Tribology Transactions

ISSN: 1040-2004 (Print) 1547-397X (Online) Journal homepage: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/utrb20

Tribological effects of vegetable oil as alternative

lubricant: a pin-on-disk tribometer and wear study

N. Nuraliza & S. Syahrullail

To cite this article: N. Nuraliza & S. Syahrullail (2015): Tribological effects of vegetable oil as
alternative lubricant: a pin-on-disk tribometer and wear study, Tribology Transactions, DOI:
10.1080/10402004.2015.1108477

To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10402004.2015.1108477

Accepted author version posted online: 09

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TRIBOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF VEGETABLE OIL AS ALTERNATIVE LUBRICANT: A

PIN-ON-DISK TRIBOMETER AND WEAR STUDY

N.Nuraliza1* S. Syahrullail

1 Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Skudai,

Johor, Malaysia
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*nuralizanoorawzi@gmail.com

ABSTRACT

The investigation of lubricated friction and wear is an extended study. The aim of this study is to

investigate the friction and wear characteristics of double fractionated palm oil (DFPO) as bio-

lubricant using pin-on-disk tribo-tester under loads of 50N and 100N, with rotating speeds of

1ms-1, 2ms-1, 3ms-1, 4ms-1 and 5ms-1 in a one hour operation time. In this study, hydraulic oil and

engine oil (SAE 40) were used as reference base lubricants. The experiment was conducted using

aluminum pins and SKD 11(alloy tool steel) disc lubricated with tested lubricants. To investigate

wear and friction behavior, images of worn surface have been taken by optical microscopy. From

the experimental results, the rate of COF (coefficient of friction) rose when sliding speed and

load were high. Meanwhile, the wear rate for a load of 100N for all lubricants was almost always

higher compared to lubricant with a load of 50N. The results of this experiment reveal that the

palm oil lubricant can be used as lubricating oil, which would help to reduce the global demand

of petroleum based lubricants substantially.

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Keywords: Aluminum; Pin-On-Disk Tribometer; Coefficient of friction; Sliding wear.

INTRODUCTION

The tribological properties of mating components of engines and machines, where

relative motion is involved, generally depend on factors such as load (1), temperature, speed,
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sliding time, base oil and additive formulation. Several authors observed the reduction of friction

force with the vibration, amplitude of vibration, relative sliding speed, roughness of rubbing

surfaces, type of material, humidity, temperature, and lubrication.(2). As the operating conditions

of the engines and machines become more severe, more trouble occurs at the contacting surfaces

due to damage caused by wear, seizure, fretting, pitting, etc. Wear is sometimes affected by

corrosive environments under constant or varying contact load, resulting in failure of the

components due to severe wear or seizure (3).

Surfaces in contact with relative motion will produce friction, which produces unwanted

heat and leads to material wear .It is laborious to prevent damage of this kind; there are many

ways to minimize this undesirable wear and one amongst them is by exploitation of

lubrication.(4),.(5). Lubricants have an important role in world industrial and economic

development, mainly by reducing friction and wear in mechanical contacts (6),(7). Thus, about

38 million metric tons per year of lubricants have been used globally in the last decade, with the

majority of these being petroleum-based (8),.(9).

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In the last 25 years, there has been an increasing interest in the use of biodegradable

products. This has been driven by environmental problems that have heightened the need to limit

pollution from lubricants and hydraulic fluids based on mineral oils. Vegetable oils are potential

substitutes for petroleum-based oils; not only they are environmentally friendly, renewable and

less toxic, but also they have excellent lubricant properties such as high viscosity index, high

lubricity and low volatility (11). For these reasons, vegetable oil-based lubricants are actively
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requested for many green industrial activities (12), (13).

Vegetable oils can act as anti-wear additives and friction modifiers, due to their strong

interactions with lubricated surfaces. Their amphiphilic nature gives them a good film/force

relationship, due to long fatty acid chains and the presence of polar groups in the vegetable oil

structure (14), (15). For this reason, vegetable oil based lubricants have the peculiarity of being

effective as both boundary and hydrodynamic lubricants (7),.(14),.(16).

However, to understand fully the tribological properties of vegetable oils, it is important to know

the effects of the variability in fatty acid composition on their lubricating properties, film

thickness formed, friction and wear (17). Characteristics of palm oil that have been researched

include studies on oils, carotene, and other vitamin content. Its physical properties and chemical

behavior have also been studied (18), (19), (20),(21).

MATERIAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE

Lubricant sample preparation

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There were three different types of lubricant investigated in this study, double fractionated palm

oil (DFPO), hydraulic oil and engine oil (SAE 40). The lubricant hydraulic oil and engine oil

(SAE 40) were used as base lubricants for comparison purpose. Table 1 shows the viscosity of

tested lubricant under different temperature.

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Friction and wear evaluation

The lubricated sliding test of aluminum was conducted on the pin-on-disk testing machine (TR-

20, DUCOM) according to ASTM G99-05a standard. The spherical pin specimens had 6mm

diameter and 30mm length. The surface roughness of the disk was maintained between 0.02 to

0.06 m. The tests pin specimen was loaded vertically onto the rotating disc with the help of a

stationary pin holder. Various track diameters was used according to sliding speed throughout

wear and friction tests. The wear and friction tests were carried out with two different loads (50N

and 100N). For all the tests, various sliding speed were used (300, 600, 800, 900, 1000 rpm).

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Since wear testing was carried out on microprocessor control machine, the height loss of pin and

frictional force of the pin were monitored simultaneously. The wear loss was measured in

microns, and height loss of the pin was measured using a sensor called a linear variable

differential transformer (LVDT). The frictional force generated on the specimen was measured

in Newtons by using a frictional force sensor. For calculating wear parameters, the height loss of

pin was converted to volumetric loss using the formula below.

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Derivation for spherical cap:

Volume of spherical, V = 1/3 h2 (3R-h)…………….. (1)

R2=(R-h)2+a2

=R2-2Rh+h2+a2

2Rh =h2+a2

h = h2 + a 2

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2R

H-h2 = a2

2R ……………………. (2)

Substitute (2) into (1)

V = 1/3 h2 (3R-h)

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V = 1/3 (a2/2R) 2 (3R- a2/2R)

V =  (a2/2R) 2

=  (a4/4R)

V = a4/4R Therefore, here is the equation for spherical cap.

Where; H = Height on the sphere

R= Radius of sphere

Wear surface for the pin was observed using an optical microscope and surface roughness of the

pin was measured using stylus surface profilometer instruments.

Preparation of the specimen

The specimens were prepared from aluminum material. Pure aluminum (A1100) was used to

create a pin and SKD 11(alloy tool steel) was used for disc specimen. The construction geometry

and the dimension are shown in Fig. 2. Prior to conducting the test it was ensured that the surface

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of the specimens was cleaned properly i.e., free from dirt and debris. Acetone was used for

cleaning purposes.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

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Friction and wear characterization

Figure 4 shows the friction coefficient plotted against the sliding speed for various lubricants. The

results in the figure show that the lubricant regime that occurred during the experiment was

boundary lubrication with the value of friction coefficient for boundary lubricant DFPO, hydraulic

oil and engine oil (SAE 40) lubricants. For the pin lubricated with DFPO, it can be seen that the

coefficient of friction value is low at the beginning and then it increased rapidly as sliding speeds

become high after an hour of the operation time. The trend of the curve of the graph for all tested

lubricant showed similar coefficient of friction values. The results show that the load for the 100 N

values is higher compared to 50 N loads applied. For a load of 50N, the value of COF for

Hydraulic oil and engine oil-SAE 40 decreased slightly from 1ms-1 to 3ms-1 compare to trend

graph for DFPO that different increased at 2ms-1 and decreased when reach 3ms-1 sliding speed.

The 100 N loads applied showed that the coefficient of friction value decreased from 1ms-1 to 3ms-
1
for pin that lubricated with Hydraulic oil and Engine oil (SAE 40) throughout the operation time,

but for pin that lubricated with DFPO oil, at 1ms-1 coefficient of friction is increased when sliding

speeds were highest. Another finding indicates that engine oil (SAE 40) and Hydraulic oil graph

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showed similar trends when at low speed, the value of coefficient of friction increased at 1ms-1 and

decreased slightly at 3ms-1.With loads applied, 100 N was high coefficient of friction for all tested

lubricant compared with 50N. However, trend graph curves at the highest sliding speeds, 50 N and

100 N loads show increments value of COF for all tested lubricants. In this research, we found that

hydraulic oil is a lubricant that works as an anti-wear to mating materials and engine oil (SAE 40)

works as anti-friction lubricant.

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Our findings revealed that, double fractionated palm oil showed the lowest value of coefficient

of friction compared with hydraulic oil and engine oil (SAE 40), for both different loads applied

throughout the operation time. Figure 5 showed the comparison among tested lubricant.

The graph showed that DFPO has lower coefficient of friction value and presumably because the

fatty acid component of such lubricants forms multi and mono layers on the surfaces of the

rubbing zone and makes a stable film which prevents direct contact between the surfaces. The

present finding also supports work from past researchers showing that the existence of free fatty

acids in palm oil acting as a monolayer to prevent a direct metal to metal contact is one of the

major factors leading to its low coefficient of friction compared to hydraulic oil and engine oil-

SAE 40 (22). It indicates that palm oil has the ability to provide stabilization due to the balanced

composition of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids.

The composition of DFPO contains fatty acids which help the lubricant stick on the pin when

direct contact occur and it will help lubricant secure the metal from scratching meanwhile

maintaining lubricant layer between the two surfaces. The 80-95% of fatty acids contained in

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vegetable oils is one of the main performance improvers in such lubricants (23), (24) stated that

the fatty acid chains in vegetable oil permitted monolayer film formation with a slippery surface

which prohibited direct metal to metal contact.

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Effect of Volume rate towards sliding speed

Figure 6 shows the pins wear as a function of sliding speed for various lubricants. As can be seen

for all curve trends, at100N load the wear is higher compared with 50N .Based on the figure, a

pin lubricated with DFPO, at lowest sliding speed, 1ms-1 coefficient of friction value is increased

and sharply decreased at 2ms-1 with the value 0.00002956 to 0.00001093 for applied load of

50N.Similar trend were seen with a load of 100N, sliding speed at 1ms-1 increased and decreased

when the sliding speed was 2ms-1 with the value of 0.00004184 to 0.00001899. As for pin wear

when lubricated with hydraulic oil and engine oil-SAE 40, the wear value initially increased at

lowest sliding speed and slightly increased to 3ms-1 for the pin lubricated with hydraulic oil and

decreased at sliding speeds of 4ms-1 for both loads. Meanwhile, for pins lubricated with engine

oil-SAE 40 is high when sliding speeds is 1ms-1 with value coefficient of friction value is 1.07E-

05 for load 50N and 1.13E-05 for load 100N but the value of coefficient of friction sharply

decreased when the sliding speed increased to 2 ms-1 with values of 3.91E-06 at a load of 50N

and 4.04E-06 at a load of 100N. The trend of graph is quite similar for both loads tested.

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It can be seen from Fig. 6, that the maximum wear occurred for double fractionated palm

oil (DFPO) and hydraulic oil while the minimum wear was observed for engine oil-SAE 40.

Engine oil-SAE 40 is an example of oil-based lubricant. The results can be attributed to the

lower ability of the DFPO and hydraulic oil lubricant film to protect metal to metal contact and

keep consistency throughout the operation time. It can also be seen that the rate of wear

throughout the time is almost identical for the lubricants whereas, the reducing trend is observed
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for the base lubricant. At the beginning of the test, the wear rate was very fast for a few minutes,

known as the running-in period. During this period, the asperities of the sliding surface are cut

off and the contact area of the sliding surface grows to an equilibrium size. After a certain period

of time, equilibrium wear conditions between pins and disc surface were established and

therefore the wear rate became steady. It can be identified from the Figure 6 that the lubricants

DFPO and hydraulic oil showed high wear while engine oil-SAE 40 lubricants imparted low pin

wear and their values are nearly same with each other for both loads applied.

Effect of surface roughness on sliding speeds

Figure 7 shows mineral oil (hydraulic oil and engine oil-SAE 40) of high surface roughness

values compare to DFPO with different loads applied. Surface roughness is a parameter that can

relate to wear resistance and coefficient of friction of mating surfaces. The value of surface

roughness has been measured using an instrument called surface profilometer(unit in m) . If a

surface has a low surface roughness value, Ra (average roughness value), it indicates that the

surface is smoother and it is easier for the materials slide together, there the material loss is also

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at the lowest. The main finding from this comparison showed that DFPO is absolutely great in

maintaining the surface finish of rubbing materials.

The value of surface roughness of the pin and disk lubricated with DFPO was lowest, and

decreased at sliding speeds of 1 ms-1 to 2 ms-1 from 0.146 and 0.117.After 2 m/s sliding speed

was applied, the value of roughness started to rise to a higher value of surface roughness at

sliding speed of 3.0 m/s with value 1.15 and sharply decreased when speed increase when load
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applied is 100N.The trend curve for a load of 50N pin lubricated with DFPO, is similar to that

with a load of 100N. For hydraulic oil and engine oil-SAE 40, different data were collected and

presented in Figure 7. The engine oil-SAE 40 increased from speed 1ms-1 to 2ms-1 with value of

roughness 0.284 to 0.357 for a load of 50N and at a load of100N, the value of roughness

increased from 0.495 to 0.535. However, the value of surface roughness for hydraulic oil started

to increase at low speed and increased when sliding speed increased with both tested loads. The

finding highlights the difference in two type of lubricant showing changes due to the possible

reason that the value of pin lubricated with palm oil is lower compare to pin lubricated with

mineral oil. This is due to the contact between the pin and the disk all the time during the

experimental period that the pin is continuously rubbing the rotating disk. According to adhesive

theory, tougher asperities adhere together at first and the plastic shearing of the junction so

formed will remove or ―pluck‖ off the softer asperities leaving them sticking to the hard surface.

For this reason, the wear will be increased as long as rubbing action between the saucer and the

pin still occurs. Free fatty acids in vegetable oils permit monolayer film formation on the surface

that offers sliding surfaces prevention of direct metal to metal contact and preservation the

surface from damage. Level fatty acid is low and has high concentration of saturated fat. The

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composition fatty acid in palm oil has been given in Table 3. The smoother surface of the wear

sample causes the reduction of friction coefficient by maintaining more lubricating oil in the

interface of sliding component with smaller variations in asperity height, thus lessening the metal

to metal contact (25),(26), (27).

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Surface texture analysis

There are various types of wear in the mechanical systems, such as abrasive wear, adhesive wear,

fatigue wear and corrosive wear. Since the lubricant regime which occurred in this experiment

was boundary lubrication, abrasive wear, adhesive wear, fatigue wear and corrosive wear were

observed in to the rubbing zone. All these wears mechanisms were found in these experiments,

but mostly the wear phenomena were abrasive and adhesive wear. This is because of the

existence of straight grooves in the direction of the sliding direction. These grooves exist because

the asperities on the hard surface (disc) touched the surface (pins) and had a close relationship to

the thickness of lubrication film. The optical images of the tested SKD 11(alloy tool steel) plate

using various types of lubricants are shown in Figure 8. Referring to Figure 8, it is shown that the

surface texture the wear occurs on the pin surfaces are abrasive and adhesive wear. Abrasive

wear occur when the hard surface (disc) cut directly into the soft surface (pin) which cause the

formation of grooves and scratch on the surface. Additionally, adhesive wear occur when there

is scuffing on the metal surfaces where it transfers material from one contacting surface to

another. Inadequate amount of lubricant and the formation of lubricating film thickness have a

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direct influence in the formation of both wear (28).Reduction of lubricant film thickness permits

the surfaces to come closer to each other and cause higher wear.

CONCLUSIONS

Based on the experimental study the following conclusion can be drawn:

1. The rates of wear for several of lubricant were different. Moreover, the wear rate for a load of
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100N for all lubricants was almost always higher compared to lubricant with a load of 50N and

depended on the viscosity of lubricant.

2. Lower resistance to wear is related to a higher coefficient of friction.

3. At the beginning of the test, the rate of COF (coefficient of friction) rose when sliding speed

and load were high. With respect to COF and rise in sliding speed during entire operation time,

the DFPO lubricant showed best performance in terms of its ability to maintain its properties.

4. From the elemental analysis of the lubricants, it was found; materials of aluminum lose their

weight according to wear rate values from the pin and the disc because of oxidation and other

chemical interactions between pin and plate.

According to the experimental results, it can be recommended that the new alternative lubricant

as a base lubricant is better for mechanical applications for overcome friction and wear problems

that occur between metal-to-metal contact ,as it showed best overall performance in terms of

wear, coefficient of friction, viscosity, etc.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

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The authors wish to thank the Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Universiti Technology

Malaysia for their support and cooperation during this study. The authors also wish to thank

Research Management Centre (RMC) for the Research University Grant (GUP-03H58) from the

Universiti Technology Malaysia, Fundamental Research Grant Scheme (FRGS) from the

Ministry of Higher Education (MOHE) and E-Science Fund and ERGS from the Ministry of

Science, Technology and Innovation (MOSTI) of Malaysia for their financial support.
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RPM meter

LVDT sensor

Sliding Apparatus
Data Acquisition
(Pin-On-Disk
system
Tribotester)
Contact potential

Micrometer
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Calculation

Display

Fig.1. Block Diagrams of Friction and Wear Testing

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Pin Disk

Ø 6mm

165mm

30mm
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10mm

Fig.2: The dimensions and geometries of pins and disc specimens.

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Pin Holder
(Specimen)

Disk

Nozzle
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(Lubricant)

(a) (b)

Fig 3: (a) Actual image of pin-on-disk tribotester (b) schematic drawing of pin-on-disk

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Fig 4: The Coefficient of friction as a function of sliding speed for various lubricants

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Fig 5: Comparison of all lubricant coefficient of friction values with different load applied

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Double fractionated palm olein

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Hydraulic Oil

Engine Oil

Fig. 6: The pin wear rate as a function of sliding speed for various lubricants

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Fig 7: Comparison of all lubricant for surface roughness value with different load applied

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Fig 8: Optical micrographs of pin worn surface for different lubricant

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Table 1 Viscosity for types of lubricant tested at different temperature

Samples
Palm oil Engine oil (SAE 40) Hydraulic oil
Properties

Specific density (mg/ml) 0.868 0.872 0.870

Viscosity at 40°C
37.9 159.20 58.4
(cSt)
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Viscosity at 100°C(cSt) 5.7 15.87 10.2

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Table 2 Condition for the pin-on-disk test

Test Parameters Conditions

Applied load (N) 50 , 100

Rotation (RPM) 300,600,800,900,1000

Test Duration (s) 3600

Hydraulic oil, Double fractionated palm oil

Lubricant Tested
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and engine oil (SAE 40)

Aluminum (A1100) –pin

Material specimen
SKD 11-Disk

Temperature 270C

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Table 3 Fatty Acids content of palm oil

Type of fatty acid Percentage (%)

Myristic (Saturated C14) 1.0

Palmitic (Saturated 16) 43.5

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Staeric ( Saturated C18) 4.3

Oleic (monounsaturated C18) 36.6

Linoleic (Polyunsaturated C18) 9.1

Other /Unknown 5.5

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