MODULE 03:

PLUMBING SYSTEM
COMPONENTS
ARC1419 – Plumbing and Sanitary Systems
Week 06 – Lecture
Coverage
• Water Supply and
Distribution System
PLUMBING SYSTEM COMPONENTS
• Water Supply and Distribution System
• Sanitary Drainage and Disposal System
• Storm Drainage System
• Plumbing Fixture
• Fire Protection System
• Fuel and Gas Piping System
WATER SUPPLY AND
DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
• Basic Properties of Water
• Water Cycle
• Sources of Water
• Water Treatment and Purification
• Wells & Pumps
• Cold Water Distribution System
• Hot Water Distribution System
• Defects in Water Distribution System
• Maximum and Probable Demand
WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM
• System of engineered hydraulic and hydraulic components that
provide water supply. A water supply system typically includes:

1. DRAINAGE BASIN

2. RAW WATER
• Collection point (above or below ground) e.g.
lake, a river, or groundwater from an
underground aquifer.
• Transferred using uncovered ground-level
aqueducts, covered tunnels, or underground
water pipes to water purification facilities.
3. WATER PURIFICATION FACILITIES.

Treated water is transferred using water pipes

(usually underground).

4. WATER STORAGE FACILITIES

• reservoirs, water tanks, or water towers.

• Smaller water systems - cisterns or
pressure vessels.
• Tall buildings - store water locally in
pressure vessels in order for the water to
reach the upper floors.
5. WATER PRESSURIZING
COMPONENTS

• Pumping stations may need to be situated at the

outlet of underground or aboveground reservoirs
or cisterns (if gravity flow is impractical).

6. PIPE NETWORK
• distribution of water to consumers
• other usage points (such as fire hydrants)

7. TO THE SEWERS
• (underground pipes, or aboveground ditches in
some developing countries) are generally found
downstream of the water consumers.
COMPONENTS OF FLOW IN WATER SYSTEMS
WATER SUPPLY
• is a supply of purified water to a community, usually including
facilities for storing and distributing this water as reservoirs or
pipelines.
WELLS & PUMPS
 • is an excavation or structure created in the
WELL ground by digging, driving, boring or drilling to
access groundwater in underground aquifers.

A. TYPES OF WELLS (General)

• Shallow Well – when excavated by hand for shallow water

– may run 25-50 feet

• Deep Well
 B. TYPES OF WELLS
(According to Method of Construction)

1. Dug Well (manual dig)

• most common type
• dug around 15 meters deep
• Also referred to as shallow well

Components of a dug well. Source: SMET & WIJK (2002)

2. Bored Well
• Similar to dug well, but constructed
using an auger driven by hand or
with power tools.
• Seldom hand driven below 15
meters,but can reach 40+ meters
with power tools
3. Jetted Well
• Use of extreme water pressure so as
not to affect existing foundations in the
vicinity.
• Makes use of a suction pump above,
while casing acts as the pump riser
• Used only where ground is relatively
soft, hence sometimes referred to as
“Sand-Point Wells”
4. Driven Well

• dug with driven point attached

to the pipes.
5. Drilled Well
• used for drilling oil
• can reach depths of 1000 meters
 C. TYPES OF WELLS
(According to Diameter)
1. Open Wells
• Constructed by open excavation
and are provided with straining.
• The diameter generally varies
from 2-10 m

2. Tube Wells
• These are the holes drilled into the
ground encased with pipes and
strainers.
• The diameter varies between 0.15 -
0.6 m.
 • 2 most common type of contamination
- Septic Tank/ Leach Fields
D. LOCATING A - Livestock feedlots
WELL • Locating must not be less than 100 ft. away from
such pollution sources.
• Locate on higher ground
• The deeper the well, the better for natural
filtration
 • Well screens are made of non-corrosive
E. METHODS OF WALL material like brass.
SCREENING • Natural materials like stones and rock
sediment provide additional screening
 • is a device used to move fluids, such as liquids or slurries.
PUMP • is used whenever the water supply at its natural pressure
cannot be directly piped to a building, tank or reservoir.

A. Three (3) Classes:

• Lifting water by suction to the level of a pump situated

above the source
• Raising the water by forcing it to an elevation above a
pump situated in the course.
• Both lifting the water to the pump by suction and in
addition, forcing the water to an elevation above the pump
B. Types of Pumps
1. Lift Pump
• consist of a piston travelling up
and down with a cylinder
connected with a pipe extending
down into the source.
 • used to deliver water to a point at
2. Force Pump a higher than the position of the
pump itself.
 • Include that class of pumps in which
3. Reciprocating Pump the piston moves to and from, either
horizontally or vertically.
• Operate with controlled speed.
 • water is drawn into the pump & discharged
with a centrifugal force
4. Centrifugal Pump • possess moving parts without valves,
revolving around axis and centrifugal
action is utilized in delivering the water
under pressure.
 • are designed to be fully immersible
5. Submersible Pumps within a tank or other media storage
receptacle.
 • used in applications where excess water must be
6. Sump Pump pumped away from a particular area.
• a pump used to remove water that has accumulated
in a water collecting sump pit.
 WATER
DISTRIBUTION
SYSTEM
WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
• the water service pipe, water distribution pipes, and the
necessary connecting pipes, fittings, control valves and
all appurtenances in or adjacent to the structure or
premises.
• involves Public to Household water supply systems.
A. CLASSIFICATION OF PUBLIC
WATER DISTRIBUTION
1. Direct Pressure Contribution
• water is obtained through a large intake installed on the
lake basin & extended into deep water.
• Components: (a) Water Basin (b) Receiving Well (c)
Filtration Plant
2. Indirect Pressure Contribution

• Water is taken form a drilled well or

underground water
• Involves individual special mechanical
equipment
B. TYPES OF COMMUNITY WATER SUPPLY
(according to availability)
• Continuous
- Continuous water supply (for 24 hours).
- Adequate quantity of water is available.
- Water remains fresh and rusting of pipes will be low.
- Losses of water will be more in case of any leakage.

• Intermittent
- Done in whole village/town for fixed hours or supply of water
- Divided into zones and each zone is supplied according to a set schedule
- Areas with low water availability
- Wastage of water is more due to tendency of the community for storing higher
amount of water than required.
- Pipelines are likely to rust faster due to wetting and drying.
- Maintenance can be easily done during no-supply hours
WATER MAIN
• Refers to the public water connections which are laid
underground along the streets where the house
service is connected
 HOUSEHOLD WATER SUPPLY

• Water is conveyed to
the plumbing fixtures
by means of pipes,
which are classified
as:
- House Service
- Riser
- Branches
 HOUSE SERVICE
• refers to the pipe connection from the public water main or any
source of water supply to the building served
RISER
• Refers to the vertical supply pipe
which extend upward from one
floor to the next

BRANCHES
• Horizontal pipes that serve the
faucets or fixtures
PARTS OF THE COLD WATER
DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
• Service pipe – street water main to building served
• Water Meter – device to measure the amount of water
• Horizontal Supply Main – principal water distribution pipe
• Riser – extends vertically to one full storey
• Fixture Branch – fixture supply pipe and water distribution
pipe
• Valves – control, isolation and repair of the water
distribution system
• Storage Tanks
 TYPES OF COLD
WATER DISTRIBUTION
TYPES OF COLD WATER
DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
• Direct (Upfeed)
• Indirect
- Downfeed or Gravity System
- Hydro-pneumatic system (Air Pressure System)
 • Water is provided by the city water
1. Direct (Upfeed) companies using normal pressure from
public water main.
DIRECT UPFEED SYSTEM –
TRIPLEX PUMP
2. Indirect
a. Downfeed or Gravity System
• Water is pumped into a large tank on
top of the building and is distributed to
the fixtures by means of gravity.
• Also known as overhead feed system
b. Hydro Pneumatic System/ Air Pressure System
• Tanks that use water and air under pressure are referred to as a hydropneumatic
tanks, or pressure tanks.
• Three functions:
- First is as part of a water delivery system set to deliver water in a preset pressure
range
- Second uses the pressure setting to monitor a pump from turning on too often
- Third is to buffer or lower pressure surges, much like a power surge protector
 SYSTEM ADVANTAGES DISADVANTGES
1a. Upfeed System Eliminate cost of pumps and tanks Pressure from water main is
inadequate to supply tall buildings

Water supply is affected during

peak load hour
2a. Overhead Feed System Water is not affected by peak load hour Water is subject to contamination

Not affected by power interruption High maintenance cost

Time needed to replace broken parts does not
affect water supply
Occupies valuable space
Requires strong foundation and
other structure to carry additional
load of tank and water.

2b. Air Pressure System With compact pumping unit Water supply is affected by loss of
pressure inside the tank in case of
power interruption
Sanitary due to air tight water chamber

Economical (small pipe dia.)

Less initial construction & maintenance cost

Oxygen in the compressed air serves as purifying

agent
Adaptable air pressure
 TYPES OF HOT
WATER DISTRIBUTION
TYPES OF HOT WATER
DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
• Upfeed and Gravity Return System
• Downfeed and Gravity Return System
• Pump Circuit System
1. Upfeed and Gravity Return System

• With a continuing network of

pipes to provide constant
circulation of water
• Hot water rises on its own &
does not need any pump for
circulation
• Hot water is immediately drawn
form the fixture any time
• Provided economical circulating
return of unused hot water
• Larger pipe is installed at the
top of the riser & the
diminishing sizes passes
through the lower floors of the
building
2. Downfeed and Gravity Return System

• Hot water rises on to the

highest point of the plumbing
system and travels to the
fixtures via gravity (closed pipe
system)
• Water distribution is dependent
on the expansion of hot water
& gravity.
• Larger pipe is installed at the
bottom of the riser & the
diminishing sizes passes
through the upper floors of
the building
3. Pump Circuit System
• For a more efficient circulation of hot water to the upper floor
levels of multi-storey buildings
HOT WATER CONSUMPTION
KIND OF BUILDING GALLONS PER PERSONS PER
HOUR

Office Building 4 to 5

School Building 2 to 3

Apartment Buildings 8

Hotels 8 to 10

Factories 4 to 6

Residential 10
WORKING LOAD OF HOT WATER SYSTEMS
KIND OF BUILDING AVERAGE WORKING LOAD
School, office and Industrial types 25%

Apartments & Residences 35%

Hotels & Restaurants 50%

2 TYPES OF WATER HEATING SYSTEMS
1. Hot Water Space Heating System
• Water is confined within a system at low
temperature
• Uses system relief valve for protection of hot
water tank.

2. Hot Water Supply System

• Not a closed system which operate on much
higher temperature
• Uses temperature & pressure relief for
protection of hot water tank.
DEFECTS IN WATER
DISTRIBUTION
SYSTEMS
• Water Hammer
• Back Siphonage
• Expansion and Contraction
• Friction Head Loss
A. Water Hammer
• a knocking in the pipes caused when faucets in the lower
levels are shut off abruptly or automatically
• the force exerted by the decelerating water causes the
pipes to shake and rattle
B. Back Siphonage
• the flowing back of used, contaminated or polluted water
from a plumbing fixture or vessel into a water supply pipe
due to a negative pressure in such pipe
• Back flow - the flow of water or other liquids, ,mixtures,
or substances into the distributing pipes of a potable
supply of water to a tank, plumbing fixture, or other device
and the flood level rim of the receptacle.
C. Expansion/Contraction
• Pipes expand and contract due to continuous changes in
temperature
• An air space should be provided to allow for breathing
room.
D. Friction
• refers to the resistance produced by the flowing water
with the fittings and interior surface of the pipe.
• In water supply distribution, friction is defined as the
resistance between the molecules of water.
PRESSURE
• is the force required to move the water inside the pipe. It
is the only means necessary to overcome friction.
• Static Pressure – pressured exerted by the water at rest.
• Nominal Pressure - refers to the pressure range
measured over a period of 24 hours.
AIR CHAMBER TO PREVENT WATER
HAMMERING
 CRITICAL PRESSURE
• refers to the maximum and minimum pressure at which
proper function of the water supply system can be
maintained.

HEAD LOSS BY FRICTION or

FRICTION HEAD LOSS
• The loss in the rate of flow, due to friction between the
water and the walls of the pipe.
PRESSURE LOSS
Refers to the variations in pressure between the water main
and the outlet end of the water service. Pressure loss is
generally caused by friction.
Other causes of pressure loss:
• Simultaneous draw or use of water
• Height or distance of which the water must flow
• Fluctuation of water pressure in the water main
• Mineral elements in water that adhere to the interior of the pipe
reducing the diameter
• Inadequate size of the pipe
Water supply coming from the public water main may
also be affected by water fluctuations caused by:

• Peak load
• Emergency draw
• Breakdown of lines or pumping unit
• Insufficient water level at the water system reservoir
MAXIMUM AND
PROBABLE
DEMAND
MAXIMUM DEMAND
• refers to the maximum water discharge of fixtures in
terms of fixture units.

• The maximum demand of water is equal to the Total

Fixture Units in the plumbing system, where one unit is
valued at 8 gallons of water discharge per minute interval.

Example: One water closet is valued at 6 fixture units,

therefore 6 x 8 = 48 gallons
 FIXTURE
KIND OF FIXTURE
UNIT
BATHTUB 2
FLOOR DRAIN 1
KITCHEN SINK 2
RESIDENTIAL SINK 1.5
LAVATORY OR WASH BASIN 1
LAUNDRY TUB 2
SHOWER BATH 2
SLOP SINK 3
SINK, PUBLIC 2
URINAL 5
WATER CLOSET 6
COMBINATION FIXTURE 3

One bathroom group consisting of water closet, lavatory, bathtub and

8
overhead shower or water closet, lavatory and shower compartment

For every 15 square foot roof drain 1

ILLUSTRATION
A residential building has 3 water closets, 3
lavatories, 1 kitchen sink and 3 shower baths.
Determine the maximum demand of water.
Solution:
1. Solve for the total fixture units
6 units x 3 water closets = 18 units
1 unit x 3 lavatories = 3 units
2 units x 1 kitchen sink = 2 units
2 units x 3 shower baths = 6 units
Total = 29 units
2. Determine the maximum water demand
29 units x 8 = 232 gallons
PROBABLE DEMAND or PEAK LOAD
“The fewer number of fixtures installed, the higher
percentage of probability of their simultaneous use,
and the greater the number of fixtures installed, the
lower the percentage of probable simultaneous
use.”

“If a fixture can discharge, only a given quantity of

water, wherein the water supply may not be
overtaxed above this amount of water causing
overflow of the fixtures being used, then, the
maximum demand of water is the total sum of its
fixture units wherein each fixture unit represents 8
gallons of water”
PROBABILITY OF SIMULTANEOUS USE OF FIXTURES

NUMBER OF FIXTURE PERCENTAGE OF

UNITS SIMULTANEOUS USE

1 to 5 50 – 100

6 to 50 25 – 50

51 or more 10 – 25
ILLUSTRATION
Determine the probable demand of the following
fixtures installed: 2 water closets, 1 lavatory, 1
bathtub, 1 shower bath and 1 kitchen sink.
Solution:
1. Find the number of fixture units then multiply by 8.
2 water closets 2x6 = 12 units
1 lavatory 1x1 = 1 unit
1 bathtub 1x2 = 2 units
1 shower bath 1x2 = 2 units
1 kitchen sink 1x2 = 2 units
TOTAL 19 units
Solution:

2. Determine the maximum demand

19 units x 8 gallons = 152 gallons
3. The 152 gallons of water maximum demand is likely to be
consumed in one minute. Thus, it may be reduced by 25%
to 50% to get the probable demand.
4. Assume 30% reduction of 152 gallons = 45 gallons
5. Subtract from maximum demand of 152 gallons
152 – 45 = 107 gallons of probable demand

This figure may be used, to establish the size of water service

pipes needed.
Resources:
• Architectural Utilities 1: Plumbing and Sanitary by George S. Salvan
• Estimating Bill of Materials by Vicente A. Tagayun
• Plumbing Estimate and Design by Max Fajardo
• Visual Dictionary of Architecture by Francis D.K. Ching
• FLEA 2010 REVIEW UTILITIES SANITARY AND PLUMBING SYSTEMS
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