10/17/2020 ‫ وﯾﻛﯾﺑﯾدﯾﺎ‬- ‫ﺻودﯾوم‬

Production and preparation

Approximately 100,000 tons of metallic sodium are produced
annually, and most of the production is used in professional
[19]
applications. The history of commercial sodium production
[20]
dates back to the late nineteenth century, by thermal
reduction of the sodium carbonate ( natron ) compound at
temperatures above 1100 ° C, as a first step in the Deville
Evaporation ponds of sea water [21] 22] [ [[23]
process of aluminumproduction :

However, this method is no longer used to obtain sodium, after the development of the Hall-Hero
process for the production of aluminum, which dispensed with the production of sodium as a
step. It was also dispensed with due to the high cost of the Kastner process , which was developed
in 1886, [21] based on electrolysis of sodium hydroxide . [24]

Sodium is now produced commercially from the electrolysis of molten sodium chloride , based on a
[25][26]
process that was patented in 1924. The process takes place in a Downs cell , in which the
sodium chloride salt is mixed with calcium chloride (40% NaCl and 60% CaCl). ) To obtain a
2
fuselage system in order to lower the melting point below 700 ° C, and calcium was chosen
To [27]
because it is less electrolytic than sodium, so it does not precipitate on the cathode . produce
one kilogram of sodium, 10 kilowatt hours of current is consumed during electrolysis, and about
12 kilowatt hours of current are consumed during the whole process.[28] electrolysis cells consist
ofcylindrical elevator of graphite inmiddle, surrounded by an airstrip of iron ,addition to a bellshaped
cage to pullfumes of chlorine duringprocess. The sodium formed on the cathode was collected by a
tube rising from the cell and cooled outside. Calcium is also formed as a by-product of the process
in the form of crystals, which is put back into the magma mixture.

Sodium forms on the cathode

Chlorine formed on the elevator

Overall interaction

Due to the high chemical activity of sodium metal, there are technical difficulties associated with its
storage and transportation, which has led to the limited spread of its production. The metal must be
preserved either in an atmosphere of inert gas or in anhydrous mineral oil to avoid formation of a
surface layer of sodium oxide or sodium peroxide . [29]

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