Results and discussion 1 ml of Ext 3 ml of Ext 5 ml of Ext

0.6
Visual examination and UV–Vis spectroscopic methods
are the most familiar methods to detect the formation of
0.5
AgNPs and gold nanoparticles. These nanoparticles were

Absorbance (a.u.)
absorbed strongly in the UV–Vis region because of the 0.4
interaction between incident radiation and electrons in the
conduction band on the surface of nanoparticles which is 0.3
known as surface plasmon resonance (SPR) [41]. The
synthesis of AgNPs were carried out by three different 0.2
concentrations (1, 3 and 5 ml) of alga extract. After addi-
tion of the C. racemosa extract to Ag? ion, the visible color 0.1

change was observed from colorless to brownish yellow

color which suggested the formation of AgNPs and was 0.0
300 400 500 600
shown in Fig. 1. The UV–Vis spectra of synthesized
Wavelength ( ) nm
AgNPs using different concentrations of C. racemosa
extract at 48 h of reaction time were shown in Fig. 2. It can Fig. 2 UV–Vis spectra of biosynthesized AgNPs suspensions using
be seen in the figure, the SPR peaks of AgNPs were different concentrations of C. racemosa extract
appeared at 436, 438 and 441 nm for 1, 3 and 5 mL of alga
extract, respectively. It is clear that the SPR peak of
1.0
AgNPs is slightly red shifted whereas increasing the 48 hrs
concentration of C. racemosa extract from 1 to 3 and 5 30 days
mL, which sug- gested that the size of AgNPs slightly 0.8
increased from 1 to 3 and 5 mL [42, 43]. Moreover the
absorbance intensity of AgNPs is increased while
Absorbance (a.u.)

increasing the concentration of extract. This implied that 0.6

the rate of formation of AgNPs is higher when it is

synthesized using high concentration of alga extract. [44].
0.4
In order to find out the stability of biosynthesized
AgNPs, the UV–Vis spectroscopy for different time inter-
vals has been carried out. It can be seen from Fig. 3, the 0.2
intensity of SPR peak showed a slight difference in

300 400 500 600

Wavelength ( )

Fig. 3 UV–Vis spectra of AgNPs synthesized using 5 mL of C.

racemosa at two different time intervals
absorbance intensity after 1 month [45]. It was found that there is no aggregation of synthesized AgNPs even
after

Fig. 1 Visual observation on the formation of AgNPs