BUILDING UTILITIES EXIT EXAM REVIEWER (DECEMBER 2017)

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BUILDING UTILITIES 1 – PLUMBING SYSTEMS OF • No water closet without light and ventilation 7. TREATMENT – sewage plants, natural purification
BUILDING
• If no sewer line, provide septic tank SOURCES OF WATER
PLUMBING
• Plumbing systems must be maintained by master 1. RAINWATER - From roof of bldg. and water shed
• Art and technique of installing pipes, fixtures and other plumbers
apparatus. • Advantage:
• Sewage must not be discharged into the ground unless
PRINCIPLES treated o Soft and pure o Suitable for hot
water
• All premises to be provided with clean water PLUMBING SYSTEM COMPONENTS  Disadvantage

• Fixtures be supplied with water in sufficient volume and 1. Water supply and distribution system o Only in wet season
pressure
2. Sanitary Drainage System o Roofs may not be clean
• Plumbing must use minimum amount of water
3. Storm Drainage System 2. GROUNDWATER - Springs and wells
• Designed to prevent damage from overheating or
explosions 4. Plumbing Fixture Advantage:

• Buildings connected to public sewers must connect its 5. Fire Protection System o Abundant supply
fixtures
6. Fuel and Gas Piping System o Less treatment
• Family unit must at least have one: water closet, sink,
lavatory and shower WATER CYCLE Disadvantage:

• Fixtures must be made of non – absorbent material, free 1. Evaporation o Have organic matter
from concealed fouling surfaces and in ventilated
enclosure 2. Condensation 3. NATURAL SURFACE WATER- Rivers and lakes

• Fixture connected to drainage system equipped with 3. Precipitation Advantage:

water-sealed trap
PLUMBING CYCLE o Easy to acquire
• Drainage pipe provide adequate circulation of air free
from siphonage 1. SOURCE – lakes, rivers, reservoirs o Large quantity

•Vent terminals shall extend to outer air 2. SUPPLY – main water, storage tanks o For irrigation

• Plumbing system must be tested for defects 3. DISTRIBUTION – pressure, piping networks WATER TREATMENT

• Substance which will harm the sewage and disposal 4. USE – plumbing fixtures 1. ACIDITY
system shall not be allowed
5. COLLECTION – gravity, piping networks Cause: carbon dioxide
• Proper protection against contamination of food or
6. DISPOSAL – sanitary, storm sewers Effects: corrosion, rusting, clogging
water through backflow, etc.

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 BUILDING UTILITIES EXIT EXAM REVIEWER (DECEMBER 2017)
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Correction: raising alkaline 3. FILTRATION - Water is passed through layersof sand and 3. JETTED WELL
gravel in concretebasins in order to remove finer
2. HARDNESS suspended particles. - Use extreme water pressure

Cause: Magnesium, Calcium - Use of suction pump

Effects: Clogging 4. DRIVEN WELL

Correction: boiling, water softener

3. TURBIDITY

Cause: Silt, mud

4. SEDIMENTATION - Gravity settling and deposition:
Effect: Discoloration, bad taste Passed through basins

Correction: filtration 5. CHLORINATION - Water is injected with hypo chlorine

gas
4. COLOR
WELLS
Cause: Iron, manganese
*GENERAL TYPES*
Effects: Discoloration - Dug with sharp pointed hollow iron
1. SHALLOW WELL
Correction: Chlorination -10m – 15m deep
2. DEEP WELL
5. POLLUTION 5. DRILLED WELL
*TYPES ACCORDING RO
Cause: contamination CONSTRUCTION* 1,000m deep

Effects: Disease 1. DUG WELL PUMPS

Correction: Chlorination  Most common *GENERAL TYPES*

WATER PURIFICATION  15m deep 1. PISTON PUMP

1. AERATION - Water is sprayed into air to release any  “shallow well” 2. CENTRIFUGAL PUMP
trapped gases and absorb additional oxygen for better
taste. 2. BORED WELLS *CLASSIFICATION OF PUMPS*

2. COAGULATION - Small sediments particles which do not -Similar to Dug well 1. RECIPROCATING PUMPS
settle well combine together to form larger particles
-Construction using auger drive - Operate with controlled speed

- 15m – 40m deep - Air chamber is introduced

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 BUILDING UTILITIES EXIT EXAM REVIEWER (DECEMBER 2017)
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2. JET PUMPS 2. Double Disc Valve

- Draw water from well 2. GLOBE VALVES - controls flow of water with movable
spindle ; can control pressure
- Type of a Centrifugal Pump
- types:
- Types:
1. Plug
1. Deep: high volume
2. Compositional
2. Shallow: for residential - Gate Valves
3. Conventional
3. Convertible: deep/shallow 2. CISTERN - usually built of reinforced concrete
3. CHECK VALVES - prevent
4. Miniature: small volume 3. PNEUMATIC WATER TANK - uses air pressure
backflow

3. ROTARY PUMP 4. HOT WATER

- types:

- Piston pump - Types:

1. Swing Check Valve

- More effective in viscous fluids 1. Range Boiler:- small hot water tank ;- made of
2. Lift Check Valve
galvanized steel sheet, copper
4. SUBMERSIBLE PUMP 3. Vertical Check Valve
2. Storage Boiler - large hot water tanks ; made of heavy
- Excess water must be pump away duty material sheets applied withrust proof paint 4. Horizontal Check
Valve
5. TURBINE PUMP- Type of centrifugal pump for large app. VALVES
4. ANGLE VALVES - use 90 degrees turn in line
WATER STORAGE FOR DOMESTIC USE *FUNCTIONS*
5. FOOT VALVES - lower end of pump to prevent loss of
1. OVERHEAD TANKS - doesn’t have pressure concerns: 1. Start / shutdown water system
priming the pump
relies on gravity : use overhead feed system
2. Regulate pressure
Components:
3. Check backflow
- Supply Pipe
4. Control direction of water
- Inlet
*TYPES OF VALVES*
- Overflow Pipe
1. GATE VALVE - full way valve ; used mainly to completely
- Drip Pan close / open water line ‘\;best for main supply

- types: 6. SAFETY VALVES- used in line with excessive pressure

1. Wedge Shape Valve FAUCETS

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 BUILDING UTILITIES EXIT EXAM REVIEWER (DECEMBER 2017)
*TYPES*
1. COMPRESSION COCK - compression of a soft packing
upon a metal sheet
2. KEY COCK - round tapering plug ground to fit a metal
sheet
3. BALL FAUCET - ball connected to handle
4. HOSE BIBB - made for threaded attachment of hose
DEFFECTS IN WATER DISTIBUTION SYSTEM
1. WATER HAMMER - knocking in pipes
2. BACK SIPHONAGE - flowing back of used water - from a
plumbing fixture
3. EXPANSION / CONTRACTION - pipes expands / contracts
due to change in temp.
4. FRICTION HEAD LOSS - friction occurs when water flows
CLASSIFICATION OF PUBLIC WATER DISTRIBUTION
SYSTEM
1. DIRECT PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION- obtained through a
large intake installed on the lake basin and extended to
deep water
- components:
1. water basin
2. receiving well
3. filtration plant
2. INDIRECT PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION - taken from drilled
well / underground ; involves individual special mechanical
equipment
PARTS OF COLD WATER DISTRIBUTION
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1. SERVICE PIPE - pipe from the main / other source of
water supply to the water distribution system of the
building
2. WATER METER - device used to measure in liter / gallon
the amount of water
3. HORIZONTAL SUPPLY MAIN - principal water distribution
system
4. RISER - water supply extending vertically to one full
story/ more to convey water into pipe branches /
plumbing fixtures
5. FIXTURE BRANCH - water supply pipe between fixture
supply pipe and water distribution pipe
6. CONTROLS AND VALVES - for control, isolation, repair or
water distribution system
7. STORAGE TANKS
TYPES PF COLD WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
1. UPFEED SYSTEM
a. DIRECT UPFEED - provided by city water companies
- using normal pressure from public water main
- Advantage: eliminates extra cost of pumps and tanks
- Disadvantage: pressure is inadequate to supply tall
buildings
b. AIRP RESSURE SYSTEM - when pressure is not enough
compressed air is used toraise and push water
- Advantage: with compact pumping, sanitary,
economical,less construction and maintenance and serves
about 10stories interval
- Disadvantage: no electricity = no water
2. DOWNFEED / GRAVITY SYSTEM
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- water is pumped into a large tank on top and is
distributed by gravity.
- Advantages: water is not affected by peak load
hour andtime needed to repair broken parts does not
affect watersupply
- Disadvantages: subject to contamination,
highmaintenance cost, occupies valuable cost, requires
stronger foundation
TYPES OF HOT WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
1. UPFEED AND GRAVITY RETURN SYSTEM- with continuing
network of pipes to provide constant circulation of water
-hot water rises on its own
- does not need pump
- large pipe is on top of the riser
2. DOWNFEED AND GRAVITY RETURN SYSTEM- hot water
rises on the highest point of the plumbing system and
travel through gravity; water distribution is dependent on
the expansion of hotwater and gravity
- larger pipe is at the bottom of the riser
3. PUMP CIRCUIT SYSTEM -more efficient circulation of hot
water to the upper
floors
TYPES OF WATER HEATING SYSTEM
1. HOT WATER SPACE HEATING
2. HOT WATER SUPPLY
PROTECTION OF HOT WATER
1. SYSTEM RELIEF VALVE
2. TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE RELIEF
 BUILDING UTILITIES EXIT EXAM REVIEWER (DECEMBER 2017)
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PLUMBING FIXTURES - receptacle used to provide, 1. squat BATHING FIXTURES

receive, discharge water or liquid into waste
2. washout 1. BATHTUBS
* CLASSIFICATION*
2. URINALS 2. WHIRLPOOL BATH
1. SOIL
- types: 3. JACUZZIS
2. SCULLERY
1. wall hung 4. BIDETS
3. BATH
2. pedestal 5. FLOOR DRAIN
SOIL FIXTURES
3. through 6. SHOWER RECEPTOR
1. WATER CLOSET
4. stall 7. SHOWER BATH COMPARTMENT
- types acc. To flush tank
SCULLERY FIXTURES PIPES AND FITTINGS
1. closed coupled flush tank
1. KITCHEN SINK 1. CAST IRON SOIL PIPE
2. low flush tank
- made of stainless steel - most popular and generally specified material
3. high flush tank for
- types:
- types acc. To mounted drainage installation
1. single
1. floor mounted - extensively used in 60s and 70s
2. double
2. wall hung - affected by corrosion
3. triple
- types acc. To flush action - types:
4. shallow
1. washdown: trapway infront of the bowl, coss 1. SV type: for bldg.
less, less efficient, noisy 5. deep
2. XV type: for underground
2. reverse trap:flushes through siphon action 2. LAUNDRY SINK
- varities:
3. siphon jet: larger trapway - made of cement or porcelain
1. standard pipe
4. siphon vortex: whirlpool action, large amount of 3. SLOP SINK
standing water 2. single hub pipe
- use for mops
5. direct flush 3. double hub pipe
4. BAR SINK
- other types: 4. hubless pipe
5. LAVATORIES
2. ACID RESISTANCE CAST IRON PIPE
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- made of alloy of cast iron and silicon - superior type of pipe

- installed in bldg. where acid waste discharge - types:

- breaks easily and brittle 1. Rigid Type

3. ASBESTOS PIPE 2. Flexible Type

- made of asbestos fibers and Portland cement CONSIDERATIONS IN CHOOSING MATERIALS

- used as soil waste, vent pipe and downspout 1. QUALITY AND DURABILITY

- suited for concrete embedment 2. RESISTANCE TO EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL CONTACT

WITH FOREIGN MATTERS
4. BITUMINOUS FIBER SEWER PIPES - cheapest, lightest,
slightly flexible ; can take soil movement ;for sewer and 3. RESISTANCE TO ACID WASTE AND OTHER
septic tank ; damaged by hot water CHEMICALELEMENTS

5. VITRIFIED CLAY PIPE - oldest materials used for sewer 4. COST OF MATERIAL AND LABOR
lines; highly resistant to most acid; brittle and cracks easily
TYPES OF FITTINGS
6. LEAD PIPE ;oldest pipe used for plumbing system ; highly
resistant to acidm; poisonous 1. Coupling/ Socket

7. GALVANIZED STEEL PIPE-made of mild steel ; expected

to last 15 – 25 years ; deposits of salts and lime

8. GALVANIZED WROUGHT IRON PIPE - better that steel

pipe; more resistant to acid

9. COPPER PIPE-durable and extremely corrosive resistant

- classification:

1. K type SANITARY DRAINAGE SYSTEM

2. L type

3. M Type

10. BRASS PIPE

11. PLATIC / SYNTHETIC PIPE - developed in Germany

(1935) ; produced from synthetic resin

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 BUILDING UTILITIES EXIT EXAM REVIEWER (DECEMBER 2017)
*GENERAL RULES*
1. All must go and lead to septic tank
2. Must take the shortest route as possible
3. Control components should be located
strategically
*SUBSYSTEM OF THE SANITARY SYSTEM*
1. Waste collection system
2. Ventilation system
*ESSENTIAL PARTS*
1. Waste pipe - conveys only waste water, free from fecal
2. Vent pipe - for circulation of air
3. Trap - fitting device to prevent backflows of foul air
4. Stack - vertical main of the system
5. Branch - horizontal pipe
HOUSE DRAIN - Lowest horizontal piping; Receives
discharges and to the house sewer
HOUSE SEWER - Extends from the house drain
CHANGES IN DIRECTIONS OF SANITARY DRAINAGE LINES
1. Horizontal – Horizontal change in direction
2. Vertical – Horizontal change in direction
3. Horizontal – Vertical change in direction
UNIT OF MEASURE
1. Amount of waste it carries
2. 0.47 liters / secs or 28.3 liters / minute
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SANITARY DRAINAGE SYSTEM CLEANOUTS
- Minimum slope / pitch of horizontal drainage pipe = 2% *REQUIREMENTS* - additional cleanout shall be provided
on horizontal line with anaggregate offset angle not less
TRAPS than 135, between the building drain and building sewer
*KINDS OF TRAPS* VENTILATION - Portion of drainage pipe installation
intended to maintain balance atmospheric pressure inside
1. COMMON TRAP - for lavatories, kitchen, sink, laundry
tubs and urinals *TYPES OF VENTS*
2. DEEP SEAL TRAP - about twice the size of common trap 1. MAIN SOIL AND WASTE VENTS - backbone of the entire
sanitary system
3. STAND TRAP - for slop sinks ; serves as water seal
support - portion where waste travels
4. RUNNING TRAP - used in house drain - continuous to the roofs
5. DRUM TRA - for fixtures that discharges large amount of 2. MAIN VENT - principal artery of the vent system
water
- aka collecting vent line to main and soil vent
6. S TRAP- predecessor of P-trap; connect to vent line
3. INDIVIDUAL VENT - back vent
*TYPES OF PROHIBITED TRAPS*
4. UNIT / COMMON / DUAL VENT - one vent pipe serves 2
1. Traps with moveable parts pipes
2. No fixture shall be double trapped 5. RELIEF VENT - vertical vent line
3. The s trap - additional circulation of air between the soil
and vents tacks
*REQUIREMENTS*
6. YOKE / BY – PASS VENT - pipe connecting upward from a
1. Each plumbing fixture, shall be separately trapped with soil / waste stack below the floor and below h-connection
an approved type of water seal trap to an adjacent vent stack at a point above the floor
2. One trap = one trap arm 7. CIRCUIT VENT- starts in front of the highest fixture
connection on horizontal branch and connects to a vent
3. One trap = three single compartments stack
4. Trap arm = size of trap 8. LOOPED VENT - vertical vent connection on a horizontal
soil waste pipe
5. Trap seal = not greater the 51mm and not less than
102m 9. WET VENT- waste water flows through
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10. LOCAL VENT 1. AEROBIC BACTERIA- relies oxygen to survive

11. DRY VENT 2. ANAEROBIC BACTERIA- can survive without oxygen

12. STACK VENT

13. VENT STANDS- provide circulation of air

SANITARY SYSTEM PROBLEMS 3. DRAIN TILES- to prevent water from seeping through the *MINIMUM DIMENSION*
basementwalls and foundation
1. TRAP SEAL LOSS
4. GARAGE TRAP- aka catch basin
2. BACK PRESSURE
- filled with water and located at the lowest point of
3. CAPILLARY ACTION
thegarage so it can collect all waste
4. EVAPORATION
5. BACKFLOW VALVES- prevents backflow
5. WIND EFFECTS
- similar to check valve L = 1500 MM
6. RETARDATION OF FLOW
6. SEWAGE EJECTORS- waste up from the sump pit to the W = 900 MM
sewers
7. DETERIORATION OF MATERIALS
H = 1200 MM
SEPTIC TANK - Watertight covered receptacle
HOUSE DRAIN APPLIANCE
*DESIGN CRITERIA*
- Receive discharge of sewage from building sewer
1. GREASE TRAP -separation of grease from water
- Plans should show all dimensions
- Separate solids from liquid
- Compartments
- Digest organic matter
- minimum of 2 compartments
- Store digested solids from liquids
- maintain a slope of 1:10 at the bottom of digestion
- Discharge for final disposal chamber tocollect the sludge
- types:
*SLUDGE* - solid organic matter, denser than water - Manholes:- at least 2 manholes
1. earth cooled
- settle at the bottom of the septic tank - 508mm minimum dimension
2. mechanical
*SCUM* - lighter organic matter that rise from water - Size Pipe Inlet and Outlet
2. HOUSE TRAP- in house drain inside foundation wall of
the building *EFFLUENT* - liquid content of sewage - diameter must not be less than sewer pipe

*BACTERIA IN SEPTIC TANK TO ENCOURAGE - Location of Inlet and Outlet

DECOMPOSITION*

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 BUILDING UTILITIES EXIT EXAM REVIEWER (DECEMBER 2017)
- extend 101.6mm above and at least 304.8mm below
watersurface
- Air Surface
- side walls shall extend 228.6mm above liquid depth
- cover of septic tank shall be at least 50.8mm above the
back ventopenings
- Partition between compartments
- inverted fitting equivalent in size to the tank inlet
- Structure
- shall be capable of supporting an earth load of not less
than 14.4kPa
- Capacity
- determined by the number of apartment units in
dwellingoccupancies
- Location
- not be located underneath the house
- at least 15m from the water distribution system
3 DEGREES OF WATER
1. GREY WATER- waste water without human wastes
2. BLACK WATER- waste water with human waste
3. STORM WATER
CLASSIFICATION OF SEWERS
1. COMBINATION OF PUBLIC SEWERS- oldest variety
- caries both storm and sanitary wastes
2. STORM SEWERS
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3. SANITARY SEWERS- sanitary wastes only
- terminates in modern sewage disposal plant
fortreatment
2 TYPES OF SANITARY SEWER
1. TRIBUTARY SEWER- usually round shapes
- vitrified clay / cement pipes
2. INTERCEPTING SEWER- aka collecting sewers
PRIVATE SEWAGE DISPOSAL SYSTEM
- Area: depends on the req. septic tank
- Distance from the water table
- No excavation for the leach bed
- 1.5m of the water table
- With sewage pit: filter material in the tranches
1. SEEPAGE PITS- loosely lined excavation in the ground
- receives discharges of septic tank
- capacity: depends on the quantity of liquids
- size: circular in shape with excavated diameter of
notgreater than 2.2m and to be lined with clay or concrete
brick
- strength: brick lining shall have compression strength
of17225kPa
2. MULTIPLE SEEPAGE PITS- served through a distribution
box / shall be connected inseries by means of watertight
connection
- outlet shall have a vented leg fitting extending
304.8mbelow the inlet fitting
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3. CESSPOOLS- non watertight lined excavation in the
ground which receives the discharge of sanitary drainage
- designed to retain the organic matter but permitting the
liquid to seep through the pit bottom and sides
4. PRIVIES- oldest form of disposal of organic waste
- consist of vault constructed of concrete for the collection
of raw sewage and a wooden shelter
- requirement: when liquid wastes containing excessive
amounts of grease, garbage, flammable waste, sand or
other ing. which may affect the operation of a
privatesewage disposal system, inceptor shall be installed.
- disposal: waste from inceptor may be discharged to
aseptic tank or other primary system
SEWAGE TREATMENT- Aeration system within the tank
- Submersible mixer to mix the waste
- Sludge waste pump that aids in clarifying
2 MOST COMMON TYPE MUNICIPAL TREATMENT
1. ACTIVATED SLUDGE PROCESS
- Phase:
1. Gets rid of heavy materials with 3 different filter
2. Clarifies the effluent
3. Hardens the sludge and converts to fertilizers
2. THE TRICKLING FILTER PROCESS- aka Percolating or
Sprinkling Filter System
- reqs. Less mechanical elements and less stages
- 95% pure water-;requires large ground area
 BUILDING UTILITIES EXIT EXAM REVIEWER (DECEMBER 2017)
STORM DRAINAGE SYSTEM- Rainwater piping must not be
used as soil, waste and vent pipes
- Sizes of downspout and gutter sizes are based upon the
maximumdepth of rainfall per hour falling upon a given
roof area in m2
- Shapes: square, rectangle, round
- Downspouts for high rise shall be stronger pipes
materials to resist thehigh hydrostatic pressure
- Roof drain: equipped with dome type strainer
3 MAJOR SYSTEMS OF COLLECTING STORM WATERS
1. THE INDEPENDENT SYSTEM- aka the separate system
- brings collected water directly to water reservoirs
2. THE COMBINED SYSTEM- combines storm water with
sanitary wastes
3. NATURAL SYSTEM- without using any roof gutters
-when rainwater is collected in cistern
STORM DRAIN LOCATIONS
1. OUTSIDE
2. INSIDE
3. OVERHEAD
ROOFING ELEMENTS TO COLLECT RAINWATER
1. GUTTER- usually located along the entire perimeter of
the roof
2. DOWNSPOUT- located every 8 – 10m
- every corner of the roof
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3. THE STRAINER / ROOF DRAIN- designed to receive water
and clogging
4. THE SHOE- at the bottom of the roof
- to direct rain towards the nearest catch basin
5. CATCH BASIN- downspout should terminate in catch
basin
- delivers water in street via gravity
6. STORM LINE- connects to each catch basin
STORM SEWERS- Carries only rainwater
- Collected from the storm drain
- Terminates at natural drainage area
- Requires manhole to serve as cleanouts and to make
accessible
FUEL GAS PIPING SYSTEM
*LPG*- Liquefied Petroleum Gas
- aka “bottled gas”
- for home, commercial and industrial
- Cylinder: where gas is stored
- Pigtail: where high pressure vapor flows through when
cylinder valve is opened
- Regulator: reduces the high pressure of gas to the proper
operating gaspressure of the appliance.
FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM
*SUPPLYING WATER FOR FIRE*
1. Elevated water tank
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2. Underground water reservoirs
*TYPES OF FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM*
1. DRY STANDPIPE SYSTEM- no longer utilize
- no water stored; located in stairway landings
2. WET STANDPIPE SYSTEM- always have water stored
- constructed of wrought iron / galvanized steel
3. WET STANDPIPE WITH SIAMESE CONNECTION - directly
connected to main water line
- Siamese connection is at the outside of the building
4. AUTOMATIC / SPRINKLER SYSTEM
general type:
1. Automatic wet
2. Automatic dry
TYPES OF SPRINKLER HEADS
1. UPRIGHT- used above piping when piping exposed
2. PENDANT- projects through a finished ceiling when
piping isExposed
BUILDING UTILITIES 2 – MECHANICAL, ELECTRICAL AND
ELECTRONIC SYSTEMS OF BUILDING;
REVIEWERELECTRICITY
- A form of energy generated by friction, induction or
chemical change having magnetic chemical and radiant
effect.
 BUILDING UTILITIES EXIT EXAM REVIEWER (DECEMBER 2017)
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- a fundamental phenomenon of nature consisting of
negative and positive kinds composed respectively of
electrons and protons which is utilized as a source if
energy in the form of electric currents
BASIC PROPERTIES OF ELECTRICITY
1. Electron- negative charge of electricity
2. Proton- positive charge of electricity
What happens to the current in a short circuit? The OHMS LAW; E= I x R
current increases.
TERMS
VOLTAGE- another name for electromotive force (EMF)
ION- an atom or molecule that is electrically charged
“E”- the single-letter abbreviation for electromotive force (unbalanced)
(voltage)
VOLT/VOLTAGE- the electrical pressure that causes
VOLTMETER- instrument that measures the EMF of an electron to movethrough a conductor. (Electromotive
electricalcircuit. force) or EMF

3. Neutron- not electrically charged and weighs slightly A voltmeter must always be placed in parallel with the AMPERE- standard unit used in measuring the strength of
more than theproton circuit beingtested. an electricalcurrent

BASIC THEORY OF ELECTRICTY 6.24x10^18- electrons in one coulomb WATT- the rate of power that is consumed

1. All matters are made up of molecules One Ampere= one coulomb/sec RESISTANCE- opposition or friction to flow of current. Also
calledimpedance for AC current. It is an electrical term for
2. Molecules are made up of atoms AMMETER- an electrical meter that measures current friction.

3. Atoms contains neutrons, electrons, and protons A clamp-on type ammeter must be clamped around one ELECTRICAL CURRENT
wire(s) toobtain a proper reading.
4. Neutron is neutral, hence neither positive nor negatively -the flow electricity in a conductor
charged Types of Ammeter
Required components:
5. The electron of an atom of any substance could be 1. Clamp-on type
transformed toanother atom a. Source of voltage
2. Inline Ammeter
- Like charge REPEL and unlike charges ATTRACT b. Closed loop of wiring
POWER- the time rate of doing work
Two types of electrical currents: c. An electrical load
Electrical power is measured in WATTS (W or P)
1. Direct (DC) d. A means of opening and closing the circuit
W= E x I
2. Alternating (AC) CLASSIFICATION OF ELECTRIC CURRENT
Three Common conductors used in electrical
Components of a Simple Circuit circuits 1. Direct Current- electricity flows in one
direction (DC)
1. Power source 1. Silver
2. Alternating current- electricity constantly
2. Control (switch) 2. Copper reverses its direction of flow. It is generated by
machines called AC generators. It is universally
3. Load 3. Aluminum acceptedbecause of its unlimited number of
applications.
4. Conductors (wire) Electrical resistance is measured in OHMS

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 BUILDING UTILITIES EXIT EXAM REVIEWER (DECEMBER 2017)
ADVANTAGES OF ALTERNATING CURRENT -everything around us is made up of atoms, including
ourselves
1. Easily produced
ELEMENT-a liquid, solid, or gas that contains only one type
2. Cheap to maintain of atom. Ex:Oxygen, Hydrogen, Argon
3. Can be transformed to a higher voltage COMPOUNDS-a liquid, solid, or gas that contains two or
more types of atoms. Ex: H20, CO2, CO
4. Can be distributed to far distances
MOLECULES-the smallest particle of a compound in which
5. More efficient all the chemical characteristics of the compound are
present. Ex: 1 molecule of water= 1Hand 2O
TYPES OF CIRCUIT
PROTON-Positively charged particles located at the center,
1. Series Circuit- single path of current flow; or nucleus, of each atom
elements are arranged in a series of one after
the other with no branches. The current is the ELECTRONS- Small very light particles with a negative
same throughout and the voltage differ. electrical charge. These electrons move in orbit around the
nucleus of an atom
2. Parallel Circuit- “multiple connections” where
loads are placed acrossthe same voltage NEUTRONS- Do not have an electrical charge. These
constituting a separate circuit. The voltage is the particles add weight to the atom. Located at the nucleus of
sameand the current differ. an atom
HYDRAULIC SYSTEM ELECTRON MOVEMENT-The outer ring of an atom is called
the valance ring
1. Higher voltage, larger current
-The number of electrons on the valance ring determine
2. Higher resistance, lower current the electrical characteristics
Ohms Law -Current flow may be defined as the mass movement of
valence electrons from atom to atom through a conductor
Formula:
CONDUCTORS-An element with 1, 2, or 3 valance electrons
FOR DC FOR AC
-These electrons can be moved easily from one atom to
I= V / R I= V / Z another
I=current V=voltage SEMICONDUCTORS-An element with 4 valance electrons
R=resistance Z=impedance -Used to manufacture diodes and transistors
BASIC ELECTRICITY -Silicone is one of the most common semiconductors
ATOMS-the smallest known particle of an element INSULATORS-Have 5 or more electrons on the valance ring
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P a g e | 12
-Due to the electrical attraction of the electrons and
protons it is very to get the electrons to move
VOLTS-the pressure used to force the electrons from one
atom to another
-A typical battery has 12.6 volts of pressure
-A typical alternator produces 14V
AMPERAGE-The amount of electric current flowing in a
circuit
RESISTANCE-Measured in Ohms
-The resistance or opposition, to current flow in an
electrical circuit
DEFINITION OF TERMS
ELECTRICAL DEFINITIONS
A
ACCESSIBLE – Capable of being removed or exposed
without damaging thebuilding structure or finish, or not
permanently closed-in by the structureor finish of the
building.
AIR CIRCUIT BREAKER – One in which the current
interruption occurs in air.
AIR TERMINAL – A combination of elevation rod and
brace, or footing placed on upper portions of structures,
together with tip or point if used.
AIR SWITCH – One with contacts that separate in air.
AMPACITY – The current in Amperes a conductor can carry
continuously under the conditions of use without
exceeding its temperature rating.
APPLIANCE – Utilization equipment, generally other than
industrial ,normally built in standardized sizes or types,
 BUILDING UTILITIES EXIT EXAM REVIEWER (DECEMBER 2017)
which is installed or connected as a unit to perform one or
more functions such as air-conditioning.
ARMOR – A wrapping galvanized interlocking steel strip
forming an integral party of the assembly of certain
insulated cables, wires, or cords,which are capable of
withstanding certain mechanical tests. ARMORED
CABLE – A fabricated assembly of insulated conductors
and a flexiblemetallic covering.
ARRESTER (SURGE)- A protective device for limiting surge
voltage on equipment by discharging or bypassing surge
current it prevents continued flow of follow current to
ground and is capable of repeating the functions as
specified.
ASSEMBLY- A combination of all or of a portion of
component partsincluded in an electric apparatus,
mounted on a supporting frame orpanel, a properly
interwired.
B
BRANCH CIRCUIT- The circuit conductor between the final
over current device protecting the circuit and the outlet(s).
BUS-A conductor, a group of conductors, in switchgear
assemblies, which serves as common connections for two
or more circuits.
C D
CABLE-Either a stranded conductor with or without
insulation and other covering (single conductor cable), or a
combination of conductors insulated from one another
(multiple conductor cable).
CIRCUIT BREAKER-A device designed to open and close a
circuit by no automatic means and to open the circuit
automatically on a predetermined over current without
damage to itself when properly applied within its rating.
REVIEWER COMPILED BY THE GRAPHICS CLUB MIT BATCH 5
CONDUCTOR BARE- A conductor having no covering or
electrical insulation whatsoever. (See Conductor,
covered.”)
COVERED- A conductor encased within materials of
composition or thickness that is not recognized by this
Code as electrical insulation.
INSULATED- A conductor encased within material of
composition and thickness that is recognized by this Code
as electrical insulation.
CONDUIT FITTING- An accessory, which serves to
complete a conduit system, such as hushing and access
fittings.
CONNECTOR (Splicing Sleeve) - A metal sleeve, usually
copper that is slipped over and secured to the butted ends
of the conductors in making up a joint.
CONTINUOUS LOAD- A load where the maximum current
is expected to continue for three hours or more.
CONTROLLER- A device or group of devices that serve to
govern, in some predetermined manner, the electric
power delivered to the apparatus to which it is connected.
CUTOUT BOX- An enclosure designed for surface mounting
and having swinging doors or covers secured directly to
and telescoping with the walls of the box proper.
DEVICE- A unit of an electrical system, which is intended
to carry but not utilize electric energy.
DISTRIBUTION CENTER- A point at which energy s divided
among feeders or branch circuits or combination of both,
and where over current devices are usually located.
F LINE TAP: A radial branch connection to a main line.
FITTING- An accessory such as a locknut, brushing, or
other part of a wiring system that is intended primarily to
perform a mechanical rather than an electrical function.
P a g e | 13
FIXTURE- An integral, separate of self-contained unit,
which may contain one or more bulbs or fluorescent
tubes.
FUSE- An over current protective device with a circuit-
opening fusible member, which is heated and severed by
the passage of over current through it.
G
GROUNDED- Connected 10 earth or to some conducting
body that serves in place of the earth.
GROUNDING CONDUCTOR- A conductor used to connect
equipment or the grounded circuit of a wiring system to a
grounding electrode or electrodes.
I
INSULATED- Separated from other conducting surfaces by
a dielectric permanently offering a high resistance 10 the
passage of current and to disruptive discharge.
INSULATING- A term applied to non-conducting substance
capable of bringing about the condition defined in
insulated.
J
JUMPER- A short length of conductor used to make a
connection between terminals or around a break in a
circuit, or around an instrument. It is usually a temporary
connection.
L
LINE CONDUCTOR- A wire or cable carrying electric
current, supported by poles, towers or other structures.,
hut not including vertical or lateral connecting wires.
O
 BUILDING UTILITIES EXIT EXAM REVIEWER (DECEMBER 2017)
P a g e | 14

OUTLET- A point on the wiring system at which current is
taken to supply utilization equipment.
P (effective) difference of potential between any two
PEAK LOAD- The maximum load consumed or produced by
a unit or group of units in a stated period of time. It may
be the maximum instantaneous load or the maximum
average load over a designated interval of time.
R
RACEWAY- An enclosed channel designed expressly for
holding wires, cables, or bus bars, with additional function
as permitted in this Code.
REACTOR- A device used for the purpose of minimizing
irregularities in the flow of welding currents
RECEPTACLE OULET- An outlet where one or more
receptacles are installed.
S STORED AND MOVING ENERGY
V 1. Mechanical energy, which includes:
VOLTAGE (OF A CIRCUIT) - The largest root-mean-square
conductors of the circuitconcerned.
VOLT TRANSFORMATION TRANSFORMER- a static device
consisting of a magnetic core wherein a primary and
secondary windings are made. Transformers are
reversible, it may be step-up or step-down.
POWER AND ENERGY
Power- the rate at which the energy is used; the technical
term for work.
Energy - Synonymous to fuel and can be expressed in
gallons, liters, kilowatt hours or consumed electricity and
cost of operation.
Watt - measuring unit of electric power.
- Potential Energy- stored energy
- Kinetic Energy- from the movement of matter.
2. Radiant or Solar Energy- which comes from the light and
warmth of the sun.
3. Thermal Energy- associated with the heat of an object.
4. Chemical Energy- stored in the chemical bonds of
molecules.
5. Electrical Energy- associated with the movement of
electrons
6. Electromagnetic Energy- associated with light waves
(including radio waves, microwaves, x-rays, infrared
waves).
7. Mass (or nuclear) Energy- found in the nuclear structure
of atoms.

SERVICE RACEWAY- The raceway that encloses the service Two types: ELECTRICAL CONDUCTORS AND INSULATORS
entrance conductors.
1. Stored Energy- potential energy Electrical Conductors- materials used to carry or allow the
T flow of electric current
2. Moving Energy- kinetic energy
TRANSFORMER VAULT- An enclosure either above or Materials that are good conductors:
below ground, with fire resistant walls, ceiling and floor, MEASUREMENT OF ENERGY
exclusively built for unattended transformers and their 1. Silver 6. Zinc
auxiliaries. BTU (British Thermal Unit)- is the amount of heat energy it
takes to raise the temperature of one pound of water by 2. Copper 7. Platinum
W one degree Fahrenheit, at sea level.
3. Aluminum 8. Iron
WIRE- A short piece of wire use to bind an overhead -Energy can also be measured in joules
conductor to an insulator or other support. 4. Nickel 9. Lead
- a thousand joules is equal to one BTU
WIREWAY- Approved steel or metal roughing (usually with 5. Brass 10. Tin
removable cover), and fitting therefore, so formed and - The term "joule" is named after an English scientist James
constructed that insulated conductors may he readily Prescott Joule who lived from 1818 to 1889. He discovered -Conductors are resistive substances. There are no such
drawn in and withdrawn, or laid in and removed, without that heat is a type of energy. things as perfect conductors.
injury either to conductor or covering.
FORMS OF ENERGY - A good conductor must have extremely low resistance.

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 BUILDING UTILITIES EXIT EXAM REVIEWER (DECEMBER 2017)
FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE CONDUCTOR RESISTANCE:
- Composition of a conductor the mineral composition
- Length of the conductor the longer the wire, the bigger is
the resistance
- Cross sectional area of the conductor - the bigger the
cross sectional area of wire, the lower is the resistance.
- Temperature - Metal offers high resistance to high
temperature.
Insulators- materials that resist the flow of current
- A good insulator must have extremely high resistance
and a moderate resistance for a load resistor.
Materials that are good insulators:
1. Rubber5. Class 9.Thermoplastic
2. Porcelain 6. Mica 10. Paper
3. Varnish 7. Latex 11. Oil
4. Slate 8. Asbestos 12. Wax
ELECTROMOTIVE FORCE (EMF) - or EMF, is used to
indicate electrical pressure or voltage that causes current
to flow.
- The volt is unit of electrical pressure, similar to pressure
used to make gases and liquids flow through pipes.
- One volt is the force required to push one amp through
one ohm of resistance.
- Abbreviation for volt (EMF) is E.
VOLTMETER - measure the electromotive force of a power
source
- there are DC voltmeters that measure DC voltage and AC
voltmeters that measure AC voltage
REVIEWER COMPILED BY THE GRAPHICS CLUB MIT BATCH 5
- One kilovolt (kV) is 1,000 volts
- One millivolt (mv) is 1/1000 (.001) of a volt
- One microvolt (mV is 1/1,000,000 (.000001) of a volt
- Digital type (uses electronic circuitry instead of
electromagnetic effects).
ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS -the route along the electricity flows
Electricity Circuit Requirements/ Construction
-Power Source (Battery Alternator, Generator, etc.)- supply
the flow of electrons
- Protection Device ( Fuse, Fusible Link, or Circuit Breaker)-
prevents damage to the circuit
- Load Device (Lamp, Motor, Winding, Resistor, etc.)-
converts the electricity into work
- Control (Switch, Relay or Transistor)- turn the circuit on
or off
- Conductors (A Return Path, Wiring to Ground)- provide
an electrical path
LOADS- Any devise that consumes electricity
- Regarded as resistance
- Use up voltage and control the amount of current flowing
in a circuit
AUTOMOTIVE ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT- One end of the wire
from each load returning to the battery is connected to
the vehicle body or frame
- The body or frame is then referred to as the body ground
of the circuit
OHM’S LAW- The current in a circuit is directly
proportional to the applied voltage and inversely
proportional to the amount of resistance
P a g e | 15
TYPES OF ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT
1. Series Circuit- The conductors, control and protection
devices, loads, and power source are connected with only
one path to ground for current flow
- An open in the circuit will disable the entire circuit
- The voltage divides (shared) between the loads
- The current flow is the same throughout the circuit
- The resistance of each load can be different
2. Parallel Circuit- It has more than one path for current
flow
- The same voltage is applied across each branch
- Current flow through each branch can be different
- The resistance of each branch can be different
3. Series- Parallel Circuit- The power source and control or
protection devices are usually in series; the loads are
usually in parallel
- The same current flows in the series portion, different
currents in the parallel portion
- The same voltage is applied to parallel devices, different
voltages to series devices
FUSES- The metal filament in the fuse melts and breaks
the connection
BREAKERS- It act to limit the current in a single circuit in
most household applications
- The heating effect on a bimetallic strip causes it to bend
and trip a spring loaded switch
- A small electromagnet consisting of wire loops around a
piece of iron will pull the bimetallic strip down instantly in
case of a large current surge
 BUILDING UTILITIES EXIT EXAM REVIEWER (DECEMBER 2017)
VOLTAGE DROP (IR) - The sum of the voltage drop in an
electrical circuit always equals the applied voltage
- The voltage drop across any part of a circuit is equal to I x
R.
Series Circuit Rules
• The total current in a series circuit is equal to the current
in any other part of the circuit
• The total voltage in a series circuit is equal to the sum of
the voltages across all parts of the circuit
• The total resistance of a series circuit is equal to the sum
of the resistances of all the parts of the circuit
Parallel Circuit Rules
• The total current in a parallel circuit is equal to the sum
of the currents in all the branches of the circuit
• The total voltage across any branch in parallel is equal to
the voltage across any other branch and is also equal to
the total voltage
• The total resistance in a parallel circuit is found by
applying Ohm’s law to the total values of the circuit
ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT DEFECTS
1. Open Circuit- An unwanted break in an electric circuit
2. Grounded Circuit- An unwanted copper-to-metal
connection
3. Shorted Circuit- An unwanted copper-to-copper
connection
MAGNETISM
Electromagnetism– When current flows through a
conductor an invisible field of force surrounds the wire
REVIEWER COMPILED BY THE GRAPHICS CLUB MIT BATCH 5
–This magnetic field is concentric to the conductor, and an
increase in current flow results in a stronger magnetic field
–The magnetic strength of an electromagnet is determined
mainly by the number of turns and current flow through
the windings
Multi- Meter Operation
Types:
1. Analog
2. Digital -Review settings on Multi-Meters
-Determine what each setting is used for
- Break into groups and complete multi-meter
work sheet
ELECTRICAL PRINCIPLES AND WIRING MATERIALS
Heat and Light
Electricity- form of energy that can produce light, heat,
magnetism, and chemical changes
Resistance- tendency of material to resist electrical flow
Conductor- allow electricity flow easily
Insulator- great resistance to the flow of electricity
AMPERES, VOLTS, & WATTS
Amperes- a measure of the rate of flow of electricity
Volts- a measure of electric pressure
Watts- measure of the amount of energy or work that can
be done
ELECTRIC MOTORS
P a g e | 16
Magnetism- is the basis upon which electric motors
operate
Commutator- reverses the current in the motor
Armature- rotating magnet
Generator- produces a direct current
Alternator- alternates the electric current
CIRCUITS
Circuit- a source of electricity plus two or more wires
connected to a load
Open circuit- circle is broken so that current cannot flow
through it
Short circuit- electricity flow through the circuit and back
to its source rapidly
Grounding- connection between a piece of equipment and
the ground
SERVICE ENTRANCE
Entrance head- used to attach exterior wires to interior
wires of a building
Transformer- converts high voltage from the power lines
to 240 volts
Service drop- an assembly of electrical wires, connector,
and fastener used to transmit electricity from the
transformer to the entrance head
Service entrance panel- box with fuses or circuit breakers
where electricity enter the building
BRANCH CIRCUITS
Branch circuits- branch out from the entrance panel to a
variety of places and for a variety of different purposes
 BUILDING UTILITIES EXIT EXAM REVIEWER (DECEMBER 2017)
- is defined by the National Electric Code (NEC) as “the
circuit conductors between the final over current
protective device and the outlets.”
Comprises of the ff:
The source of voltage, The wiring, The load
Types of Branch Circuits:
1. General purpose branch circuit – Supplies outlets for
appliances, including convenience receptacles.
2. Appliance branch circuit – Supplies outlets for feeding
appliances.
3. Individual branch circuit – Supplies outlets for a single
specific item.
Fuse- a plug or cartridge containing a strip of metal Circuit
breaker- a switch that trips and breaks the circuit
TYPES OF CABLES
1. Nonmetallic sheathed cable- consists of copper or
aluminum wires covered with paper and vinyl
2. Armored cable- a flexible metal sheath with individual
wires inside
3. Conduit- tubing that contains individual insulated wires
4. Electrical metallic tube- bendable type of metal
5. Solid Copper Wires
6. Rubber Insulated Cables
7. Polymer Insulation
WIRE IDETIFICATION
• Type T- used for dry locations
• Type TW- use in dry or wet locations
REVIEWER COMPILED BY THE GRAPHICS CLUB MIT BATCH 5
• Type THHN- dry locations, high temperature
• Type THW and THWN- wet locations, high temperature
• Type XHHW- high moisture and heat resistance
• Type UF- direct burial in soil but not concrete
• Positive (hot) wires- black, red, blue wires that carry
current to appliances
• Neutral wires- white wires that carry current from the
appliance back to the source
• Green wires and bare wires- are used to ground all metal
boxes and appliances
WIRE SIZES
The American Wire Gauge (AWG) also known as the Brown
& Sharpe wire gauge, is a standardized wire gauge system
used since 1857npredominantly in the United States for
the diameters of round, solid, nonferrous, electrically
conducting wire. The cross sectional area of each gauge is
an important factor for determining its current carrying
capacity.
WIRE
- Different than cable. Cable refers to two or more wires or
conductors grouped together in a jacket.
Copper or tinned copper is the most common conductor in
home wiring because it has minimum resistance at
reasonable cost.
- Wire is grouped by gauge number, running from 0000 to
No. 40. The smaller the number, the thicker the wire. For
home use, the most common gauges are between 10 and
20.
- Larger wire carries more current. Forcing too much
current through a wire will cause it to overheat and trip a
breaker.
P a g e | 17
- Wire is also characterized by letters that correspond to
the insulation type and electrical capacity.
- Grounding wire provides a path of least resistance from
the frame or case of an appliance to the ground to guard
against electric shocks. Both two- and three conductor
cables can carry grounding wires.
Materials for wiring interior electrical systems in
buildings vary depending on:
- Intended use and amount of power demand on the
circuit
-Type of occupancy and size of the building
-National and local regulations
-Environment in which the wiring must operate.
Modern Wiring Materials
-an electrical power cable found commonly in houses. The
cable consists of 3 wires (2 wires + 1 grounding) and is
double insulated
- Mineral insulated cables at a panel board
TYPES OF WIRES AND CABLES
1. Standard wire and cable-consist of group of wires
twisted to for a metallic string. CORD is the term given to
instead stranded wire.
2. Solid wire and cable
American Wire Gauge (AWG) - the old system of
measuring the sizes of wires and cables
System International/ Metric system (SI system) – wires
and cables are expressed in square millimeters.
-In AWG, the smaller the number, the larger the size of the
wire
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P a g e | 18

-In SI, the cross sectional area of the wire expressed in sq.
mm. is the actual size of the wire or cable
CONDUITS AND RACEWAYS
Raceways- channels or pipes used to hold wires, cables or
busbars
Materials used in raceways:
- To protect the wiring system from damage by the
building and its occupants
- To protect the building and the occupants from damage
by the electric systems
OTHER TYPERS OF RACEWAYS
- Conduit coupling, elbows, condulets and other fittings
Other Wiring Accessories:
Junction box- box with a blank cover where conductors
meet join
Pull box- box with a blank cover inserted to one or more
raceways to facilitate pulling of the conductors
Receptacle- contact device installed at the outlet for the
connection of a single attachment plug.

1. Metals - Conduit supports such as clamps, hangers, etc. TYPES OF CABLES:

2. Plastics - Cable trays, cable bus, etc. 1. Armored Cable (AC) or BX- fabricated assembly of
insulated conductors enclosed in flexible metal sheet.
Types of Raceways: - Non-metal raceways These are used for exposed and concealed work

1. Conduits- most common type; usually in the form of a - Metal raceways
pipe or tube
Connectors- are metal sleeves usually made of cooper that
Connectors and other accessories is slipped over and secure to the butted ends of
conductors in making a joint. Also known as SPLICING
Types of conduits according to material used: SLEEVE.
1. Metallic (steel pipes, aluminum, etc.) OUTLET - A point in the wiring system at which current is
taken to supply utilization equipment; any point that
2. Non-metallic (plastics, pvc) supplies an electric load
Types of conduits according to its making: Kinds of Outlet:
1. Rigid metal 3.Rigid non-metal 1. Convenience outlet or attachment cap
2. Flexible 4. Flexible non-metal
2. Lighting outlet- intended for a direct connection to a
(corrugated type)
lamp holder, lighting fixture or a pendant cord terminating
in a lamp holder.
PURPOSE OF ELECTRICAL CONDUITS
3. Receptacle outlet- an outlet where one or more
- To provide means of running wires from one point to
receptacles are installed
another
4. Special outlet
- To physically protect the wires
5. Convenience outlet (co) or attachment cap – a device
- To provide grounded enclosures
which by insertion in a receptacle establishes connection
between the conductor of the flexible cord and the
- To protect the surroundings against the effect of fault in
conductors connected permanently to the receptacle.
the wiring
2. Metal Clad Cable (MC)- factory assembled cable of one
or more conductors each individually insulated and
enclosed in a metallic sheath of interlocking tape of a
smooth or corrugate tube. This is used for service feeders,
branch circuits and for indoor and outdoor works.
3. Mineral Insulated Cable (MI)- factory assembled cable
one or more conductor insulated with a highly compressed
refractory mineral insulation enclosed in a liquid and gas
tight continuous copper sheath.
4. Non-Metallic Sheath Cable (NM)- factory assembled of
one or more conductors having a moisture resistant, flame
retardant, and non-metallic material outer sheath. This is
used specifically on one and two family dwelling units not
exceeding three (3) storeys
5. Shielded Non-Metallic Sheathed Cable (SNM)-factory
assembled cable of one or more conductors in an extruded
core of moisture resistant and flame retardant material
covered within an overlapping spiral metal tape. Thus is
used in hazardous locations and in cable trays or in
raceways.
6. Underground Feeder and Branch Circuit Cable (UF)- a
moisture resistant type of cable used for underground
connections including direct burial in the ground as feeder
or ground circuit.

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 BUILDING UTILITIES EXIT EXAM REVIEWER (DECEMBER 2017)
7. Service Entrance Cable (SE or USE)- an single or multi
conductor assembly provided with an overall covering
primarily used fro service wire.
8. Power and Control Tray Cable (TC)- factory assembles
cable of one or more conductors in with or without
associated bare or covered grounding under a metallic
sheath. This is used for installation in cable trays, raceways
or where it is supported by a messenger wire
9. Flat Cable Assemblies (FC)- an assembly of parallel
conductors formed integrally with an insulating material
web designed specifically for field installation in metal
surface or raceways.
10. Flat Conductor Cables (FCC)- consist of three or more
flat copper conductor placed edge to edge separated and
enclosed within an insulating assembly. This is used for
general purpose as appliance, branch circuits, individual
branch circuits especially in hard smooth continuousfloor
surfaces.
11. Medium Voltage Cable (MV)- a single or multi-
conductor solid dielectric insulated cable rated at 2,000 or
higher. This is used fro power system up to 35,000V
12. Busway or Busbars- an assembly of module conductors
used to carry large amount of current (power). Instead of
using several parallel or single large conductor, a bar
assembly is adapted
POWER SUPPLY- Refers to a source of electrical power.
-A device or system that supplies electrical or other types
of energy to an output load or group of loads is called a
power supply unit or PSU.
TYPES OF POWER SUPPLY
1. Linear Power Supply
2. Switched-Mode Power Supply
3. Uninterruptible Power Supply
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P a g e | 19
PANEL BOARD - The National Electrical Code® (NEC®) outlet boxes, including receptacles, switches, dimmers, fan
defines a panel board as a single panel or group of panel controls, and so on.
units designed for assembly in the form of a single panel;
including buses, automatic over current devices, and - Receptacles
equipped with or without switches for the control of light,
heat, or power circuits; designed to be placed in a cabinet - Switches
or cutout box placed in or against a wall or partition and
accessible only from the front - Specialties
Types of Panel Board: RECEPTACLE OUTLET - A receptacle outlet which is
mounted on the wall of a room to supply electricity for
1. Main Breaker Type lamps, appliances, etc.
2. Main Lug Only Type - A common wall outlet properly called a convenience
receptacle outlet, a receptacle outlet, or a convenience
OVERCURRENT PROTECTIVE DEVICES are used to protect outlet.
conductors from excessive current flow. These
Parts of a Receptacle Outlet:
protective devices are designed to keep the flow
of current in a circuit at a safe level to prevent the circuit -Break-Out Fins
conductors from overheating.
- Silver Terminal Screws
1. FUSE - is an overall current protective device with a
circuit opening fusible element which open (break) when -Grounding Terminal Screws
there is an over current in the circuit.
- Brass Terminal Screws
Types of Fuse:
- Test and Reset Buttons
1. Cartridge Type
SWITCH - An electrical switch is any device used to
interrupt the flow of electrons in a circuit. Switches are
2. Plug Fuse Type
essentially binary devices: they are either completely on
3. Knife Blade Type ("closed") or completely off ("open").
2. CIRCUIT BREAKER A simple electrical switch- A simple semiconductor switch
is a transistor.
- The National Electrical Code® defines a circuit breaker as
a device designed to open and close a circuit by non- - A few of the most common wiring device switches,
automatic means, and to open the circuit automatically on generally installed in a small wall box and used for control
a predetermined over current without damage to itself of lighting circuits.
when properly applied within its rating.
Parts of a switch:
WIRING DEVICES- The general term wiring devices
includes all devices that are normally installed in wall -Single-pole switch
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P a g e | 20

- Holes for cover plate - Screw terminal Type -Fuses -Circuit breakers

- Plaster Ears - Heat Shrink -Overload -Thermal shunt

-Three-way switch CONDUCTOR FORMS TROUBLESHOOTING

- Common Terminal Screw - Solid Wire • Series Circuit -Open

Multimeter Voltage tester - Stranded Wire • No current

` •voltage •voltage level - Multiconductor Cable • Source at the open

•current •rugged construction - Lamp cord • Rest are zeros -Short

•resistance RESISTORS • Current Increase

Clip-on ammeter- measures current without direct - Series - Units • V is zero at the short
connection
- Parallel - Symbol • Parallel
Digital circuit probe- measures digital logic levels
SERIES CIRCUIT -Same current – Short: Fuse blows
Oscilloscope- used to measure and examine voltage
waveforms - Largest resistance has the largest voltage drop. – Open: Less current

SOURCES OF ELECTRICITY - Add resistance Ground Fault Interrupter - Ground fault interrupters are
designed to protect from electrical shock by interrupting a
-Heat – Lower current household circuit when there is a difference in the
currents in the "hot" and neutral wires
- Light - One open the circuit fails.
Static Electricity - Electrical charge at rest.
- Pressure PARALLEL CIRCUIT - Same Voltage
- Static: having no motion; at rest
- Mechanical Magnetic action -Smallest resistance, most current.
> Electrical charges are caused by an imbalance of
CURRENT- the rate flow of electrons - Add a branch: electrons on the surface atoms of materials.

- one Coulomb/ sec – Increase Current > Primarily due to triboelectric charging between materials
where electrons from surface atoms are transferred
- =one ampere (A) – Decrease Resistance between materials creating an electrostatic potential.

CONNECTORS – RT smallest than the smallest. > Electrostatic field surrounds electrostatically charged
objects.
-Crimp - One opens, current is smaller than normal
ESD : A hare raising experience
-Solder (tin lead, 63/37) CIRCUIT PROTECTION

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 BUILDING UTILITIES EXIT EXAM REVIEWER (DECEMBER 2017)
Electrostatic Discharge (ESD) - A transfer of electrostatic
charge between bodies at different electrostatic potentials
caused by direct contact or induced by an electrostatic
field.
Lightning: a mega ESD event
Lightning strikes somewhere on Earth about 100 times
each second!
COMMUNICATION AND LIGHTING
SPEAKER CONNECTION -Speaker installation is an
important element whenever you install a
Communication system. No matter how good the amplifier
is, if the speaker installation is not done properly, the
sound produced will be inadequate.
FIBER-OPTIC SYSTEMS -Design has centered on long-haul
communications and the subscriber-loop plants.
-The subscriber loop plant is the part of a system that
connects a subscriber to the nearest switching center.
Cable television is an example
Advantages of Fiber Optics:
1. Fiber-optic systems have many attractive features that
are superior ton electrical systems. These include
improved system performance, immunity to electrical
noise, signal security, and improved safety and electrical
isolation.
2. Other advantages include reduced size and weight,
environmental protection, and overall system economy.
Disadvantages:
1. Because of the relative newness of the technology,
Fiber-optic components are expensive.
2. Fiber-optic transmitters and receivers are still relatively
expensive compared to electrical interfaces.
REVIEWER COMPILED BY THE GRAPHICS CLUB MIT BATCH 5
3. The lack of standardization in the industry has also
limited the acceptance of fiber optics.
4. Many industries are more comfortable with the use of
electrical systems and are reluctant to switch to fiber
optics.
BASIC STRUCTURE OF AN OPTICALFIBER
The basic structure of an optical fiber consists
of three parts: the core, the cladding, and the coating or
buffer
The CORE is a cylindrical rod of dielectric material.
Dielectric materialconducts no electricity. Light propagates
mainly along the core of theiber. The core is generally
made of glass
The core is surrounded by a layer of material called the
cladding. Even though light will propagate along the fiber
core without the layer of cladding material, the cladding
does perform some necessary functions.
The CLADDING layer is made of a dielectric material.
Cladding is generally made of glass or plastic and performs
the following functions: Reduces loss of light from the core
into the surrounding air Reduces scattering loss at the
surface of the core Protects the fiber from absorbing
surface
contaminants Adds mechanical strength For
extra protection.
-The COATING or BUFFER is a layer of material used to
protect an optical fiber from physical damage. The
material used for a buffer is a type of plastic. The buffer is
elastic in nature and prevents abrasions. Also, the buffer
prevents the optical fiber from scattering losses caused by
micro bends. Micro bends occur when an optical fiber is
placed on a rough and distorted surface.
AIRCONDITIONING -is the cooling and dehumidification of
indoor air for thermal comfort.
P a g e | 21
- The term can refer to any form of cooling, heating,
ventilation, or disinfection that modifies the condition of
air. - An air conditioner designed to stabilize the air
temperature and humidity within an area
.- is an appliance, system, or mechanism designed to
extract heat from an area via a refrigeration cycle. In
construction, a complete system of heating, ventilation,
and air conditioning is referred to as "HVAC." Its purpose,
in a building or an automobile, is to provide comfort
during either hot or cold weather. - The process of treating
air to control simultaneously its temperature, humidity,
cleanliness, and distribution to meet the comfort
requirementsof the occupants of the conditioned space.
CONCEPT OF AIRCONDITIONING - The concept of air
conditioning is known to have been applied in Ancient
Rome, where aqueduct water was circulated through the
walls of certain houses to cool them
-Similar techniques in Persia involved the use of cisterns
and wind towers to cool buildings during the hot season
-The first large-scale electrical air conditioning was
invented and used in 1902 by Willis Haviland Carrier.
APPLICATIONS
Comfort Applications
-Aim to provide a building indoor environment that
remains relatively constant in a range preferred by
humans despite changes in external weather conditions or
in internal heat loads.
-Air conditioning makes deep plan buildings feasible.
Process Applications
- Aims to provide a suitable environment for a process
being carried out, regardless of internal heat and humidity
loads and external weather conditions.
 BUILDING UTILITIES EXIT EXAM REVIEWER (DECEMBER 2017)
-Although often in the comfort range, it is the needs of the
process that determine conditions, not human preference
Comfort Applications for various building types:
Low-Rise Residential buildings, including single family
houses, duplexes, and small apartment buildings.
High-Rise Residential buildings, such as tall dormitories
and apartment blocks.
Commercial buildings, which are built for commerce,
including offices,malls, shopping centers, restaurants, etc.
Institutional buildings, which includes hospitals,
governmental, academic, and so on.
Industrial spaces where thermal comfort of workers is
desired.
TERMS
A B
Absolute humidity- amount of moisture in the air.
AIR CHANGES (IN VENTILATION) – the number of times
the air is changed per hour in a room
AIR FOIL VANES – flat blades in a register that can be
turned to position that direct the airstreams.
AFUE- Annual Fuel Utilization Efficiency, a rating that
reflects the efficiency of gas furnace in covering fuel to
energy.
Air Change- the amount of air required to completely
replace the air in a room or a building.
Air Conditioner- Assembly of equipment for the
simultaneous control of air temperature, relative humidity,
purity and motion.
Air Cooled- uses a fan to discharge heat from a condenser
coil to then outdoor.
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Adiabatic Saturation– the introduction of water into
saturated air to increase its humidity ratio, but without
transfer of heat to or from an outside source and without
gain or loss of the heat content (Enthalpy) of the mixture.
Air Diffuser- Air distribution outlet or grille designed to
direct airflow into desired patterns.
Airflow- The distribution or movement of air.
Air Handler- Fan-blower, filter and housing parts of a
system.
Air Source- air is being used as the heat source or heat sink
for a heat pump.
Arc- Luminous Bridge formed by in a gap between two
conductors or terminals when they are separated. A spark.
Automatic expansion valve (AXV)- Refrigerant metering
device operatedby a low-side pressure of the system.
Balance Point- The lowest outdoor temperature at which
the refrigeration cycle of a heat pump will supply the
heating requirements with the aid of a supplementary
heat source.
Bias- steady voltage inserted in a series with an element of
an electronic device.
Blow-through unit- a unit in which direct expansion, or
hydraulic coils, is located downstream of supply fan.
Compare with pullthrough unit.
Blower (fan) - an air handling device for moving air in a
distribution system..
BTUH- The number of BTU in an hour.
Boiler– a unit that produces hot water or steam for
heating
P a g e | 22
Breathing wall – a method such as the incremental system
that has exterior wall opening for heat and moisture
rejection and fresh air supply.
BTU (British Thermal Unit)- the standard of measurement
used for measuring the amount of heat required to raise
the temperature of one pound of water by one degree
(Fahrenheit)
BURN PLENUM – the duct designed to bring “return air” to
the blowers of the air handling unit.
C
Centralized– a system with one heating or cooling source
and a ducted network
Capacity- the output or producing capability of a piece of
cooling or heating equipment.
Central Air conditioner System- system in which air is
treated at central location and carried to and from the
rooms by one or more fans and a system of duct. Charge-
amount of refrigerant placed in the refrigerating unit.
Chilled water – the refrigerated water used to call with air
in air conditioning system
Comfort Zone- the range of temperature, humid and air
velocities at which the greatest percentage of people feel
comfortable.
Compressor -the heart of an air conditioning or heat pump
system. It is a part of the outdoor until that pumps
refrigerant. It maintains adequate pressure to cause
refrigerant to flow in sufficient quantities in order to meet
the cooling requirements.
Condenser- A device that transfers unwanted heat out of
the refrigeration system to a medium to absorb the heat
and transfer it to a disposal unit.
Condenser Coil- a series or network of tubes filled with
refrigerant, normally located outside the home, that
 BUILDING UTILITIES EXIT EXAM REVIEWER (DECEMBER 2017)
removes heat from hot, gaseous refrigerant so that the
refrigerant becomes liquid again.
Condensing Unit- Part of a refrigerating mechanism which
pumps vaporized refrigerant from the evaporator,
compresses it, liquefies in the condenser and returns it to
a refrigerant control.
COP- Coefficient of Performance of a heat pump means
the ratio of the rate of useful heat output delivered by the
complete heat pump unit to the corresponding rate of
energy input, in consistent units and under operating
conditions.
Cooling Capacity- A measure of the ability of a unit to
remove the heat from an enclosed space. COMPRESSION –
produces high pressure Freon •
CONDENSING - liquefies high pressure Freon
D in return air from one side and expelling warm air from the
Damper- Found in ductwork, this movable plate opens and
closes to control airflow. Dampers are used effectively in
zoning to regulate airflow to certain rooms.
Defrost Cycle- The process of removing ice or frost buildup
from the outdoor coil during the heating season.
Dehumidification- The reduction of water vapor in air by
cooling the air blow the dew point.
DP – DEW POINT (the temperature at which dew becomes
water)
Down flow furnace- A furnace that pulls in return air from
the top and expels warm air at the bottom.
DB – DRY BULB TEMPERATURE (the temperature of the air
water vapour mixture as in the normal way with a
Fahrenheit thermo
DEGREE DAY – the number of Fahrenheit degrees that the
average outdoor temperature over a 24-hour period is less
than 65 F.
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Duct- A pipe or closed conduit made of sheet of metal,
fiberglass board, or other suitable material used or
conducting air to form an air handling unit.
Ductwork- Pipes or channels that carry air throughout
your home.
E
EVAPORATION – absorbs heat as Freon becomes a gas
Enthalpy – the quantity of heat in BTU per minute in a
fluid or gas Heat content or total heat, including both
sensible and latent heat. The amount of heat contained in
a refrigerant at any given temperature with reference to
40F.
Evaporator- Absorbs heat from the surroundings air or
liquid and move it outside the refrigerate area by means of
a refrigerant.
Evaporator Coil- a series or network of tubes filled with
refrigerant located inside the home that takes heat and
moisture out of indoor air as liquid refrigerant evaporate.
F outdoor design temperature and a specified indoor design
FINNED TUBE – used for heat transfer between water and
air
FLOW RATE – cubic feet per minute (CFM)of air-circulated
in an air system of the number of pounds of water per
hour circulated through a hot water system
FIDE GAS - Carbon monoxide, Carbon dioxide and the like
Filter- a device for removing dust particles from air or
unwanted elements from liquid.
FREON – refrigerant gas
Furnace- the part of an environment system which
converts gas, oil, electricity or other fuel into heat for
distribution within the structure.
P a g e | 23
G
Ground source- the ground or soil below the frost line is
being used as the heat source or heat sink for a heat
pump. Ground water source- water from underground
well is being used as the heat source or heat sink for a heat
pump
H
HUMIDIFIER - a device to vaporize water, and to use it to
increase the relative humidity of air
Heat Pump- compression cycle system used to supply heat
to a controlled temperature space.
Heat exchanger- a device for the transfer of heat energy
from the source to the conveying medium.
Horizontal Furnace- a furnace that lies on its sides, pulling
other.
Heat gain- the amount of heat gained, measured in BTU’s,
from a space to be conditioned, and the local summer
condition.
Humidity Ratio – the weight of the actual water vapor in a
mixture per pound or dry air
Humidifier- a device that adds moisture to warm air being
circulated or directed into a space. • Humidistat- a device
designed to regulate humidity input by reacting to changes
into the moisture content of the air.
Humidity- the amount of moisture in the air. Air
conditioners remove moisture for added comfort.
HSPF- Heating Seasonal Performance Factor. Refers to the
efficiency of the heating mode of heat pumps over an
entire heating season. The higher the number, the more
efficient the unit.
HVAC- Heating, ventilation, air conditioning.
 BUILDING UTILITIES EXIT EXAM REVIEWER (DECEMBER 2017)
I Psychrometer– an instrument used to determine the
IBR - INSTITUTE OF BOILER AND RADIATOR
MANUFACTURER
INFILTRATION – cold air that leaks in -airflow inward into a
space through walls, leaks around doors and windows or
through the building materials used in the structures.
ICM – Integrally Controlled Motor.
Indoor Unit- this is actually located inside the house and
contains the indoor coil, fan, motor, and filtering device,
sometimes called the air handler.
Indoor Coil- refrigerant containing portion of a fan coil unit
similar to a car radiator, typically made of several rows of
copper tubing with aluminium fins.
K
K factor- fee of a grille
King valve- valve located at the outlet of the receiver tank.
The liquid receiver valve.
LLatent Heat (hidden heat)- change of state from a liquid
to a solid or liquid to a vapor involves latent that cannot be
measured with a thermometer.
Lithium Bromide System- uses water for the refrigerant
and lithium bromide for the absorber; strong solution.
Locked rotor amps (LRA)- current a compressor motor will
draw if the compressor is stuck and cannot be turned over.
M The complete functions of an air conditioning
MEAN RADIAN TEMPERATURE – average temperature,
interior surfaces
P PAC- Packaged Air Conditioner
PRIMARY AIR – heated or cooled air directly from the
conditioner.
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moisture content of the air. It consists of two
thermometers, one of a standard type with a dry bulb and
the other furnished with a moistened bag or wick to keep
its bulb continuously wet, because the evaporation of
moisture from the wick extracts a corresponding amount
of heat. The bulb is cooled and the wet bulb thermometer
will indicate a lower temperature than the dry-bulb
thermometer.
R pressurized to release the stored heat. In the cooling cycle
RH – Relative Humidity (a ratio which indicates the degree
of saturation of air with water vapor, expressed as the
ratio of the partial pressure of the actual water vapor in a
mixture of, to the pressure of a saturated mixture at the
same temperature.
T when heat is added or taken away.
Temperature Drop- as applied to air systems, the
difference in temperature of the return air and the heated
air delivered.
Temperature Rise- the difference in temperature of the
return air and cooled air delivered.
ACRONYMS
ACCU- Air Cooled Condensing Unit
AHU- Air Handling Unit
ATC- Automatic Temperature Control
CAC- Central Air Conditioner
FCU- Fan Coil Unit
HVAC- Heating Ventilating and Air Conditioning
RAC- Room Air Conditioner
P a g e | 24
TR- Tons of Refrigeration
- A complete air conditioning system consists of a
refrigeration unit; ducts, fans, and vents to distribute the
air; a filter air washing system; a heating unit for winter;
and a thermostat to regulate temperature.
- The operating principle of an air conditioner is similar to
that of the refrigerant which cools food. A gas or vapor
absorbs heat under low pressure; then it I condensed and
of an air conditioner, a refrigerant vapour reduces the
temperature of the cooling coil. The heat from
surrounding air is absorbed into the refrigerant, thus
cooling the air. The refrigerant is then compressed and
then sent to a condenser coil to a high pressure. The
pressure at which the refrigerant is maintained. It controls
the temperature at which it will evaporate or condense
- Comfort air conditioning or climate control means the
maintenance of the atmospheric factors affecting comfort
especially it is the maintenance of the following variables
all within well objectionable noise.
•The desired temperature
•An acceptable community
•Minimal atmospheric particulate including
pollens and bacteria
•An acceptable odor level
• A uniform air pattern and air motion
system are:
1. Cooling and dehumidifying of air
2. Heating and humidifying of air
3. Cleaning of air (Filtration)
 BUILDING UTILITIES EXIT EXAM REVIEWER (DECEMBER 2017)
P a g e | 25

4. Circulation of Air 2. Central Type Method of Cooling

AIR CONDITIONING STANDARDS 3. Chilled Water Type 1. Mechanical refrigeration plant

• Heating and humidifying of air – A relative humidity of 30 4. Air Handling Type 2. Absorption Machine
to 35 percent is found most satisfying in winter. With this
proportion a temperature of from 70 to 75 F (21.1-23.9 C) PROPERTIES OF DRY AIR Source of Heating
is comfortable.
Dry Atmospheric Air is a mixture of several gases with the 1. Boiler/ Furnace
• Cooling and dehumidifying – For summer cooling, following practical constant Important Variables to Keep in
temperature of 76-80 F (24.4-26.6 C) and 50 percent Mind When Estimating Load (BTU) Air Distribution System - -consisting of fans and ducts to
relative humidity are a frequent design average bring the conditioned air to the rooms and back to the
Requirements for a Room Cooling Installation are: conditioner for re-cooling or re-heating
• Air Motion – A gentle motion of air produces a refreshing
and stimulating effect. The velocity should average 15 to 1. Heat Gain thru Ceiling Air Conditioning Equipment
25 ft. per minute measured 36 inches above floor.
2. Room size/ Floor Area (Sq. ft.) Indoor: (Parts)
• Air Supply – Many codes require about 30 cu. Ft. per
person. Since the indoor air is re-circulated and reused in 3. Wall Construction -Blower -Indoor Air
air conditioning, a smaller amount of outdoor air is
required, 5 to 10 cu. Ft. per person is sufficient. 4. Proportion of Outside Wall -Cooled Air -Cooling coils

CLASSES OF AIRCONDITIONING 5. Occupancy -Temperature sensing bulb

1. Tempering coils 6. Exposure of Walls to the Soon to be Aircon -Expansion Valve

2. Water heaters AIRCONDITIONING SYSTEMS Outdoor:

3. Pre-heaters Unit Air Conditioners - Compressor - Fan Axle

4. Re-heaters a. Self-Contained Units- units w/c house the compressor, - Fan - Condenser coils
condenser, and evaporator in the same cabinet. The most
CLASSIFICATION ( 4 Major Categories) common is the “through the wall” type -Hot air - Out door air

1. Air Water b. PACKAGED UNITS- units for cooling-heating, have the EVAPORATORS AND COOLERS
compressor and the evaporator included in the “indoor”
2. Cool Air package, while the air cooled condenser is provided and - Several methods are:
located out of doors
3. Refrigerant 1. Direct cooling of water
Central Systems
4. Water 2. Direct cooling of air
a. The Air Handling Unit- equipped with pre-
TYPES OF AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM heater, filters, spray humidifiers, cooling coils and re- 3. Indirect cooling
heaters
1. Unit type

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 BUILDING UTILITIES EXIT EXAM REVIEWER (DECEMBER 2017)
HUMIDITY CONTROL - A specific type of air conditioner
that is used only for dehumidifying is called a dehumidifier
- A dehumidifier is different from a regular air conditioner
in that both the evaporator and condenser coils are placed
in the same air path.
- A regular air conditioner transfers energy out of the room
by means of the condenser coil, which is outside the room
(outdoors).
- Dehumidifiers are commonly used in cold, damp climates
to prevent mold growth indoors, especially in basements.
- They are also sometimes used in hot, humid climates for
comfort because they reduce the humidity which causes
discomfort (just as a regular air conditioner, but without
cooling the room).
HEALTH IMPLICATIONS - A poorly maintained air-
conditioning system can occasionally promote the growth
and spread of microorganisms, such as Legionella
pneumophila.
- Air conditioning can have a positive effect on sufferers of
allergies and asthma. - In serious heat waves, air
conditioning can save the lives of the elderly.
PORTABLE AIR CONDITIONERS - A portable air conditioner
is one on wheels that can be easily transported inside a
home or office.
- Portable true air conditioners come in two forms, split
and hose. Evaporative coolers, sometimes called
conditioners, are also portable.
Split System - A split system has an indoor unit on wheels
connected to an outdoor unit via flexible pipes, similar to a
permanently fixed installed unit.
Hose Systems - Which can be Air-to-Air and Monoblock,
are vented to the outside via air ducts.
-The "monoblock" version collects the water in a
bucket or tray and stops when full.
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-The Air-to-Air version re-evaporates the water and
discharges it through the ducted hose, and can run
continuously.
Single- Duct Unit - Draws air out of the room to cool its
condenser, and then vents it outside.
- This air is replaced by hot air from outside or other
rooms, thus reducing efficiency.
- Disadvantages are that unless ambient humidity is low
(dry climate) cooling is limited and the cooled air is very
humid and can feel clammy.
- They have the advantage of needing no hoses to vent
heat outside the cooled area, making them truly portable;
and they are very cheap to install
and use less energy than refrigerative air conditioners.
Evaporative Air Coolers - Sometimes called swamp air
conditioners, do not have a compressor or condenser.
- Liquid water is evaporated on the cooling fins, releasing
the vapor into the cooled area.
REFRIGERANTS
Freon is a trade name for a family of haloalkane
refrigerants manufactured by DuPont and other
companies. These refrigerants were commonly used due
to their superior stability and safety properties.
Unfortunately, evidence has accumulated that these
chlorine-bearing refrigerants reach the upper atmosphere
when they escape
Types of Air Conditioner Equipment
1. Window and through-wall units- Many traditional air
conditioners in homes or other buildings are single
rectangular units used to cool all or a portion of an
apartment, house, or other building. Hotels frequently use
PTAC systems, which combine heating and air conditioning
into the same unit.
P a g e | 26
2. Evaporative Coolers- In very dry climates, evaporative
coolers (or "swamp coolers") are popular for improving
comfort during hot weather. This type of cooler is the
dominant cooler used in Iran, which has the largest
number of these units of any country in the world, causing
some to referring to these units as "Persian coolers."
3. Ductless Split System- The components of this system
are separated. The condenser is located outside and is
connected to single or multiple evaporator units inside.
These evaporator units are connected to the condenser
unit by small flexible hoses and do not use a central air
duct
CENTRAL AIR CONDITIONING - commonly referred to as
central air (U.S.) or air-con (UK), is an air-conditioning
system which uses ducts to distribute cooled and/or
dehumidified air to more than one room, or uses pipes to
distribute chilled water to heat exchangers in more than
one room, and which is not plugged into a standard
electrical outlet. - With a typical split system, the
condenser and compressor are located in an outdoor unit;
the evaporator is mounted in the air handler unit. With a
package system, all components are located in a single
outdoor unit that may be located on the ground or roof.
COOLING TOWERS AIR HANDLER - or air handling unit
(often abbreviated to AHU), is a device used to condition
and circulate air as part of a heating, ventilating, and
airconditioning (HVAC) system. Usually, an air handler is a
large metal box containing a blower, heating and/or
cooling elements, filter racks or chambers, sound
attenuators, and dampers. Air handlers usually connect to
ductwork that distributes the conditioned air through the
building, and returns it to the AHU. Sometimes AHUs
discharge (supply) and admit (return) air directly to and
from the space served, without ductwork. An air handling
unit air flow is from the right to left in this case. Some AHU
components shown are:
1. Supply Duct
2. Fan compartment
 BUILDING UTILITIES EXIT EXAM REVIEWER (DECEMBER 2017)
P a g e | 27

3. Vibration isolator (‘flex joint’) BUILDING UTILITIES 3- LIGHTING AND

4. Heating and/or cooling coil
5. Filter compartment
6. Mixed (recirculated outside) air duct
Air Handler Components:
1. Blower/ Fan- air handlers typically employ a large
squirrel cage blower driven by an AC induction electric
motor to move the air. The blower may operate at a single
speed, offer a variety of pre-set speeds, or be driven by a
variable frequently drive so as to allow a wide range of air
flow rates
ACOUSTICS
Lamp – a man light source which produces
LIGHT VS LIGHTING radiation in or near the visible region of the
spectrum; often called a bulb or tube to
Light – An artificial source of illumination
Lighting - The various processes, systems,
forms, and or equipment used to provide light
and illumination
TYPES OF LIGHTING

2. Heating and/or cooling elements- Depending on the

location and the application, air handlers may need to
provide heating, or cooling, or both to change the supply
air temperature. Smaller air handlers may contain a fuel
burning heater or a refrigeration evaporator, placed
directly in the air stream
3. Filters- Air filtration is almost always present in order to
provide clean dust-free air to the building occupants.
Accent lighting - any directional, which
emphasizes a particular object or draws
attention to a particular area.
Cove lighting - lighting from sources which are
out of sight, which distributed light over the
ceiling and upper walls.

4. Humidifier- Humidification is often necessary in colder
climates wherecontinuous heating will make the air drier,
resulting in uncomfortable air quality and increased static
electricity. Various types of humidification may be used
5. Mixing Chamber- In order to maintain indoor air quality,
air handlers commonly have provisions to allow the
introduction of outside air into, and the exhausting of air
from the building.
- In temperate climates, mixing the right amount of cooler
outside air withwarmer return air can be used to approach
the desired supply air temperature. A mixing chamber is
therefore used which has dampers controlling the ratio
between the return, outside, and exhaust air.
Direct-indirect lighting – lighting in which the
luminaries are in general diffuse category but
emit little or no light at angles near a horizontal
plane drawn through them.
Directional lighting - lighting, predominantly
from a preferred direction, which provides
illumination on the work plane or an object.
Direct lighting – lighting in which luminaries
distribute 90% to 100% of the emitted light in
the direction of the surface to be illuminated,
usually a downward direction.

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 BUILDING UTILITIES EXIT EXAM REVIEWER (DECEMBER 2017)
distinguish it from the complete lighting unit
consisting of thru source and associated parts
such as reflectors.
INCANDESCENT DAYLIGHT LAMP – an
incandescent lamp having a blue green glass
bulb which makes the emitted light whiter by
absorbing part of the yellow and the red light,
approximately 35% less efficient than the
standard indecent lamp.
Filament- material usually used is tungsten, it
may be straight wire, a coil or a coiled coil
Gas- Usually a mixture of nitrogen and argon is
used in most lamps of 40 watts or larger to
retard evaporation
Stem Press- The lead in wires in the glass have
an air tight seal and are made of a combination
of a nickel iron alloy core and a copper
Exhaust tube- air is exhausted through this tube
during manufacture and inert gases into the
bulb.
Bulb- soft glass is generally used, hard glass is
used for some lamps to withstand higher
temperature
Support wires- supports the filament
Mica disc- used in higher wattage general
service lamps and other
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types
FLUORESCENT LAMP – a low-pressure electric
discharge lamp.
Diachronic reflector lamps - these lamps
transmit color selectively through a molecular
layer of chemical coating, allowing only the
desired wavelength of color to pass through.
Equal-energy white - when all colors fade into
white at the center of the diagram.
High intensity discharge lamps – these lamps
have inherently high efficacy and, with
appropriate color correction, can be utilized in
any application, indoor or outdoor, that does
not have critical color criteria.
High-pressure mercury lamp – a mercury vapor
lamp that operates at a partial pressure of
mercury about 1 atmosphere or more.
Low voltage lamps – these lamps, in PAR shape
and for 6V operation, are available in extremely
narrow beam spread (5-10degree) for special
precision control flood lighting.
Mercury vapor lamp - an electric discharge
lamp consisting of an electric arc in mercury
vapor in a sealed tube, which in turn maybe
enclosed in an outer glass envelope; the light
appears to be blue-white in color.
P a g e | 28
Metal halide lamp – an electric lamp in which
the light is produced by the radiation from a
mixture of a metallic vapor (e.g.mercury) and
the products of the dissociation of halides
(e.g.halides of thallium, indium, sodium, etc.)
Rapid-start lamps – this are similar in
construction to the preheat lamps;
the basic difference is in the circuitry.
Reflector lamp-an incident lamp in which part
of the bulb serves as a reflector.
LIGHT MEASURE
LUMEN -It can be defined as the rate at which
light falls on one square foot of a surface area
one foot from a source of one candlepower, or
one candela.
CANDELA -1/60 the intensity of a square
centimeter of a blackbody radiator operated at
2047 K, which is the freezing point of platinum.
FOOT CANDLE - Is the quantity of light (or
illumination level) on one square foot of surface
area one foot away from the light source.
LUX- the quantity of light on one square meter
of surface area one meter away from the light
source (1 lux equals 0.09 fc)
 BUILDING UTILITIES EXIT EXAM REVIEWER (DECEMBER 2017)
COLOR TEMPERATURE AND ILLUMINATION- Is
the temperature of an ideal black-body radiator
that radiates light of
comparable hue to that of a light source
•Unit of absolute temperature is K “kelvin”
•There are over 5,000 k cool colors (blueish
white) and (2,700-3,000 K) are warm colors
(yellowish white through red)
•Illuminance is often called the “brightness”
•It is the light intensity that differs the color
from tint to shade
HAWTHORNE EFFECT
•This as from an experiment to improve factory
lighting which increased the productivity of the
workers
•the first experiment involved changing the
light bulbs into producing
lower light (they deducted 1.4 foot candles)
•Then they increased the light intensity of the
bulbs and proved to be more effective
ILLUMINATION LEVELS
•To measure illumination levels, take readings
(in lm/ft^2 or fc) with the
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light cell parallel to and on the plane of interest.  COLOR WHEEL- circular organization of
colors according to hue
•Gradients provide a method of analyzing the
relationship between light sources and room Neutrals
shapes and reflectance
 White- pure, clean, airy, pristine
BRIGHTNESS-To measure brightness of a diffuse  Darks- rich, polished, moody, elegant
reflecting surface, hold the meter’s light cell  Mid-neutrals- restrained, subtle, well-
close to the surface of interest and then draw it rounded, dependable
back 2 o 4 in until the reading remains constant.
White
REFLECTANCE - Generally refer to the fraction
of incident electromagnetic power that is  Aids mental clarity
reflected at an interface  Encourages us to clear clutter
 Evokes purification of thoughts or
TRANSMITTANCE -To measure transmittance actions
(in %) of a transparent or translucent material,  Enables fresh beginnings
hold the meter’s light cell flush on the sample.
Using a constant light source on the opposite Mid-neutrals
side, measure the foot candles from the source
 Feeling of wholesomeness
with and without the sample in place.
 Stability
COLOR THEORY  Connection with earth
 Offers a sense of orderliness
CHARACTERISTICS OF COLOR
Darks
 Hue- the color itself
 Saturation/Tone- amount of color that  Feeling of inconspicuous
distances it from the gray  Resftful emptiness
 Brightness- amount of BW in the color  Mysterious evoking a sense of potential
 Shade- mixed with black and possibility
 Tint- mixed with white
Red
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 Increases enthusiasm Purple LOUDNESS

 Stimulates energy
 Uplifting COMPARATIVE LOUDNESS
 Encourages energy
 Calming to mind
 Encourages action and confidence Loudness is the human perception of the
 Offers sense of spirituality
 A sense of protection from fear and magnitude of a sound. Earl efforts to quantify
 Encourages creativity
anxiety loudness were undertaken in the field of music.
ACOUSTICS
Blue Noisiness is affected by a number of factors
PITCH- The perceived uditory sensation of that do not influence loudness (Kryter,1970).
 Calming and sedate
sounds expressed interms of high or low Two that do affect loudness are the spectrum
 Cooling
frequency stimulus of the sound and the level.
 Aids intuition
The phenomenon of critical bands is of great The loudness of direct sound waves to a
Yellow
significance for many aspects of human hearing. listener is determined by:
 Mentally stimulating
Musical pitch is defined in terms of notes (1) the loudness of the original source, and
 Stimulates the nervous system
however, there are
 Activates memory (2) the listener distance from the source. The
 Encourages communication psycho acoustical experiments to measure loudness of the direct
human perception of relative pitch as well.
Green Sound decreases with the square of the
Absolute pitch discrimination is rather rare distance from the sources, That the loudness
 Soothing decreases very rapidly close to the source, but
occurring in only 0.01 percent of the population
 Relaxing mentally as well as physically as The distance from the source increases, a
 Helps alleviate depression Relative pitch discrimination can be measured change in distance has little effect.
 Offers a sense of renewal, self-control by asking subjects to respond when one tone
and harmony sounds twice as high as another. When a soundwave strikes a surface such as a
floor, wall, or ceiling, the direction of travel is
Orange CONSONANCE AND DISSONANCE -When two changed by reflection. Reflection of sound
tones are played together, there is a frequency waves follows the same physical law as light
 Stimulates activity range over which they sound rough or reflection. The angle of incidence equals the
 Stimulates appetite dissonant angle of reflection.
 Encourages socialization

REVIEWER COMPILED BY THE GRAPHICS CLUB MIT BATCH 5

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REVERBERATION -Reflected waves will continue Focusing action that produces very annoying
ricocheting between room surfaces losing only a echoes.
fraction of power by absorption at each
reflection. COEFFICIENTS OF GENERALBUILDING
MATERIALS AND
The prolongation of sound is called
reverberation. The sound will gradually FURNISHINGS
diminish. RAY DIAGRAM ANALYSIS
Reverberation time is the time measured in This is used to:
seconds that a
1.Study the effect of room shaping on sound
Sound average loudness can be heard before it distribution and;
becomes completely
2.Identify possible echo-producing surfaces
In audible under quiet conditions.

ECHO -A distinct repetition of a direct sound is

an echo. In a highly

Reverberant room, an echo gets lost in the

general reverberation. An

Echo is easily distinguished if the interval is

greater than ½ second

In a room with low reverberation time.

Sounds reflected from flat surfaces will be less

intense than the

Original direct sound. Sound reflected from

concave surfaces has a

REVIEWER COMPILED BY THE GRAPHICS CLUB MIT BATCH 5