Learning Objectives
○ Is the particle involved in
1. Recognize the different modes of
transmission of pathogens;
2. Demonstrate knowledge of the correct
practices of handwashing and wearing
protective personal equipment (PPE);
3. Relate the correct practices of hygiene and
sanitation with health and safety in a
microbiology laboratory; and
4. Demonstrate understanding of the
methods of sterilization and aseptic
technique
Video Modules
HOW LONG THE COVID-19 LASTS ON
EVERYDAY SURFACES
● Spread from person-person contact
● Contaminated surfaces
● Can be affected by humidity, temperature,
UV light, and air
● Not airborne, lingers in the air
● Can last up to 3 hours
● 6 meter distance from person is needed to
avoid transmissions
● Surfaces and Longevity:
○ Copper surfaces - 4 hours
○ Cardboard - 24 hours
○ Plastic and stainless steel - 2-3
days
○ Door knob, railway handles,
keyboards, etc.
○ Phones = plastic
● Avoid touching eyes, mouth, and face
● Wash hands for 20 secs or sanitizer
● Disinfect objects that are usually used like
door knobs with disinfectant wipes
● Avoid commuting especially in rush hours
CORONAVIRUS: NEW FACTS ABOUT
INFECTION MECHANISM
● Transmissions happens during
conversations, even with distance
● Micrometer particles
○ 1×10​−6​ in size
micro-droplet infection
● Micro-droplet Infection (Testing)
○ Tested in sneezing and close
range conversation (talking loudly)
○ Particles are detected in the air by
laser beams and high sensitivity
camera
■ Detects 0.1 micrometers =
1/10,000 millimeter
○ Micro-droplets glitters and float in
the air, smaller than 10 μm
○ Droplets stays in place where the
conversation occurs
○ Risks is higher in closed spaces
with poor ventilations
○ A person coughing once spreads
100,000 droplets
○ Larger droplets in sizes fall to the
ground in a span of 1 min.
○ Micro-droplet stay in the air for
more than 20 mins.
○ Stagnation of droplets is avoided
by opening windows and
increasing air circulation
● Micro-droplets
○ Carry many viruses
○ Produced when talking loudly or
breathe heavily
○ People around inhales them and
spreads the virus
HOW MASKS CAN LIMIT THE SPREAD OF
CORONAVIRUS
● Masks prevents micro-droplet from
spreading
● Ordinary masks cannot be effective in
preventing micro-droplet inhalation
EVERYTHING YOU NEED TO KNOW ABOUT
FACE MASKS
● Types
○ Filtering Facepiece (FFP)
 ■ Fits snugly around the
nose, mouth, and chin
■ Filters out the tiniest
airborne particles
■ Lets no viruses in or out
○ FFP with Exhalation valve
■ Makes breathing easier
■ Increases the risks of
viruses escaping
■ Unvalved FFP protects the
wearer and people they
encounter
○ Surgical Masks
■ Most common type
■ Consists of several layers
of paper and nonwoven
fabric
■ Blocks large droplets when
wearer coughs or sneezes
■ Inhalation, airs flows in the
sides
■ Protects others from
infection than the wearer
■ Masks has to be discarded
after 8 hours of wear
■ Can block aerosol particles
as well
○ Textile Masks
■ Has a poor seal and blocks
only ⅓ of the droplets that a
surgical masks can
■ Can be washed and reused
● Masks can only be effective if used with
hygiene measures
○ Thorough hand washing
○ Keeping safe distance
● Respiratory Virus Transmission and
Control Measures
○ Viruses are found in the exhaled
breath in large droplets and small
particle aerosols
○ Face masks block viruses from
getting to the environment
● Wearing masks properly
○ Only effective when used in
combination with good hand
hygiene
■ Wash hands
■ Alcohol based sanitizer
○ Check for damages and fold
○ Look for the top
○ Inside is the lighter color side
○ Pinch the metal strip to fit your
nose
○ Cover your nose, mouth, and chin
○ Make sure there are no gaps on
the side
○ Do not touch masks and pull it up
and down while wearing your
masks
○ When you touch the masks wash
your hands
○ When removing hold onto the
elastic strips behind your ear and
keep away from your face
○ Discard immediately in close bin
○ Some masks should not be reused
○ Textile masks should be washed at
least 60℃ after every use
● Is the virus killed by cold weather and
snow?
○ No, The virus was discovered in
Wuhan in the middle of winter
○ Cold weather does not kill the virus
○ Transmits well when temperatures
are low because people tend to
spend time together indoors
● Can you kill the virus by spraying alcohol
or chlorine on your body?
○ Alcohol based sanitizer should only
be used on the hands and not
other parts of the body since your
hands touches your face
○ Virus enters the membrane of our
nose, mouth, or eyes
● Is there a connection between COVID-19
and 5G networks?
○ This is only a conspiracy theory
only
○ This disease is caused by a virus
not radio waves
AIR CONDITIONING SUSPECTED TO PLAY A
MAJOR ROLE IN CORONAVIRUS SPREAD
● Air conditioning systems
○ Suspected to have a role in
outbreaks
○ In airplanes the risks is higher
since air is just refiltered
○ Use of air conditioning may spike
the factor of Covid 19 cases
○ Coronavirus outbreak in a meat
plant was linked to cooling systems
● How safe is the air we’re breathing?
○ Public transports like buses
gathers air from outside
○ Subways don’t have much
ventilation making it high risk
○ Air conditioning moves the air and
spreads droplets
● High efficiency filters are used to reduce
the presence of the virus
● Dry air promotes formation of aerosols,
giving possibility to contamination
● Are air conditioning safe to use during the
pandemic?
○ In general it is safe but the air
distribution can propose certain
risks
○ Droplets travel in the air in an
enclosed space
■ Wonders for 3-4 mins. in
airplanes
■ 10-12 mins. in buildings
● Airplanes uses high efficiency particulate
filter (HEPA)
○ Filters out particles 0.3 micron or
larger
○ Requires powerful ventilation or fan
system to get air through it
● What can companies do to lower risks?
○ Install HEPA if possible
○ If you run air conditioning systems
use 100% outside air
○ Open windows to reduce the
concentration of virus
● Longevity of SARS-CoV-2 on surfaces
○ Virus is most stable on plastic
■ Plastic - 3 days
■ Stainless steel - 2 days
■ Cardboard - 24 hours
● How dangerous are surfaces? Is there a
need to disinfect everything that comes at
home?
○ Fomites - objects that are
contaminated and later transfer a
disease
○ Fomite transmission is possible but
it's not the main way the virus
spreads
○ Touching a surface may not give
you the virus but touching your
face while your hands are
contaminated will
○ Frequent washing of hands should
be practiced
HOW CORONAVIRUS SPREADS OUTDOORS
V.S. INDOORS
● Minimizing risk is the best thing that we
should do to protect ourselves
● Lowering the risks of exposure to droplets
○ Distance
○ Duration
○ Ventilation
● Air circulation
○ Inside - air has a slower movement
○ Outside - particles disperse faster
● Virus
○ Has protected coat of moisture
around it
○ Factors like sunlight, rain, wind,
and humidity can work to break
and decay the virus
● Outside can lower risks but interaction with
other people can increase the risk
● The longer the conversation the higher the
risk but can be lowered by wearing mask
● Shopping in an open air market has lower
risks that shopping in a grocery store
HOW UV LIGHT COULD HELP STOP THE
SPREAD OF CORONAVIRUS
● UV Light
 ○ Effective in disinfecting and is used
in hospitals and ORs
○ Discovered 200 years ago
○ First used for disinfecting
■ Surfaces, 1877
■ Water , 1910
■ Air, 1935
○ Antimicrobial-antibacterial
properties
○ Was used to prevent spread of
tuberculosis
○ Part EM spectrum
● UV Light Categories
Type From Experienced on Earth?
UV-A Yes
UV-B Sun Yes
UV-C No
○ UV-C does not penetrate the cloud
○ UV causes sunburn
○ UV-C (200nm) is in the germicidal
disinfecting range
○ UV-C can burn exposed skin and
damage retina
● How does UV Light work?
○ UVC light interferes and destroys
nucleic acids in the DNA or RNA of
microbes and bacteria
○ Forms unexisting chemical bonds
inside the genes of the microbe to
present
○ Bonds prevent the microbes from
replicating, killing the microbe
○ The presence of dirt or organic
material on surfaces may impact
the contact of the UVC tot the
microbes
○ It is advisable to clean surfaces
first before exposing to UV light
● Advantages of UVC
○ Drops infection rates in hospitals
from 50-100%
○ Faster and less labor intensive
● How UVC is fighting Covid-19?
○ China uses UVC on buses and
currency
○ Pittsburgh International Airport
deploys autonomous cleaning
robot equipped with UV light
○ Dimer, uses a device to disinfect
their planes (Germfalcon)
■ Kills 99% of germs in 3
minutes
■ Takes 30 to 45 minute to
clean an entire airplane
○ UVD robots
■ fully autonomous UVC
disinfection robot
■ Maps out environment and
moves anonymously
■ 99.9% kills bacteria in 10 to
15 mins.
○ Xenex: Lightstrike
■ Delivers germicidal UV from
200-315 nm in 5 mins.
■ Used in hospitals
■ Effective to use in
disinfecting PPE
● Far-UVC Light
○ Safe for human exposure but still
effective against microbes
○ 222nm in wavelength
○ Developed to help mitigate the
spread of influenza
○ Expected to be effective in
SARS-CoV-2
○ Planned to be used in public places
like offices, public transport,
hospitals, and airports
A NEW WEAPON AGAINST SUPERBUGS
● Superbugs
○ Started in the 1940s widespread
introduction of antibiotics creating;
○ Drug-resistant bacteria emerges
○ It is bacteria for which we don’t
have effective drugs
■ CRE
■ Clostridium Difficile
 ■ Neisseria gonorrhoeae SARS-CoV-2 because soap destroys the
■ Pseudomonas Aeruginosa membrane of the virus or pathogen and
■ Drug resistant TB kills it.
■ MRSA
○ On 2016, there was a death toll of Lab Lecture
700,000 caused by it
○ Drug-based approach to this THE PROPER HYGIENE METHODS OF
problem may worsen the situation STERILIZATION AND ASEPTIC TECHNIQUES 1
● Physics based approach
○ UV light kills bacteria Communicable diseases
○ Particular wavelength of UV light ● Caused by pathogens that can be passed
that kills bacteria but is safe for from one person to or animal to another
human exposure, Far UVC Light ○ Direct transmission
● Far UVC Light ■ Direct Contact
○ Conventional germicidal UV light ● STD
penetrates the upper layer of our ● Animal bite diseases
skin and damages cell ■ Droplet Infection
○ Far UVC light kills bacteria but ● Common cold
does not penetrates the skin ● Influenza
○ Strongly absorbed by all biological ● Measles
materials ■ Transplacental
○ Small viruses and bacteria can be ● Mother to baby
penetrated ● Hepa. B
○ Indirect Transmission
REFLECTION ■ Vehicle Born
● Leptospirosis
● Can we get an infection by merely ● Shigellosis
touching inanimate objects, or being ■ Vector Borne
around sick people? ● Malaria
● Dengue
Touching inanimate objects can’t get a ● Plague
person infected if they wash their hands ■ Airborne
immediately after touching an infected ● Measles
surface or object and if they did not touch ● Influenza
their face. In terms of being around sick
people, if the person is wearing a proper Things to consider in transmission
type of mask and is in a well ventilated ● Particle size
area the risk of being infected is lower ● Range of transmission
compared to that in an enclosed space
with free flowing air. In Relation to COVID 19
● Scientist suggest that the COVID-19 virus
● How does a simple and common practice spread through microdroplets
of handwashing protect an individual from ○ Can spread through the air but not
SARS-CoV-2 and other pathogens? yet considered airborne

Simple and common practice of Dr. Ignaz Semmelweis

handwashing protects an individual from ● Obstetrician
 ● Observed that mortality rate of women
who gave birth with midwives is 2%
compared with physician & medical
students 13-18%
● Hypothesized that people do not wash
their hands between handling of corpses
and delivering babies
● Came up with handwashing procedure
using chloride lime solution as an
antiseptic and disinfectant
○ Mortality rate from perupural
infection dropped
● Miasma theory - theory that explains that
diseases were caused by “bad air”
● Regarded as father of infection control
together with
○ Louis Pasteur
○ Robert Koch
○ Joseph Lister
Louis Pasteur
● French biologist
● Founder of germ theory - proved bacteria
cause diseases
● Major contributions:
○ Pasteurization - remove
microorganism in milk
○ Development of vaccine
Robert Koch
● German physician and microbiologist
● Founder of bacteriology and microbio
● Microbes are not only transmitted airborne
but through contact as well
● Concluded particular germ can cause
disease
○ Experimentation with anthrax,
cause numerous death on cows
Joseph Lister
● British surgeon, pioneered “antiseptic
surgery”
● Introduce carbolic acid (phenol) to sterilize
surgical tools and clean and wounds
What is the chemical characteristic of soap that
allows the mixing of oil and water?
● ​ ne end is
Soap is ​amphiphilic. O
hydrophobic and the other is hydrophilic.
How long should you wash your hand?
● The WHO and CDC suggest to wash your
hands with soap and water (or using al an
alcohol-based handrub) for at least 20
seconds
When is it advisable to use alcohol-based
sanitizer?
● It is only advisable when you don’t have
immediate access to soap and water and
when the hands are not visibly dirty. It
should contain at least 60% alcohol.
Does the soap have to be antibacterial or
germicidal for handwashing?
● No, there is no proof that they are more
effective than just plain ordinary soap.
Which is more effective cold or hot water?
● Both are just fine
How do germs get onto the hands and make
people sick?
● Touching contaminated inanimate objects
and surfaces
○ Feces (Salmonella, E. Coli)
○ Droplets
○ Touching your face
How does washing of hands prevent illnesses and
spread of infection?
● Washing hands eliminate germs from your
hands which stops the spread of
microorganisms
PPE
● Lower the risk of getting infected by the
microorganism being handled in the lab
● Laboratory gown
○ Full length and not too loose
● Laboratory Gown
○ Full-length, below the knees
○ Sleeves up the wrist or ¾
 ○ No too loose
● Laboratory Gloves
○ Use gloves appropriate for your
uss
■ Rubber latex
■ Nitrile
■ Thermal
■ Butyl rubber
● Laboratory Safety Glasses/Goggles
○ Standard glasses - enough to
protect eyes from flying debris but
not from splash
○ Safety goggles - used to protect
eyes from splash
■ Must be fit from the area
around eyes
● Laboratory Shoes
○ Closed shoes covering the feet
■ Non-closed shoes are
prohibited
■ Recommended to have
separate pair for microbio
use only
● Laboratory Respirator
○ Designed to prevent inhalation of
potentially hazardous substances
○ Wearer should be trained by a
well-trained personnel on how to
properly use
● Face Mask
○ Least basic PPE being worn in
public
○ Worn in the face as protection to
the wearer and environment
■ N95 masks
● Superior efficiency
● Block particles with
100nm diameter
■ FFP masks
■ Neoprene masks
■ Surgical masks
○ Surgical Face Masks Layer
■ Leak-proof non-woven
fabric (outer)
■ Melt blown filter (middle)
■ Absorbent non-woven fabric
(inner)
THE PROPER HYGIENE METHODS OF
STERILIZATION AND ASEPTIC TECHNIQUES 2
History of Sterilization
● Aristotle - boil water before they drank it
● Miasma Theory - bad air was responsible
for spreading diseases
● Hippocrates - attempted to send plague
away by lighting fires and burning aromatic
wood to disappear plagues spots
● Discovered that salt had preservation
action
● Later, it was found that sugar had the
same effects
● Smoking - essential method of
preservation especially meat
● Passing surgical instruments to flame
● Chinese and Egyptian Physicians used
chemical methods in wound treatment
Definition of Terms
● Sterilization
○ Eliminate all viable microorganisms
(including spore) in a particular
object
● Disinfection
○ Decreases the probability of
infection by destroying vegetative
microorganisms (not spores)
● Antiseptic
○ Chemical agent
○ Destroys or inhibits growth of
microorganisms on living tissues,
without causing injuries
● Disinfectant
○ Chemical agent
○ Destroys or inhibits growth of
microorganism in inanimate objects
● Decontamination
○ Process of removing contamination
○ Including germs and potential
hazardous substances
● Sanitizer
○ Chemical agent
 ○ Reduces number of ■ Not for moisture-labile and
microorganisms in a safe level heat sensitive products
● Detergent ● Dry-Heat Sterilization
○ Surface cleaning agent ○ Require higher temperatures and
○ Lowers surface tension longer exposure time
○ Has no antimicrobial properties ○ Temperature ranges
● Sterile/Asepsis ■ 160℃ for 180 mins.
○ State of absolute absence of viable ■ 170℃ for 60 mins.
microorganisms ■ 180℃ for 30 mins.
● Antisepsis ○ Equipments used
○ Use of antiseptics to eliminate ■ Universal ovens
pathogens ■ Batch sterilizers
○ Method
Sterilization ■ Lethal oxidation of
microorganisms
● Process used to eliminate viable (dehydration)
microorganisms that may be present on a ○ Advantages
product ■ For moisture-labile objects
● Destroys all microorganisms on the ■ Reliable
surface of an article or fluid ■ Easy-access
● Prevents disease transmissions ○ Disadvantages
associated with the use of an item ■ Not for heat-sensitive
○ Moist heat sterilization products
○ Dry heat sterilization ■ Time-consuming
○ Chemical cold sterilization ● Chemical Cold Sterilization
○ Radiation sterilization ○ Dsa
○ Filtration ● Radiation Sterilization
○ Two Types:
Types of Sterilization ■ Ionizing - gamma & x rays
■ Non ionizing - UV rays
● Moist-heat Sterilization ○ UV radiation is most commonly
○ Uses steam to sterilize to specific used
temperature, pressure, time ■ 328 nm - 210 nm
○ Specific conditions must be ■ Max bacterial effect: 240 -
obtained to ensure microbicidal 280 nm
activity ○ Can kill microorganisms, including
○ Autoclave and equipment that uses viruses in seconds
steam to kill viable microorganisms ○ Little effect on spores but can
are used increase lethal effects on thermal
○ Method methods
■ Denaturation of protein and ○ Method
cell wall ■ DNA damage - renders
○ Advantage replication impossible
■ Requires lower temperature ○ Advantage
■ Less time ■ Covers large surface area
■ Non-toxic ■ No alteration on sterilized
○ Disadvantage products
 ○ Disadvantages
■ Poor penetrability - non
ionizing
○ Ultraviolet Light
■ Electromagnetic radiation
■ Types emitted by the sun:
● UV-A
● UV-B
● UV-C
■ Conventional germicidal
wavelength - 254 nm
■ Can penetrate skin
■ Far UV-C - 222 nm
■ Major use among hospitals
and public places
● Filtration
○ Physical type of sterilization
○ Mostly for thermolabile substances
○ Membrane filter < 0.22 μm nominal
pore size
○ Filtration of gases and air
○ Uses HEPA filters
■ Romves 99.997% particles
> 0.3 μm
○ Method
■ Filtration of microorganisms
■ Removal not destroying
○ Advantages
■ Can filter large volumes of
liquid fast
■ For heat sensitive objects
○ Disadvantages
■ Can only work on liquids
and gases
■ Expensive filters
Waste Management
● Laboratory waste must be segregated by
waste classification at point of generation
● Classification:
○ Hazardous Waste
■ Has properties that has
harmful effects on
● Humans
● Health
● Environment
○ Medical / Biomedical Waste
■ Contaminated with
pathogenic or infectious
materials
● Vials
● Culture dishes
● Gloves
● Gauze
● Bloody bandages
● Towels
○ Radioactive Waste
■ Contains radioactive
materials
■ By-product of nuclear
technology processes
○ Broken Glassware and Sharps
■ Must not be overfilled
■ Puncture resistant
● Needles
● Syringes
● Razor blades
● Contaminated
broken glass
BIOSAFETY, BIOSECURITY, & BIORISK
MANAGEMENT
Introduction
● Biological agent
○ Any microbial entity
○ Cellular or non-cellular
○ naturally occurring or engineered
○ Capable of replication or transfer of
genetic material
○ May provoke _____ in human,
animals, or plants
■ Infection
■ Allergy
■ Toxicity
■ Other adverse effects
● Biological material
○ Any material comprise of
containing biological agents or
harmful products
■ Toxins
■ Allergens
 ● LAIs - Laboratory-associated infections ● Practice procedures (standar/special
● Improvements on practices)
○ Containment equipment ○ Most important element of
○ Engineering controls containment
○ Safety training ○ Strict adherence to microbiological
○ Good microbiological practices practices and techniques
○ Awareness of potential hazards
Definition of terms and must be trained in techniques
○ Person in charge of the lab is
● Harm - adverse effects on the health of responsible for providing
people, animals, or plants on the appropriate training
environment or on property ● Safety equipment (primary barriers and
● Risk - probability of occurrence of harm PPE)
and the severity of that harm; result of ○ Design to remove or minimize
hazard/threat given in a particular situation exposure to hazardous biological
● Hazard - a source situation or act with a materials
potential for causing harm ○ BSC - Biological Safety Cabinet
● Threat - intention to inflict pain, injury or ■ Provide containment of
a thing that is likely to cause damage or infectious droplets or
danger aerosols
● Situation - case that qualifies a specific ■ Enclosed, ventilated
hazard or threat to become a particular laboratory workspace
risk ■ Designed to protect user
and environment from
Biosafety pathogens
■ HEPA - filtered to remove
● Technologies and practices implemented hazardous agents
to prevent unintentional/accidental ■ Classifications:
exposure to pathogens and toxins ● Class I
● Protecting people from bad bugs ● Class II
● Philppine Regulations: ● Class III
○ Executive Order No. 430, s. 1990 ○ PPE that offers protection
○ Proclamation No. 526, s. 1995 ■ Coats
○ Philippine National Policy ■ Gowns
Statement on Modern ■ Shoe covers
Biotechnology (2001) ■ Respirator
○ Executive Order No. 247, s. 2003 ■ Face shields
○ Executive Order No. 514, s. 2006 ■ Safety glasses or goggles
● Importance of Biosafety ● Facility design and construction
○ Protect laboratory workers (secondary barriers)
○ Protect those outside the ○ Works together with engineering
laboratory controls
○ Protect the environment ○ Contributes protection with
laboratory workers
Principle of Biosafety ○ Recommended barriers will depend
on the risk transmission of specific
agents:
 ■ Direct contact
■ Droplet
■ Airborne transmission
● Increasing levels of protection
○ Combination of:
■ Laboratory practices and
procedures
■ Safety equipments
■ Laboratory facilities
○ Focused on laboratory
manipulation of the agents
(containment agents)
■ Animal biosafety levels
■ Agricultural biosafety levels
○ Levels are specifically appropriate
for:
■ The operations performed
■ The documented or suspect
routes of transmission
■ The laboratory functions or
activity
Biosafety Level 1
● Basic level of containment
● Relies on standard microbiological
practices with no special primary or
secondary requirements
● Only requires sink for handwashing
● Undergraduate and secondary educational
training and teaching labs
● Strains viable microorganisms not known
to consistent cause disease in healthy
adults
● Non-pathogenic microorganisms are being
handled and can be done in open space
Biosafety Level 2
● Applicable to clinical, diagnostic, teaching,
and other laboratory trained personnel
● Indigenous moderate risk agents present
in the community
● Human disease with varying severity
● Examples
○ Hepa B virus
○ HIV
○ Salmonella
○ Toxoplasma
● Secondary barriers:
○ Hand washing sinks
○ Decontamination facilities
■ Autoclave
Biosafety Level 3
● Clinical, diagnostic, teachings, research, or
production facilities
● Indigenous or exotic agents with a
potential for respi. Transmission
● May cause serious and potentially lethal
infection
● Examples:
○ Mycobacterium tuberculosis
○ St. Louis encephalitis virus
○ Coxiella burnetiid.
● Lab equipment same as BSL 1 and 2 with
restricted HVAC system or HEPA filters
 ○ Minimize release of infectious
aerosols from lab
Biosafety Level 4
● Maximum level of containment
● Dangerous and exotic agent that pose a
high individual risk of life-threatening
disease
● May be transmitted via aerosol route for
which there is no available vaccine or
therapy
● Example:
○ Ebola virus
○ Marburg virus
● Lab equipment same as BSL 3 with
addition to heavy protection to workers
○ Full-body air supplied positive
pressure personnel suit
○ Complex specialized ventilation
requirements and was
management systems
Biosecurity
● Institutional and personal security
measures designed to prevent the release
of pathogens and toxins
● Protecting bad bugs from bad people
● Importance of biosecurity
○ Protect specimens being handed
○ Prevent unauthorized or intentional
release of biological materials
○ Provides protection, control and
accountability for valuable
biological materials
Pillars of Biosecurity
● Inventory control
○ Assurance of awareness of what
exists and where it is in the lab,
and who is responsible for it
○ Create an environment that
discourages theft and misuse
■ Establishing oversight
● Information control
○ The sensitive and valuable info
stored in the lab is protected from
theft or diversion
■ Security of dangerous
pathogens or toxins
■ Access authorizations
■ Communications and
network security
● Personnel control
○ The people that are given access
to sensitive biological materials
should have that access
● Physical security control
○ Safety from physical intrusion
○ Graded protection with increasing
security from outside to inside
■ Detection
■ Delay
■ Response
■ Access control
● Transport control
○ Same rigorous process that protect
the biological materials in the lab
follow when being transported
■ Aims reduce the risk of illicit
acquisition of high-risk
biological agents
■ Relies on chain of custody
principles and end-user
agreements
■ Protects the sample by
documenting who have
control of the sample and
secure receipt
● Emergency/incident report plan
○ Emergency plan shall be
implemented
○ Measures need to be taken are
described for each calamity
○ Measures taken to limit the
damage and restore restorations
ASAP
● Emerging biotechnology
○ Monitoring and assessing the ___
of certain biotechnologies
■ Scientific
■ Ethical
 ■ Social implications ○ Identify and reduce risk before they
○ Examples evolve into misses or accidents
■ Genes editing ● Divided into 3 primary components:
■ Recombinant technologies ○ Assessment
● Dual use research of concern ■ Hazard identification
○ Legitimate research that yields info ■ Risk assessment
or tech that could be misused for ○ Mitigation
malevolent purposes ■ Elimination or substitution
○ Identify the thing with highest removing hazards
potential for generating information ■ Engineering controls -
that coil be readily misused physical changes to:
● Workstations
Review ● Equipments
● Material
● Recapping of needles = Biosafety ● Product facilities
● Your lab technician is a member of a ■ Administrative controls -
terrorist group = Biosecurity policies, standards, and
● Lab personnel not provided with PPE = guidelines to control risk
Biosafety ■ Practices and procedures -
● Disgruntled staff = Biosecurity processes and activities
● Work overload = Biosafety effective in reducing risks
● Wastes from the lab are not segregated = ■ PPE - device worn by the
Biosafety worker to protect against
● Lack of staff training = Biosafety hazard
● Staff with a huge debt = Biosecurity ○ Performance
■ Actual implementation of
Biosafety and Biosecurity BRM

● Biosafety programs
○ Reduce or eliminate exposure of
individuals and the environment
● Objective of biosecurity is to prevent ____
of microorganisms, materials, and
information
○ Loss
○ Theft
○ Misuse
Risk Assessment
● Biosafety + Biosecurity = Biorisk
Management
● Process of identifying hazards and
evaluating the risks
Biorisk Management
● Considering the adequacy of any existing
controls, and deciding whether the risks
● System or process to control safety and
are acceptable
security risk of biological agents and toxins
● Primary risk criteria to define four
in labs and facilities
ascending levels of containment
○ Provide highest practical protection
○ Infectivity
and lowest practical exposure
 ○ Severity of diseases
○ Transmissibility
○ Nature of work
● Three basic steps in risk assessment:
○ Risk identification
■ Identify all possible risk that
could result to harm
■ Risk - result of
hazard/threat given in a
particular situation
■ Category of hazards
● Materials
○ Specimens
○ Biologicals
Application in Microbio Lab
○ Isolates
● Provide safety and protection to
○ Toxins
○ Personnels
○ Chemicals
○ People outside the lab
● Activity
○ Institution
○ Lab
○ Environment
procedures
● Identify risk of handling and mitigate the
● Physical
risks
○ Facility
● Observed and practiced in conjunction of
○ Environment
these safety programs
○ Risk characterization
● Provide safer and secure environment for
■ Broad spectrum of risks
the personnel and biological material
present in biological lab
■ Risk to
● Individuals
● Community
● Environment
○ Risk evaluation
■ Determine if risks are
acceptable to
● Institutions
● Individuals
● Community
■ Relates risks to
acceptability
■ Upon evaluation, mitigation
may be implemented
■ There is no systematic way
of evaluating risks
■ Depends on the perception
of
● Individuals
● Institutions
● Community