Price and Wage Rates: Prices of Major Construction Materials 34 Wage Rates For Construction Personnel 57

CHAPTER 3
PRICE AND WAGE RATES

Introduction 34
Prices of Major Construction Materials 34
Wage Rates for Construction Personnel 57
CHAPTER 3 PRICE AND WAGE RATES
Introduction/ Prices of Major Construction Materials
Introduction
The trends in building materials and construction personnel and suppliers, including hardware shops and manufacturers
wages are reviewed under this chapter. All data were collected located throughout Malaysia.
with the assistance of construction organisations, distributors
Prices of Major Construction Materials

The various prices of construction materials collated are based The prices were compiled from selected locations with relevant
on actual transactions between the contractors and the suppliers invoices where their validity have been duly verified. A minimum
under the normal credit terms specified. The size of the purchase of three quotations were taken from each location, as listed below:
was in bulk, including the standard discount/s accorded to 1. Peninsular Malaysia:
buyers. The prices also include all the necessary taxes and - Central Region: Selangor
transportation costs, within acceptable distances. - Northern Region: Perak and Pulau Pinang
- East Coast Region: Kelantan and Pahang
There are 19 construction materials groups altogether, adding up - Southern Region: Johor
to 150 list of prices based on the different sizes and categories. 2. Sabah: Kota Kinabalu, Tawau and Sandakan
The 10 major construction building materials prices collected 3. Sarawak: Kuching, Miri and Sibu.
were:
It was observed that 7 out of 10 building materials prices
1. Aggregates have declined in 2017. Ready-mixed concrete price, already
2. Bricks decreasing gradually since 2016 (-0.3%; RM263.29 per cubic
3. Cement metre), continued to decline in 2017 (-3.9%; RM253.04 per
4. Glass cubic metre). However, the price of steel reinforcement increased
5. Paint significantly at 12.0% in 2017 (RM2,718.83 per tonne). The rise
6. Ready-Mixed Concrete (RMC) in steel price was the result of stronger demand from existing
7. Sand and upcoming mega infrastructure projects awarded in 2017. The
8. Steel Reinforcement average selling price of local steel has also increased further with
9. Steel & Metal Sections the imposition of safeguard duties by the Ministry of International
10. Timber Trade and Industry (MITI) for steel reinforcement, steel wire rods
(SWR) and deformed bar in coil (DBIC) until April 2020. Other
materials have experienced marginal price fluctuations.
CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY
34 REVIEW & PROSPECT 2018/2019
PRICE AND WAGE RATES CHAPTER 3
Table 3.1 | Price of Major Construction Materials in Malaysia
Source: CIDB
Figure 3.1a | Price of Major Construction Materials in Malaysia
Source: CIDB
REVIEW & PROSPECT 2018/2019 35
Figure 3.1b | Price of Major Construction Materials in Malaysia
Source: CIDB
Aggregate
Figure 3.1.1a | Price of Aggregate in Malaysia
Source: CIDB
Figure 3.1.1b | Price of Aggregate in Peninsular Malaysia
Source: CIDB
Figure 3.1.1c | Price of Aggregate in Sabah
Source: CIDB
Figure 3.1.1d | Price of Aggregate in Sarawak
Source: CIDB
The price of aggregate in Malaysia decreased by 1.7% in 2017 As mentioned above, the aggregate price was relatively stable in
to RM42.04 per tonne (2016: RM42.78 per tonne). In Peninsular Sabah (Kota Kinabalu: RM45.28 per tonne; Tawau: RM48.94 per
Malaysia and Sarawak, the price lingered between RM37.83 per tonne) except for Sandakan (RM56.67 per tonne). Similarly in
tonne (Q3 2016) to RM37.89 per tonne (Q4 2017). In Sabah, the Sarawak, aggregate price remained constant in Kuching, Sibu and
relatively stable price in 2017 saw a drop after Q2 from RM51.22 Miri at RM37.67, RM36.00 and RM40.00 per tonne respectively.
to RM49.00 per tonne by the year end. Throughout 2017,
aggregate price in all regions remained unchanged.
Bricks
Figure 3.1.2a | Price of Bricks in Malaysia
Source: CIDB
Figure 3.1.2b | Price of Bricks in Peninsular Malaysia
Source: CIDB
Figure 3.1.2c | Price of Bricks in Sabah
Source: CIDB
Figure 3.1.2d | Price of Bricks in Sarawak
Source: CIDB
The average price of bricks decreased slightly by 2.9% to RM0.43 piece (2016: RM0.41 per piece) and 10.6% to RM0.40 per piece
per piece in 2017 after being on the increase since 2014 (RM0.40 (2016: RM0.44 per piece). Nonetheless, the East Coast recorded
per piece) up to Q2 2016 (RM0.45 per piece). This decline was the priciest bricks in Peninsular Malaysia in 2017, while the
more evident in Peninsular Malaysia as compared to the price lowest price of bricks was found in the Central and Northern
of bricks in Sabah and Sarawak where it remained unchanged Region, with both registering an average price of RM0.37 per
throughout 2017. piece.
There was a decline in the price of bricks across all regions in In Sabah, the price of bricks was higher in Kota Kinabalu at
Peninsular Malaysia in 2017, particularly in the Central Region RM0.45 per piece in comparison with RM0.42 per piece in
and East Coast where prices declined by 12.5% to RM0.37 per Sandakan and RM0.43 per piece in Tawau. Among the districts,
only Kota Kinabalu registered a price increase of 2.8% (2016: For Sarawak however, the price of bricks remained stable
RM0.44 per piece). In contrast, Sandakan and Tawau saw the throughout 2017 in Kuching, Sibu and Miri. Kuching and Sibu
price of bricks falling by 5.8% (2016: RM0.44 per piece) and recorded a price increase of 2.1% to RM0.48 per piece (2016:
4.3% (2016: RM0.45 per piece) respectively. RM0.47 per piece), while the price remained unchanged in Miri
(2016: RM0.45 per piece). Overall, the price of bricks ranged
between RM0.45 and RM0.48 per piece in Sarawak.
Cement
Figure 3.1.3a | Price of Cement in Malaysia
Source: CIDB
Figure 3.1.3b | Price of Cement in Peninsular Malaysia
Source: CIDB
Figure 3.1.3c | Price of Cement in Sabah
Source: CIDB
Figure 3.1.3d | Price of Cement in Sarawak
Source: CIDB
Among the major construction materials, cement prices were 2016, the price of cement in all regions saw a contraction towards
relatively stable, even showing a slight decrease of 1.2% to the end of 2017. All regions in Peninsular Malaysia had a similar
RM19.11 per bag in 2017 (2016: RM19.34 per bag). There price movement, rising during Q2 2017 but falling by year end.
was barely any difference in the price of cement between the The Central and Southern Regions registered the lowest and
three regions. Both Peninsular Malaysia and Sarawak showed highest price in Q4 2017 at RM16.89 and in Q2 2017 at RM18.97
a gradual fall in cement price throughout 2017, against a price per bag.
increase in Sabah.
In Sabah, cement price was the lowest in Kota Kinabalu
In 2017, the highest decline in cement price was recorded in compared to Sandakan and Tawau. The drop in price since
Peninsular Malaysia at 1.9% to RM18.04 per bag (2016: RM18.39 Q3 2016 prolonged into 2017 which created a huge price gap
per bag). After experiencing a moderate increase throughout between Kota Kinabalu and the cities of Sandakan and Tawau.
Nonetheless, this gap lessened when the cement price eventually the price fell by 11.4% from RM21.17 (Q1 2017) to RM19.00
rose to RM17.80 per bag by Q4 2017 in Kota Kinabalu, against per bag (Q2 2017). This resulted in the cement price in Kuching
RM20.17 and RM19.70 per bag in Sandakan and Tawau. becoming the lowest, over-taking Miri while Sibu recorded the
highest price among the districts.
Generally, all districts in Sarawak experienced a price fall for
cement in 2017. The most obvious decline was in Kuching, where
Glass
Figure 3.1.4a | Price of Glass in Malaysia
Source: CIDB
Figure 3.1.4b | Price of Glass in Peninsular Malaysia
Source: CIDB
Figure 3.1.4c | Price of Glass in Sabah
Source: CIDB
Figure 3.1.4d | Price of Glass in Sarawak
Source: CIDB
Clear float glass with a 5 square metre thickness, registered an In fact, for Peninsular Malaysia, the price of glass remained steady
increase of 0.4% to RM54.67 per square metre (2016: RM54.44 for all regions throughout 2017. All four regions experienced a
per square metre). The price of glass rose by 3.1% to RM51.25 gradual increase in glass price where the highest increase was
per square metre (2016: RM46.69 per square metre) in Peninsular registered in the Northern Region at 9.3% (2017: RM41.67 per
Malaysia; and by 2.8% to RM60.34 per square metre (2016: square metre; 2016: RM38.11 per square metre) followed by
RM58.72 per square metre) in Sabah. Sarawak experienced a Southern Region at 7.6% (2017: RM53.00 per square metre;
decline of 1.6% to RM52.25 per square metre (2016: RM53.08 2016: RM49.27 per square metre). The East Coast and Central
per square metre). Generally, Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah and Regions experienced a minimal increase at less than 5%.
Sarawak experienced a stable glass price throughout 2017.
Year-on-year, the glass price was always higher in Sabah as a negligible price increase of 0.1% to RM59.48 per square metre
compared to Peninsular Malaysia and Sarawak. Since 2015, the (2016: RM59.46 per square metre).
price of glass has been climbing steadily in all Sabah districts.
However, in 2017, glass prices in Sabah remained relatively It was different in Sarawak where Sibu, despite being the only
unchanged. There was no visible changes in glass price during district with a fall in glass price, continued to register the highest
the year, with only a slight increase during Q4. All the three price for glass in Sarawak at RM53.08 per square metre. This was
districts in Sabah experienced a similar price movement. Kota followed by Kuching and Miri at RM52.33 and 51.33 per square
Kinabalu registered the highest increase at 5.9% to RM59.00 per metre respectively.
square metre (2016: RM55.73 per square metre) while Tawau had
Paint
Figure 3.1.5a | Price of Paint in Malaysia
Source: CIDB
Figure 3.1.5b | Price of Paint in Peninsular Malaysia
Source: CIDB
Figure 3.1.5c | Price of Paint in Sabah
Source: CIDB
Figure 3.1.5d | Price of Paint in Sarawak
Source: CIDB
Paint refers to the standard colour-external acrylic emulsion In Sabah, Kota Kinabalu and Sandakan experienced a rise in paint
weather shield paint, priced in 5 litres packaging. Overall, the price by 2.1% and 4.9% respectively while Tawau registered a
price of paint was observed to be stable for Peninsular Malaysia, fall by 0.5%. Sandakan recorded the highest price of paint
Sabah and Sarawak in 2017. Sabah registered the highest price at RM150.00 per 5 litres while both Kota Kinabalu and Tawau
for paint at RM141.11 per 5 litres while Sarawak had the lowest registered the same price at RM136.67 per 5 litres.
price at RM127.78 per 5 litres.
The price increase was also recorded in Sarawak, with Kuching
The price of paint dropped in almost all regions in Peninsular registering an increase by 1.9% to RM125.67 per 5 litres and
Malaysia except the Northern Region which recorded an increase Sibu by 0.1% to RM129.35 per 5 litres respectively. In contrast,
of 1.6%, making it the highest among other regions at RM138.00 Miri registered a nominal fall by 0.7% to RM128.33 per 5 litres.
per 5 litres. The decline in price of paint in Central, Southern
and East Coast Regions ranged between 2.0% to 5.0% where the
cheapest paint price was registered at RM126.33 per 5 litres.
Ready-Mixed Concrete
Figure 3.1.6a | Price of Ready-Mixed Concrete in Malaysia
Source: CIDB
Figure 3.1.6b | Price of Ready-Mixed Concrete in Peninsular Malaysia
Source: CIDB
Figure 3.1.6c | Price of Ready-Mixed Concrete in Sabah
Source: CIDB
Figure 3.1.6d | Price of Ready-Mixed Concrete in Sarawak
Source: CIDB
Ready-mixed concrete experienced the highest decline in price Kota Kinabalu registered a price of RM285.33 per cubic metre,
at 3.9% compared to the other building materials. Sabah was Sandakan at RM287.50 per cubic metre and Tawau at RM290.41
the most affected with an 8.0% decline, followed by Sarawak at per cubic metre.
2.0%. In contrast, Peninsular Malaysia only registered a drop
of 0.1%. Similar to Peninsular Malaysia, the price of ready-mixed
concrete in Sarawak remained stable throughout 2017. Sarawak
In Peninsular Malaysia, the price of ready-mixed concrete was experienced a gradual decrease in ready-mixed concrete price
stable throughout 2017. The Central and East Coast Regions from Q1 to Q3 2016 which then remained unchanged until the
registered almost identical prices of RM215.67 and RM215.50 end of 2017. Among the districts, Sibu registered the highest
per cubic metre respectively. The Northern and Southern Regions ready-mixed concrete price at RM266.67 per cubic metre,
also recorded quite similar prices and was not much different followed by Kuching and Miri at RM257.00 and RM256.67 per
from each other at RM205.50 and RM208.33 per cubic metre. cubic metre respectively.
In Sabah, the price of ready-mixed concrete in the three districts

moved towards a closer price range by end of the year where
Sand
Figure 3.1.7a | Price of Sand in Malaysia
Source: CIDB
Figure 3.1.7b | Price of Sand in Peninsular Malaysia
Source: CIDB
Figure 3.1.7c | Price of Sand in Sabah
Source: CIDB
Figure 3.1.7d | Price of Sand in Sarawak
Source: CIDB
The price of sand fell slightly by 0.8% to RM42.25 per tonne Sandakan had the highest price of sand in Sabah at RM55.67
(2016: RM42.59 per tonne). Among the regions, the highest per tonne, followed by Tawau and Kota Kinabalu at RM53.00
sand price was in Sabah at RM50.52 per tonne, compared to and RM42.90 per tonne. Over the years, prices of sand has been
Peninsular Malaysia at RM36.12 and Sarawak at RM40.11 per gradually rise in Sandakan and Tawau have, while the opposite
tonne. It was observed that sand price in Peninsular Malaysia, was happening in Kota Kinabalu.
Sabah and Sarawak remained stable with no price changes in
2017. Among the districts in Sarawak, Kuching registered the lowest
price of sand at RM39.00 per tonne while Sibu and Miri registered
In Peninsular Malaysia, sand price reached its lowest in the East the same price at RM40.67 per tonne. Sand price remain stable
Coast at RM26.00 per tonne in 2017, being the lowest price in 2017.
registered since 2015. There was a big price difference of more
than RM15.00 between the East Coast and Southern Region,
where it registered RM41.33 per tonne.
Steel Reinforcement
Figure 3.1.8a | Price of Steel Reinforcement in Malaysia
Source: CIDB
Figure 3.1.8b | Price of Steel Reinforcement in Peninsular Malaysia
Source: CIDB
Figure 3.1.8c | Price of Steel Reinforcement in Sabah
Source: CIDB
Figure 3.1.8d | Price of Steel Reinforcement in Sarawak
Source: CIDB
Safeguard measures by the Ministry of International Trade and third year. The steel reinforcement price in Peninsular Malaysia,
Industry on steel imports were reflected in the double-digit price Sabah and Sarawak fluctuated from Q1 to Q2 2017, but gradually
increase of 12.0% to RM2,718.83 per tonne (2016: RM2,426.85 increased until the year end.
per tonne). Prior to this, local steel producers had been reeling
from the effects of cheap steel imports for the past few years. Peninsular Malaysia had the most increase in price at 20.0%
The duties for imported steel reinforcement began at 13.4% for (2017: RM2,565.41 per tonne; 2016: RM2,137.41 per tonne).
one year starting from 14 April 2017. Subsequently, the rate All four regions in Peninsular Malaysia registered the same
was reduced to 12.3% for the second year and to 11.1% for the price. In Peninsular Malaysia, the Southern Region had the
highest price increase of 22.9% (2016: RM2,087.17 per tonne). The price of steel reinforcement was higher in Sarawak compared
In comparison, the steel price in all four regions of Peninsular to Peninsular Malaysia and Sabah. Kuching, Sibu and Miri
Malaysia were cheaper than the districts in Sabah and Sarawak. each registered RM2,807.95, RM2,837.16 and RM2,814.13 per
tonne. In Sarawak, the highest steel price was recorded in Miri at
Steel prices in Sabah did not defer much regionally. Kota RM3,126.67 per tonne on December 2017.
Kinabalu, Sandakan and Tawau each registered RM2,702.71,
RM2,785.22 and RM2,799.05 per tonne of steel reinforcement
prices.
Steel & Metal Sections

Figure 3.1.9a | Price of Steel & Metal Sections in Malaysia
Source: CIDB
Figure 3.1.9b | Price of Steel & Metal Sections in Peninsular Malaysia
Source: CIDB
Figure 3.1.9c | Price of Steel & Metal Sections in Sabah
Source: CIDB
Figure 3.1.9d | Price of Steel & Metal Sections in Sarawak
Source: CIDB
The price of steel & metal sections stabilised in 2017 after Central Region, it was observed that the price dropped by 2.0%
experiencing fluctuations in 2015 and 2016. In Peninsular to RM3,081.76 per tonne (2016: RM3,145.70 per tonne).
Malaysia the price rose by 1.2% to RM3,239.68 per tonne. In
contrast, the steel & metal sections price in Sabah and Sarawak All three districts in Sabah encountered a drop in the steel &
dropped by 3.3% to RM3,043.33 per tonne (2016: RM3,146.15 metal section price. The largest drop was recorded in Sandakan
per tonne) and 1.2% to RM3,130.42 per tonne (2016: at 4.8% to RM3,003.81 per tonne (2016: RM3,156.60 per tonne),
RM3,174.86 per tonne) respectively. The lowest price for steel & followed by Tawau at 4.7% to RM3,035.72 per tonne (2016:
metal sections was registered in Sabah, as a result of the sharp RM3,186.47 per tonne) and finally, Kota Kinabalu at 0.2% to
decline from Q1 to Q3 2016, which stabilised in Q4 and remained RM3,090.48 per tonne (2016: RM3.095.39 per tonne).
constant throughout 2017.
In contrast, prices remained firm in Sarawak. The only price
In Peninsular Malaysia, all except Central Region had an movement was registered from Q1 to Q2 2017, dropping by
increase in price. The Northern, East Coast and Southern 0.3% from RM3,110.37 to RM3,102.22 per tonne in Sibu. The
Regions experienced a price hike of 0.9% to RM3,251.43 per lowest metal & steel sections price can be found in Kuching
tonne (2016: RM3,222.64 per tonne), 1.7% to RM3,406.03 per at RM3,047.62 per tonne, compared against RM3,104.26 and
tonne (2016: RM3,348.20 per tonne) and 4.2% to RM3,219.52 RM3,239.37 per tonne in Sibu and Miri respectively
per tonne (2016: RM3,090.35 per tonne) respectively. For the
Timber
Figure 3.1.10a | Price of Timber in Malaysia
Source: CIDB
Figure 3.1.10b | Price of Timber in Peninsular Malaysia
Source: CIDB
Figure 3.1.10.c | Price of Timber in Sabah
Source: CIDB
Figure 3.1.10d | Price of Timber in Sabah
Source: CIDB
The average price for timber in Malaysia registered at RM3,050.92 All regions in Sabah experienced a minor fall in price ranging
per tonne for 2017 which increased by only 0.6% compared to from 1.4% to 1.5% although the price remained stable throughout
2016. Cumulatively, timber price rose for three consecutive years 2017. Sandakan and Tawau had relatively cheaper timber prices
from 2015 to 2017 although the increase was minimal for 2017. at RM2,561.11 and RM2,533.34 per tonne respectively in
Timber cost much less in Sabah and Sarawak at RM2,597.22 and comparison to Kota Kinabalu’s registered price of RM2,697.22
RM2,632.68 per tonne each, compared to RM3,922.85 per tonne per tonne.
in Peninsular Malaysia. Peninsular Malaysia and Sarawak had
similar movements of prices, moving on an upward trajectory for Between the three Sarawak regions, timber price was the
2017. In contrary, Sabah registered a fall in price by -1.5%. highest in Miri at RM2,692.50 per tonne, followed by Kuching
at RM2,638.33 per tonne. Sibu had the cheapest timber price at
In Peninsular Malaysia, Central and Southern Region showed RM2,567.21 per tonne. The price movement of timber in Sarawak
an increase in timber price where there was a slight movement was minimal for 2017, where only Sibu showed an increase in
during Q1 2017 before becoming stable until the end of the price in January from RM2,556.95 per tonne to RM2,568.15 per
year. In contrast, Northern Region and East Cost experienced tonne.
a nominal decline in timber price. In Peninsular Malaysia, the
Northern Region had the most expensive timber at RM4,073.00
per tonne. On the other hand, Central Region had lowest timber
price at RM3,844.59 per tonne.
Wage Rates for Construction Personnel

Wage rates is defined as the basic cash wage per day of 8 working have both semi-skilled and skilled workers, except for plant and
hours from 8.00 a.m. to 5.00 p.m, with a 1 hour lunch time in machinery operators where only skilled workers are allowed as
between. It is the cash wage payable to construction personnel specified under NOSS specifications.
before any deduction for levy charges, accommodation,
insurance, SOCSO, medical and transportation charges. Construction Worker
There was a minimal rise in the skilled workers wage rate by
This section analyses the wage rates of skilled and semi-skilled 2.5% at an average of RM105.95 per day (2016: RM103.33 per
construction personnel on an aggregated, regional and district/ day). In contrast, the semi-skilled workers wage rate registered
city level. A total of 3 wage rates are collected every 6 months; a significant fall of 23.7% to RM69.42 per day (2016: RM90.98
the minimum (lowest); maximum (highest); and common (most per day). Under the skilled category, Plumber – Reticulation
usual). The exercise involves gathering information from a maintained the highest wage rates at RM119.20 per day, while
minimum of five quotations at selected states, except for Perak, General Construction Worker – Building had the lowest wage rates
Melaka and Pahang where only a minimum of three quotations at RM70.63 per day. For the semi-skilled category, Bricklayer and
were required. The lesser quotations were due to the smaller Building Wiring Installer each registered the lowest and highest
resource capacity of the three states. wage rates at RM55.93 and RM123.62 per day.
Wage rates data are classified into three geographical regions As an overview, all categories of skilled workers experienced a
according to locations listed below: rise in wage rates ranging from 1.3% to 3.5%. However, almost
1. Peninsular Malaysia: all trades of semi-skilled workers encountered a fall in wages
- Central Region: Selangor by more than 20% except for the Building Wiring Installer who
- Northern Region: Perak and Pulau Pinang enjoyed a tremendous wage growth of 11.4% to RM123.62 per
- East Coast Region: Kelantan and Terengganu day (2016: RM110.96 per day).
- Southern Region: Johor
2. Sabah Electrical Wireman PW2 and PW4, each registered a decent
- Kota Kinabalu wage rate growth of 1.3% to RM2,486.39 per month (2016:
- Tawau and Sandakan RM2,454.59 per month) and 1.7% to RM3,229.61 per month
3. Sarawak (2016: RM3,174.45 per month).
- Kuching, Miri and Sibu
Skilled workers had a bigger wage rate difference of RM40.33
The wage rates consist of three major groups; 20 trade of between the minimum and maximum earners as compared
construction workers, 15 trade of plant and machinery operators to semi-skilled workers which was at RM17.41 only. Average
and 6 trade of IBS component installers. The construction minimum wage rates for skilled workers ranged from RM54.19
personnel is divided into two types which are semi-skilled and to RM98.89 per day, and RM48.61 to RM64.20 per day for semi-
skilled workers. Semi-skilled workers refer to construction skilled workers. On the other hand, maximum wage rates ranged
personnel with a Level 1 National Occupational Skill Standard from RM90.00 to RM151.50 per day for skilled workers, and
(NOSS) certification, while skilled workers refer to level 2 and 3 RM112.33 to RM137.67 per day for semi-skilled workers.
of NOSS certifications. Construction workers and IBS installers
Figure 3.2.1.a | Skilled Construction Workers Wage Rates in Peninsular Malaysia
Source: CIDB
Figure 3.2.1.b | Semi-Skilled Construction Workers Wage Rates in Peninsular Malaysia
Source: CIDB
The average wage rates in the four regions of Peninsular Malaysia for skilled workers at 3.9%, while the Central, Northern and East
were within close range. Skilled workers earned the most in the Coast Regions each registered a drop of 3.4%, 0.8% and 6.9%
Central Region at RM98.83 per day followed by Northern Region respectively. Semi-skilled workers had a similar trend in the
at RM97.22 per day (Southern Region: RM93.20 per day; East East Coast which posted the largest fall by 10.5% followed by
Coast: RM92.43 per day). In contrast, semi-skilled workers the Central and Northern Regions at a drop of 4.6% and 4.9%.
earned the most in the Southern Region at RM79.84 per day Skilled workers had the highest and lowest wage rates in Central
(Northern Region: RM79.39 per day; East Coast: RM79.25 per Region, at RM126.25 (Tiler) and RM63.95 per day (General
day; Central Region: RM76.87 per day). The best wages for Construction Worker – Building). On the other hand, semi-
Electrical Wireman PW2 and PW4 can be earned at the Central skilled workers earned the most in the East Coast at RM99.71
Region at RM2,769.75 and RM3,183.00 per month respectively. per day (Building Wiring Installer), and were paid less in Central
Only the Southern Region experienced a growth in wage rates Region at RM65.70 per day (Scaffold-Prefabricated).
Figure 3.2.1.c | Skilled Construction Workers Wage Rates in Sabah
Source: CIDB
Figure 3.2.1.d | Semi-Skilled Construction Workers Wage Rates in Sabah
Source: CIDB
Wage rates in Sabah continued to rise, with skilled workers wage rate was Tiler at RM135.25 (Kota Kinabalu) while General
recording an increase of 5.6% to RM112.55 per day (2016: Construction Worker – Building earned the lowest wage rate at
RM106.54 per day) and semi-skilled workers by 6.6% to only RM70.00 per day (Sandakan). For semi-skilled workers,
RM101.05 per day (2016: RM94.78 per day). Skilled workers Building Wiring Installer earned the most at RM127.65 per day
in Sabah enjoyed the benefits of having the highest wage rates (Kota Kinabalu) as opposed to Bricklayer, who earned the least at
compared against those in Peninsular Malaysia and Sarawak. RM81.17 per day (Sandakan). Electrical Wireman PW4 in Kota
For semi-skilled workers, Sandakan registered the most Kinabalu earned the most compared with other districts/cities in
significant rise of 10.2% to RM98.57 per day (2016: RM88.48 Malaysia at RM3,446.00 per month.
per day) among all the districts in Sabah. The highest skilled
Figure 3.2.1.e | Skilled Construction Workers Wage Rates in Sarawak

Sarawak Skilled Workers
Source: CIDB
Figure 3.2.1.f | Semi-Skilled Construction Workers Wage Rates in Sarawak
Source: CIDB
In Sarawak, semi-skilled construction workers earned an average observed in the wage rates for skilled and semi-skilled categories
of RM99.42 per day while skilled construction workers earned between the three districts in Sarawak. For skilled category,
RM109.88 per day. Almost all districts in Sarawak benefitted from General Construction Worker – Building earned the most at
a positive wage rate growth, except for skilled Plasterer in Sibu RM126.75 per day while Plumber – Reticulation earned the least
where the average wage rate remained unchanged at RM107.75 at RM70.67 per day. On the other hand, Building Wiring Installer
per day. In Kuching, skilled Plumber-Building & Sanitary and Bricklayer had the highest and lowest wages at RM122.92
experienced the highest wage rate growth of 4.1% to RM126.75 and RM80.84 per day respectively, in the semi-skilled category.
per day (2016: RM121.81 per day). No major variance was
Construction Plant and Machinery Operator the highest wage rate growth at 7.6% while the lowest growth
The wage rates for construction plant and machinery operators in was observed for Crawler Crane Operators at 1.3%. On average,
Malaysia rose by 3.1% to RM105.00 per day (2016: RM101.81 the highest wage rates for construction plant and machinery
per day). Tower Crane Operators earned the highest wage rates operators were registered in Sarawak at RM110.73 per day
at RM127.23 per day as opposed to Roller Operators which followed by RM107.90 per day in Peninsular Malaysia. Sabah
were paid the least at RM74.39 per day. Paver Operators had registered the lowest wage rate at RM96.38 per day.
Figure 3.2.2.a | Plant & Machinery Operators Wage Rates in Peninsular Malaysia
Source: CIDB
Figure 3.2.2.b | Plant & Machinery Operators Wage Rates in Sabah
Source: CIDB
Figure 3.2.2.c | Plant & Machinery Operators Wage Rates in Sarawak
Source: CIDB
It was observed that all regions in Peninsular Malaysia, except Riggers which registered the highest growth at 5.6%. On average,
Central Region, registered a drop in construction plant and the highest plant and machinery operator wage rate was earned
machinery operators wage rates. East Coast showed the most by Tower Crane Operators at RM128.63 per day. Forklift Truck
obvious decline at 2.3%, while Southern and Northern Regions Operators were paid the least at RM80.52 per day. Construction
experienced a nominal decrease at 0.6% and 0.1% respectively. plant and machinery operators earned the most in Sibu at
Only Central Region showed a positive growth at 0.1%. RM122.39 per day followed by Miri and Kuching at RM106.64
Construction plant and machinery operators earned the highest and RM103.16 per day respectively.
wages in the Central Region at RM182.00 per day. In contrast,
Southern Region had the lowest wage rates at RM85.35 per day IBS Component Installer
while Northern and East Coast Regions registered a fair wage IBS Precast Concrete Installers had a nominal wage rate increase
rates at RM103.03 and RM103.75 per day respectively. Roller at RM156.81 per day in 2017. In contrast, Roof Truss Installers –
Operators in Southern Region earned the least at RM85.35 per (Wood) earned the least (RM128.63 per day). All IBS component
day while the highest paid operator was Tower Crane Operator in installers experienced an increase in wage rates ranging from
Central Region at RM182.00 per day. 2.6% to 3.6%.
Plant and operator wage rates in all districts of Sabah showed IBS installers earned much more in Sabah and Sarawak as
a positive growth. For example, plant and machinery operators’ compared to Peninsular Malaysia. On average, IBS component
wages registered an increase of 7.3%, 5.6% and 5.4% in Kota installers in Sabah and Sarawak each earned RM155.65 and
Kinabalu, Sandakan and Tawau respectively. The highest wage RM151.64 per day against RM107.65 per day in Peninsular
was paid to Tower Crane Operators at RM126.50 per day, whilst Malaysia. IBS Precast Concrete Installers had the highest
Wheel Loader Operators were paid the least at RM79.92 per day. earnings in all three regions (Peninsular Malaysia: RM111.67
Among the districts, Kota Kinabalu had the highest earning plant per day; Sabah: RM180.64 per day; Sarawak: RM178.13 per day).
and machinery operators at an average of RM102.92 per day.
Tawau came in second at RM95.41 per day followed by Sandakan
at RM90.83 per day.
All districts in Sarawak experienced a growth in plant and

operator wage rates ranging from 4.0% to 4.6%. In addition, all
categories had a consistent wage rate growth, particularly Pile
Figure 3.2.3.a | IBS Installers in Peninsular Malaysia
Source: CIDB
In 2017, Peninsular Malaysia was the only region with declining by IBS Precast Concrete Installers, while the lowest earning was
wage rates for IBS installers by 2.7%. Central Region experienced registered in the Southern Region by Roof Truss Installers – Light
the largest fall at 5.7% to RM100.87 per day (2016: RM106.99 Steel Gauge at RM84.40 per day. All categories of IBS installers
per day), followed by East Coast at 5.0% to RM124.04 (2016: except Roof Truss Installers -Wood earned the lowest wage rates
RM130.60 per day). On the other hand, Northern and Southern in the Southern Region as compared to Central, Northern and
Regions registered a slight growth at 0.4% to RM114.67 per East Coast Regions. On average, the best wage rates earned was
day (2016: RM114.19 per day) and 0.9% to RM89.40 per day in East Coast at RM124.04 per day while the Southern Region
(2016: RM88.59 per day) respectively. The East Coast had the had the lowest wage rates at RM89.40 per day.
highest earning of IBS Component Installer at RM132.08 per day
Figure 3.2.3.b | IBS Installers in Sabah
Source: CIDB
IBS Installers earned the most in Sabah compared to Sarawak and per day. At the same time, Kota Kinabalu registered the lowest
Peninsular Malaysia. All districts experienced a healthy growth in IBS Installer wage rate at RM154.18 per day where Roof Trus
wage rates ranging from 4.6% to 7.0%. Kota Kinabalu registered Installers - Wood earned the least at RM138.75 per day.
the highest at RM158.01 per day, followed by Tawau at RM154.01
Figure 3.2.3.c | IBS Installers in Sarawak
Source: CIDB
All regions in Sarawak enjoyed an increase in IBS Installer wage day. The highest wage rates earned was by IBS Precast Concrete
rates. Sibu registered the highest increase at 5.3% while Miri Installers in Miri with RM186.08 per day, while the lowest wage
recorded the highest wage rates at RM157.90 per day. In the rate was paid to System Formwork Installers in Kuching at
meantime, Kuching had the lowest earning at RM144.26 per RM132.20 per day.

Price and Wage Rates: Prices of Major Construction Materials 34 Wage Rates For Construction Personnel 57

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Price and Wage Rates: Prices of Major Construction Materials 34 Wage Rates For Construction Personnel 57

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CHAPTER 3

PRICE AND WAGE RATES

Prices of Major Construction Materials

Table 3.1 | Price of Major Construction Materials in Malaysia

Figure 3.1a | Price of Major Construction Materials in Malaysia

Figure 3.1b | Price of Major Construction Materials in Malaysia

Figure 3.1.1b | Price of Aggregate in Peninsular Malaysia

Figure 3.1.1c | Price of Aggregate in Sabah

Figure 3.1.1d | Price of Aggregate in Sarawak

Figure 3.1.2b | Price of Bricks in Peninsular Malaysia

Figure 3.1.2c | Price of Bricks in Sabah

Figure 3.1.2d | Price of Bricks in Sarawak

Figure 3.1.3b | Price of Cement in Peninsular Malaysia

Figure 3.1.3c | Price of Cement in Sabah

Figure 3.1.3d | Price of Cement in Sarawak

Figure 3.1.4b | Price of Glass in Peninsular Malaysia

Figure 3.1.4c | Price of Glass in Sabah

Figure 3.1.4d | Price of Glass in Sarawak

Figure 3.1.5b | Price of Paint in Peninsular Malaysia

Figure 3.1.5c | Price of Paint in Sabah

Figure 3.1.5d | Price of Paint in Sarawak

Figure 3.1.6b | Price of Ready-Mixed Concrete in Peninsular Malaysia

Figure 3.1.6c | Price of Ready-Mixed Concrete in Sabah

Figure 3.1.6d | Price of Ready-Mixed Concrete in Sarawak

In Sabah, the price of ready-mixed concrete in the three districts

Figure 3.1.7b | Price of Sand in Peninsular Malaysia

Figure 3.1.7c | Price of Sand in Sabah

Figure 3.1.7d | Price of Sand in Sarawak

Figure 3.1.8b | Price of Steel Reinforcement in Peninsular Malaysia

Figure 3.1.8c | Price of Steel Reinforcement in Sabah

Figure 3.1.8d | Price of Steel Reinforcement in Sarawak

Steel & Metal Sections

Figure 3.1.9b | Price of Steel & Metal Sections in Peninsular Malaysia

Figure 3.1.9c | Price of Steel & Metal Sections in Sabah

Figure 3.1.9d | Price of Steel & Metal Sections in Sarawak

Figure 3.1.10b | Price of Timber in Peninsular Malaysia

Figure 3.1.10.c | Price of Timber in Sabah

Figure 3.1.10d | Price of Timber in Sabah

Wage Rates for Construction Personnel

Figure 3.2.1.a | Skilled Construction Workers Wage Rates in Peninsular Malaysia

Figure 3.2.1.b | Semi-Skilled Construction Workers Wage Rates in Peninsular Malaysia

Figure 3.2.1.c | Skilled Construction Workers Wage Rates in Sabah

Figure 3.2.1.d | Semi-Skilled Construction Workers Wage Rates in Sabah

Figure 3.2.1.e | Skilled Construction Workers Wage Rates in Sarawak

Figure 3.2.1.f | Semi-Skilled Construction Workers Wage Rates in Sarawak

Figure 3.2.2.b | Plant & Machinery Operators Wage Rates in Sabah

Figure 3.2.2.c | Plant & Machinery Operators Wage Rates in Sarawak

All districts in Sarawak experienced a growth in plant and

Figure 3.2.3.a | IBS Installers in Peninsular Malaysia

Figure 3.2.3.b | IBS Installers in Sabah

Figure 3.2.3.c | IBS Installers in Sarawak

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