. Look, they’ve
you; you; her got their names inside. 2 yourselves rescued 15 people from a fire

4 It’s mine. Look, it’s got my 3 herself last year has received an
Exercise 4
name inside. 4 us award for bravery.
1 He’s
5 ourselves 6 The woman who/that phoned
2 you 5 It’s hers. Look, it’s got her
name inside. 6 them last night wanted to speak to
3 It’s
7 him you about work.
4 you

254
Exercise 3
1 who/that scored all the goals?
2 which/that will pay a better
salary.
3 who/that can repair my old
motorbike?
4 which/that teaches Japanese.
5 who/that are warm and
friendly.
6 who/that painted that picture?
7 who/that was lost for five
days.
8 who/that invented the petrol-
engine car.
Unit 73
Exercise 1
1 The book which/that has all
the answers has disappeared.
2 We climbed over the fence
which/that separates the
fields.
3 The old man who/that crashed
his car can’t see very well.
4 I’m going to give the boy
who/that found my camera
some money.
Exercise 2
1 The taxi which/that I’d
ordered finally arrived.
2 The girls who/that we met at
the wedding seemed sad.
3 The flowers which/that she
bought for us are now dying.
4 The man who/that we were
discussing is coming to see
us this afternoon.
5 The museum which/that you
recently mentioned is putting
on two new exhibitions.
Exercise 3
1 x
2 who/that
3 x
4 x
5 which/that Exercise 4 3 Yes, he was the first to study
6 who/that 1 They talked about the reason Jupiter’s moons.
why their boat nearly turned 4 Yes, Felipe was the oldest to
Exercise 4
over. climb Everest.
1 station (x) the train stopped at.
2 They talked about the old 5 Yes, this is the most beautiful
2 coat (x) I was looking for.
hotel where they dried out flower species to grow here.
3 who/that is applying for the
their clothes.
new job in Sales. Unit 76
3 They talked about the storm
4 car (x) I asked about at the Exercise 1
when the rain almost washed
car showroom. 1 adding; … , which is a very
their tent away.
5 manager who/that apologized impressive building, …
for the delivery delay. Unit 75 2 defining
6 boys (x) the farmer shouted at. Exercise 1 3 defining
1 showing 4 adding; … , whose most
Unit 74
2 arriving famous book is ‘Glory’, …
Exercise 1
3 entering
1 which/that Exercise 2
4 finishing
The pyramids. 1 Old Professor Jones, who’s
5 working
2 who/that nearly 70 years old, is going
6 standing
Yuri Gagarin. to stop work soon and retire.
7 wearing
3 whose 2 To the north of India are the
Marie Curie. Exercise 2 Himalayas, which include the
4 who/that 1 used highest mountains in the
Marco Polo. 2 being painted world.
5 whose 3 being prepared 3 After leaving college, I bought
Japan. 4 written myself some good, new
6 which/that; whose 5 being repaired clothes, which I needed for
Texas. 6 made my exciting new job.
7 hidden 4 Amazingly, Barry Stone, who
Exercise 2
8 being loaded works as a video game
1 He was the one whose wife
designer, has actually built his
had a wonderful diamond Exercise 3
own house.
necklace. 1 Dan lives in that house
2 They were the ones whose painted yellow and white. Exercise 3
children fell in the pool. 2 I wrote a long report 1 d The baby cried all night,
3 She was the one whose hat consisting of three sections. which meant I was tired all
flew off in the wind. 3 That vase standing on the next day.
4 They were the ones whose bookcase is 100 years old. 2 a The old ship stayed in port,
car broke down. 4 The wallet left at the which saved it from the
checkout belonged to a storm.
Exercise 3
customer. 3 c I was out when Peter
1 That’s what I’d like for my
called, which was why I
birthday. Exercise 4
didn’t hear the news.
2 This is what I was telling you 1 Yes, he was the last guest to
4 g The company has won the
about. leave.
contract, which is good
3 That’s what is going to cause 2 Yes, she was the only one to
news.
the greatest problems in the meet Tina.
coming years.

255
 5 b They’ve started doing road Unit 78 Exercise 2 5 a short
repairs, which is causing Exercise 1 1 proper b shortly
bad traffic delays. 1 excited properly 6 a directly
6 e The sun has come out at 2 confused 2 quiet b direct
last, which means we can 3 annoying quietly
Exercise 6
go to the beach. 4 fascinated 3 smooth
1 well
7 f I took the wrong turning, 5 surprising smoothly
2 lately
which is the reason why I 6 amazing 4 pleasant
3 hard
got here late. pleasant
Exercise 2 4 easily
5 intelligently
Unit 77 1 astonished 5 early
intelligent
Exercise 1 astonishing 6 long
6 badly
1 feel tired. 2 shocking 7 tired
bad
2 get angry. shocked 8 quickly
7 effective
3 sounds terrible. 3 embarrassing 9 seriously
effectively; effective
4 smells delicious. embarrassed
Unit 80
5 seem; happy. 4 depressed Exercise 3
Exercise 1
6 stay fresh depressing 1 sensibly
1 Hopefully,
5 interesting 2 easily
Exercise 2 2 Stupidly,
interested 3 safely
1 a boring old book 3 Angrily,
6 tired 4 successfully
2 an unusual blue diamond 4 Frighteningly,
tiring 5 Luckily
3 an exciting new film 5 Finally,
6 similarly; wholly
4 a strange yellow light Exercise 3 6 Quietly,
7 Unfortunately; really; truly
5 an interesting German clock 1 satisfied 7 Sadly,
6 a lovely little baby 2 worrying Exercise 4 8 Luckily,
7 a pleasant green valley 3 horrifying 1 late
Exercise 2
8 a tall young man 4 relaxed 2 well
1 always get
9 a round plastic box 5 amusing 3 early
2 was only trying
6 terrified 4 high
Exercise 3 3 can sometimes see
5 hard
1 He was a funny, little, old Exercise 4 4 will only be
6 wrong
man. 1 to play with matches. 5 don’t usually work
7 short
2 It was an ugly, brown, metal 2 to go home. 6 has clearly been failing
8 far
box. 3 to remember to post them. 7 Have you ever been
9 direct
3 They were beautiful, new, 4 to have you with us. 8 must never talk
10 low
Italian, silk jackets. 5 to understand.
Exercise 3
4 They were wonderful, tall, Exercise 5
Unit 79 1 there very soon.
round, Chinese vases. 1 a hardly
Exercise 1 2 in America for five years.
b hard
Exercise 4 1 quickly 3 very heavily yesterday.
2 a highly
1 red and blue 2 nice 4 much harder since last
b high
2 glass and steel 3 wonderful September.
3 a near
3 cold and exhausted 4 safely 5 over here as soon as
b nearly
4 open and shut 5 warm possible.
4 a freely
5 faded and torn 6 warmly; immediately 6 wrong all the time.
b free
6 carved and polished 7 bad tempered; kind
8 slowly; quietly

256
Exercise 4 27 time 9 simpler simplest Exercise 8
1 over here 28 time 10 finer finest 1 The Crystal performed the most
2 Sadly 29 frequency 11 thinner thinnest reliably, and the Wash-Tech
3 last year 12 hotter hottest performed the least reliably.
Exercise 3
4 definitely 2 The Wash-Tech ran the least
1 there before midday. Exercise 2
5 this time economically, and the Crystal
2 beautifully yesterday. 1 easier
6 usually ran the most cheaply.
3 everywhere for a year. 2 simpler
7 soon 3 The Crystal finished the
4 angrily at the meeting last 3 nicer
fastest, and the Snowline
Unit 81 night. 4 hotter
finished the least quickly.
Exercise 1 5 well at college these days. 5 longer
1 upstairs Unit 83
Exercise 4 Exercise 3
2 definitely Exercise 1
1 I usually do the washing on 1 latest
3 slowly 1 Sue is younger than Ann.
Monday. 2 quickest
4 now 2 The Toyota is more expensive
2 Do you ever visit your old 3 narrowest
5 hard than the Honda./The Honda is
school? 4 fittest
6 always less expensive than the
3 Flights to New York leave 5 funniest
7 Luckily Toyota.
once an hour.
Exercise 4 3 Robin can run faster than
Exercise 2 4 You have to take the medicine
1 fitter; fittest Jack.
1 place twice a day.
2 finer; finest 4 Mount Egmont is more
2 degree 5 I often used to go windsurfing
3 lowest; lower dangerous than Mount
3 degree in the old days.
4 whiter; whitest George./Mount George is less
4 manner
Exercise 5 5 easiest; easier dangerous than Mount
5 time
1 Sadly, she’d already gone. Egmont.
6 time Exercise 5
2 Hopefully, he’ll be well soon. 5 The journey by tunnel is
7 time 1 more; fewer
3 Surprisingly, our children are shorter than the journey by
8 degree 2 more
good at Art. sea.
9 time most
4 Unfortunately, he isn’t here to
10 degree 3 less; least; fewest Exercise 2
receive it.
11 time most 1 Yesterday was the hottest day
12 time Exercise 6
Exercise 6 of the year.
13 place 1 has definitely finished 2 The XL400 is/has been the
1 most talented; more talented
14 manner 2 I’ll never visit most popular car in Europe
2 most expensive; less
15 degree 3 are always delivered this year.
expensive
16 sentence 4 definitely hasn’t understood 3 Tom and Sam were the best
3 more dangerous; most
17 time 5 I’ll hardly ever see players in last year’s team.
dangerous
18 sentence Unit 82 4 less interesting; least 4 Some people say Casablanca
19 place Exercise 1 interesting was/is the finest film of all
20 manner 1 longer longest 5 more valuable; most valuable time.
21 sentence 2 uglier ugliest
Exercise 7 Exercise 3
22 manner 3 larger largest
1 drives more slowly 1 A Jumbo 747 isn’t nearly as
23 degree 4 bigger biggest
2 writes less excitingly fast as a space rocket.
24 manner 5 smaller smallest
3 sleeps more lightly 2 Britain isn’t nearly as warm
25 degree 6 nicer nicest
4 thinks faster as Egypt.
26 time 7 cooler coolest
5 plays football less intelligently
8 easier easiest

257
 3 Silver isn’t nearly as And we haven’t got enough Exercise 4 7 in front of
expensive as gold. staples. 1 e The weather was so bad 8 between
4 Rome isn’t nearly as old as Exercise 4
(that) we gave up our 9 Among
Athens. holiday and went home. 10 among
1 I haven’t got enough money
5 English food isn’t nearly as 2 a The students made so
for a holiday. Exercise 3
good as French food. much noise (that) all the
2 This coffee is too strong for 1 past
neighbours complained.
Exercise 4 your mother. 2 across
3 d The birds are so friendly
1 he 3 The house is big enough for 3 into
(that) they even take food
2 her all the family. 4 through
from your hand.
3 she Exercise 5 5 along
4 h The children made such a
4 they 1 It isn’t warm enough to go 6 round
mess (that) it took an hour
5 them out. 7 towards
to clean the room.
6 him 2 The bird was too fast to 8 over
5 f Everybody is so busy (that)
7 I catch. 9 up
nobody is answering the
8 me 3 We were too late to catch the 10 down
phone.
11 under
Unit 84 bus. 6 g I haven’t driven for such a
4 The plane was flying just high 12 inside
Exercise 1 long time (that) I feel quite
13 out of
1 too young enough to miss the mountain. nervous about going on the
14 away from
2 too quickly Unit 85 road.
3 too strong Exercise 1 7 c After the trip we were all so Unit 87
4 too late 1 a bit tired (that) we went straight Exercise 1
5 too quietly 2 not very to sleep. 1 g Tom lives at Number 25,
6 too loudly 3 very 8 b They took such a long time North Street.
4 quite to get ready (that) they 2 i There’s a notice on the wall
Exercise 2
5 not very nearly missed their plane. outside my office.
1 big enough
3 a Ann is buying some things
2 soon enough Exercise 2 Unit 86
in the shopping centre.
3 carefully enough 1 far Exercise 1
4 d Dad is having a sleep in the
4 hard enough 2 much 1 near
small bedroom.
5 good enough 3 a little 2 above
5 c My aunt lives in a small
6 well enough 4 far 3 behind
town outside London.
Exercise 3 5 much 4 next to
6 b Come and meet all the
1 We haven’t got enough large 5 under
Exercise 3 trainees in Room 564.
paper clips, and we’ve not got 6 in
1 so 7 f I want you to introduce me
enough medium clips. 7 on
2 such to everyone at the party.
But we’ve got enough small 8 in front of
3 such 8 e There are two men working
clips. 9 opposite
4 so on the roof.
2 We’ve got too little brown 10 between
5 such 9 j Sally put the vase of
sticky tape, and we haven’t 6 so Exercise 2 flowers on the table.
got enough clear tape. 7 so 1 at 10 h Both London and Oxford
But we’ve got enough elastic 8 such 2 at are on the River Thames.
bands. 9 such 3 in
Exercise 2
3 We’ve got too little glue, and 10 so 4 in
1 in the middle of
we’ve got too few stapling 5 opposite
2 on the way
machines. 6 in front of

258
 3 at the meeting. 9 in Exercise 6 3 ago
4 on that wall. 10 at 1 On Wednesday the 28th, before
5 on the bottle 11 in you’re returning to London at
Exercise 3
6 at that desk. 12 on 3:45 in the afternoon.
1 while
7 at the entrance. 13 on 2 On Friday the 30th, you’re
2 During
8 in the garden. 14 at meeting Japanese visitors
3 While
9 in a village 15 in from the Subarashi
4 during
16 on Corporation all day.
Exercise 3 5 during
17 at 3 On Saturday the 31st, you’re
1 at 6 during
18 in speaking at the goodbye
2 on 7 while
19 at party for the Managing
3 at 8 While
Director in the evening.
4 on Exercise 3
4 Moving into June now, on Exercise 4
5 on 1 on
Monday the 2nd, you’re 1 by
6 at 2 at
attending the sales conference until/till
7 at 3 on
in the afternoon/evening. 2 until/till
8 at 4 on
5 On Tuesday the 3rd, you’re by
9 at 5 x
talking at the sales 3 By
10 on 6 x
conference in the morning. Until/till
11 in 7 on
6 On Thursday the 5th, you’re 4 by
12 in 8 x
flying to Rome at 7:15 in the until/till
13 on 9 x
morning. Exercise 5
10 at
Unit 88 7 On Friday the 6th, you’re
11 in 1 since
Exercise 1 leaving Rome for Madrid at
12 x 2 during
1 at 11:45 in the morning.
13 x 3 while
2 in 8 On Saturday the 7th, you’re
14 x 4 for
3 in travelling back to London at
15 in 5 until/till
4 on midday.
16 at 6 By
5 on
Unit 89 7 before
6 at Exercise 4
Exercise 1 8 ago
7 at 1 at a time
1 for Unit 90
8 on 2 at times
2 for Exercise 1
9 at 3 in time
3 since 1 on
10 at 4 at one time
4 for by
11 at 5 on time
5 since 2 on
12 in
Exercise 5 6 For by
Exercise 2 1 ten past three 7 since 3 on; for
1 at 2 ten to eight 8 since for
2 in 3 half past nine 9 for 4 for
3 in 4 quarter to three
Exercise 2 on
4 on 5 quarter past five
1 ago 5 on
5 on 6 thirteen minutes past one
before on
6 in 7 twenty-nine minutes to eleven
2 ago 6 by
7 at 8 one minute to one
ago; before in; by
8 in

259
 7 on Exercise 3 4 describe the man to them. 8 finished it off.
on 1 She was angry with her children. 5 inviting all my friends to my 9 called her back.
8 at 2 I’m used to working at night. party. 10 turned them over.
by 3 He’s tired of all his old 6 informed him of his right to Exercise 5
computer games. remain silent.
Exercise 2 1 gone back on
4 He’s anxious about his first
1 on a tour Unit 93 2 cut back on
business trip on his own.
2 in my car Exercise 1 3 Do you feel up to
5 They were sorry about the
3 on a school trip 1 pick up 4 come up against
4 by air long delay at the airport. 5 face up to
2 give out
5 on his bike 6 He was bored with the never- 6 Did you join in with
3 sit down
6 for a walk ending radio programme. 7 get on with
4 put away
7 at the cinema 7 She’s nervous about going 8 we’ll run out of
5 Turn over
8 by special delivery out alone at night. 9 get round to
6 come in
9 on a diet 8 We were amazed at the huge 10 get away with
7 get on
10 by an artist number of people at the
8 call out Unit 94
concert.
Exercise 3 9 stand up Exercise 1
1 matter with Unit 92 10 write down 1 You can have orange juice or
2 need for Exercise 1 ice coffee.
Exercise 2
3 hope of 1 for 2 I went into town and then all
1 lie down
4 increase in 2 to the way to Jack’s house.
2 go on
5 way of 3 to 3 They’ve finished the sales
3 go out
6 problem with 4 about figures but not the report.
4 move away
7 call for 5 of
5 come back Exercise 2
8 fall in 6 about
6 get up 1 and also
9 interested in
Exercise 2 7 Turn round 2 but also
10 difficulties with
1 heard about 8 wake up 3 neither; nor
Unit 91 2 applied to 4 and; too
Exercise 1 Exercise 3 5 either; or
3 applying for
1 for 1 take out 6 but; too
4 thinking about
2 at 2 brought down 7 both; and
5 thought of
3 with 3 turn down
6 look after Exercise 3
4 with/about 4 took off
7 look at 1 It includes everything
5 with/about 5 put on
8 look for but/except for/apart from
6 for 6 putting up
computers.
7 with Exercise 3 7 switches off
2 Well, there are several
8 with 1 asked; for 8 turned up
suitable printers such as
2 congratulate; on 9 paid in
Exercise 2 these Logimax machines.
3 provide; with
1 terrible at Exercise 4 3 Yes, they’re reliable as well as
4 ask; about
2 proud of 1 picked it up. economical to use.
5 tell; about
3 different from 2 switched it off. 4 I suggest you try a medium-
6 steal; from
4 good for 3 put them away. price make such as Paper
5 late for Exercise 4 4 put them down. Magic.
6 responsible for 1 asked the teacher for help. 5 turned it up. 5 I’d recommend all except
7 early for 2 told him about the accident. 6 paid it in. for/but/apart from the
8 worried about 3 blamed him for the crash. 7 tried it out. Dynaprint.

260
Unit 95 Unit 96 Despite being happy now, Unit 98
Exercise 1 Exercise 1 we’re still worried about the Exercise 1
1 and 1 The spring days are warm future. 1 a If we keep walking, we’ll
2 but now, but/whereas/while the Unit 97 get home by 6:00.
3 or nights are still quite cold. Exercise 1 b Unless we keep walking,
2 The new flu vaccine is 1 Jack is borrowing some we won’t get home by
Exercise 2
helping some people, money so as to buy a car. 6:00.
1 and he also owns a house in
but/whereas/while it does not 2 Carrie carried the vase 2 a The work won’t take long
Scotland.
appear to help others. carefully so as not to drop it. if/as long as/provided we
2 or he can see it at 4:00 instead.
3 The others all want to go out, 3 I’m planting lots of seeds in all help.
3 but he seems very tired at the
but/whereas/while I prefer to order to grow my own b The work will take ages
moment.
stay at home. vegetables. unless we all help.
Exercise 3 3 a If/As long as/Provided
Exercise 2 4 We’re going early in order not
1 Sally does her job well even Stella makes some good
1 a but to be late for the party.
though/although she’s young. friends, she’ll enjoy life at
b but/whereas/while Exercise 2
2 The film is still very popular college.
2 a but/whereas/while 1 so that we can see
even though/although it’s b Unless Stella makes some
b but 2 so that she could save
quite old. good friends, she won’t
3 a but 3 so that she will be able to
3 Their new house looks terrible enjoy life at college.
b but/whereas/while speak
even though/although it was 4 a We’ll start the job
4 a but/whereas/while 4 so that they will know
expensive. tomorrow, if/as long
b but 5 so that she would be able to
4 Ed always does well even as/provided the goods
though/although he never Exercise 3 help
arrive today.
seems to try very hard. 1 Although Sam has ideas, he 6 so that he always knows
b We won’t start the job
never puts them into action. 7 so that I won’t have to work
Exercise 4 tomorrow unless the goods
2 We bought more milk even Exercise 3
1 I went to bed because/as I arrive today.
though we had some. 1 for a nice meal.
was tired. Exercise 2
3 We were friendly although we 2 for a good night’s sleep.
2 We couldn’t see much 1 a You should think carefully
were not close friends. 3 for the London Marathon.
because/as it was dark. or you won’t find the answer.
3 I’ll call you later because/as I Exercise 4 4 for a swim in the sea.
b You won’t find the answer
have to go out now. 1 Despite his illness, Dan went Exercise 4 unless you think carefully.
4 We couldn’t get to the back to work. 1 because 2 a You should get petrol now
meeting because/as the train In spite of being ill, Dan went 2 because of or you’ll have to fill up later.
was late. back to work. 3 Because of b You’ll have to fill up later
2 Despite having doubts about 4 Because unless you get petrol now.
Exercise 5
the plane, I believed the pilot. 3 a They should repair the wall
1 If; x Exercise 5
In spite of my doubts about
2 x; if 1 Kate hadn’t flown before, so
soon or it’ll fall to pieces.
the plane, I believed the pilot.
3 Even though; x she was very nervous.
b The wall will fall to pieces
3 In spite of having a long talk,
4 x; because 2 We’ve had a nice time here,
unless they repair it soon.
the two sisters could not agree.
5 x; in order to so we’re sad to go. Exercise 3
Despite a long talk, the two
6 When; x 3 It’s time to go to bed because 1 You’d better take something
sisters could not agree.
7 Because; x I’m very tired. to read in case you have to
4 In spite of our happiness now,
8 x; when 4 She gave them all presents wait for a long time at the
we’re still worried about the
9 x; even though as they had been kind. hospital.
future.
10 In order to; x

261
 2 Keep receipts for things you
buy in case they’re faulty and
have to be repaired.
3 You ought to check some more
websites in case you find the
same product for less money.
4 You should keep a tool kit in
your car in case you break
down a long way from a
garage.
5 I suggest you answer the
advert in case it’s exactly the
job you need.
Exercise 3 Exercise 7
1 As a result, she has achieved But changing the subject, I’m
a Grade A. worried about the project we’ve
2 However, she has often failed been doing together. We need to
to complete her homework. talk about the deadline for
3 In addition, she has behaved finishing it
badly in class all year.
4 Instead, she must learn to do
some hard work.
5 In spite of this, she has found
it difficult to improve.
6 Alternatively, she could go on
to do extra Science.

Exercise 4 Unit 100 (Possible answers)

1 arrive Exercise 1
2 will go Going back to what you said
3 checks about a special bus trip to
4 will check in London, I would like to go if there
5 will give are still some seats available.
6 will look Exercise 2
7 go Well, as a matter of fact, I think
8 will have to wait it’s lovely.
9 see
Exercise 3
10 wait
I decided it was the right colour for
11 will have
you … Or to be more exact, Josie
12 see
and I both decided it was the right
13 will need
colour.
Unit 99
Exercise 4
Exercise 1
In other words, let me say very
1 It is; Alternatively, it is
clearly that I really don’t think you
2 We have reached; In addition,
should go.
we have managed
3 We are reducing; However, Exercise 5
we are failing For one thing, there’s an extra
4 We have not tried; As a result, bedroom. And for another, there’s
we do not yet know if it will be more living space. Then again, it’s
got a garden. And finally, there’s a
Exercise 2
garage for my car.
1 As a result of this,
2 Despite (x) this, Exercise 6
3 Due to this, Well, at any rate, the important
4 Except for this, thing is that he’s left hospital
5 In addition to this, now, and he’s recovering at
6 In spite of this, home.
7 Instead of this,

262
Checkpoint self-test
About the Checkpoint self-test
The Checkpoint self-test (pages 263–269) is a 100-question test that you can use by yourself. It uses
simple multiple-choice questions, and it quickly checks your understanding of 100 key points of English
grammar. It also shows you the units in the book that teach these key points and also give you practice.

You can use the test in two ways:

1 You can use it if you are not sure what to study. Check your answers on page 270 to see
what you do and do not need to study.

2 You can use some or all of the Checkpoint self-test after you have studied some or all of the
units in English Practice Grammar.

Like the book, the test is divided into sections – Basic verb forms, Question forms and answers, etc., so
that you can focus on particular areas of English grammar. You may want to use the Checkpoint self-test
several times.

For each question, choose the correct answer. Then check your answers on page 270. If you have made
mistakes, or if you are just not very sure about some of the answers, then you probably need to study
the units listed to the right of the questions.

Basic verb forms UNITS

1 Alice is a strange girl. She ___________________ much. 4
a says not b don’t say c doesn’t say d doesn’t says

2 I’m going to the party tomorrow, and Jamie ___________________, too. 6, 7

a is going b is go c goes d are going

3 Jack ___________________ basketball much, but he really loves football. 4, 7

a isn’t liking b doesn’t like c isn’t like d don’t like

4 It was a great film, and we ___________________ it a lot. 8

a were enjoyed b enjoying c was enjoy d enjoyed

5 I stayed at home because I ___________________ well. 8

a didn’t feel b felt not c didn’t felt d no feel

6 We ___________________ talk much, but now we’re very good friends. 8

a wasn’t used to b didn’t use to c didn’t used to

7 Tim ___________________ TV when the letter arrived. 10

a was watching b was watched c were watching d watched

8 Emma ___________________ to Canada today to be with her mother. 11, 13

a flew b is flown c have flown d has flown

9 I ________________________ what sort of work to look for. 12

a still have decided b still haven’t decided c haven’t still decided

263
 10 Tony has lived in Wilton Street ___________________. 12
a with five years b for five years c since five years d five years ago

11 The new restaurant ___________________. Today is its first day. 11, 13

a has opened b did open c opened d has been open

12 Ben ____________________ that workshop since 2010, and it still isn’t finished. 14
a has been building b built c has built d is building

13 I got to the station too late. The train ___________________. 15

a has gone b went c had gone d has been going

14 ‘This car doesn’t sound right.’ ‘I know, and that’s why _____________________ 16, 20
it to the garage tomorrow.’
a I’m going to take b I’ll take c I take

15 Look at those black clouds! ___________________ in a minute! 16, 20

a It’s raining b It’s going to rain c It rains

16 ‘Could you do the washing when you have time?’ 17, 20

‘Yes, certainly. ___________________ it right now.’
a I’m going to do b I’m doing c I do d I’ll do

17 I can’t come tomorrow. ___________________ all day. 18, 20

a I’ll be working b I’ll work c I work

18 They ______________________ by 1:00, but the job will be done by 3:00. 19, 20
a don’t finish b aren’t finishing c won’t have finished

19 Kim is tired. ___________________ a rest at the moment. 21

a She’s b She has got c She has d She’s having

20 The family ___________________ to Florida for their holidays last summer. 22

a flew b have flown c had flown d have been flying

21 Don’t say things like that. You’re just ___________________ silly! 23

a be b been c being

22 I can hear the bus. ___________________ coming now! 24

a It’s b Its c It

Question forms and answers

23 ___________________ tennis every Saturday? 25
a Do he play b Does he plays c Does he playing d Does he play

24 ‘_______________________ the match?’ ‘No, I’m afraid they’re losing.’ 25

a Are they no winning b Aren’t they winning c Aren’t winning they

25 Why ___________________ home so early yesterday? 26

a they went b they did go c did they go d did they went

26 Who _________________________ see at the office? 26

a are you going to b you are going to c you go to d you going to

264
27 What happened? Which company ___________________ the contract? 26
a did get b did it get c got it d got

28 Lucy works in Paris, ___________________? 27

a don’t she b do she c doesn’t she d isn’t she

29 ‘Has Peter gone on holiday yet?’ ‘___________________.’ 28

a No, he not gone b No, he hasn’t c No, not go d No, he isn’t

30 Can you tell me ___________________ at 6:00 yesterday? 29

a if Lyn arrived b whether Lyn she arrived c did Lyn arrive d if did Lyn arrive

31 Do you know when _______________________? 29

a closes the library b does it close the library c the library closes
d does the library close

32 ‘Anne is very happy that you got the job.’ ‘___________________!’ 30

a So I am b So are I c I am so d So am I

Modal forms
33 The bus was leaving, so I ran and I ___________________ catch it. 31
a can climb b could climb c was able to climb d could have climbed

34 ‘___________________ carry your shopping for you?’ ‘Thanks very much!’ 32

a Shall I b Will I c Would I d Do I

35 It’s getting late. ___________________ stay any longer. 33

a I’d better not to b I’d better not c It’s better not d It would be better to not

36 ‘Tom was doing 70 mph when the police stopped him.’ ‘Oh, no! He 33
_________________________ driven so fast.’
a ought to not have b didn’t ought to c oughtn’t to be d ought not to have

37 The boss says we can go. We ___________________________ any longer. 35

a can’t stay b mustn’t stay c don’t have to stay d needn’t have stayed

38 Dan isn’t on the train, so he ___________________ to London today. 36

a can’t be going b mustn’t go c mustn’t be going

39 I __________________________ you, but I thought you were out. 37

a would visit b must have visited c could call d would have visited

Passive verb forms

40 That day, our boat ___________________ by a three-metre wave. 39
a was hitting b was hit c hit d had hit

41 A new road to the north ___________________ at the moment. 40

a is building b is being built c is built d is been built

42 When ___________________ returned to the library? 40

a the books must be b must the books to be c must the books be
d must the books being

265
 43 Old Josh should look after his eyes better. He ___________________ for 41
five years.
a hasn’t had them checked b hasn’t them checked c hasn’t checked
d hasn’t have them checked

Infinitives and ~ing forms

44 I enjoy ___________________ the football on TV every Saturday. 42
a to watch b watching c that I watch d watch

45 I don’t remember ___________________ downstairs when I was young. 43

a to fall b falling c to have fallen

46 The boss wanted ___________________ to a meeting with him. 44

a that I go b that I would go c me to go d me going

47 I don’t blame Harry ___________________ all our money. 45

a to use b for use c by using d for using

48 I’m interested ___________________ this motorbike. 46

a in buying b about buying c to buy d in to buy

49 Despite ___________________ little money, Terry tried to help his son. 47

a he had b that he had c having

50 It’s not worth ___________________ to her. She won’t listen to any of us. 48
a to talk b talking c for you to talk d that you talk

Conditional forms
51 If we ___________________ this match, we’ll be out of the competition. 49
a would lose b lost c lose d will lose

52 I’m too busy to go, but if ___________________ time, I’d love to visit Italy. 50
a I had b I had had c I would have d I have

53 If I’d got up earlier, I _________________________ the train. 51

a hadn’t missed b wouldn’t have missed c didn’t miss d wouldn’t miss

54 If only it ___________________ raining, we could go out and have fun! 52

a stops b would have stopped c would stop d should stop

Reported speech
55 Tammy told me that she___________________ again the next day. 53
a calls b called c would call d would have called

56 Jason asked Rob where ___________________ the day before. 54

a had he been b was he c has he been d he had been

57 The police officer told us ___________________ any closer to the building. 55

a not to go b not going c to not go d not go

266
Nouns and articles
58 I’ve just bought ___________________________ for myself. 57
a a jeans b a pair jeans c a jean d a pair of jeans

59 Have you got a little time to talk? I need ___________________ about work. 58
a an advice b some advice c some advices

60 The children had brought _________________________ for the ducks in the park. 58
a a bread b some breads c some piece of bread d some pieces of bread

61 We took ___________________ flight to South Africa. 59

a a twelve hours b twelve hours c a twelve-hour d twelve-hour

62 ‘Does little Jenny go to ___________________ now?’ ‘Yes, she goes to the 61

new school on Green Road.’
a a school b school c the school

63 I want to climb _____________________________. 61

a Mont Blanc in the Alps b the Mont Blanc in the Alps
c the Mont Blanc in Alps d Mont Blanc in Alps

64 I gave ___________________ about France. 62

a a book him b to him a book c him a book d him to a book

Other determiners and pronouns

65 I asked for a litre of olive oil, but the shop didn’t have ____________ at all. 64
a any b a c some d no

66 ___________________ a lot you can choose to do at college. It must 66

be hard to decide.
a It must b There must c It must be d There must be

67 Julie spent ___________________ money on those shoes she’s wearing. 67

a few b much c a lot of d many

68 ___________________ parents do all they can for their children. 68

a Most b Most of c The most of d The most

69 ‘These aren’t Susie’s shoes.’ ‘Oh, well, I’ll ask Pam. Maybe they’re 70
___________________.’
a her b hers c her’s

Relative clauses
70 There’s the man ___________________ wanted to talk to you. 72
a he b what c who d which

71 Australia is a country ___________________ population lives mainly on the coast. 74

a that b whose c who

267
 72 My glasses were found by someone ___________________ along the beach. 75
a walking b walked c was walking d who walking

73 Sarah said she would visit us, ___________________ was fantastic news. 76
a it b that c which d what

Adjectives and adverbs

74 We gave Emma some ________________________ shoes for her birthday. 77
a little red lovely b red lovely little c lovely little red d red little love

75 ___________________ that they all survived the crash. 78

a I’m amazing b It’s amazing c it’s amazed

76 Society has to bring up ___________________ to be good, responsible adults. 78

a young ones b the young c youngs d the youngs

77 We ___________________ to get the job finished on time. 79

a worked hardly b hardly worked c hard worked d worked hard

78 Are you sitting ___________________? Then I’ll begin. 79

a comfortable b comfortablely c comfortably d comfortabley

79 At the factory, ___________________________ very long hours. 80

a always they have to work b they always have to work
c they have always to work d they have to work always

80 The new LX model is _________________________ the old model. 82, 83

a reliable than b more reliable as c reliable as d more reliable than

81 Lucy is __________________________ of us all. 82, 83

a the most intelligent b the intelligentest c the most intelligentest
d most intelligent

82 Mark was driving ___________________ at the traffic lights. 84

a too fast as to stop b too fast for stopping c too fast so as to stop
d too fast to stop

83 I don’t have ___________________________ the report now. 84

a time enough for writing b enough time for write
c enough time to write d time enough for writing

84 After some practice, Harry could walk _____________________ than before. 85

a a lot more easily b quite more easily c very more easily
d fairly more easily

85 Lynda was ___________________ that she couldn’t stop talking. 85

a such excited b so excited c so exciting

Prepositions
86 We live in a village ___________________ the city of Oxford. 86
a by b near c out of d in front of

268
87 Rob and Jill met ___________________ Tony’s birthday party. 87
a in b at c to d on

88 The taxi arrived for Alex _________________________________. 88

a at 4:30 in Friday afternoon b at 4:30 at Friday afternoon
c at 4:30 on Friday afternoon d in 4:30 at Friday afternoon

89 Old Jack has been in the same job ___________________ 33 years! 89

a for b during c since d until

90 ‘Can I pay ___________________ credit card?’ ‘Yes, a credit card is fine.’ 90

a in b on c with d by

91 I’m sorry ___________________ the noise last night. I hope I didn’t wake you. 91
a for b over c with d about

Prepositional and phrasal verbs

92 Listen! I’ve suddenly thought _______________ a new way to solve the problem. 92
a about b of c over d through

93 I took the reports to the meeting, and I ______________________ to everyone. 93

a gave them out b gave out c gave out them

Linking ideas, sentences and discourse

94 I prepared all the food for the picnic ___________________ the cold drinks. 94
a apart from b such as c as well as d except for

95 We’re going to buy some more coffee ___________________ we’ve run out. 95
a even though b because c unless d so that

96 ___________________ Tim had made a lot of money, he soon lost it again. 96

a Although b Despite c Whereas d In spite of

97 A thermometer is used ___________________ measuring temperature. 97

a so as to b so that we can c in order to d for

98 You should take your phone ___________________ you need to contact me. 98
a if b in case c unless d when

99 By mistake, the goods were not sent express. ___________________, they 99

arrived the next morning – much to our surprise.
a On the other hand b As a result c Nevertheless d Moreover

100 ‘I was thinking about our holiday plans last night.’ ‘Ah, yes, 100
______________________, I’ve done some research on places to stay.’
a talking about that b changing the subject c to start with d in other words

269
 Checkpoint self-test answer key
Basic verb forms
1c 2a 3b 4d 5a 6b 7a 8d 9b
10 b 11 a 12 a 13 c 14 a 15 b 16 d
17 a 18 c 19 d 20 a 21 c 22 a
Adjectives and adverbs
74 c 75 b 76 b 77 d 78 c 79 b 80 d
81 a 82 d 83 c 84 a 85 b

Prepositions
Question forms and answers 86 b 87 b 88 c 89 a 90 d 91 d
23 d 24 b 25 c 26 a 27 d 28 c 29 b
30 a 31 c 32 d
Prepositional and phrasal verbs
92 b 93 a
Modal forms
33 c 34 a 35 b 36 d 37 c 38 a 39 d
Linking ideas, sentences and discourse
94 c 95 b 96 a 97 d 98 b 99 c 100 a
Passive verb forms
40 b 41 b 42 c 43 a

Infinitives and ~ing forms

44 b 45 b 46 c 47 d 48 a 49 c 50 b

Conditional forms
51 c 52 a 53 b 54 c

Reported speech
55 c 56 d 57 a

Nouns and articles

58 d 59 b 60 d 61 c 62 b 63 a 64 c

Other determiners and pronouns

65 a 66 d 67 c 68 a 69 b

Relative clauses
70 c 71 b 72 a 73 c

270
Appendix 1 Irregular verbs
These common irregular verbs have the following forms:

A Verbs with no change catch Past tense told

Infinitive deal beat thought
cost dream brought understood
cut feel built won
hit fight burnt/burned
hurt find bought Past participle
let get caught beaten
put have* (see below) dealt brought
set hear dreamt/dreamed built
shut hold felt burnt/burned
spread keep fought bought
lay found caught
Past tense lead got dealt
cost learn had dreamt/dreamed
cut leave heard felt
hit lend held fought
hurt lose kept found
let make laid got
put mean led had
set meet learnt/learned heard
shut pay left held
spread read (sounds like need) lent kept
say lost laid
Past participle sell made led
cost send meant learnt/learned
cut sit met left
hit shoot paid lent
hurt sleep read (sounds like red) lost
let slide said made
put smell sold meant
set spell sent met
shut spend sat paid
spread stand shot read (sounds like red)
swing slept said
B Verbs with one change teach slid sold
Infinitive tell smelt/smelled sent
beat think spelt/spelled sat
bring understand spent shot
build win stood slept
burn swung slid
buy taught smelt/smelled

*Note that the 3rd person singular of have in the preset simple is he/she/it has.
271
 spelt/spelled swim wore
spent take wrote
stood throw
swung wake Past participle
taught wear been
told write become
thought begun
understood Past tense bitten
won was/were blown
became broken
C Verbs with two changes began chosen
Infinitive bit come
be* (see below) blew done
become broke drawn
begin chose drunk
bite came driven
blow did eaten
break drew fallen
choose drank flown
come drove forgotten
do* (see below) ate given
draw fell gone
drink flew grown
drive forgot hidden
eat gave known
fall went lain
fly grew ridden
forget hid rung
give knew risen
go lay run
grow rode seen
hide rang shaken
know rose shown
lie ran sung
ride saw sunk
ring shook spoken
rise showed stolen
run sang swum
see sank taken
shake spoke thrown
show stole woken
sing swam worn
sink took written
speak threw
steal woke

*Note that be in the present simple is I am, he/she/it is and you/we/they are.
272 *Note that the 3rd person singular of do in the present simple is he/she/it does.
Appendix 2 Some spelling rules
These spelling rules deal with spelling changes with grammatical word endings.

A Some spelling terms

To study this Appendix you need to know the terms vowel and consonant.

Vowel letters are a, e, i, o and u.

Vowel sounds are sounds written with two or more vowel letters, e.g., ai, au, ea, ee, ei, ie, oa, oo, ou, etc.
Consonants are the other letters of the alphabet and their sounds, e.g., b, c, d, f, g, etc.

A short vowel is e in get and o in got.

A long vowel is ee in keep, ea in heat, oo in soon and ou in route.
You also need to know the term syllable. This is a unit of sound within a word.
stand (1 syllable) un•der (2 syllables) un•der•stand (3 syllables)
mis•un•der•stand (4 syllables) mis•un•der•stand•ing (5 syllables)

B Word endings
English adds the following grammatical word endings to words.

Noun Verb Verb Verb Adjective Adjective Adjective

~s ~s ~ing ~ed ~er ~est ~ly

cars looks looking looked quicker quickest quickly

planes works working worked slower slowest slowly

(Plural) (3rd person (Present (Past simple, (Comparative) (Superlative) (Adverb)

present simple) participle) past participle)

Sometimes there is a spelling change when we add an ending to a word. There are clear rules for these
changes – see Sections C–G.

C Noun and verb endings with ~es

Add ~es when the word ends in ~s, ~ss, ~sh, ~ch and ~x.
bus boss dish match box
buses bosses dishes matches boxes

Many verbs and nouns end in an ~e which we do not say. But if the silent e comes after c, s, x or z, just
add ~s. We then sound the e + s together.
race practise axe organize
races practises axes organizes

273
 After other consonants, we do not sound the silent e – see Section D below.
bikes scenes tapes votes consumes

We add ~es after some nouns ending in ~o, but not others. Compare the following:
cargoes heroes potatoes tomatoes volcanoes
discos studios photos radios steroes

Note also the verbs go goes and do does.

Some nouns which end in ~f or ~fe change their endings to ~ves.

knife life loaf shelf wife
knives lives loaves shelves wives

D Words that end in silent e

After final, silent e just add ~s.
bikes scenes tapes votes (Plural nouns)
consumes hopes rules types (3rd person present simple)

But see Section C for pronunciation of words like the following:

races practises axes organizes

Leave out e and add ~ing to form the present participle.

dance handle hope smile write
dancing handling hoping smiling writing

After e just add ~d for regular past tense and past participle forms.
consumed hoped ruled typed

Just add ~r and ~st for comparative and superlative forms.

brave large rude wide
braver larger ruder wider
bravest largest rudest widest

Just add ~ly to most adjectives for adverb forms.

bravely largely rudely widely

But if an adjective ends in ~le, leave out e and just add ~y.
able capable horrible probable
ably capably horribly probably

Note these special ~ly cases.

day due true whole
daily duly truly wholly

274
E Words that double the final consonant
Words that end in one short vowel + one consonant often double that consonant before ~ing, ~ed, ~er
and ~est.

Most words like occur, with two syllables or more, double the last consonant when the last syllable is
stressed. But compare the following:
occur frighten permit benefit
occurring frightening permitted benefited

But words which end in one vowel + l are different in British English (though not
American English). They all double the l.
quarrel quarrelling (Present participle)
travel travelled (Past simple, past participle)
beautiful beautifully (Adverb)

F Words that end in ~y

Before s, y changes to ie and becomes ~ies.

Before ed, y changes to ie and becomes ~ied.

applied emptied studied tried (Past simple, past participle)

Before er and est, y changes to i and becomes ~ier or ~iest.

But a y ending does not change before ing.
applying emptying studying trying (Present participle)

Most words with a vowel + y ending (~ay, ~ey, ~oy) do not change at all.
play grey boy
plays greyer boys
playing greyest
played

But note these special cases.

day lay pay say
daily laid paid said

G Words that end in ie

A few verbs end in ~ie. With these, ie changes to y and becomes ~ying.
die lie tie
dying lying tying

275
 Appendix 3 Punctuation
A Types
Study the punctuation in the following:
dashes

capital apostrophe colon

letter

James – that’s Peter’s younger brother – shocked us last night at the concert: he
suddenly said, ‘Listen, everybody! Can we go home? I’m tired of this music.’

comma exclamation question full stop

mark mark

speech marks

B Apostrophe (…’)
Use this:
n in short forms of verbs: It’s cold. (It’s = It is) I don’t want to go out. (don’t = do not)

Be careful with the different meanings of ’s and ’d: He’s working. (He’s = He is)
He’s finished. (He’s = He has) We’d finished by 5:00. (We’d = We had)
We’d like to go home now. (We’d = We would)
n in short forms of other words, mainly years: I met Joe in June ’89.
n to show possession after nouns: I’m Peter’s younger brother.

A possessive apostrophe goes after a plural noun with s: We can use my parents’ car.
Possessive adjectives and pronouns do not take apostrophes: This is my coat, and this is hers.
Be careful with its (possessive adjective) and it’s (it is/it has): Look at the fish. It’s opening and closing
its mouth.

C Capital letter (I, P, J, L, etc.)

Use this:
n for the 1st person singular: I
n for the name of a person, place, geographical name, country, nationality: James, The Palace
Hotel, London, the River Nile, Canada, Canadian
n for abbreviations: the UN (the United Nations), the USA (the United States of America)

D Colon (:)
Use this:
n to introduce a list of things: Remember to bring the following: thick jacket, walking boots,
sleeping bag.
n to lead from a general heading into a particular example: Summer camp: equipment
n to show a connection between two ideas: I’ve got the answer: 2,301. You should take a coat:
it’s going to rain.

276
E Comma (,)
Use this:
n between separate clauses in one sentence: We were shocked, but Peter just smiled.
n to separate other parts of a sentence, e.g. connectors and sentence adverbs: We were tired.
However, we had to keep running. Surprisingly, it got easier as we continued.
n between words in lists: I bought some bread, butter, cheese and tomatoes.
It was a lovely, warm, sunny day for a picnic.
n to introduce direct speech in a story: Bob arrived and said, ‘Hello.’

F Dash (–)
Use this:
n to show an extra idea added to a sentence: I met Carol – she’s the one in a blue dress – when
we were both students. She’s going to France next month – or at least that’s what she told me.

G Exclamation mark (!)

Use this:
n to show strong feeling in written form: ‘I’m so happy!’ ‘That was really stupid!’
‘Listen! I’ve got an idea!’ ‘Help!’
This takes the place of a full stop – see Section H.

H Full stop (.)

Use this:
n to show the end of a statement: The men are not due to go home this week. They will return
next week.
n in abbreviations (optional): I work for the B.B.C. It’s 10 a.m. Have you seen Mrs. Jones?

I Question mark (?)

Use this:
n to end a sentence in question form: Can they do the job? They can do it, can’t they?
This takes the place of a full stop – see Section H.

J Speech marks (‘ … ’)
These are also called quotation marks or inverted commas.
Use these:
n to mark direct speech in a story: Ann turned to Bob and said, ‘Hi.’
You can also use speech marks in double form: Ann turned to Bob and said, “Hi.”
n to mark something for special attention: The letters ‘Dr’ stand for ‘Doctor’.

277
 Appendix 4 Numbers
A Whole numbers
Write Say
101 a hundred and one
199 a hundred and ninety-nine
235 two hundred and thirty-five
1,001 a thousand and one
1,135 one thousand, one hundred and thirty-five
1,000,001 a million and one
1,135,199 one million, one hundred and thirty-five thousand, one hundred and ninety-nine

Compare the following:

a hundred BUT exactly one hundred
about a hundred BUT exactly one hundred and twelve

B Telephone numbers
Write Say
521 301377 five two one … three oh one … three seven seven
OR
five two one … three zero one … three double seven
999 775666 nine nine nine … seven seven five … six six six
OR
treble nine … double seven five … treble six

C Decimals
Write Say
31.3166 thirty-one point three one six six
33.3333 thirty-three point three recurring

D Fractions
Write Say
1
⁄2 1 ⁄2
1
a half OR one half one and a half
1
⁄3 2 2⁄3 a third OR one third two and two-thirds
1
⁄4 5 3⁄4 a quarter OR one quarter five and three quarter
1
⁄5 7 4⁄5 a fifth OR one fifth seven and four-fifths
1
⁄6 9 5⁄6 a sixth OR one sixth nine and five-sixths
1
⁄10 10 7⁄10 a tenth OR one tenth ten and seven-tenths

278
E Mathematical terms
Write Say
7+2=9 seven plus/add/and two equals/is nine
9–3=6 nine minus/take away three equals/is six
6 x 3 = 18 six times/multiplied by three equals/is eighteen
18 ÷ 2 = 9 eighteen divided by two equals/is nine

F Ordinal numbers
Write Write or say Write Write or say
(e.g., in dates) (e.g., in dates)
1st first 20th twentieth
2nd second 21st twenty-first
3rd third 22nd twenty-second
4th fourth 23rd twenty-third
5th fifth 24th twenty-fourth
6th sixth …
7th seventh 30th thirtieth
8th eighth 40th fortieth
9th ninth 50th fiftieth
10th tenth 60th sixtieth
11th eleventh 70th seventieth
12th twelfth 80th eightieth
13th thirteenth 90th ninetieth
14th fourteenth 100th hundredth
15th fifteenth 101st hundred and first
…
19th nineteenth …

279
 Appendix 5 Days, dates and times
A Days and months – abbreviations
Note that the short forms of days and months may have a full stop, e.g., Mon. and Oct.

Days Months
Full Short Full Short Full Short
Monday Mon January Jan July Jul
Tuesday Tue/Tues February Feb August Aug
Wednesday Wed March Mar September Sep
Thursday Thu/Thur/Thurs April Apr October Oct
Friday Fri May – November Nov
Saturday Sat June Jun December Dec
Sunday Sun

B Dates – word order

Write Say
1st January the first of January
January 1st January the first

C Dates – abbreviations
Write Say
Monday, 21st January Monday, the twenty-first of January
Mon, 21st Jan
Mon, 21 Jan

D Dates in numbers
Write Say
30/6 the thirtieth of June
31/12/94 the thirty-first of December, 1994

E Times
Write Say
10:00 ten o’clock
10 a.m. ten a.m./ten o’clock (in the morning)
3:00 p.m. three p.m./three o’clock (in the afternoon)
10:00 p.m. ten p.m./ten o’clock (at night)
12 a.m./12 p.m. midday/midnight
1:15/1:30/1:45 a quarter past one/half past one/a quarter to two OR
one fifteen/one thirty/one forty-five
2:10/2:20/2:40 ten past two/twenty past two/twenty to three OR
two ten/two twenty/two forty
3:13/3:59 thirteen minutes past three/one minute to four OR
three thirteen/three fifty-nine

280
Appendix 6 British and American English
There are some grammatical and other differences between British English and American English. Here
are the more important ones:
Units 11–13 Present perfect and past simple
British English (BE)
BE uses the present perfect for past actions
connected with the present, especially with
already, just, yet.
I’ve bought a new car. There it is!
Has he finished work already?
We’ve just had breakfast.
Have you seen Tony yet?
BE normally uses the present perfect with
ever/never.
Have the children ever flown before?
Tom has never stayed away from home before.
Unit 17 will and shall
BE sometimes uses shall instead of will in the 1st
person for the future.
I will/shall be at home tomorrow.
Also:
Offers: Shall I help you?
Suggestions: Shall we have lunch now?
American English (AE)
In the same situations, AE uses either the present
perfect or the past simple.
I’ve bought a new car. There it is!
I bought a new car. There it is!
Has he finished work already?
Did he finish work already?
We’ve just had breakfast.
We just had breakfast.
Have you seen Tony yet?
Did you see Tony yet?
AE normally uses the past simple with ever/never.
Did the children ever fly before?
Tom never stayed away from home before.
AE does not normally use shall and finds other
forms of expression.
I will be at home tomorrow.
Offers: Should I help you?
Suggestions: How about lunch now?
Would you like to have lunch now?
281
 Unit 21 have (got) and gotten
BE uses both have and have got in positive AE also uses both have and have got in positive
statements. statements.
We have/We’ve got plenty of time. We have/We’ve got plenty of time.

Questions and negative statements normally take Questions and negative statements normally take
one of these forms. the do auxiliary form.
 Does he have much money?  Does he have much money?
 No, he doesn’t have any.  No, he doesn’t have any.
 Has he (got) much money?
 No, he hasn’t (got) any.

BE normally uses the did form in the past. AE always uses the did form in the past.
Did he have much money? Did he have much money?
Had he got much money?

BE does not use gotten. AE uses gotten in two ways.

For actions: They’ve gotten/bought a lot of land.
We’ve gotten/got over the bad times.
Meaning become: She’s gotten good at drawing.

Unit 21 have and take

BE often uses have as a main verb for actions, AE also often uses have as a main verb for
including these. actions, but it uses take for these.
have a bath have a look take a bath take a look
have a break have a shower take a break take a shower
have a holiday have a walk take a holiday take a walk

Unit 35 needn’t and don’t need to

BE uses both forms. AE normally only uses don’t need to.

You needn’t say anything. I know! You don’t need to say anything. I know!
You don’t need to say anything. I know!

Unit 57 Group nouns

When a group noun refers to a group of people,
it can usually be seen as either singular or plural
in BE.
The team is/are playing tomorrow.
The committee is/are meeting now.
In AE, a group noun normally remains singular.
The team is playing tomorrow.
The committee is meeting now.

282
Unit 60 the
BE uses the with musical instruments.
She plays the violin and the guitar.
BE says to/in hospital
He went to hospital by ambulance.
I had to stay in hospital for a week.
Units 86–92 Prepositions
Place and direction
We stayed at home.
We sat at the front/back of the hall.
People are the same all around/round the world.
I live in East Street.
I climbed out of the window.
Let’s look outside the house.
There will be rain toward/towards the north.
Time
I go out at the weekend/at weekends.
I’m here from Friday to/till/until Monday.
It’s quarter past four.
It’s twenty-five to six.
Prepositional verbs
I met/visited Tony last month.
I talked to him for an hour.
I wrote to him last week.
Other
The city was different from/to what I had
imagined.
Luke has got a place in the team.
Unit 93 Phrasal verbs
I’ve filled in all the forms.
How are you getting on at college?
Alice gets on well with Sue.
AE usually leaves out the.
She plays violin and guitar.
AE says to/in the hospital.
He went to the hospital by ambulance.
I had to stay in the hospital for a week.
We stayed home.
We sat in the front/back of the hall.
People are the same all around the world.
I live on East Street.
I climbed out/out of the window.
Let’s look outside/outside of the house.
There will be rain toward the north.
I go out on the weekend/on weekends.
I’m here (from) Friday through Monday.
It’s a quarter past/after four.
It’s twenty-five to/of six.
I met/visited with Tony last month.
I talked to/with him for an hour.
I wrote him/to him last week.
The city was different from/than what I had
imagined.
Luke has got a place on the team.
I’ve filled out all the forms.
How are you doing at college?
Alice gets along well with Sue.
283
 Appendix 1 Irregular verbs
In BE, some verbs can be irregular (with a t
ending) as well as regular.
burn burnt/burned burnt/burned
Other similar verbs:
dream, learn, smell, spell
In BE, the verb dive is regular.
dive dived dived
Appendix 2 Spelling rules
In BE, verbs ending with l double the l when ~ing
and ~ed are added.
cancel > cancelling, cancelled
travel > travelling, travelled
In BE, the noun is practice and the verb is
practise.
Appendix 4 Numbers
BE uses and between hundred and the rest of the
number.
three hundred and thirteen
For numbers 100–199 BE usually uses a.
It contains a hundred and ten parts.
Appendix 5 Dates
These are the normal ways of writing and saying
dates in BE.
15/15th April
‘the fifteenth of April’
‘April the fifteenth’
Be careful when writing/reading all-number
dates. In BE, 10/11/2013 means: the tenth of
November, 2013.
284
In AE, all these verbs remain regular.
burn burned burned
In AE, dive is often irregular.
dive dove/dived
In AE, verbs ending with l remain the same when
~ing and ~ed are added.
cancel > canceling, canceled
travel > traveling, traveled
In AE, the noun and the verb are both the same:
practice.
AE usually leaves out and after hundred.
three hundred thirteen
For numbers 100–199 AE often uses one.
It contains one hundred ten parts.
These are the normal ways of writing and saying
dates in AE.
April 15
‘April fifteen/fifteenth’
Be careful when writing/reading all-number
dates. In AE, 10/11/2013 means: October
eleventh, 2013.
Index
a/an superlative forms cheapest, most
type of determiner 1 expensive 82
singular and plural 56 irregular comparison forms better, best 82
a/an, some and the 60 comparison: sentence patterns
for general meaning 56, 61 faster than 83
a bit the tallest boy in the class 83
+ adjective/adverb 85 (isn’t) as tall as 83
+ comparative 85 comparison and object pronouns is faster
able (see be able to) 31, 38, 53 than him 83
a few spelling rules with comparison Appendix 2
a few/a little 67 adverbials 2
a few/few 67 adverbs
a little word class 1
a little/a few 67 adverbs and adjectives loudly and loud 79
a little/little 67 irregular forms 79
+ adjective/adverb a little tired 85 adverb positions He drove slowly. He slowly
+ comparative a little better 85 drove. 80
a lot adverb types 81
a lot (of), many and much 67 manner quickly 81
a lot and lots 67 place there, outside 81
+ comparative a lot better 85 time today, then 81
about frequency usually, hardly ever 81
adjective + about 91 degree very, slightly 81
prepositional verbs 92 sentence luckily, certainly 81
accommodation uncountable noun 58 comparative forms more quickly 82
‘adding extra’ (non-defining) relative superlative forms most beautifully 82
clauses 76 irregular comparison forms better, best 82
adjectives comparison: sentence patterns
word class 1 lasts longer than 83
adjective + preposition + ~ing form tired of likes best 83
working 46, 91 works (doesn’t work) as quickly as 83
adjective + preposition + noun tired of work comparison and object pronouns drove faster
46, 91 than him 83
use of adjectives 77 spelling rules with comparison Appendix 2
word order with adjectives 77 advice uncountable noun 58
adjectives with and 77 advise + object + to or + ~ing He advised us
participle adjectives boring and bored 78 to do. He advised doing. 43
adjective + infinitive It’s good to learn 78 a few
adjectives and adverbs loud and loudly 79 a few and a little 67
adjectives ending in ~ly 79 a few and few 67
comparative forms cheaper, more after
expensive 82 in connecting clauses 15
in prepositional verbs look after 92

285
 against (not) as … as 83
in prepositional verbs insured against 92 = because 97
ago as a result (of), as a consequence (of) 99
with past simple 8 at
ago and before 89 with indirect objects They’re laughing at us.
all 62
all week 14 in and on for place 86, 87
all (of) the students 68 at, in and on for time 88
all cats 68 adjectives + at good at 91
as subject and object 68 prepositional verbs with at look at 92
allow + object + to + ~ing 43 auxiliary verbs be, do, have 23
already 11
alternatively 99 baggage uncountable noun 58
an (see a) 56, 60–61 be
and 94–95 with present forms am, is, are 5
any with past forms was, were 9
any and some 64 in continuous tenses I am/was/have been/will
anything, somebody, etc. 64, 65 be doing 6, 10, 14, 18
any of 68 as an auxiliary verb 23
not … any of and none of 68 as a main verb 23
apostrophe (’s, s’ ) punctuation Appendix 3 in passive verb forms it is tested, it is being
appear stative verb 7 finished 39–40
articles be able to
a, an and some 56, 60 ability in the past 31, 38
a, an and the 60 in conditional forms 52
a and an with rates 100 kph 60 in reported forms 53
no article with plurals 56 because
the and a, an 60 in linking clauses 95, 97
the with positions on the right 60 because and so 95
the with superlatives the fastest, because of 97
the worst 60 been to and gone to 12
the with groups the rich, the French, the before
Himalayas 61 in connecting clauses Had it begun before
the with regions and other names the Far you arrived? 15
East, the Sahara Desert 61 + a time or date 19
school and the school 61 before and ago 89
the with time expressions in the morning 61 begin + to and + ~ing 43
by plane and on the 5:00 plane 61 being
general statements A plane is a beautiful as a main verb He’s being stupid. 23
thing. 61 in continuous passive tenses It is being
general and specific students and the new finished. 40
students 61 believe stative verb 7
as belong stative verb 7
= at the same time as 10 better and best
as long as 52 good, well, better, best 82

286
 had better 33, 38 countable and uncountable nouns olives,
be used to + noun/~ing form I’m used to olive oil 58
hard work. I’m used to working hard. 91
bit (see a bit) 85 ’d and they would or they had 24
both dash (–) punctuation Appendix 3
both (of) the instructors 68 dates Days, dates and times Appendix 5
as subject and object 68 days Days, dates and times Appendix 5
but 95–96 demonstratives
by as determiners (demonstrative adjectives)
+ time by 4:00 19, 89 this, those (+ noun) 1
by and until/till 89 as pronouns (demonstrative pronouns) this,
+ noun by car 90 those (+ verb) 1
adjective + by surprised by 91 this, that, these, those 63
despite 96
can 31–32, 36–38 determiners
can’t have (done) 31, 36–38 word class 1
can’t be 36 determiners and pronouns 1
capital letter (A, B, C, etc.) punctuation detest stative verb 7
Appendix 3 did 8
clauses 2 direct and indirect objects 62
colon (:) punctuation Appendix 3 do
comma (,) punctuation Appendix 3 do and does 4, 7
comparative forms cheaper, most quickly auxiliary verb forms do, be, have 23
82, 83 main verb form 21
comparison: adjective and adverb forms dream about and dream of 92
cheaper, most quickly 82 due to 97
comparison: sentence patterns during and while 89
is faster than 83
is the tallest boy in the class 83 each and every 68
isn’t as tall as 83 ~ed (past) participles
complement Tom is the driver. 2 present perfect 11–13
conditional forms 49–52 past perfect 15
connectors (linking words) in addition, future perfect 19
however, etc. 99 passive sentences 39–41
consonants (b, c, d, f, g, h, etc.) Spelling with relative clauses 75
rules Appendix 2 irregular past participles break – broken, etc.
continuous tenses Appendix 1
I am doing 6 either
I was doing 10 either of 68
I have been doing 14 not … either of and neither of 68
I will be doing 18 enough and too 84
could even though 95
could have 31, 36–37, 50–51 ever
couldn’t have 31, 36 ever and never 12, 81
in conditional forms 50–51 hardly ever 81

287
 every and each 68 future perfect
except for 94 I will have done 19
exclamation mark (!) punctuation future perfect with before, by and not …
Appendix 3 until/till 19
exclamations 2 I will have done and I will be doing 20
extremely 85
genitive ~’s Tim’s shirt 70
fairly, pretty, quite and rather 85 geographical names the Himalayas, Mount
farther and farthest 82 Everest 61
few get and have something done 41
few and little 67 going to
a few and few 67 I am going to do and I am doing 16
for I am going to do and I will do 20
for and since 12, 89 gone to and been to 12
for + indirect object 62 go on to do and go on doing 43
time 89 got have got and have 21
before and after nouns 90
after adjectives 91 had
in prepositional verbs 92 with past perfect The film had started 15
purpose 97 had better 33, 38
forget stative verb 7 had to 37, 38
forget to buy and forget reaching 43 hard and hardly 79
from hate stative verb 7
movement 86 have
time 88 with present perfect I have done 11, 12
after adjectives different from 91 present perfect or past simple? I have done
full forms and short forms he is and and I did 13
he’s 24 with present perfect continuous I have been
full stop (.) punctuation Appendix 3 doing 14
furniture uncountable noun 58 have and have got 21
furthermore 99 have + action have a swim 19
future auxiliary verb forms have, be and do 23
present tenses for the future 7, 20 main verb form 23
going to 16 can’t have and could/couldn’t have 31, 37
going to and present continuous for the should/shouldn’t have and ought/oughtn’t to
future 16 have 33, 37
will 17 have/get something done 41
future continuous I will be swimming 18 have to and have got to 34, 38
future perfect I will have done 19 he 69
will and going to 20 health uncountable noun 58
future continuous hear stative verb 7
I will be doing 18 help 44
I will be cleaning and I will do 20 her
I will be doing and I will have done 20 object pronoun I called her. 69
possessive adjective This is her coat. 70

288
hers 70 in past simple 8
herself 71 infinitive, past form and past participle 11
him 69 it
himself 71 it and there There was a hotel.
his It wasn’t … 66
possessive adjective This is his car. 70 it for time, distance and weather
possessive pronoun This car is his. 70 It’s 5:00. 66
how, how much, how many, how often, etc. it as an empty subject It’s a good
question words 26 idea to … 66
subject pronoun It saw me. 69
if object pronoun I saw it. 69
conditional forms If it rains, we’ll … 49–51 its
if only 52 possessive pronoun Its name is fluffy. 70
linking ideas in sentences 95, 98 possessive adjective This is its food. 70
imperatives Do and Do not … 3 it’s and its 24, 70
in itself 71
in and on for place 86, 87
in, on and at for time 88 just 11
adjectives + in interested in 91
phrasal verbs with in come in 93 know stative verb 7
in addition and in addition to 99 knowledge uncountable noun 58
indirect forms I wonder what time it is. 29
infinitives hold, play, talk, etc. 3, Appendix 1 like
information uncountable noun 58 stative verb 7
in front of 86 like doing and like to do 43
~ing participles linking words and, although, when, etc. 1,
present continuous I am flying 6 94–98
past continuous I was looking 10 word classes 1
present perfect continuous I have been linking clauses 94–98
waiting 14 linking sentences 99
future continuous I will be swimming 18 linking verbs become, feel, look, seem,
relative clauses 75 sound, etc. 77
spelling rules Appendix 2 little
in order to, so as to and to 95, 97 little and few 67
inside 86 little and a little 67
in spite of 96 look stative verb 7
instead and instead of 99 look after, look at and look for 92
into 86 lot (see a lot ) 67
irregular adverbs well, fast, hard 79 lots (see a lot ) 67
irregular comparative and superlative love stative verb 7
forms better, worst, etc. 82 luggage uncountable noun 58
irregular noun forms clothes, sheep, team,
etc. 57 main clauses 95
irregular verb forms break, broke, broken, main verb forms 22
etc. Appendix 1

289
 many mustn’t, can’t, not have to, needn’t 34, 38
how many 26 mustn’t and needn’t 35
many, much and a lot of 67 my 70
may myself 71
for requests, permission and offers 32, 38
may be 36, 38 near 86
may have 36–38 need modal form
me 69 need stative verb 7
mean stative verb 7 need to 34, 38
mean to do and mean doing 43 needn’t and not need to 35, 38
might needn’t and mustn’t 35, 38
might be 36, 38 didn’t need to and needn’t have 35
might have 36–38 need to do and need doing 43
might in conditional forms 50 negative questions 23, 25, 26
might have in conditional forms 51 neither/nor and so 23, 30
mine 70 neither
modal forms can, must, etc. neither of 68
can, could and be able to 31 neither of/not … either of 68
can’t have, could have and couldn’t have 31 never and ever 12, 81
can, could, would and may 32 news uncountable noun 58
should, ought to and had better 33 next to 86
should have and ought to have 33 no
must and have to 34 There was no … 66
mustn’t, can’t and not have to 34 No man can fly. 68
needn’t and mustn’t 35 none
needn’t have and didn’t need to 35 none of 68
may, might and could 36 none of and not … any of 68
may be, might be, must be and can’t be 36 not and so I’m afraid not and I hope so. 30
may have, must have and can’t have 36 nouns
could, had to and needed to 37 word classes 1
may have, must have, can’t have and could singular and plural 56
have 37 irregular forms 57
review of modal forms 38 countable and uncountable 58
most noun + preposition the price of 90
most of the students and most students 68 numbers 60, Appendix 4
in superlative forms most quickly 82
much object pronouns
how much 26 me, him, us, etc. 69
much, many and a lot of 67 in comparison faster than him 83
much + comparative much better 85 objects
music uncountable noun 58 direct and indirect objects 62
must objects in sentence structure 2
for necessity 34, 38
must be 36, 38
must have 36, 37–38

290
of forms with modal verbs It can be
in partitives all of us 68 mended. 40
noun + preposition the price of 90 have and get something done 41
adjective + preposition nervous of 91 irregular past participles Appendix 1
prepositional verbs dream of 92 past
off movement 86
preposition of movement 86 telling the time with past and to 88
phrasal verbs come in 93 past continuous
on past continuous of main verbs I was
on and in for place 87 working 10
on, in and at for time 88 past continuous and past simple I was
on with nouns on holiday 90 working and I worked 10
on with prepositional verbs + object with linking words when, as and while 10
congratulate her on 92 spelling rules Appendix 2
with phrasal verbs carry on 93 past (~ed) participles
once connecting clauses 15 present perfect 11–13
one past perfect 15
one and ones 63 future perfect 19
one of 68 passive sentences 39–41
onto 86 with relative clauses 75
on top of 86 irregular past participles break – broken, etc.
opposite 86 Appendix 1
or 95, 99 past perfect
orders 2 past perfect of main verbs I had worked 15
ought to past perfect and past simple I had worked
modal verb 33, 38 and I worked 15
ought to have 33, 38 with linking words when, after, before, once,
our 70 until and as soon as 15
ours 70 irregular past participles break – broken, etc.
ourselves 71 Appendix 1
out of 86 past simple
outside 86 past simple of main verbs I worked 8
over used to 8
movement 86 past simple of be I was, they were 9
with phrasal verbs turn over 93 past simple and past continuous I worked and
own stative verb 7 I was working 10
with linking words when, as and while 10
participles See past (~ed) participles and past simple and present perfect I worked and
present (~ing) participles. I have worked 11
passive verb forms past simple and past perfect I worked and I
forms with simple tenses It is mended. 39 had worked 15
by + agent It was mended by the irregular past forms break – broke, etc.
mechanic. 39 Appendix 1
forms with continuous tenses It is being
mended. 40

291
 personal pronouns
pronouns and determiners 1
subject and object 69
phrasal verbs
meanings Come in and sit down. That
hairstyle came in last year. 93
noun and pronoun objects They put down
their pens. They put them down. 93
plural and singular nouns
regular plurals book – books, etc. 56
plurals without articles They’re maps. 56
irregular plurals man – men, etc. 57
spelling rules Appendix 2
possessive forms
possessive pronouns mine, yours, etc. 1, 70
possessive adjectives or determiners my,
your, etc. 1, 70
noun + ’s Sally’s coat 70
punctuation (’s and s’ ) Appendix 3
prefer
stative verb 7
prefer doing and prefer to do 43
prepositional verbs apply for 92
prepositions
place on, in, behind 86–87
movement onto, into, out of 86
time at, in, on, etc. 88
time for, since, ago, before, during, while,
until/till, by 89
preposition + noun for the children 90
noun + preposition price of 90
adjective + preposition worried about 91
present continuous
present continuous of main verbs I am
working 6
present continuous and present simple I am
doing and I do 7
future meaning 6–7, 20
spelling rules Appendix 2
present (~ing) participles
present continuous I am flying 6
past continuous I was flying 10
present perfect continuous I have been
flying 14
future continuous I will be flying 18
292
with relative clauses 75
spelling rules Appendix 2
present perfect
present perfect of main verbs I have
worked 11
with yet, just, up to now, so far, still (not),
already 11
with for and since 12
with ever and never 12
been to and gone to 12
present perfect and past simple I have
worked and I worked 13
present perfect and present perfect continuous
I have worked and I have been working 14
irregular past participles break – broken, etc.
Appendix 1
present perfect continuous
present perfect continuous of main verbs
I have been working 14
present perfect continuous and present perfect
I have been working and I have worked 14
spelling rules Appendix 2
present simple
present simple of main verbs I work, she
works 4
present simple of be I am, he is, you are 5
future meaning 5, 7, 20
verbs taking simple not continuous tenses 4, 7
present simple and present continuous I do
and I am doing 7
spelling rules Appendix 2
pretty, quite, rather and fairly 85
pronouns
word classes 1
pronouns and determiners 1
demonstrative pronouns one and ones; this
and those 63
demonstrative pronouns and demonstrative
adjectives 63
something, anybody, etc., and somewhere,
anywhere, etc. 64, 65
there is/are; it and they 66
subject pronouns I, we, they, etc. 69
object pronouns me, us, them, etc. 69
possessive pronouns mine, yours, etc. 1, 70
 possessive adjectives or determiners relative clauses with ~ing and ~ed participles
my, your, etc. 1,70 Experts examining the ingots …, etc. 75
reflexive pronouns myself, ourselves, ‘adding extra’ relative clauses Alan Brant,
themselves, etc. 71 who won in Monaco, is … 76
relative pronouns who, which and that 72 remember
relative pronoun whose 74 stative verb 7
provided that 52 remember to do and remember doing 43
punctuation Appendix 3 reported speech 53–55
statements He said he would go. 53
quantifier questions He asked if he could go. 54
quantifier + of all of, most of, none of, both of, orders, requests and invitations He told me
neither of, either of, etc. 68 to go. 55
type of determiner some, a lot of, promises and offers He promised to go. 55
no (+ noun) 1 suggestions and apologies He suggested
type of pronoun some, a lot, going. 55
nobody (+ verb) 1 reporting verbs invite, promise, etc. 55
quantity a lot of, many, much, a few and round 86
a little 67
question forms ’s possessive This is Tim’s. 70
Yes/No questions Are you from Japan? 25 see stative verb 7
Wh~ questions Where are you going? 26 seem stative verb 7
negative questions Aren’t you going? Why sentence connectors In addition, However,
aren’t you going? 25, 26 etc. 99
tag questions You’re 18, aren’t you? 23, 27 sentence structure subject, verb, etc. 2
question mark (?) punctuation Appendix 3 sentence types statement, question, etc. 2
question words what, where, who, etc. 26 shall 17
quite, rather, fairly and pretty 85 short answers
Yes, I do. 23, 28
rather, fairly, pretty and quite 85 with so and neither/nor So do I. 23, 30
realize stative verb 7 short forms and full forms he’s and
reflexive pronouns myself, ourselves, he is 24
themselves, etc. 71 should
regret to say and regret saying 43 modal verb 33, 38
relative clauses He’s the person who …, should have 33, 37, 38
etc. 72–76 since and for 12, 89
defining relative clauses He’s the person singular and plural 56, 57
who 72 smell stative verb 7
relative pronouns who, which and that 72 so
reduced relative clauses The man they want so and neither/nor 23, 30
is coming … 73 so and not I think so and I’m afraid not. 30
prepositions in relative clauses 73 so and such so long and such a long
relative pronoun whom 73 time 85
relative pronoun whose 74 linking clauses 95, 97
relative clauses with what, when, where and so and because 95, 97
why 74 so as to, so that, in order to and to 95, 97

293
 some times Days, dates and times Appendix 5
some, a and an 56, 60 to
some and any 64 with indirect objects Pass it to me. 62
somebody, anything, etc. 64, 65 movement 86
some of 68 time 88
Some trees grow fruit. 68 adjective + preposition similar to 91
sound stative verb 7 prepositional verb talk to 92
speech marks (‘ ’) punctuation Appendix 3 to, in order to, so as to, so that 97
statements 2 too
still (not) 11 too and enough 84
stop to do and stop doing 43 too/very 84
subject 2 try to do and try doing 43
subject pronouns I, we, they, etc. 69
subject questions with who and what 26 under 86
subordinate clauses 2 understand stative verb 7
such and so such a long time and so long 85 unless 52
suggest 55 until/till 19, 89
superlative forms cheapest, most quickly until/till and by 19, 89
82, 83 up
syllable Spelling rules Appendix 2 movement 86
in phrasal verbs pick up 93
tag questions 23, 27 us 69
taste stative verb 7 used to
than 82–83 as a verb: used to + bare infinitive I used to
that go training. 8
demonstrative adjectives and pronouns 63 as an adjective: (be/get) used to + noun or
that, who and which in relative clauses ~ing form I’m used to hard work. I’m
There’s the car that … 72, 76 used to working hard. 91
the
type of determiner 1 verb forms, auxiliary be, do, have 23
a/an, the and some 60 verb forms, main fall, falls, fell, fallen,
for general meaning 56, 61 falling 22
their 70 verb + object + preposition + noun or ~ing
theirs 70 form? I thanked her for the present. I
them 69 thanked her for coming. 45, 92
themselves 71 verb + preposition + noun or ~ing form?
there is and there are 66 I’m thinking about the race. I’m thinking
they 69 about entering the race. 45, 92
they and there There were some shops. They verb tenses, active 4–20
were … 66 verb tenses, passive 39, 40
think about and think of 45, 92 verb + object + to + infinitive I want you to
this, that, these and those 63 go. 44
through 86
till/until 19, 89
till/until and by 19, 89

294
verb + infinitive or verb + ~ing form? want will
to go and like doing 42, 43 will for future facts Sam will be 20 next
very and too 84 month. 17
vowels (a, e, i, o, u) Spelling rules Appendix 2 will for prediction You’ll pass your exams. 17
was and were 9, 10 will for stating a new decision. It’s cold. I’ll
we 69 close the window. 17
were will for promises, etc. I promise I won’t be
in past tenses 9, 10 late. 17
in conditional sentences If I were you, will for requesting Will you post this? 17
I’d … 50 will and shall 17
Wh~ question words What ..., When ..., future continuous I will be doing 18
Where ..., etc. 23, 26 future perfect I will have done 19
when will do and going to do 20
when with past simple + past continuous and will do and will be doing 20
past simple + past simple 10 wish 52
linking word 10, 15, 49, 95 with
Wh~ question word 26 noun + preposition a problem with 90
when, where and why in relative clauses adjective + preposition angry with 91
There was a time when … 74 prepositional verbs (verb + object +
where preposition) provide her with 92
Wh~ question word 26 word classes verb, noun, etc. 1
where, when and why in relative clauses worse and worst 82
I remember the house where … 74
which Yes/No questions Are you from Japan? 25
Wh~ question word 26 yet 11
which, who and that in relative clauses you 69
There’s the car which … 72, 76 your 70
while yourself and yourselves 71
linking word 10, 95, 98
while and during 89
who
Wh~ question word 26
who and what in subject and object questions
Who called Lisa? Who did Lisa call? 26
who, which and that in relative clauses
He’s the driver who … 72, 76
whom 73
whose
Wh~ question word 26
in relative clauses He’s the man
whose car … 74
why
Wh~ question word 26
why, where and when in relative clauses
That’s the reason why … 74

295
 The new edition of English Practice Grammar contains the
essential grammar needed for successful communication in
English up to and including the intermediate level. It is designed
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at this level, whether within the secondary school system, private
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