IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MAGNETICS, VOL. 52, NO.

5, MAY 2016 8201908

Comparison of Flux-Switching PM Motors With Different

Winding Configurations Using Magnetic Gearing Principle
Yi Du1 , Feng Xiao1 , Wei Hua2 , Xiaoyong Zhu1 , Ming Cheng2 , Li Quan1, and K. T. Chau3
1 Schoolof Electrical and Information Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
2 School
of Electrical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
3 Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong

In this paper, the magnetic gearing principle is extended to the flux-switching permanent magnet (FSPM) motor for its armature
winding configuration design. First, the no-load flux density in motor air gap is qualitatively analytically calculated using the
equivalent magnetic circuit method, so that the predominant space harmonic components (PSHCs) can be separated. Then, the slot
vector graph can be drawn according to the pole-pair numbers and rotation directions of these PSHCs. Consequently, the armature
winding configuration of a 12/10-pole FSPM motor is designed based on the slot vector graph using the conventional motor design
method. In addition, two new 12/7-pole FSPM motors with the conventional non-overlapping concentrated and distributed winding
are proposed, and the electromagnetic performances of the three motors are analyzed and compared. Finally, the analytical results
are verified by the finite-element analysis and experimentation.
Index Terms— Flux-switching PM (FSPM) motor, magnetic gearing principle, winding configuration design.

I. I NTRODUCTION design method. Thus, the low-speed and high-torque perfor-

mances can be achieved because the operation speed of the
S TATOR permanent magnet (PM) motors, namely, flux-
switching PM (FSPM) motor [1], double salient
PM motor, [2] and flux reversal PM (FRPM) motor [3],
effective flux density harmonic is increased greatly compared
with that of the rotor.
In recent years, the magnetic gearing principle has also been
have attracted more and more attentions for a lot of fields,
introduced into the stator PM motors. Using the magnetic
such as electric vehicles [4], [5], wind power conversion [6],
gearing principle, the FSPM motors with different stator/rotor
wave energy conversion [7], and so on. In despite of differ-
pole combinations, winding configurations, and stator lamina-
ent locations of PMs, the stator PM motors share common
tion segment types have been analyzed in detail based on the
features [8] in the structure, such as both of the PMs and
air-gap field harmonics, so that the torque production mech-
armature windings are housed in the stator, and the rotor is
anism of the FSPM motor has been investigated [12], [13].
designed to be a simple iron core with salient teeth. So, the
It illustrates that over 95% of the average electromagnetic
stator PM motors possess the advantages of ease of PM heat
torque of the FSPM motor is contributed by several predomi-
management and simple and robust structure of the rotor.
nant field harmonics, which offers a possibility to design the
Furthermore, the non-overlapping concentrated armature
armature winding of the FSPM motor based on these harmonic
windings are usually adopted in the conventional stator
components. In order to improve the power density and the
PM motors, so that the end windings can be reduced. Thus,
torque density, an FRPM motor with full-pitched winding
the low winding resistance and low copper consumption
has been proposed [14], in which the armature windings are
can be achieved consequently. However, this kind of motors
designed based on a fictitious electrical gear. Thus, the no-load
suffers from the design limitation for further power density
electromotive force (EMF) and the torque can be improved to
improvement due to the non-overlapping concentrated arma-
be 2 times of those of the FRPM motor with conventional
ture winding structure.
concentrated armature windings.
Recently, the magnetic gearing effect has been investigated
This paper focuses on the armature winding configuration
widely not only for coaxial magnetic gears [9], [10], but
design of the FSPM motors based on the magnetic gearing
also for low-speed and high-torque motors, such as vernier
principle. In Section II, the space harmonic components of
PM (VPM) motor [11]. Due to the modulation function of the
the air-gap PM flux density in the FSPM motor will be quali-
stator teeth, the PM flux density in VPM motor air gap can
tatively analyzed using the equivalent magnetic circuit method.
be modulated into a series of asynchronous space harmonics.
Thus, the predominant space harmonic components (PSHCs)
Thus, the armature windings can be wound based on the
of the PM flux density in the air gap can be separated.
pole-pair number of one of the most effective harmonics
In order to verify the analysis results in Section II, the air-gap
using the conventional motor armature winding configuration
PM flux density of an existing 12/10-pole FSPM motor,
which possesses one of the most popular stator and rotor pole
Manuscript received June 23, 2015; revised September 5, 2015 and
November 10, 2015; accepted December 22, 2015. Date of publication combinations [15] and has been investigated widely [16], [17],
December 31, 2015; date of current version April 15, 2016. Corresponding will be analyzed and evaluated using the finite-element analy-
author: Y. Du (e-mail: duyie@ujs.edu.cn). sis (FEA) in Section III. In addition, the PSHCs of this FSPM
Color versions of one or more of the figures in this paper are available
online at http://ieeexplore.ieee.org. motor can be calculated using the Fourier analysis method.
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/TMAG.2015.2513742 Thus, the slot vector graph can be obtained based on the
0018-9464 © 2015 IEEE. Personal use is permitted, but republication/redistribution requires IEEE permission.
See http://www.ieee.org/publications_standards/publications/rights/index.html for more information.

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 8201908 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MAGNETICS, VOL. 52, NO. 5, MAY 2016

Fig. 2. Machine model of FSPM motor.

Fig. 1. 12/10-pole FSPM motor, Motor I.

pole-pair numbers and rotation directions of these PSHCs, and

the armature winding configuration can be designed using the
conventional armature winding configuration design method.
To further illustrate the proposed design method, a new
12/7-pole FSPM motor, which has never been investigated
in the past, will also be proposed and analyzed. Besides the
conventional non-overlapping concentrated winding, a distrib-
uted winding is introducing into the 12/7-pole FSPM motor, Fig. 3. PM MMF across the motor air gap.
so that the torque density can be improved greatly compared
with its non-overlapping concentrated winding counterpart,
and the design limitation of winding can be eliminated.
In Section IV, the electromagnetic performances of the
12/10-pole FSPM motor and the 12/7-pole FSPM motor with
different armature winding configurations will be calculated
and compared. In order to verify the simulation results,
a 12/10-pole FSPM motor is tested in Section V. Finally, the
conclusion is drawn in Section VI.
Fig. 4. Magnetic permeance waveform of effective air gap.

II. M OTOR C ONFIGURATION AND be expressed by the Fourier series as

F LUX D ENSITY A NALYSIS ∞

Fig. 1 shows the configuration of a conventional 12/10-pole FPMgr (θ ) = FPMgn sin(n Ns θ/2) (1)
FSPM motor, named Motor I in this paper, in which the stator n=1
salient teeth wound with non-overlapping concentrated wind- 8FPMg
FPMgn = − sin(nπ/2) cos(nπ/4) sin(nπ/8) (2)
ings consists of U-shaped laminated segments, between which nπ
the PMs are sandwiched and the magnetization directions where FPMgn is the Fourier coefficient, FPMg is the amplitude
of these PMs are adjacent alternant in tangential direction. of the PM MMF drop across effective air gap, Ns is the stator
In addition, the rotor is composed of a simple iron core with tooth number, and n is a positive integer number.
salient teeth. Due to the tooth–slot structure, a variable reluctance is
In order to qualitatively analyze the air-gap PM flux density, achieved with the rotation of the rotor. In addition, the wave-
a 1-D magnetic circuit model of the FSPM motor is established form of the effective air-gap magnetic permeance, including
and shown in Fig. 2. For simplifying the derivation of the the magnetic permeance of the motor physical air gap and
analysis, the following assumptions are made. that of the rotor, can be shown in Fig. 4. Hence, it also can
1) The flux leakage is neglected and the variation of be extended using the Fourier analysis as
magnetic field is in the r -direction only. ∞
2) The permeability of the iron core of the stator and the 0 
r (θ ) = + m cos[m Nr (θ − θ0 − ωt)] (3)
rotor is infinite. 2
m=1
3) Finite coercivities are ignored. 0 = Nr [rs θrs + rt θrt ]/π (4)
Thus, due to the modulation of the stator iron core, the
m = 2[(rt − rs ) sin(m Nr θrt /2)]/mπ (5)
PM magnetomotive force (MMF) drops across the effective
motor air gap in the r -direction can be shown in Fig. 3, in where 0 /2 is the dc component of the magnetic permeance
which θsPM , θst , and θss are the angles of the stator PMs, stator per unit area, Nr is the number of the rotor tooth, rt and rs
tooth iron core, and stator slot in the θ direction, respectively. are the magnetic permeance per unit area at the areas of the
Taking the r -axis as the centerline of one of the PMs, it can rotor tooth and slot, respectively, θrt and θrs are the angles

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 DU et al.: COMPARISON OF FSPM MOTORS WITH DIFFERENT WINDING CONFIGURATIONS 8201908

TABLE I TABLE II
S PEED AND I NITIAL P OSITION OF S PACE H ARMONIC K EY PARAMETERS OF 12/10-P OLE FSPM M OTOR
C OMPONENTS OF F LUX D ENSITY

of the rotor tooth and slot in the θ direction, respectively,

θ0 and ω are the initial position and the mechanical speed of
the rotor, respectively, and m is a positive integer number.
with the FEA results in Section III.
The relative rotation between the permeance and MMF
distributions due to the rotation of the rotor leads to the desired
flux variation. Thus, the PM flux density in the air gap can be III. W INDING D ESIGN FOR 12/10- AND
written as 12/7-P OLE FSPM M OTORS
Fig. 5(a) shows the no-load flux density waveforms along
Bg = FPMg (θ )r (θ )
∞   the air gaps in mechanical degrees of the 12/10- and 12/7-pole
0  1 FSPM motors with regard to rotor position calculated using
= FPMgn sin n Ns θ
2 2 the FEA. It is worth noting that 360 electrical degrees
n=1
∞  ∞ correspond to one rotor pole pitch for this type of motor.
 FPMgn m
+ sin Furthermore, it should be mentioned that the former motor
2 has been optimized for the maximum torque density, and the
n=1 m=1
   key design parameters are shown in Table II. In addition, the
1 m Nr θ0 + m Nr ωt
× n Ns + m Nr θ− 1 latter one is obtained through simply changing the rotor tooth
2 n Ns + m Nr
2 number. Fig. 5(b) shows the harmonic spectrum of the air-gap
∞  ∞
FPMgn m PM flux density waveform in the 12/10-pole FSPM motor.
+ sin It can be seen that due to the modulation function of stator and
2
n=1 m=1
   rotor teeth, there are a number of space harmonic components
1 m Nr θ0 + m Nr ωt in the air-gap flux density in 12/10-pole motor, including the
× n Ns − m Nr θ + 1 . (6) 4th, 6th, 8th, 16th, 18th, 28th, and so on.
2 n Ns − m Nr
2
The 6th and 18th harmonics are, respectively, produced by
It can be seen that due to the modulation functions of the PMs directly and due to the modulation of stator iron teeth,
stator tooth iron cores and the rotor teeth, the air-gap flux which are corresponding to the first row of Table I when n = 1
density produced by PMs in the FSPM motor consists of a and n = 3, respectively. In addition, the 4th, 8th, 16th,
number of space harmonic components with regard to θ , of and 28th components are produced by the modulation of rotor
which the harmonic rank, namely, the pole-pair number of teeth onto the 6th and 18th harmonics, in which the 4th
the corresponding PM flux density harmonic component pfh , and 16th components can be deduced from the second and
equals nNs /2, nNs /2 + mN r , and |nNs /2 − mN r |, respectively. fourth rows of Table I, respectively, when n = 1 and m = 1,
In addition, the mechanical rotation speed and the initial while the 8th and 28th components can be deduced from the
position of these harmonics can be shown in Table I. second and third rows of Table I, respectively, when n = 3
It can also be found that the harmonic components with and m = 1. The corresponding phase shift waveforms of these
nNs /2 pole-pairs are unavailable for the FSPM motor opera- six PSHCs in one rotor tooth pitch are shown in Fig. 5(d).
tion, because they remain stationary with the stator as well It can be seen that the phase of the 6th and 18th harmonic
as the armature windings. However, the second and the components remains stationary. In addition, all of the four
third terms of (6) represent the flux density components rotary harmonics rotate through one electrical cycle when the
with different amplitudes and rotation speed. So, all of these rotor rotates over one tooth pitch. So, it can be told that the
rotary harmonic components can produce induced EMF in the rotary speeds in electrical degree of them are the same with
armature windings. Thus, the armature winding configuration that of the rotor. However, the rotary direction of the eighth
of the FSPM motor can be designed based on the pole- harmonic is opposite to those of the other three ones, and the
pair number and rotary direction of these rotary harmonics initial phase difference between the fourth component and the
using the conventional motor armature winding design method. other three ones is equal to 180°. So, it can be concluded
It should be noted that the analytical results of (1)–(6) are that the FEA results are consistent with the analytical results
only used to qualitatively analyze the harmonic component shown in Table I.
rank for the armature winding design of FSPM motors. Moreover, a new 12/7-pole FSPM motor is proposed in this
So, it is not suitable to directly compare the analytical results paper, of which the no-load flux density is also calculated and

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 8201908
Fig. 5. Flux density in air gap due to PMs of 12/10- and 12/7-pole FSPM
motors. (a) Waveform. (b) Spectrum of 12/10-pole motor. (c) Spectrum of
12/7-pole motor. (d) Phase of PSHCs of 12/10-pole motor. (e) Phase of PSHCs
of 12/7-pole motor.
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MAGNETICS, VOL. 52, NO. 5, MAY 2016
Fig. 6. Slot vector graphs of FSPM motors. (a) 12/10 pole. (b) 12/7 pole.
the air gap of the proposed motor are 1st, 11th, 13th, and 25th,
respectively.
Consequently, in order to design the armature winding
configuration based on the conventional design method [18],
the slot vector graphs of the FSPM motors can be drawn
according to the pole-pair numbers and rotation directions
of these rotary PSHCs. Thus, the relative position of two
winding sides per coil, the relative position of coils each phase,
and the connection of coils per phase can be decided to per-
form the desired performances, such as balanced three-phase
no-load EMF. In addition, the slot pitch angle in electrical
degree can be derived as
2π
α = sign(ωfh ) pfh (7)
Ns
where α is the slot pitch angle in electrical degree, and
sign(ωfh ) and ωfh are the rotary direction and the rotary speed
of the flux density harmonic component, respectively. It should
be noticed that all the slot pitch angles in electrical degree of
the different rotary PSHCs are the same when the rotary direc-
tion is considered. Then, the slot vector graph can be drawn.
As shown in Fig. 6(a), the slot pitch angle of 12/10-pole FSPM
motor equals 120°. Thus, the armature winding configuration,
of which the winding pitch in slot number equals 1, can be
adopted. It should be noted that the winding configuration
of 12/10-pole FSPM motor designed by the proposed slot
vector graph is just the same with that of the conventional
non-overlapping concentrated one, as shown in Fig. 1.
As shown in Fig. 6(b), the slot pitch angle of 12/7-pole
FSPM motor is equal to 30°. Thus, the conventional
non-overlapping concentrated winding can also be employed,
as shown in Fig. 7(a), named Motor II in this paper. However,
the winding factor will be very low. Thus, the distributed
winding is considered to be adopted to improve the power
density, as shown in Fig. 7(b), named Motor III in this paper.
Therefore, according to the proposed winding design method,
there is only one kind and two kinds of winding configurations
for 12/10- and 12/7-pole FSPM motors, respectively.
The winding factor [19] can be calculated as
kw = kd k p (8)
⎧ 
⎨ sin(q pfhj α/2)  α = 0
analyzed in Fig. 5, which are very similar to those of the kd =  q sin( pfhjα/2)  (9)
⎩
12/10-pole FSPM motor. It can be found from both 1 α=0
Table I and Fig. 5 that the rotary PSHCs of PM flux density in k p = cos{[π − MOD(2π pfhj Ncp /Ns , 2π)]/2} (10)

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 DU et al.: COMPARISON OF FSPM MOTORS WITH DIFFERENT WINDING CONFIGURATIONS
Fig. 7. Armature winding connection of 12/7-pole FSPM motor.
(a) Conventional non-overlapping winding, Motor II. (b) Distributed winding,
Motor III.
TABLE III
W INDING FACTOR C OMPARISON
where kw , kd , and k p are the winding factor, the distribution
factor, and the pitch factor, respectively, q is the number of
the least EMF vector per phase, pfhj is the pole-pair number
of the j th rotary PSHCs, α is the angle between two adjacent
EMF vectors, and Ncp is the wind pitch in slot number.
So, the winding factors of Motor I, Motor II, and Motor III
can be calculated. As shown in Table III, Motor II owns the
lowest winding factor of 0.25. However, the winding factor of
Motor III is enhanced to be 0.966 due to the employment of
distributed winding, which implies the possibility of the power
density improvement of the motor.
IV. P ERFORMANCE A NALYSIS AND C OMPARISON
In order to verify the winding configuration design, the
PM flux linkage and no-load EMF of the three FSPM motors
are calculated by using the FEA and the analytical method,
respectively. According to the flux circuit in the motors, the
PM flux linkage per coil due to each flux density space
harmonic component can be calculated based on the winding
configuration as
θw2 since the distributed winding configuration is employed, the
ψcoil_fh (t) = Bfhj maxrsila Ncoil cos[ pfhjθ + θhfj(t)]dθ
θw1
(11)
where ψcoil_fh is the no-load flux linkage per coil, Bfhjmax
and θfhj (t) are the amplitude and phase of the j th harmonic,
respectively, rsi is the inside radius of the motor stator, Ncoil is
the winding turn number per coil, la is the stack length of the
motor, and θw1 and θw2 are the mechanical degrees of the
two winding sides per coil. Thus, the no-load flux linkage per
phase can be obtained by the vector addition.
Table IV lists the flux linkage amplitude of the three motors
due to the four rotary PSHCs, in which the minus sign
represents the contribution to the total flux linkage. In addition,
Fig. 8 shows the flux linkage waveforms, in which ψ_Ana is
the vector sum of the flux linkages due to the four PSHCs
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8201908
TABLE IV
F LUX L INKAGE A MPLITUDE D UE TO P REDOMINANT H ARMONICS (mWb)
Fig. 8. Flux linkage waveforms of three motors.
Fig. 9. No-load EMF waveforms of three motors.
calculated from (11), and ψ_FEA is the flux linkage obtained
from the FEA. It can be seen that the results have good
agreement. So, it can be told that the PM flux linkage is mainly
contributed by the four rotary PSHCs of the PM flux density
in the air gap.
Fig. 9 shows the no-load EMF waveforms of the three
motors at the speed of 1200 r/min, in which E_Ana and E_FEA
are the no-load EMF, respectively, obtained from the analytical
model and the FEA. In addition, it can be seen that the results
calculated by the two methods are almost the same. Moreover,
no-load EMF amplitude of Motor III is ∼255 V, which is
3.78 times that of Motor II. In other words, the power density
of the FSPM motor can be improved greatly due to the
employment of the distributed winding configuration.
Fig. 10 shows the torque output waveforms of three motors
when the rated three-phase current, of which the peak current
value equals 3.8 A, is fed into the windings using i d = 0
control method. It can be seen that the average torque values
of Motor I, Motor II, and Motor III are 9.174, 2.848, and
10.528 Nm, respectively. The torque output of Motor III is
14.8% and 269.7% higher than those of Motor I and Motor II,
respectively. It is more important that due to the adoption
of the distributed armature winding, the torque output of
12/7-pole FSPM motor can be improved to be 3.7 times that
of its counterpart with non-overlapping concentrated winding.
 8201908
Fig. 10. Torque waveforms of three motors.
TABLE V
E LECTROMAGNETIC T ORQUE C OMPARISON
Fig. 11. Average torque output versus inner power angle, β.
Table V compares the electromagnetic torque performances of
three motors.
Defining the torque ripple of the motor as
RpT = T p− p /Tave × 100%
where T p− p and Tave are the peak-to-peak and average values
of the torque output, respectively. Thus, the torque ripple of the
three motors can be calculated. As shown in Table V, Motor III
possesses the lowest torque ripple, 6.8%. In addition, the
torque ripples of Motor I and Motor II are 26.7% and 27.9%,
respectively, which are about 4 times that of Motor III.
Furthermore, the torque output of three motors versus the
phase difference between the armature current and the no-load
EMF (inner power angle, β) is also calculated to achieve the
maximum torque per ampere, in which the peak current values
are kept to be constant. As shown in Fig. 11, the torque output
of Motor I, Motor II, and Motor III can reach the maximum
values of 9.21, 2.851, and 10.668 Nm, respectively, when the
phase difference, respectively, equals 3°, 3°, and 9°. So, it can
be confirmed that the reluctance torques of FSPM motors are
very small [20].
Fig. 12 shows the cogging torque waveforms of these
motors. It can be found that the cogging torque peak-to-peak
value of 12/7-pole FSPM motor is 0.62 Nm, which is only
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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MAGNETICS, VOL. 52, NO. 5, MAY 2016
Fig. 12. Cogging torque waveforms of three motors.
Fig. 13. Inductance waveforms of Motor I.
Fig. 14. Inductance waveforms of Motor II.
24.5% of that of 12/10-pole FSPM motor. In addition, it is
one of the reasons why Motor III has the lowest torque ripple.
(12) In order to consider the coupling between the PM and
armature fluxes, the self-inductance and mutual inductance of
three motors are calculated [21], [22] as
Aa − PMA
LA = (13)
Ia
Ba − PMB
MBA = (14)
Ia
where L A is the self-inductance of phase A, MBA is the
mutual inductance between phase A and phase B, Aa and
Ba are the total flux linkage excited by the PMs and the
phase A current in phase A coil and phase B coil, respectively,
PMA and PMB are the PM flux linkage in phase A coil and
phase B coil, respectively, and Ia is a dc current fed into
phase A.
By feeding Ia = 2 A into armature winding of phase A,
the corresponding self-inductance and mutual inductance
waveforms of three motors can be obtained. As shown in
Figs. 13–15, there are two cycles in all of the inductance
waveforms obviously. In addition, Motor III has the highest
average value of self-inductance among the three motors
 DU et al.: COMPARISON OF FSPM MOTORS WITH DIFFERENT WINDING CONFIGURATIONS
Fig. 15. Inductance waveforms of Motor III.
TABLE VI
I NDUCTANCE VALUE C OMPARISON (mH)
Fig. 16. Prototype of a 12/10-pole FSPM motor. (a) Silicon steel sheets.
(b) Stator and rotor. (c) Prototype motor.
because it owns the longest winding span, which will lead to
an increased reactive power and a lower power factor. Table VI
shows the inductance comparison among the three motors.
V. E XPERIMENT R ESULTS
In order to validate the analysis, a 12/10-pole FSPM motor
is prototyped. Fig. 16(a) shows the silicon steel sheets of stator
and rotor. Fig. 16(b) shows the stator and the rotor of the
motor, and Fig. 16(c) shows the prototype motor.
The no-load EMF is measured when the rotor rotates at
the speed of 1000 r/min. As shown in Fig. 17, the measured
no-load EMF amplitude is ∼158 V. So, when the rotor speed
equals 1200 r/min, the no-load EMF amplitude can be derived
to be 189.6 V, which is very close to the FEA result. Then,
the three-phase self-inductance values in one electrical cycle
are measured. As shown in Fig. 18, the inductance waveform
per phase contains two cycles, and the average values of
three-phase self-inductance are 9.95, 10.53, and 9.95 mH,
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8201908
Fig. 17. Measured no-load EMF at 1000 r/min.
Fig. 18. Measured three-phase self-inductance.
respectively, which are also very consistent with the
FEA results.
VI. C ONCLUSION
In this paper, the magnetic gearing principle is introduced
into the FSPM motor for armature winding design. Based on
the equivalent magnetic circuit method, the PM flux density
in the air gap is qualitatively analytically calculated, so that
the PSHCs of the PM air-gap flux density can be separated.
Thus, the armature winding configuration can be designed
according to the pole-pair numbers and the rotation directions
of these PSHCs using the conventional motor winding design
method. Then, the no-load flux linkage and the no-load EMF
of three FSPM motors, namely, the 12/10-pole FSPM motor,
and two 12/7-pole FSPM motors with the conventional non-
overlapping winding and the distributed winding, respectively,
are analytically calculated and compared with the results
obtained by FEA. In addition, the key electromagnetic per-
formances of the three motors, including the cogging torque,
the inductance, and the torque output, are analyzed by FEA.
It is found that due to the employment of the distributed
winding, the power density of the 12/7-pole FSPM motor
can be improved greatly compared with that of the motor
with non-overlapping concentrated winding, and the 12/7-pole
FSPM motor has the lower cogging torque compared with the
12/10-pole counterpart. However, the self-inductance average
value of the 12/7-pole FSPM motor with distributed winding
is over 4 times of that of the other two motors. Finally, the
prototype of a 12/10-pole FSPM motor is built and tested.
The experimental results, including the three-phase no-load
EMF and three-phase self-inductance, have verified the results
deduced from the FEA and the analytical model.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
This work was supported in part by the grant from the
Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher
 8201908
Education Institution, in part by the Senior Talent Foundation
through Jiangsu University under Project 14JDG169, in part
by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under
Project 51307072, Project 51177065, Project 51377073, and
Project 51407085, and in part by the Fund Program of Jiangsu
University for Excellent Youth Teachers.
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