2 CC1 BASIC LABORATORY PRINCIPLES Pipettes

High Thermal Resistant Glass PIPET CLASSIFICATION

Ex. Borosilicate Glassware 1. Design
- most common in volume measurements - To Contain - does not dispense the exact volume
- brands: Pyrex and Kimax - To Deliver – dispense the exact volume
- alkali solution will etch, dissolve the glass and change the
calibration 2. Drainage Characteristics
- should not be heated above its heat level = crack - Blow-out – last drop of liquid must be expelled by an aspirator
*with frosted bond
High Silica Glass *continuous etched ring
- comparable to fused quarts in its thermal endurance chemical - Self-draining
stability, and electrical characteristics 3. Graduation
- radiation resistant - Transfer/Volumetric Pipet - *generally self-draining
- good optimal quality and temperature capability - Measuring/Graduated Pipet – *generally blow-out
- for precision analytical work and optical reflectors & mirrors
- brand: Corex brand glassware is a special alumina-silica glass 4. Micropipettes
strengthened chemically rather than thermally which is - Sahli-hellige hemoglobin pipet
- at least 6 times stronger than borosilicate glass. - RBC and WBC pipet
- resist clouding and scratching

Glass with High Resistance to Alkali

Ex. Corning Boron Free Glass Pipet Graduation Drainage
- is a soft glass
- poor heat resistance but highly resistant to alkali
1. Pasteur Pipet Volumetric pipet Blow-out
Standard Flint Glass
-It is a glass of high thermal with red color added as an
2. Volumetric Volumetric pipet Self-draining
integral part of the glass
- amber bottle
- it is used for bilirubin, carotene and vitamin A 3. Mohr Pipet Measuring pipet Self-draining
analysis – photosensitive substances

Low Actinic Glass 4. Kahn Pipet Measuring pipet Blow-out

- lowest cost & readily fabricated
- this is soda-lime glass composed of a mixture of the
5. Ball Pipet Measuring pipet Blow-out
oxide of silicon, calcium and sodium
- poor resistance to high and sudden change of temp
- resistance to chemical: fair 6. Micropipettes Measuring pipet Blow-out

Measuring Vessels
1. Graduated Cylinder 7. Macropipettes Volumetric pipet Blow-out
2. Burets
3. Volumetric Flasks
8. Bacteriologic Measuring pipet Blow-out
4. Pipets Pipet
Graduated Cylinder
9. Ostwald Folin Volumetric Pipet Blow-out
- flat bottom, conical body, cylindrical neck
- graduated on the side
10. Kolmer Pipet Measuring pipet Blow-out
Burets
- generally for titration
- the flow of liquid is controlled by a stopcock located Automatic Pipet
at the base of the buret - its major advantage are time savings, ease of use, increase in
- attached to a ring stand with a buret clamp precision and lack of required cleaning, because the contaminated
- prior to performing a titration, it is essential that air bubbles be portions of the pipet, such as the tips, are often disposable
removed from both the barrel and top of the buret which can - built-in aspirator = pistol
accomplished by tapping them with the finger. - 0 to 1ml
- preferably, the buret should have a Teflon stopcock. With this - less than 1 ml – micropipette
type of stopcock, greasing and pre-lubrication is not required - greater than 1ml - macropipette
*Acid buret – glass stopcock Cleaning Laboratory Glassware
*Alkali/Basic buret – rubber stopcock - glassware for general laboratory use should be rinsed and
immediately place into a weak detergent solution
Volumetric Flask - if glassware is contaminated with materials that can’t be
- for standard solution preparation removed by ordinary washing, it should be cleaned by immersing
- for measuring liquid volume accurately in strong acid and alkali solution (ex. chromic acid – contains
potassium dichromate or concentrated sulfuric acid and distilled such water is not entirely pure because of contaminations from
water) materials dissolved in the container and from dissolved gases in
the air (which can be removed by boiling) is redistilled with
Methods of Separating Solids from Liquid alkaline permanganate solution
1. Centrifugation - the permanganate oxidizes the nitrogenous matter present
- is a machine which uses centrifugal force to separate phases of - redistilled water prepared in this manner is known as
different densities “Conductivity water”
Ex. Centrifuge
- frequently more satisfactory and faster than filtration - Deionized water maybe prepared by using a commercial
deionizer
2. Filtration - Deionized water is free from mineral salts which have
- is usually accomplished by means of gravity, pressure or suction been removed by a process of an ion exchanged

a. Gravity Filtration
- more widely used THREE GRADES OF WATER AR REFINED
a. Paper filter Type I water
b. Funnels - purest
c. Porcelain Buchner Funnel – for filtration of turbid reagents - is used for methods intended to give maximum accuracy and
d. Porous Glass Filter – for processing most concentrated solution precision like Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS), Flame
except weak bases which attack the glass Photometry, Enzymology, blood gases and pH, electrolytes,
inorganic ions, and reference buffer solution
b. Suction Filtration
- faster
- with vacuum pump For general laboratory testing:
- used when rapid filtration is desired Type II water (aka pure water)
-- for buffer preparation for solution
CHEMICALS - microbiology preparation
- chemicals exist in varying degrees of purity, the use of reagent - biochemistry analyzer
grade chemical, although more expensive than less pure grades of - for preparation of reagents in chemical analysis
chemicals, is essential for accuracy.
Type III water
Highly purified chemicals include the following: - lowest form of lab water
1. Reagent Grade or Analytical Grade (AR) - for quali and quanti - commonly as instrument feed water
analysis - produced using reversed osmosis
2. Chemical Pure Grade (CP) *removes 90-99% of contaminants
- purity is usually delivered by measurement of melting or boiling - can be used as glassware washers, for humidity chambers,
point autoclave
a. Primary Standards
- purity is usually delivered by measurement of melting or boiling
point
b. Secondary Standards
- solutions whose concentrations cannot be determined directly
from the weight of solute and volume of solution

3. Less Pure Grade – referred to as:

a. Purified (aka. pure or practical grade) – in general, these
chemicals should not be used in chemistry determination; no
official standard
- for educational application only
- not pure enough for food, drug, or medicinal use

b. Technical – generally used in manufacturing

- good quality for commercial and industrial purposes
- not pure enough for food, drug, or medicinal use

5. USP and NF
- represent other grades of purity
- these chemicals meet the stipulation listed in the United State
Pharmacopoeia or the National Formulary
- while they are adequate for human consumption, that may not
be pure enough for specific chemical determination

Distillation and Deionized Water

- two methods in general use for the preparation of laboratory
reagent grade water
- when water of the higher purity is required, distilled water (even