1014996

Individual Assignment (Occupational Health)

Select 10 chemicals from Schedule II in USECHH REG 2000 and prepare a table according to the following headings:

Chemical name & CAS no Exposure Route of Occupation Toxic effect Medical Indication for Follow up actions Preventive measures
synonyms limit absorption at risk of surveillance medical removal
exposure program protection

4-aminodiphenyl 92-67-1 PEL 8 hr Inhalation, 1)Organic ACUTE EFFECTS Indicated for All cases of ABNORMAL RESULTS 1) Improvement in work-
@ p- TWA : 0 Dermal chemical · Headache, dizziness, exposure to 4- definite or If symptoms & signs process & workplace hygiene,
aminodiphenyl, synthesis lethargy, ataxia Aminodiphenyl suspected including abnormal adequate ventilation and
4- aminobiphenyl, including · Anorexia, vomiting or possibility of poisoning / urine cytology persist, a appropriate signage.
biphenylamine, solvents, · Irritation of eye, skin excessive disease and repeat test must 2)Personal protective
p-phenylaniline perfume & respiratory tract absorption. excessive be done immediately. equipment,
and xenylamine. manufacture · Burning urinary absorption. Refer to urologist for Chemical goggles.
2)Dye sensation due to acute All cases of further examination. 3)Cigarette smoke contains
intermediate, haemorrhagic cystitis Medical Removal MEDICALLY REMOVED Aminobiphenyl, as such it is
photography, CHRONIC EFFECTS Protection WORKER advisable for the worker not to
rubber · Bladder tumours. (MRP), cases of & RETURN TO WORK smoke.
industry Confirmed carcinogen definite or All medically removed 4)Aminobiphenyl is prohibited
3) Used as (IARC1). A1 (ACGIH) suspected workers should in the use for manufacture &
heat transfer Liver, Kidney, CNS, poisoning / have repeat urine use for all purposes except for
agents. Nerve damage. disease and investigations and research & analytical purposes
excessive relevant biochemical in Malaysia.
absorption must tests within one
be notified to the month.
Director The worker should not
General (DG), return to work
Department of until the signs and
Occupational symptoms,
Safety and Health abnormal cytology and
(DOSH). biochemical
results have recovered.
Recommend the
worker for return to
work when the
workplace hygiene is
 safe and healthy and
does not place
the worker at increased
risk of
material impairment to
health from
exposure to 4-
Aminodiphenyl.
Beryllium@ 7440-41- PEL 8 hr Inhalation- 1)Ceramic & ACUTE EFFECTS 1)Any work where All cases of ABNORMAL RESULTS 1)Improvement in work
Glycinum, 7 TWA: (mainly) refractory · Is caused by Beryllium workers are definite or If the urine level process
Glucinium, 0.002 Some products, (chloride, exposed to suspected exceeds, a repeat test 2)Workplace hygiene
Beryllium mg/m3. through aircraft sulphate, fluoride) levels of airborne poisoning and must be done 3)Adequate ventilation,
chloride, the engine part inhalation levels, which are excessive immediately. mechanical filter respirator,
Beryllium flouride, gastrointes production & · Cough, liable to absorption. MEDICALLY REMOVED 4)Pressurized suit in
Beryllium nitrate tinal tract. spacecraft nasopharyngitis, be in excess of half All cases WORKER & particularly hazardous places,
Crosses technicians tracheobronchitis, the -in-air standard, recommended RETURN TO WORK compulsory changing of
placental 2)(Beryllium, bronchiolitis, and and or where there for suspension All suspended cases working clothes, wear chemical
barrier and copper and pneumonitis pulmonary is significant risk of and suspected should have goggles, rubber gloves
reaches other alloys oedema a absorbing it. cases of repeat tests 5)Appropriate signage
the foetus in electrical few hours to 1-2 days 2)Diagnostic poisoning / Workers should not
Guidelines contacts, after criteria/ excessive have
On Medical switches, exposure. investigation absorption must symptoms & signs of
Surveil- welding · Inhalation causes 3)Chest X-rays- be notified to the disease at the time of
lance electrodes) bronchitis, severe diffuse, bilateral, DG (DOSH). return to work.
Depart- nuclear pneumonitis granulomatosis, or Recommend the
ment of reactor · Nasal septum in early stages worker for return
Occupation workers perforation only enlarged lymph to work when the
al Safety 3)Metallic · Skin irritation allergic nodes. workplace
and Health alloys contact Radiologist report is hygiene is safe and
(DOSH) workers, dermatitis, necessary. healthy and
Malaysia cathode Conjunctivitis Pulmonary function does not place the
25 4)Ray-tube m · Sensitizer, ulcer, Tests worker at increased risk
Excretion akers subcutaneous 4)Respiratory of material impairment
Via urine 5)Beryllium granuloma. function is impaired to health from
and faeces extraction CHRONIC EFFECTS by exposure to Beryllium.
6)Lithography Is caused by relatively reduction in
for insoluble diffusion capacity of
electronics. (metallic & its oxide) the
due to the lungs, which is
allergenic effect. detectable in early
 · Disease may develop stages of the
many years after disease.
cessation of beryllium Beryllium in urine
exposure. does not confirm
Delayed on set up to 20 exposure as those
years. not occupationally
· Granuloma in lungs exposed can have
pulmonary fibrosis concentrations
and in other organs usually less than 1
liver, spleen etc. mg/l.
is typical. -Chronic Urine Beryllium is a
Beryllium useful adjunct to
Disease occupational
· Berylliosis (interstitial hygiene
lung disease) programme. It is
more than 1mg/l
among those with
significant
exposure, although
these
concentrations do
not correlate well
with
the extent of
exposure or
potential for
toxicity. In the
absence of clinical
signs and
symptoms, the
presence of
beryllium is not
a sign of disease.
Asbestos 1332-21- PEL 8hr Inhalation Asbestos Signs of toxicity are Please refer to the An early state of ABNORMAL RESULTS 1) Young persons under 18
4 TWA: milling and usually delayed at Factories & asbestos induced Cases of suspected years of age should not be
0.1 f /ml. processing least 15-30 years. Machinery disease or asbestosis exposed to asbestos.
Manufacture · Pleural plaques (Asbestos Process) diseases have (category 1/0*) should 2) Workers should be advised
and use of · Mesothelioma (cancer Regulations 1986. occurred have a repeat full- size to stop smoking as smoking has
asbestosceme of the pleural Any occupation A worker is chest x-ray and clinical synergistic effect on likelihood
nt or mediastinal) where workers are symptomatic examination after one of lung cancer if there is
products e g. · Benign pleural liable to There is year. asbestos exposure.
roofing effusion be exposed to progressive Cases of definite 3) Crocidolite is prohibited for
sheets, · Asbestosis-fibrosis airborne asbestos deterioration in asbestosis all purposes except for
wall boards, with shortness of fibers CXR findings in a (category 1/1 or above* research & analytical purposes
fireproof breath and cough above PEL or worker less than in 2) in Malaysia.
cloth, brakes · Chronic bronchitis possibility of 35 Consecutive films 4) Appropriate signage.
and clutch · Bronchogenic Cancer absorption. years old should be
linings, (cigarette All cases followed up annually
rubbish smoking is an recommended (full size chest
chutes in important synergistic for MRP and x-ray and clinical
high rise factor and the risk may definite or examination) or
buildings. be increased suspected cases more frequently to
Manufacture by more than 50 times of asbestosis exclude complications.
of gaskets. when or mesothelioma MEDICALLY REMOVED
Ship building compared to a non- and WORKER
and repairing smoker and bronchogenic AND RETURN TO
e.g. in unexposed worker) carcinoma must WORK
lagging and · Cancer of larynx. be notified to the Recommend the
delagging of · Gastro-intestinal DG (DOSH). worker for return to
boilers and cancers (some work when the
pipes. evidence particularly workplace hygiene is
Construction the safe and healthy and
industry e.g. oesophagus, stomach, does not place
sawing colon) the worker at increased
and grinding risk of material
of asbestos impairment to health
boards used from exposure to
in roofing and Asbestos.
fireproof
doors/partitio
ns.
Renovation/d
emolition
work e.g. old
buildings,
power
stations
where
asbestos
material may
 have been
used.
Manufacture
and repair of
brake
linings e.g. car
and bus
mechanics.
Insulation
work e.g.
removal or
replacement
of asbestos
insulation of
furnaces,
ovens etc.
Auramine @ 492-80-8 PEL 8hr Inhalation, Manufacture ACUTE EFFECTS Any work where All cases ABNORMAL RESULTS 1) Adequate ventilation
Tramethyl TWA: 0 Skin, eye of Antiseptics Dermatitis & burns, eye workers are recommended If there are abnormal 2) Approved Personal
diaminobenzophe & Dyes & skin irritation exposed to for MRP and results, a repeat test Protective
noimide, Aniline · Headache, coughing, auramine. suspected cases must be done Equipment
4, 4 dizziness, difficulty of poisoning / immediately & refer to 3) Chemical goggles & Good
(imidocarbonyl) in breathing excessive urologist. personal
bis (N, N · Nausea & Vomiting absorption must hygiene
Dimethyl: HCL) · Yellow Vision be notified to the 4) Appropriate signage.
CHRONIC EFFECTS DG
· Haematuria- bladder (DOSH).
cancer
· Central nervous
system
· Sub-clinical stage with
vague symptoms
IARC Group1 Human
Carcinogen &
NTP Human Carcinogen
Tumours in bladder
Benzidine @ Para- 92-87-5 PEL 8 hr Extremely 1) Chemical ACUTE EFFECTS Workers who are ¨ All cases of ABNORMAL RESULTS 1) Improvement in work
Diaminodiphenyl, TWA: 0 well synthesis · Hemorrhagic cystitis, exposed to definite or If the levels are process
Diaminobiphenyl absorbed 2) Dyes, Haematuria. benzedine or suspected excessive, repeat urine 2) Workplace hygiene
through textile dyeing · Secondary anaemia where there is poisoning and cytology must be done 3) Adequate ventilation,
inhalation & finishing from haemolysis. significant risk of excessive immediately and mechanical
 & skin, industry, · Hepatic disorders. absorption. absorption. referred to the filter respirator, Pressurized
Ingestion. paper, leather · Dermatitis. All cases urologist. suit in
(tanning) CHRONIC EFFECTS recommended particularly hazardous places,
goods Confirmed human for MRP and compulsory changing of
3) Rubber Carcinogen (IARC1) suspected cases working
industries Bladder cancer of poisoning / clothes, wear chemical goggles,
4) Analytical · Central nervous excessive Rubber gloves
laboratories. system absorption must 4) Appropriate signage
· Sub-clinical stage of be notified to the
disease presents DG
with vague symptoms (DOSH).
Arsenic 7440-38- PEL 8 hr Inhalation, 1)Manufactur Acute poisoning is rare Any occupational 1) All cases of ABNORMAL RESULTS 1) Improvement in work
@ Arsenic 2 TWA: Ingestion, e and use of and is usually exposure to arsenic definite or 1)If the urine arsenic process
Trichloride, -Arsenic Skin pesticides accidental. If ingested, and suspected level exceeds 2) Improvement work-place
Arsenic Trioxide, (elemen- (weed killers, symptoms of throat its compounds > arsenic poisoning 300 mg/ L, a repeat test hygiene
White Arsenic tal & fungicides, constriction, dysphagia, 50% PEL or and excessive must be 3) Use of approved Personal
inorganic wood epigastric pain and possibility of absorption. done immediately. Protective Equipment
0.01 preservatives) vomiting and watery excessive Guidelines On 2)Cases with abnormal 4) Appropriate signage.
mg/m3) in tanning, diarrhea develop absorption. Medical liver function tests
-Arsine wood within 1/2 to 4 hours. Surveillance should be investigated
0.05 ppm preservation, Fatal dose of Department of to exclude effects due
-Arsine- horticulture ingested elemental Occupational to arsenic.
ILH 2)Manufactur arsenic is 70-180 mg. If Safety and Health 3)Cases with anemia,
(Immedi- e of not fatal, exfoliative (DOSH) Malaysia proteinuria or
ate Lethal semiconducto dermatitis and 12 haematuria should be
to Health) rs peripheral neuritis may 2) Cases with investigated to exclude
150 ppm 3)Gallium develop. urine arsenic effects due to arsine.
arsenide If inhaled arsenic dust levels of
substrate and fumes cause more than 300
production irritation, rhinitis, mg/ L in 2
and wafer cough, chest pain, successive
processing dyspnea, laryngitis, examinations.
Guidelines On pharyngitis may occur. 3) All cases with
Medical Ingestion causes evidence of
Surveillance vomiting, dysphagia, cancer.
Department diarrhea, abdominal 4) All breast-
of pain, dehydration and feeding &
Occupational shock. pregnant
Safety and women
Health 5) Workers with
(DOSH) persistent liver
Malaysia 9 abnormalities
(one or more
4)Cleaning abnormal result
and in the liver
maintenance function
of iron on at least 2
implant occasions, the
machines test
5)Handling of being carried out
iron source preferably not
6)Manufactur more than one
e of alloy month apart).
(with copper
or lead) &
glass
7)Smelting of
arsenical
(especially
non-ferrous)
ores.
8)Dust
generated
during
grinding,
screening,
transfer and
maintenance
work on
furnaces,
flues and
filters
9)Manufactu-
re and use of
organic
arsenical
compounds
e.g.
arsphena-
mine,
 neoarsphena-
mine,
sulpharsphen-
amine and
tryparsamide,
veterinary
pharmaceutic
al products
10)Pigment
manufacture
and use
11)Manufactu
re and use of
antifouling
paints.
12)Arsenic
waste
disposal.

Cadmium and any 7440-43- PEL 8 hr Inhalation, 1)Nickel- ACUTE EFFECT Any work where 1)All cases of ABNORMAL RESULTS 1) Improvement in -work
of its 9 TWA: Ingestion cadmium · Chemical pneumonitis workers are suspected 1)If the blood cadmium process
Compound Elemental (in battery following fume exposed to cadmium level exceeds 2) Improvement in workplace
0.01 condition manufacturin inhalation; onset within levels > 50 % PEL or poisoning and 10 mg/litre, a repeat hygiene
mg/m3 of g (tabletting 8 to 24 hours; mortality where there is excessive blood cadmium (ventilation)
Com- poor and 15%. Metal Fume significant risk of absorption. test must be done 3) Use of approved PPE
pounds general assembly of Fever. absorbing cadmium. 2)All cases of immediately 4) Appropriate signage
0.002 hygiene). Cd · Gastrointestinal tract renal dysfunction together with a urine
mg/m3 electrodes). irritation following (tubular or cadmium
(respire- 2)Silver accidental ingestion. glomerular) estimation and
ble brazing, CHRONIC EFFECTS 3)All cases with creatinine clearance
fraction) welding and · Renal dysfunction abnormal lung test.
soldering (tubular or function 2)If the urine Beta2-
operations glomerular damage 4)Cases with microglobulin result
using with low blood cadmium exceeds 300 mg/gm
cadmium- molecular weight levels of creatinine, a repeat test
containing proteinuria, more than 15 should be done a
fillers. glucosuria, amino mg/litre in 2 month later
3)Plastics aciduria, successive
industry, albuminuria and examinations.
especially reduced creatinine 5)Cases with
compounding clearance) urine cadmium
of polyvinyl · Kidney stones levels of
chloride · Emphysema more than 15
(PVC); used as · Bone pain (Itai-Itai, mg/gm creatinine
thermal Ouch-Ouch in 2
stabiliser. Disease), osteomalacia successive
4)Electropla- & fractures. examinations
ting. (metallic · Anosmia 6)Cases with
Cadmium is urine Beta2-
used) microglobulin
5)Pigment exceeding 300
manufacture mg/litre with
and use, e.g. creatinine
for plastics, correction. in 2
textile, paper, successive
rubber examinations
industries; in 7)All cases with
inks, enamels evidence of
& cancer
glazes (lungs)
6)Alloy
manufacture,
e.g. low
meltingpoint
brazing alloys,
Ag-Cd & Cu-
Cd
7)Fungicides
manufacture
and use
8)Manufactur
e of
refrigerators,
airconditio-
ners,
television
picture
tubes,
semiconducto
rs, photocells
 & fluorescent
lamps, and as
neutron
absorber in
nuclear
reactors.
9)Jewelry
manufacture
10)Automobil
e and aircraft
industries
11)Smelting
and refining
of Zn, Pb or
Cu ores and
scrap
processing.
Benzene including 71-43-2 PEL 8 hr Inhalation, 1)Petrochemi ACUTE EFFECTS Any occupational 1)All cases of ABNORMAL RESULTS 1)Young persons under 18
benzol @Benzol TWA: Skin, cal industries (500-1000 ppm) exposure to definite or Blood count or years of age and
(crude benzene), 0.5 ppm Ingestion e.g. Narcosis, nausea, benzene & suspected peripheral blood film pregnant/nursing mothers
Benzole, manufacture tremors, benzol poisoning and should be referred to should not be exposed to
Benzonine, of benzene, unconsciousness, excessive exclude effects due to benzene.
Phenyl Hydrate, production of death. absorption benzene even if the 2) Workers with liver disease
Bicarbonate of carbon black Levels of 20,000 are 2)Cases with urine phenol level is and/or anemia should not
Hydrogen, 2)Petroleum fatal to humans within urine phenol below 50 mg/L (or 50 work in areas where there
Cold Naphta refineries 5-10 min. levels of mg/g Cr). is significant benzene
3)Is a Skin and mucous more than 50 exposure.
constituent of membrane irritation mg/L 3) Workers should not smoke
gasoline CHRONIC EFFECTS 3)(Or 50 mg/g Cr) as smoke from one
4)Re-bottled Non-specific in 2 successive cigarette contains 60-80
gasoline manifestations e.g. examinations mg of benzene: a typical
sellers. anorexia, headache, 4)Cases of smoker inhales 1-2 mg of
5)Used as a dizziness anemia and/or benzene daily. This may
solvent in 1)Bone marrow leukemia confound low-level benzene
manufacture depression (Levels of All cases exposures.
of plastics, 100-500 ppm) recommended 4) Benzene is prohibited for
synthetic 2)Leucopoenia, for MRP and cleaning & degreasing
fibers, thrombocytopenia, suspected cases purposes in Malaysia.
detergents, anaemia, of benzene
synthetic pancytopaenia aplastic poisoning /
 resins anaemia excessive
6)Laboratorie 3)Skin irritation absorption or
s e.g. use of (repeated skin cancer must be
benzene in contact) dry, scaly notified to the
analytical dermatitis DG (DOSH).
techniques, is erythema and/or
a solvent blistering
for fats 4)Nervous system-
7)Work inflammation of
involving use nerves
of 5)Ventricular
commercial Arrhythmia
solvents such
as toluene
and xylene
(Benzene may
be present as
a
contaminant)
8) In glue
used in shoe
manufacture
9) Used as a
solvent in
paint
stripping
10) Used in
carburetor
cleaning
purposes.
n-Hexane 110-54-3 PEL 8hr Inhalation, 1)Chemical ACUTE EFFECTS Any work where 1) All cases of Repeat tests. 1)Adequate ventilation
@Hexylhydride, TWA : Dermal synthesis · Conjunctivitis, workers are definite or 2)Personal Protective
skellysolve 50 ppm 2)Fuel Defatting dermatitis, exposed to levels of suspected equipment
Lubricant Dizziness. airborne levels, poisoning and 3)Chemical goggles
3)Solvent in · Nervous system- which are liable to excessive 4)Chemical cartridge respirator
glue used for narcosis, dizziness, be in excess of half absorption. 5)Rubber gloves
shoes making Ataxia, the -in-air standard, 2) All cases 6)Prohibited in the cleaning
In coordination. and or where there recommended and degreasing purposes.
· Peripheral neuropathy is significant risk of for MRP and
has been reported. ingesting it. suspected cases
 · Anorexia and nausea, of disease,
irritation. poisoning and
CHRONIC EFFECTS excessive
· Nervous system- absorption must
neuropathy, weakness be notified to the
& loss of sensation at DG (DOSH).
extremities.
Carbon disulphide 75-15-0 PEL 8 hr Inhalation, Adhesives, ACUTE EFFECTS Any work where All cases of ABNORMAL RESULTS 1) Adequate ventilation
@Carbon TWA: Dermal Chemical General: Headache, workers are definite or Confirm suspected 2) Approved PPE - Suitable
Bisulphide 10 ppm synthesis, dizziness, nausea, exposed to suspected abnormality. goggles, rubber gloves, and
Disinfectant, vomiting, abdominal levels of airborne poisoning and chemical cartridge respirator.
Extraction, pains levels, which are excessive 3) Prohibited for the cleaning
Solvent in Skin: Vesicant action on liable to be in absorption and degreasing purposes
laboratories skin, excess of half the All cases 4) Appropriate signage.
and industrial flushing of skin -in-air standard, and recommended
processes, CNS: Narcosis, behavior or where there is for MRP and
Insecticides, disorders, significant risk of suspected cases
Herbicides, hallucinations, delirium, absorbing it. of poisoning /
Lacquers and progressive paralysis excessive
varnishes, and absorption must
Perfumes, in death due to be notified to the
Viscose Rayon respiratory DG (DOSH).
industry as a paralysis
solvent of Eyes: Irritant, keratitis
alkaline and Conjunctivitis
cellulose, CHRONIC EFFECTS
resins, (After 10 – 15 Years)
rubber. Long term: Low
exposure results in
mental and
neurological problem
Prolong exposure: At
high concentration
cause damage to many
body systems.