Vaishnavi C.

Kamble | 16
Sejal Khandare | 19
Tanvi Kulkarni | 20
Dharmik Maru | 23
Kashyapi Patil | 31
Sneha Sawant | 36
Shruti M. Teli | 39
SOURCE OF WATER
1. Reservoirs 2. Canals 3. Rivers 4. Lakes
• SURFACE WATER
1. Quality aspect- Water from surface sources requires a complete purification before
consumption.
2. Quantity Aspect- Surface sources have adequate quantity of water, but the storage
depends on- Uncertainty of nature, distribution of water, intensity of rainfall.
• UNDERGROUND SOURCES
1. Quality aspect- The water from underground sources may contain dissolved CO2
which imparts hardness, tastelessness, salty taste, color & smell.
- In shallow wells, water gets contaminated due to the gutter, washing places & close
proximity.
- Deep well water is much more pure & safer for consumption.
2. Quantity aspect- Quantity of water depends on total area of underground reservoirs.
IMPURITY OF WATER
1. Floating impurities- Impurities lighter than water float on surface and can be removed
by screening.
2. Suspended impurities have some suspended impurities present in finely divided
condition.
• DISSOLVED IMPURITIES are caused by action of water, forming acids with CO2 from
air during it’s flow over soluble salts present in the earth making water hard.
Impurities- physical- odour, turbidity, colours. -Chemicals- Acidity, alkaline, metals, solids,
iron.
-Bacteriological- Pathogenic bacteria -Presents of oxygen
WATER SUPPLY TO BUILDINGS
Network if underground distribution pipes are called as water pipes of cast iron and are
laid below the ground level; to avoid damage of pipes; within 1/3rd width of road;
minimum 3mts from drainage pipeline.
• CONTINUOUS WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM- no storage required, less chance of
contamination, in case of fire water is readily available but huge amount of water for
maintenance with high water tax, during leakage huge amount of water is wasted,
repairs become difficult.
• INTERMIDIATE WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM- restricted water supply, reduced water
tax, repairs & house connections can be carried in non supply hours, less leakage of
water but, underground & overhead water tanks are required which adds to the
expenditure, chance of contamination.
• Filtration tank
• There are three types of water distribution system from reservoir to mains-
1. GRAVITY SYSTEM- If source of supply is at sufficient elevation or a ground higher
above the distribution area this system is used with the desired pressure by gravity to
maintain the supply in mains.
2. PUMPING SYSTEM is used when the source of water is on same ground or on a
lower level than the distribution area in which pipes are used to develop a necessary
land
3. COMBINATION OF GRAVITY & PUMPING SYSTEM involves pumps & storage.
This system is used in following cases-
CASE 1- When two source of water are used to supply the water.
CASE 2- When the source is at lower level than consumer area.
CASE 3- sometime when the storage tank is directly connected to the pumping system.
EFFECTS OF IMPURITIES
Effects if impurity in water changes the clarity if water import, colour, odour, taste, or
endanger life.
WATER IN DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM- It should have E-coli count in 100 m; of any
sample is 0. Coli count should not exceed 5% of the sample.
1. Toxic impurities- lead, mercury, arsenic, presence in water is harmful.
2. Radioactive 3. Wholesome water
TREATMENT OF WATER → SCREENS → PRE-SEDIMENTATION → AERATION
→ COAGULATION → FILTERATION- SLOW SAND FILTERS, RAPID SAND FILTERS
– GRAVITY TYPE- RAPID SAND FILTER; PRESSURE TYPE- RAPID SAND FILTER.
• Sedimentation tank
CONVEYANCE OF WATER- After treatment, the portable water is supplied to consume
via different methods in their individual houses, involved through a well planned
distribution system which involves reservoirs, overhead tank, underground tank & network
system of pipeline with various sizes of valves.
SERVICE RESERVOIRS DISTRIBUTION- These are the storage reservoirs for treated
water; to supply during emergence & to control hourly fluctuations in water.
METHODS OF DISTRIBUTION FROM MAINS TO THE INDIVIDUAL BLOCK
1. GRID IRON METHOD- Here water pipeline gets divided into two submains running
along the periphery. This also known as interlaced system or reticulation method. In this
system, mains, submains & branches are interconnected.
• in cubic meter or liters.
• NON-RETAINING VALVE/ CHECK VALVE/ REFLUX VALVE- Flow allow to
proceed only in one direction. Used in gravity & rising mains as they check return flow,
has no external means of control pressure is the only operating factor. Placed on
delivery side of the pump to prevent the backflow of water.
WATER TANKS- They are used for storage of water. There are two main tanks in
domestic water system
1. UNDERGROUND WATER TANK 2. OVERHEAD WATER TANK
Underground water tank stores water from the main after going through the water meter.
It is generally constructed in RCC with the water proofing treatment on inside to avoid
water leakage & contamination. It is provided with iron led over it for an axis. The diameter
is maintained minimum 500 mm for easy axis. This underground tank is connected to the
overhead tank with the help of pump & is used to supply water to the building. Overhead
tank can be made in RCC or can also be of plastic. The tank has an inlet, outlet & flushing
valve. The flushing valve is used in case of draining of tank completely for cleaning purpose.
The tank is usually placed on a platform of 600 mm for the flushing valve & cleaning. It is
usually in top of toilet.
2. CIRCULAR METHOD/ RING SYSTEM- supply is through periphery to pore. The
working is similar to grid iron method.
3. RADIAL METHOD- adopted in a zone, where the layout of the town or consumer
place is already in a radial form. In this method the calculation are simple & gives quick
WATER PUMPS- Water pumps are used to transfer water from one place to another
service.
mostly horizontal or against gravitational pull.
4. DEAD END METHOD/ TREE SYSTEM METHOD- consists of one main supply
• There are three different types of pumps-
from which submains are further divided. These submains are further segregated into
1. SUBMERSIBLE PUMP is a device which has thematically sealed motor closed
several branches which are ahead connected to the consumer.
coupled to the pumped body, whole assembly is submerged in the fluid to be
• Water supply from the mains to the building is through any of the water supply is
pumped. It pushes liquid to the surface as opposed to jet pumps, having to pull fluids.
through 2 systems
2. SUCTION PUMPS is a device that removes water from a sealed volume in order to
1. DIRECT SUPPLY SYSTEM (UPWARD DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM)- Supply of
leave behind a partial vacuum.
water is given directly to various floors with required pressure for sufficient hours. This is
3. FIRE PUMPS/ JOCKEY PUMP
only useful for 2 storey building. Separate connection to be provided for domestic &
There are different types of hydrants-
flushing requirement. Water is pumped directly to the overhead storage tank & from
• FIRE HYDRANT is a source of water provided to enable fire fighters to tap into
there water is supplied to different floors by gravity.
Municipal water supply to assist in case of extinguishing fire.
• Water is sorted in UGT & from there water is pumped to the overhead storage tank
• OIL DEPOT is an individual facility for storage & transportation situated close to oil
and then it is supplied to different floors by gravity.
refineries.
2. INDIRECT SUPPLY SYSTEM- more pipe work, large water storage tank, water
• FLUSHING HYDRANT- These are single outlets installed at the dead end of
storage to meet the peak demand, less risk of adverse effect by water mains, can be used
waterline. They are smaller & cheaper than fire hydrants.
in high rise building.
• FERRULE CONNECTION- It is provided on mains, submains. Drilling is made at
the center of upper level on the main pipe & ferrule connection is threaded inside.
Pressure of water supply is controlled by ferrule. Made up of brass and bronze.
Permanent disconnection is made at the ferrule. It closed by means of washer plate.
• STOP VALVE/GATE VALVE- Normally placed at junction, useful for dividing water
main into sections, Controls flow of water. They are generally placed at a junction of a
particular distance apart.
• WATER METER- Used to measure the volume of water consumed by the residential
& commercial building that are supplied water via public water system. Can be used at
water source, well, etc. to determine the flow to particular portion. It measures the flow
DRAINAGE SYSTEM
It is the arrangement provided in a house or a building for collecting wastewater to
drain pipes by gravity to join either a public sewer or a domestic septic tank in term a
house or building drainage system.
The drainage system is provided to discharge effectively the sewage of the building
into the public sewer
1. Domestic sewage from a building includes human excreta as well as discharge
from bathrooms, kitchens, etc.
2. Collected by sewer genuine discharge into the public sewer.
PIPES- In the house drainage system pipes may maybe be designated depending
upon the function as given below :
Soil pipe- A pipe carrying human excreta.
Waste pipe- A pipe carrying sullage (waste material).
Vent pipe- A pipe installed to provide the flow of air to or from the drainage system
or to provide circulation of air in the drainage system to protect the water
Rainwater pipe- A pipe carrying only rainwater is called a rainwater pipe.
Anti Siphonage- A pipe that is installed the water seal in the trap through proper
ventilation.
PRINCIPALS OF HOUSE OF BUILDING DRAINAGE.
1. Lay sewers by the side of the building rather than below the building.
2. Drains should be laid straight between the inspection chamber avoiding sharp
bends and junctions as far as possible.
3. House drain should be connected to the public sewer only when the public sewer
is deeper than the house drain.
4. Toilet blocks should be located such that the length of the drainage line is
minimum.
5. At least one wall should be an outside wall to facilitate the fixing of soil and vent
pipe.
6. Entire system should be properly ventilated from the starting point to the final
point of discharge.
7. All the materials and fittings of the drainage system should be hard, strong, and
resistant to corrosion.
8. Rainwater pipe should drain directly into the street gutters from where it is carried
to the stormwater drain.
SEWER CONNECTION BY PUMPING
When sewer connection is not possible by gravity, in such cases provide a sump well
and pumping arrangements where in the sewage flow is not allowed in the sump well,
and from there it is lifted up through rising main and connected to municipal sewer by
gravity through the intermediate chamber
The sump well shall be balanced and designed for 20 minutes retention period and a
balancing period of 2 minutes retention chamber.
FOLLOWING ARE THE MAIN SYSTEM OF BUILDING
PLUMBING
Single pipe system
In this system, only one man pipe is
provided which is called both the foul
soil waste and unfoul waste from the
building. The main pipe is directly
connected to the drainage system. If
this system is provided in a multi-story
building the lavatory blocks of various
floors are so placed one over the other
so that, the wastewater will discharge
from various units and can be carried
through short branch drains. All the
traps of WC, basin, sink, etc are fully
ventilated and connected to the vent
pipe.
Two pipe system
This is the most common method used
in India. In this system, two pipes are
provided one pipe collects the foul soil
and waste whereas the second pipe
collects the unfoul water from the
kitchen, bathroom, etc. The soil pipe is
directly connected to the drain
whereas the waste pipe is connected
to the gully trap. All traps used in the
system and fully ventilated.
Single stack system
This is similar to a single pipe system the
only difference is that no ventilation is
provided in the traps too
AIMS OF THE HOUSE OR BUILDING
DRAINAGE.
1. To maintain healthy and hygienic
conditions in the building.
2. Dispose of wastewater as an earlier
and quickly as possible.
3. Avoid entry of foul gases from the
sewer or the septic tank.
4. Connect and remove waste matter
systematically.
Single stack partially
This system is between one pipe and a
single stack system. In this system, only
one pipe is provided to collect all types of
wastewater foul as well as unfoul. A relief
vent pipe is provided for ventilating only
the water closet pipe
CLASSIFICATION BASED ON USE
GULLY TRAP
A special type of trap that disconnects the sullage drain from the main drainage system.
A well-designed gully trap serves two or three connections from the Nahanni trap. It is
usually made up of stone wear and cast iron grating is provided at its top. A gully trap is
fitted inside a masonry chamber and a water seal of 60 to 70mm is provided. It is
placed near the external face of the wall and it gets slightly higher or even in line with
the pavement of the ground level. The gully trap leads sewage to a sewer or to an
inspection chamber or to a manhole
GREASE TRAP
Used in large hotels restaurants or industries. Where large quantities of oil waste are
expected to enter the wastewater flow. If oily substances are not removed or separated
they may stick to the drainage system and cause scumb and blockages to reparation. A
grease trap is either a masonry or iron chamber with a bent pipe or tee pipe at the
outlet end because of the sudden increase in the area of flow at the entry the velocity of
flow is reduced, resulting in the separation of oil and the greasy matter from the
wastewater. These greasy matter floating on the top can be removed later
 The wash basins are available in various patterns and sizes in the market. These are rectangular shallow receptacles suitable for kitchens or laboratory. It
There are mostly two patterns: (a) Flat back for mounting on walls, (b) Angle back for fixing is of one piece construction, provided with or without rim.
at the junction of two walls. Flat back basins are provided with double or single tap holes. Top-Mount, Drop-In, or Self-Rimming
All the wash basins should be of one piece construction and should have slotted overflow Sink
hole. All the internal angles are designed so as to facilitate cleaning. The wash basins are All of the sink's weight is carried by the rim.
provided with a circular waste hole in the bottom. The basins are provided with an integral Then the rim of the sink is caulked to the
soap holder recess which drains into the bowl. counter with silicone. Because the sink edge
creates a rim, these sinks are sometimes
MATERIALS:
called rimmed or self-rimming sinks.
Ceramic
Acrylic Undermount sinks are the opposite of Double Basin/Bowl Sink: Truly multi-
Natural stone top-mount sinks, as the sink is attached to purpose and highly flexible, double basin
Artificial stone the bottom of the counter with special sinks have all sink operations covered:
Timber clips. washing, rinsing, and draining. It is hard to go
Tempered glass wrong with a good double basin sink.
Steel Single Basin/Bowl Sink: Single basin is Drainboard sinks combine a small basin on
a general category of kitchen sinks, which one side with a counter-level drainboard on
can include both farmhouse (apron) sinks the other side.
and in-counter sinks.

Wash basins are made of fire-clay, stoneware,

earthenware or vitreous china. But nowadays steel,
aluminium and plastic wash basins are also available in
the market which are very popular. In plain the basins
may have rectangular, square, circular, oblong, circular
quadrant etc. shape depending on the choice. Again
these may be supported on the brackets fixed on the
wall or supported on the pedestals.
 This is a sanitary appliance to receive the human excreta directly and is Urinals can be made in any of the following patterns and sizes:
connected to the soil pipe by means of a trap.
The water closets are classified as follows:
(A) Squatting type or Indian type:
(i) Long pan pattern (length 450,580,680 mm)
(ii) Orissa pattern (length 580,630,680 mm)
(iii) Rural pattern (length 425 mm)
(B) Wash-down, Pedestral or European type:

1.ELECTRONIC WATER CLOSET (EWC):
Technology has found its way to toilets. Toilets with technology are termed as ‘Smart
Toilets’. These toilets are outfitted with sensors that activate the flushing mechanism.
2.TWO-PIECE TOILETS:
A two-piece water closet is a commode where the tank and the pot are separate units
that are connected. The tank is placed behind the pot in a way that it looks like one unit,
but technically it’s a separate unit from the pot.
3.WALL-HUNG TOILETS:
This type of toilet is a system in which the toilet is mounted to the wall, while the tank is
installed inside the wall. This type of toilet takes up less space.
4.ONE-PIECE TOILETS:
The basic difference between a two-piece toilet and a one-piece toilet is that; in a one-
piece toilet, the tank or cistern is directly connected to the bowl, so it is one unit
whereas in two piece units the tank and the pot are two separate units which are joined.
TYPES OF URINALS:
Sensor Urinal: This is the sort of urinal you typically see for good reason
in shopping centres and airports. Since people are in a rush in certain
situations, it makes much sense to put up anything that saves customers'
time. Sensor urinals are distinguished by the presence of blinking or
flashing sensors that detect human activity. The urinal flushes by itself
after the sensor determines that the urinal is not occupied.
Squatting Urinal: As the name indicates, a squatting urinal is so short a
urinal that it practically bounds on a section of the floor. These urinals are
mostly for ladies and are mounted on the ground. That type of urinal is
used to avoid urine splashing in a full squat position. Women's urinals
may be suited for usage in public restrooms, which are often used
throughout the day and draw a significant number of visitors, particularly
in locations such as theatres, stadiums, schools, universities, nightclubs,
shopping malls, and public transportation.
 FIRE PROTECTION FOR BUILDING SERVICES FOR HIGH RISE BUILDINGS
1. FIRE TRIANGLE : Fire is caused according to the principle of triangle.
2. CAUSES OF FIRE : house keeping, smoking, welding/gas cutting, ignorance about
fire hazards, negligent habit, kitchen, electrical panel room.
3. FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM: Alert people about fire danger
4. FIRE FIGHTING SYSTEM: 1. Active fire protection 2. Passive Fire protection
A. ACTIVE FIRE PROTECTION : initiated by flame and response may be manual or
programmed. – CATEGORIES - Fire detection, sprinkler system, fire suppression
B. PASSIVE FIRE PROTECTION : Fire resistant measures, maintain structural integrity
of your building and ensure the safe evacuation of the people. Eg. Fire doors, Fire
walls, etc.- FIRE PROOFING – making materials more resistant to fire. Methods –
gypsum plasters, Fibrous plasters.
TYPES – 1. VERMICULITE FIRE PROTECTION: A cheaper option in which the
members are covered with the vermiculite material, but is aesthetically unpleasant.
2. INTUMESCENT FIRE PROTECTION: A layer of paint applied along with the coating
on structural steel members.
# FIRE DAMPERS : allows the flow of air for
ventilation or equilization of pressure on either
side of the doorway.
# SMOKE EXTRACTION AND VENTILATION :
designed to remove heat, smoke and toxic gases from single storeyed buildings.
#SMOKE AND FIRE VENTILATORS : Ventilator area is the perimeter occupied by
hazardous material multiplied by ventilation factor. This approximates 1.3% of floor area.
# FIRE DOORS : Door used as a part of passive fire protection system to reduce spread of
fire.
#REFUGE FLOOR AREA: A location in the building which is designed to hold the
population during fire or other emergency, when evacuation may not be possible or safe.
Requirements – supply of water, fresh air, two way communication system, call box on each
floor, toilet, drinking water provision.
#ESCAPE CHUTE : emergency exit where conventional fire escape stairways are
impractical. Fabric or metal tube installed in the upper floors of a tall building.
# FIRE DETECTION AND ALARM SYSTEM : used to detect smoke, heat and flame. Must
include manual call point.
# TYPES : FIRE DETECTORS [heat and flame detectors], SMOKE DETECTORS and
IONIZATION DETECTORS, HEAT DETECTORS.
# FIRE ALARMS : installed throughout the areas of the buildings, within those areas
comprising of circulation spaces.
# FIRE ALARM CONTROL PANEL [FACP] : controlling component of a fire alarm system.
Receives information from environmental sensors designed to detect changes associated
with fire.
# FIRE ESCAPE OR EXIT : kind of emergency exit, provides a method of escape.
Requirements : exits should be maintained, the route should be clearly visible and marked
with signs, illuminated and wired to independent electrical supply, etc.
# FIRE PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS : 4 categories –
1. PORTABLE EXTINGUISHER: dedicated area, max ht = 2ft, suggest as per building
function, colour coding is given.
2. WATER AND FOAM STORED PRESSURE FIRE EXTINGUISHER : provides cooling,
soaking steam of water, effective of class A fire.
3. CARBON DIOXIDE FIRE EXTINGUISHER : Contains pressurized liquid carbon
dioxide which turns to gas when expelled. Effective on class B and C fires.
4. DRY POWDER EXTINGUISHER : suitable for class B fire involving flammable liquids
such as petrol, oil, etc. suitable for class C fires.
# FIRE HYDRANT SYSTEM : connected with municipal water mains. System of pipe
work connected directly to the water supply mains to provide water to each and every
hydrant outlet.
# STAND PIPE : A type of rigid water piping built to multistory buildings in vertical
position to which fire hoes can be connected. There are three categories – class 1, class
2 and class 3 to be used indifferent phases. Types – dry riser and wet riser.
1. WET RISER : form of internal hydrant, always charged with water. Where topmost
floor Is higher than 30.5 m above fire appliance. Comprises of duty pump with
stand by pump, discharging into riser pipe with landing valves at each level to get
at fire. Jockey pump is usually provided to maintain the pressure.
2. DRY RISER : required for buildings where topmost floor is higher than 18.3 m and
less than 30.5 meters above the fire appliance access level. Normally dry depends
on the fir engine to pump water into the system. Mostly used in cold countries
because its hard to keep the pipes always insulated.
# PUMPS USED : used to boost the water pressure in sprinkler and standpipe to
deliver the water. Supply to hoses are always pressurized. Pressures are monitored at
the pump room.
# JOCKEY PUMP : 1st pump to start will be the jockey pump. 150 psi and stop when
it is 230 psi. If small leak exists in the wet riser the pump will start in order to
compensate for the leak.
# DUTY PUMP : if the pressure drops below 125 psi this means the wet riser landing
valve hose reel gate has been opened. the pressure set that senses this set pressure
activates and starts the duty pump.
# STAND BY PUMP : If for any reason pressure drops below 125 psi this means that
the duty pump has not started or is under repair. The stand by pump then takes over
the function not performed by the duty pump.
SPRINKLER SYSTEM : automatic spray of water dedicated to area of fire outbreak.
Sprinkler heads are temperature sensitive, that respond immediately to heat. Depends on
the content function, occupancy size and disposition of rooms.
# DISTRIBUTION TO SPRINKLERS : the arrangement of pipe work will depend on the
building shape and layout the position of riser pipe and the number of sprinkler heads
required.
# DELUGE SYSTEM : a dry pipe system with sprinkler heads are open all the time. There
are specified operating temperatures and their identification of colours.
# FIRE HOSE REEL : Used to provide a reasonably accessible water supply. Length is 36
m with 19 m diameter. Control nozzle to control the direction and flow.
# DRENCHERS : discharge of water over roofs, windows, walls to prevent the spread of
fire from other building. Acts as a curtain of water for protection against fire.
# FIRE SAFETY NORMS : different types of buildings are classified as group A to Group H
.
1. Width of the roads that joins high-rise buildings shall be more than 12 M
2. Hard surface to carry min. 18000 kg. of weight.
3. Building should have at-least 2 means of access min. width = 4.5 m and height
clearance of 5 m.
4. Setbacks and open spaces as specified in the norms.
5. CAR PARKING : if setback area or open space is more than 12 m, then car park is
included in setback. Basement minimum 2 ramps are required.
6. STAIRCASE : every high rise building must have 2 staircases. Width varies form 1 m to
2 m. for residential, min width = 1m. Number of staircases is decided as per the
distances. Staircase shall not exceed to basement. Spiral staircase up to 9 m height is
allowed. The distance between 2 staircases should be 22.5 m maximum.
7. LIFTS : min. 1 lift of 454 kg shall be provided to every high rise building. 1 lift should be
fire lift. If 2 lifts are besides each other the partition wall should have fire resistance of
at-least 2 hours.
LIGHTING
WHAT IS LIGHTING?
• Electromagnetic radiation that can be detected by the human eye. It is a soul of
architectural designs that draws attention to the textures, colors, & forms of a space.
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN LIGHT & ARCHITECTURE-
Light beautify the space giving it new dimensions, making it dynamic, makes architectural
harmony between exterior & interior, nature & human, and evokes emotions.
Light is of two types- 1. NATURAL LIGHT- promotes human health, creates spirit of
space, beneficial for designs, in terms of comfort, satisfaction & energy conservation.
2. ARTIFICIAL LIGHTING- Lighting that emanates from electric lamps i.e. a light source
typically comprising of a light emitting elements contained within an outer container which
emits radiation within the visible spectrum.
• Convenient, important factor, depends on the type of light, 400-500 wavelength,
easily manipulated to achieve the required outcome.
• REQUIREMENT OF A GOOD LIGHTING- minimum glare, brightness contrast.
• CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD LIGHTING SCHEME- adequate illumination,
uniform lighting distribution, avoid glare & shadows, should provide light of suitable
color.
• GLARE- common lighting problem, happens when a bright light source or reflection
interferes with how you seeing an object.
• TERMINOLOGY RELATED TO LIGHTING
1. LUMINOUS FLUX (LUMENS)- measure if total lighting being emitted.
2. LUMINOUS INTENSITY (CABBDELAS)- How much light is emitted in a particular
direction.
3. ILLUMINANCE (FOOT CANDLE OR LUX)- measure of how much light is falling on a
surface.
• REFLECTED GLARE IS CAUSED BY- Light reflected from polished, shiny or glossy
surfaces.
• DIRECT GLARE IS CAUSED BY- very bright light from poorly positioned light fixtures
or sunlight.
• INCANDESCENT BULB consists of a glass enclosure containing a tungsten filament.
An electric current passes through the filament.
• Disadvantages- maybe broke because of over heating, short life, has to be handled
carefully, consumes more energy.
• Advantages- less expensive, harsh light, can be dimed with a rheostat, generates warm
light, switch ON fast, in winters can heat up the room.
• FLUORESCENT LAMP has coating from inside which gives a diffused light LED tube
lights comes in a category of discharged lamp. It has mercury vapor which creates an
ultraviolet wave & has phosphate covering, which doesn’t allow the over heating.
• Advantages- desired colors, avoids heating, provides diffused lights.
• Dis-advantages- flickering affects other appliances, poorly designed ballasts.
• TYPES OF LAMPS
1. High pressure mercury lamp 2. Halogen lamp 3. Metal halide lamp 4.
Electrodeless lamp
5. High pressure sodium lamps 6. Low pressure sodium lamps 7. Compact arc
xenon and mercury lamps 8. Electroluminescent lamps 9. Light Emitting Diodes
(LED) 10. Gas lights
• Advantages- energy efficient, low production cost, long life.
• Disadvantages- Cheaply designed ballast, diffused light (not good when you Need a
focused beam)
TYPES OF LIGHTING SCHEME-
1. DIRECT LIGHTING- 90-100% of light output is directed downwards
2. SEMI-DIRECT LIGHTING- 60-90% of light is directed downwards, while 40-10% is directed
upwards.
3. INDIRECT LIGHTING- 90-100% is directed towards the ceiling & upper walls of the room.
4. SEMI-INDIRECT LIGHTING- 60-90% of the light is directed upwards and 40-10%
downwards.
5. GENERAL DIFFUSING LIGHTING- provides approximately equal distribution of light
upwards not downwards.
• VARIOUS TYPES OF LIGHTING FUXTURES-
1. AMBIENT LIGHTING 2. TASK LIGHTING 3. ACCENT LIGHTING
• WALL SCONE- mostly gives a light in upward direction.
• DIFFERENT TYPES OF LAMPES-
1. Halogen lights 2. Beam lights 3. Oil or gas lamps 4. Incandescent lamps 5. Mercury-
lamps
6. High- Intensity discharge lamps
 Heat is absorbed by the evaporator coil
The warm air inside your house is drawn in through a vent and blows over
the cold evaporator coil. The evaporator coil is the station located indoors and absorbs heat
from the air, cooling the air.
A fan blows the cold air into air ducts that distribute it throughout your
home. As the refrigerant absorbs the heat from the passing air, it changes from a liquid
state to a gaseous state and continues to travel along the loop system toward the
compressor.
Compressor raises the refrigerant temperature
The compressor decreases the gas’ volume. Usually this is done by
squeezing the gas tightly between two solid objects. This raises the pressure and
temperature of the refrigerant, preparing it for the condensing process.

Heat is transferred outside

The refrigerant, now a superheated vapor, reaches the condenser (which is
located outdoors) and is exposed to the outside air. The outside air absorbs the heat from
the refrigerant, lowering the temperature of the refrigerant and changing the state from a
gas back into a liquid.

Refrigerant gets cold; process repeats

Once the heat from the refrigerant is removed to the outdoors, the cold
refrigerant travels back indoors to the evaporator to repeat the process over again. The
process continues until the inside temperature of your home reaches your desired level. At
this point, your thermostat tells your AC to shut off.
 Expansion Valve
When the refrigerant leaves the condenser in its liquid state, it has dispersed
Refrigerant is a special fluid that is vital to cooling and freezing technology.
heat, but it is still too hot to enter the evaporator coils. Before the refrigerant passes to the
It operates on a closed loop and carries heat from the inside of your building to the
evaporator coils, it must be cooled down. This is where the expansion valve (also known as
outside. You can think of the refrigerant as the messenger/traveler. We use refrigerant
a metering device) comes in, normally a thermostatic expansion valve.
because it changes states from liquid to vapor at convenient temperatures for the
Again using the principles behind the combined gas law, which states that
refrigeration cycle.
when pressure decreases so does its temperature, the expansion valve depressurizes the
It moves through an air conditioner’s cooling tubes and copper coils,
refrigerant and cools it down.
connecting the inside unit to the outside unit. It absorbs heat from your indoor air,
An expansion valve removes pressure from liquid refrigerant allowing for the
changing states from gas to liquid. After absorbing heat from the inside air, the refrigerant
refrigerant to change from a liquid to a vapor/gas in the evaporator. It also controls the
travels to the outdoor unit where the heat is pushed outdoors.
amount of refrigerant/voltage flow entering the evaporator.
Once the refrigerant has dispersed its heat outdoors, it changes back to its
Evaporator Coil
gaseous state and travels back indoors. After the refrigerant gets cold again, an indoor fan
Evaporator coils are very important to an air conditioner. It’s where the air
blows air over the cold coils and then circulates cold air through the home. This cycle
conditioner actually picks up the heat from inside your home. The copper tubes receive
repeats every time your air conditioner is on.
the depressurized, liquid refrigerant from the expansion valve.
Compressor
When your indoor air blows over the cold coils, the heat from inside the
The job of the compressor is to pressurize the refrigerant, thus raising its
home gets absorbed. This is because of the 2nd law of thermodynamics which states that
temperature. Due to the combined gas law (a combination of Boyle’s Law, Charles’ Law,
heat flows naturally from hot to cold.
and Gay-Lussac’s Law), which states that if pressure increases so does its temperature,
Just like the condenser coils need the help of the condenser fan to facilitate
when you compress the refrigerant, it will heat up. It does this by squeezing the gas very
heat transfer, the evaporator coils rely on the indoor air handler’s fan (aka the blower) to
tightly together.
blow air over the coils.
Condenser Coil
As the refrigerant absorbs heat from the indoor air, it starts to evaporate to
The condenser coil is in the outdoor air conditioning unit. It receives the high
form a vapor.
pressure, high temperature refrigerant from the compressor. You can think of it as the
opposite of the evaporator coil. Whereas the evaporator coils contain cold refrigerant, the
condenser coils contain hot refrigerant.
The condenser coils are designed to facilitate heat transfer to the outdoor air.
The refrigerant releases heat energy with the aid of the condenser fan, which blows air
over the coils. As the heat leaves the refrigerant to the outside environment, it turns back
into a liquid where it then flows to the expansion valve, which depressurizes the refrigerant
and cools it down.
Types of air conditioning systems
• Window Air Conditioner
• Portable Air Conditioner
• Floor Mounted Air Conditioner
• Geothermal Air Conditioner
• Centralized Air Conditioner
WHAT IS HVAC?
Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning AIR HANDLING SYSTEM
HVAC is a basic requirement for your indoor air quality, what you breathe, temperature, • Device used to condition and circulate air as part of an HVAC system
humidity in your house
So when you hear the term "HVAC" it means the entire air system of your home • Large metal box containing a blower, heating or cooling elements, filter, and sound
The Need Of Hvac System to Improvement Of The Air Quality Moisture Regulation, attenuators
Depression AND Maintenance Of The Constant Temperature Throughout The Year • Connects to ductwork that distributes the conditioned air through the building and
returns it to the AHU
HVAC COMPONENTS • May need to supply heating, cooling, or bot
Ducts, Vents, Air conditioning unit, Evaporator coils, Condensing unit • A furnace generates heat, Fuel oil or natural gas, Electric heating elements, A
refrigeration system absorbs heat, Air conditioner
VENTILATION
The air conditioned interiors are usually air tight and require fresh air for occupants to feel Heat pump
fresh and comfortable. In air conditioned interiors, ventilation involves supply of fresh air, its – Smaller air handlers may contain a fuel-burning heater or a refrigeration evaporator
circulation, distribution and exhaust. placed directly in the air stream
– Large commercial air handling units contain coils that circulate water
MECHANICAL OR FORCED
Provided by an air handler and used to control indoor air quality – Boiler provides hot water or steam
Excess humidity, odours, and contaminants can often be controlled via dilution or – Chiller provides chilled water
replacement with outside air, Kitchens and bathrooms

NATURAL
ventilation of a building with outside air without using fans or other mechanical systems
reduces spread of diseases tuberculosis, common cold
ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES OF HVAC ADVANTAGES OF HVAC
• Initial installation cost is high Conserves Energy
• Primary disadvantage of ductless air conditioners is Regulates Moisture
their cost Air Quality Improvement
• Repairing damaged or compromised radiant floor Cost saving
heating systems or individual would mean major work
and expenses
• Future renovations are often difficult as pipe layouts
may interfere with punching holes in floors or walls
HEATING
• CONVECTION-Collective movement of groups of molecules within fluids ,
through diffusion
• CONDUCTION-Transfer of internal energy by microscopic diffusion and collisions of
particles within a body due to a temperature gradient
• RADIATION-Electromagnetic waves (EMR) travel through a vacuum or through
matter-containing media
GENERATION OF HEAT
• Heaters exist for various types of fuel, including solid fuels, liquids, and gases
Another type of heat source is electricity, typically heating ribbons made of high
resistance wire
• This principle is also used for baseboard heaters and portable heaters Electrical
heaters are often used as backup or supplemental heat for heat pump systems
AHU
• Air handling units, as the name suggests handles the air to be conditioned of an area.
• A.H.U. are placed very much on the same level as the area to be conditioned.
• It should have one external wall for fresh air inlet. But in many cases this is not possible.
In that case fresh air can be brought in by a duct.
• Chilled water is brought to A.H.U. from central plant room, by insulated water pipes and
passed in coiled units with fans fitted to it.
• Air is made to pass over this chilled water and then with ducts made accessible to the
habitable space.
• If it is multistory building then it facilitates maintenance wise as well as cost wise to have
AHU one above the other.
• There is usually a duct placed nearby it to have chilled water supply pipe. Or there is a
cutout in the slab.

DISTRIBUTION OF HEAT WATER/STEAM

Piping is used to transport the heat to the rooms
Modern hot water boiler heating systems have a circulator, which is a pump, to move hot
water through the distribution system
AIR
Warm air systems distribute heated air through duct work systems of supply and return air
through metal or fiberglass ducts
Many systems use the same ducts to distribute air cooled by an evaporator coil for air
conditioning
DUCTING SYSTEM
Device used to condition and circulate air as part of an HVAC system
Large metal box containing a blower, heating or cooling elements, filter, and sound attenuators
Ducts function to:
• To carry air to the AHU. ( Re-circulating ducts)
• Conditioned air ducts.
• Fresh air ducts.
Ducts were made of tinned sheet iron, then galvanized sheet steel, aluminum sheet and finally insulated
duct such as asbestos fiber board.
Although round ducts are more efficient in reference to air flow, square and rectangular ducts.
• The location of air outlets (grilles) and layout of ductwork needs to be coordinated with
reflected false ceiling and light fixture layout to avoid clashes
• Avoid passage of ducts from one zone to another.
• Avoid passage of ducts from one floor to the other floor. (this will restrict propagation of
fire. In unavoidable circumstances provide Fire dampers at every zone crossing.
• When false ceiling void is used as RA sufficient openings must be provided in the walls
above false ceiling to create RA path upto air handler.

• Lateral pattern requires longest horizontal run but offer a wide uniform, and flexible
system of distribution. To minimize turns and offsets. To be ducts insulated against heat
loss or gains and sound transmission
Absorption of sound
All materials can absorb sound energy to an extent. However, materials that are specifically noted as sound-absorbing will absorb most of the sound energy that collides with them.
The major use of these materials is to reduce reverberant sound pressure levels. This leads to a reduction of overall reverberation in a space.
A porous absorber is any kind
of porous or fibrous material such as
textiles, fleece, carpets, foams, mineral
wool, cotton wool and
special acoustic plasters. They all
absorb sound energy as they damp the
oscillation of the air particles by friction..
The co efficient of absorption is higher for
higher frequencies up to 1.0, for lower
frequencies the co efficient of absorption
is as low as 0.2
Textile, fleece, carpets, mineral wools
Membrane absorbers, when mounted on a solid
backing, but separated from it by a constricted air
space the panel will respond by incident sound
waves by vibrating. This results in the flexing of the
fibers and a certain amount of frictional loss result in
absorption of the sound energy. The mass of the
fiber and the springiness of the air constitute a
resonant system. In resonant systems, peak
absorption occurs at the resonance frequency. A =
as low as 0.2
Wood, pressed wood fibers, plastic or other rigid or
semi-rigid materials
Air tight
box
Membrane
Air pocket
Insulating
material
Resonate absorbers are the most powerful of low-
frequency absorption technologies. They are
sometimes called resonance absorbers for
frequencies below 100 Hz. Resonant absorbers
are different than other absorbers. They work best
in areas of high room sound pressure not high
sound velocity areas like porous absorbers that
handle middle and high frequencies. A = up to
0.6 for lower frequencies
Salisbury screen, the Jaumann absorber, the
Dallenbach layer, crossed grating absorbers, and
circuit analog (CA) absorbers.
reflection of sound
Acoustical reflectors / diffusers are implemented to evenly distribute sound to avoid areas where sound quality is either weak, too excessive or cannot be heard clearly.
Acoustic diffusion or reflection helps to provide wider sound coverage for speech & music & are often used to improve speech intelligibility and music clarity in theatres, assembly halls,
auditoriums, recording studios & classrooms.
All diffusers have a frequency response, just like a speaker. They have a lower-end frequency and a higher-end frequency. Since each diffuser has a low frequency and a high frequency
at its minimums and maximum frequency range, we must allow enough distance from the diffuser to the listening position to make sure the lowest frequency since it is the longest to be
able to fully form before it reaches the listening position. The sound diffuser pattern must have enough distance for the lowest frequency waveform to fully form along with each
frequency or octave band covered by the frequency response of the diffuser.

In One – Dimensional Diffusion, The sound diffuser pattern of quadratic diffusers is
determined by the physical orientation of the diffusers. If you position a quadratic diffuser
vertically you are producing a sound diffuser pattern of energy distribution that is a
horizontal array of energy that is 180 degrees wide. If you position a quadratic diffuser that
is horizontal, you will have a sound diffuser pattern that is a vertical 180 degree of energy.
You can combine both horizontal and vertical diffusion on one surface area to produce two
dimensions of diffusion which will distribute energy within a 360 degree of energy. To
determine what type of diffusion to use within your room you must look at room usage
and the distances from the diffusers to the listening position.
In Two – Dimensional Diffusion Alternating both vertical and horizontal diffusion produces
an energy field that is covering a 360-degree array. two-dimensional diffusion has fewer
distance requirements that one-dimensional diffusion. If you do not have enough distance for
one-dimensional diffusion, you can use two-dimensional. It is less distance sensitive. Two-
dimensional diffusion will make the surface area “disappear”. It will be difficult if you close
your eyes to tell where the wall is. One-dimensional diffusion will add to image clarity and
definition along with creating a wide sound field of energy distribution. Two-channel listening
rooms benefit greatly from placing one-dimensional diffusion on the front and rear walls. This
application produces a sound stage that is wide and has high resolution and definition.
Manipulating intensity of sound Over time and distance, a sound wave gets weaker and weaker until the sound becomes undetectable. The pitch, however, does not typically
change as the sound grows weaker. In other words, even as the amplitude decreases, the frequency stays the same.
Sometimes it is desirable to change sound intensity without changing the pitch and quality of a sound. We can do this by adding energy to or taking energy away from a sound wave. As
you have already seen, intensity is the amount of energy in a sound wave. Changing the intensity of a sound wave changes its amplitude. Sound intensity can be controlled in many ways..
The intensity of sound is basically the loudness of sound.
So in general terms, you would need to reduce the volume, but looking at this concept in terms of wave motion, one must vary the intensity of the vibration in the longitudinal plane.
If the vibrations are mild, the sound wave will be less intense.
Sound intensity has received significant attention over the past five years in the fields of noise control and product noise analysis. Yet, at this date, it is an infrequently used technique in
consulting acoustics in general. Standards have been slow in developing and thus have not increased its use, and the most fundamental reason for its use is still the utility of its results
rather than any existing standard. The benefit of intensity measurement in architecture is principally in its ability to indicate source direction, and this benefit is particularly important in a
number of fields now being studied. The first of these is the open plan office, and the current work in intensity is based on an interest in the performance of acoustical dividers and
absorbers.

Noise means unwanted sound. It is subject to human perception. Sound can be detected when the sound
power imposes pressure on the receiver. Sound pressure is a scientific distinction from the more subjective
“loudness”. Sound intensity is the measurement of sound power per unit area (Wm-2). A logarithmic scale of
sound intensity is used to describe different levels of sound pressure,

Building acoustics are influenced by:

• Geometry and volume of space
• Absorption, reflection and medium of transmission that separates and encloses the space
• Generation of sound inside or outside the space
• Airborne sound transmission
• Impact noise

From an acoustical perspective, auditorium presents a unique design challenge. The two primary uses of the
auditorium; dramatic and musical, each have inherent acoustical requirements. To function well, the auditorium
must be conducive to its intended use. An auditorium with proper acoustics encourages the audience to
contemplate the acoustical content of the sound source. An auditorium with poor acoustics is immediately
apparent and detracts from the presentation.
Elevators are devices that move people and goods
vertically within a dedicated shaft that connects ● Conventional Hydraulic Elevator-Its
multiple levels of the building. sheave extends below floor of elevator
pit,that accepts retracting piston as
1. Hydraulic Elevators -like pushing mechanism. elevator descends. Some configuration
Low rise applications for 2-8 stories and travel has telescoping piston that collapses
distance speed of 20ft per minute. Machine and requires a shallower hole below the
room at lowest adjacent to elevator shaft.It has a pit.
low-rise applications of 2-8 stories whereas travel ● Hole-less Hydraulic Elevator-has piston
distance maximum 20ft/min.It uses more energy on either side of lift car. The telescoping
than others again. pistons are fixed at base of pit and
2. Traction Elevators with Machine Room doesn't require sheave or hole below
the pit. Telescoping pistons-50ft travel
3. Machine-Room-Less(MRL) Traction Elevator distance. Non-telescoping pistons-20ft
travel distance.
• Sheave-A rope wheel,it's rim is grooved to gain
● Roped-Hydraulic Elevators-uses
suspension ropes but to it ropes ain't rigidly
combination of ropes and piston to
attached and by means of which power is
move elevator whereas max.travel
transmitted from lift machine to the suspension
distance is about 60ft.
ropes.
Lift Components-
• Lift Lobby- Between 1.5-2.5 times depth of one
• Lift Landing
care.Inline/single line arrangements,Lobby be half of • Lift Machine
above recommendations • Lift Pit
• Lift well
Electric motor for hoisting car up and down • Lift well enclosure Counterweight Guide
LMR- Lift Machine Room Rails
MRL-Machine Room Less • Sheave
ARD-Automatic Rescue Device(if power goes off lift arrives to the nearest floor and stops there) • Lift lobby
Elevator Lobby Controls and Indicators (3 required) ESCALATORS
Floor Designators Call Buttons-to request call from an elevator.
Hall Lanterns-indicates arriving elevator and direction it travels.For directional indicators. Audible signals sound once for
going up and twice for going down. Vocal indicators may say whether going up or down in lieu tones
● Movement of people,in large numbers at a controlled
Gears and Gearless Traction Elevators with Machine Room Traction Elevators
rate in minimum of space is involved
lifted by ropes, which passes over a wheel/pulley attached to an electric motor above elevator shaft.Used for midrise
and high-rise. eg-railway stations,airports, exhibitions,big departmental stores.
Counterweight-Weight makes elevators more efficient by offsetting the weight of car and occupants so that motor
doesn't have to move as much weight.Height restriction governed by length and weight of cables or ropes whereas ● For normal peak periods, recommended handling
materials that are stronger and lighter capacities for design purpose to be taken as 3200 to
eg-carbon fiber allows traction Elevators to achieve greater heights. 6400 person/hr, depends upon escalator width.
Machine Room Less-The part above the terrace goes off.Gear Traction Elevators have gear box. To decide efficiency
waiting time and waiting time of floor floor has to be considered,whereas in presence of motor duct is 1.5mx1.2m. ● Angle of Inclination-30degrees,risers maximum 6m &
Gearless Traction -special give is provided to not shift that down. One channel carries the load.These elevators rated speed and not exceeding 0.5m/s….The angle of
operates at speeds maximum 500ft/min. A brake is mounted between motor and drive sheave(or gearbox)to hold inclination is permitted to be increased upto 35degrees.
elevator stationary at floor.
● For Escalators arranged adjacent to one another

● The step depth in travel direction minimum 0.38 m.

● The landing Area- to have surface providing secure

foothold for minimum distance of 0.85 m measures
from root of comb teeth.

Dumbwaiters - Car Lift in vertical transportation,net floor area

of 1sq.m.total inside height of 1.2m, shelves has capacity
maximum 250kg, exclusively used for carrying materials and
shall not carry any person.
 TYPES OF CURRENT
ELEMENTS OF ELECTRICITY AC-Periodically reverses in direction Commercially used AC is
• Current-Flow of electron and measured by converted into DC for specific use
ampere(I) DC
Flow only in one direction Voltage is created, maybe stores until it is
• Voltages-amount of pulling force that makes
consumed.
electron flow and measured in volts(V)
The current flows directly,in one direction and is constant in time.
• Resistance-It's opposition of current flow and Inverter and Converter
measured by ohms Converter is which converts AC to DC
• Conductors-Materials easily allow current flow or Inverter-DC to AC
with low resistance. Standard Electricity comes in form of AC because relatively easy to
eg-Aluminium,gold,silver,copper,iron change voltages

• Insulators-Materials that don't let current flow or with

• Flow of Electricity Diagram
high resistance
• Concepts of Electrical
eg-Rubber,plastic,paper
Safety-ELCB,MCB,Earthing

• Wiring System Types

• Main Cable Components
• Conductor Materials
• Types of Cables
Distribution of Electricity in High-rise Building
Power station to Multiple substations to Electricity Consumer.
For high-rise and independent bungalow
Electrical Duct
● ELCB,MCB,ELCB,neutral..MCB shuts down when circuit trips.
● Electrical Room on every floor..be careful from where it has pulled up
● Busbar Trunking in Electrical Duct.
● 3phase wires,4mm and made-up of Aluminium and copper
● Flexible
1. Single Phase Mains-used when electricity is not converted.220 volt
distribution only.If fault at small part, whole area gets affects. Uniform
distribution
2. Grouped Supply-floors are grouped,Unequal distribution like 3 to 2 flats.
3. Individual Supply for floor-uneconomical, disadvantage-Individual floor supply
many risers coming down
4. Rising Mains/Ring Main Supply- more effective, uniform loading if 220 volts
5. Double Feed Supply-Building security highly concerned

Single Phase Distribution

Busbar Trunking System

● Compact
● Heat absorbant
● Generates heat and is good conductor of heat
● Cheaper in cost,better resistant whereas has a rigid diameter.
● Less loss of energy while flowing
● Ease of distribution
Vaishnavi C. Kamble | 16
Sejal Khandare | 19
Tanvi Kulkarni | 20
Dharmik Maru | 23
Kashyapi Patil | 31
Sneha Sawant | 36
Shruti M. Teli | 39