LESSON 4

SANITARY DRAINAGE SYSTEM (Waste Pipe, Soil Pipe, House Drain & House Sewer

Drain-waste-vent (or DWV)

> part of a system that allows air to enter a plumbing system to maintain proper air pressure
to enable the removal of sewage and greywater from a dwelling.
> Waste is produced in fixtures such as toilets, sinks, and showers.
> As the water runs down, proper venting is required to avoid a vacuum from being created.
> As the water runs down air must be allowed into the waste pipe either through a roof vent

The drainage installation of the plumbing system compromises three major components (DWV)
1. Drainage Pipe
> refers to an installation that receives and conveys discharges from water closets with or
without waste coming from the fixtures.
2. Waste Pipe
> any pipe in a drainage installation that receives the discharges of any fixtures except the
water closet and conveys the same to the soil branch, and soil pipe of the house drain.
3. Vent Pipe
> to give an air passage or conduit to ventilate the drainage and waste pipe

A. Waste Pipe
> a smaller diameter pipe
> it carries waste water (grey water) from sinks, washing machine, shower, bath and any
other appliance
> can be narrower than a soil pipe as the waste pipe is only designed to carry water.
> does not typically generate harmful gas so does not need to be vented high above ground
level.

General Conditions for a Good Waste Pipe installation

A. Right Choice of Materials Selecting
> a right materials must be consider when installing the waste pipe, any waste pipe
line conveys large amount of acid and material must specify an acid resistant materials. But
not all domestic waste contains acids.
B. Use correct fittings
> Refers to the right choice of a right kind of fittings for particular changes of
directions, turns or offsets. Injudicious use of fittings should not be allowed in plumbing
installation. Short cuts that will not allow smooth passage of waste should be avoided
C. Location of Clean-Out
> The waste pipe installation bust be provided with an ample number of clean-outs,
strategically located, to be opened in case of pipeline trouble.
> Clean –out is a receptacle of the plumbing system accessible on floor, walls or ceiling.
> equipped with a plug or flush plate so designed as not impair the aesthetical
view of the room.
> The location of clean out must be indicated in the plan.
> It should be sized equal to the diameter of the waste pipe, where it connected.
> This is to avoid interference in the rodding or cleaning process.
> Clean-out must be readily accessible to the plumber in case of waste pipe
problem
D. Provide Right Slope or Grade of the pipe lines
> The ideal position of horizontal waste pipe, were those installed at 2% slope.
 1. No slope – water and solids stay inside the pipe.
2. 2% slope – both liquid and solid drains out.
3. + 2% slope - liquid drain too fast, solids left behind.
E. Using the Correct Size of Pipes
> The size of the waste pipe intended to receive waste from the fixture must be of
sufficient diameter. This is to accommodate the velocity of flow, making them as nearly
scouring as necessary to prevent the silting of the pipe.
> Scouring means to flush or wash out, to remove dirt or grease by flowing through
F. Manner of Joining Pipes
> Pipe joining in plumbing system have a different types of connections. But each kind
of pipe has its own manner of recommended and specified by the manufacturer.
G. Correct Position and Rigid Support
> A pipe support or pipe hanger is a designed element that transfer the load from a
pipe to the supporting structures. The load includes the weight of the pipe proper, the content
that the pipe carries, all the pipe fittings attached to pipe, and the pipe covering such as
insulation. The overall design configuration of a pipe support assembly is dependent on the
loading and operating conditions

 Waste is produced in fixtures such as toilets, sinks, and showers.

> Two Type of Waste Types depending the kind of fixtures it will serve:
1. Direct Waste
> is one terminal directly connected to the plumbing system.
> Different Types of Fixture Served by Direct Waste
a. Urinals g. Laundry b. Bath Tub h. Laboratory c. Lavatories i. Hospital
Fixture d. Sink
e. Shower f. Drinking Fountain
2. Indirect Waste
> refers to a connection with terminal not connected to the plumbing system.
> Fixture Served by Indirect Waste
a. Soda Fountain b. Refrigeration c. Bar Waste d. d. Drinking Fountain

 Solid Waste
> Any pipe that receives and conveys human wastes is affixed with the word “Soil”
> discharged by the water closet only to either the Soil Branch, Soil Stack, Soil Pipe, or
House Drain
 Soil Branch
> a horizontal pipe affixed by the word soil.
> The word soil connotes a pipe receiving discharges from the water closet.
> if this soil branch does not receive from the water closet but from fixtures only, it will be
classified as Waste Pipe
 Soil Stack
> vertical pipe installation where the soil branches terminate.
> The pipe is called a stack being installed vertically.
> the word soil is affixed because human waste from soil branches. It will be classified as
Waste Stack
2. Soil Pipe
> pipe that receives and conveys discharges of water closets, bidet and urinal with or without
discharge from other fixtures to the house drain or house sewer.
> At least one vertical stack in the plumbing system must extend full size through the roof for
the purpose of ventilation, siphonage & back pressure.
 > The soil stack or stack vent extends to the roof not less than 300 mm and the minimum size of
the pipe is 75 mm or 3” in diameter.

3. Soil Branch
> a pipe that install horizontally with lateral or vertical connection that receives the discharges
of water closet with or without additional plumbing fixtures

4 . House Drain
> House drain is also called as the Collection Line of a Plumbing System.
> receives discharges of all soil and waste stacks within the building and coveys to the house
sewer.
> installed underground of suspended below the floor or inside the ceiling. In high rise building,
house drain is usually suspended from the basement ceiling to avail of the gravity flow of waste to
the Main Sewer.
Four Types of House Drain:
a) Combined Drain
> oldest type of house drain that received discharges from sanitary waste and storm
water.
> this type of house drain is already phase out or not longer permitted.
b) Sanitary Drain
> a type of house drain receives the discharges of sanitary and domestic waste and
directly conveyed to the public sewer or septic tank, by the house sewer.
> Storm water is not allowed in the sanitary drain.
c) Strom Drain
> Conveys all storm clear water or surface rain water except sanitary wastes.
> Strom drain run to the storm sewer line.
d) Industrial Drain
> receives discharges from industrial equipment that contain some objectionable acid
wastes.
> This house drain terminates to a separate drainage basin

Grade or Slope of House Drain:

The House Drain must produce the necessary velocity and discharge capacity at a certain
inclination to attain scouring action.
> Recommended is a 2% slope for the house drain. There are instances, where less than 2%
slope was adopted under the following circumstances.
a) When depth of the sewer line in relation with the depth of the basement floor is low.
b) Long sewer line would require lower pitch but should not be less than 1% slope.
c) In case the sewer line slope is very tight, installation of the pipe should be guided by
leveling instrument for accuracy to prevent sags or trapped piping

House Drain Hardware:

House drain appliances includes the following:
1. House Trap
> is the main clean out for both inside and outside your home.
> It is usually located at the very front of your home or basement.
> It is U shaped and has 2 clean out plugs.
> If the caps are not on properly odors can escape into your house, or waste water can
escape as well.
> If objects enter your drain pipes, they will usually get caught inside the belly of the trap,
hence the name trap
 2. Back Flow Valve
> a mechanical device that are designed to allow the flow of water in one direction only:
away from your house drain.
The device that is used in sanitary sewer scenarios works like this:
• The valve is normally in an open position: the "gate" (or "flap") is open.
• When a backflow condition occurs, floats under the gate lift up and start to block
the backflow.
• If the backflow condition increases, the gate closes against a gasket and creates a
seal which does not allow water to pass in the backwards direction.
• When the backflow condition ends, the gate falls back down due to gravity and
returns to the open position to allow normal outflow of sewage from the home's plumbing system
3. Area Drain
> An area drain, like its name seems to apply, collects water from a specific area.
> Typically an area drain is installed for a driveway, back yard, or in a basement.
> An area drain can also be known as a yard drain, driveway drain, trench drain, or floor
drain.
4. Yard Catch Basin
> a receptacle used to catch surface water drained from cemented courts, driveways and
yards.
5. Garage Catch Basin
> is a device designed to collect waste from garage, wash rack, grease pit and repair floors
in to the house drain.
> Waste coming from these areas contain objectionable elements like grease, oil, grit and
gasoline that are detrimental to the drainage installation as well as the sewage disposal system.
6. Grease Basin or Grease Trap
> is a device (a type of trap) designed to intercept most greases and solids before they
enter a wastewater disposal system.
> Also known as grease interceptor, grease recovery device, grease capsule and grease
converter
7. Sump Pit
> a hole where the drain water being collected and by itself outflow towards to the
nearest drain, outflow has a slope say 2 % slope.
• Sump Pump is an equipment install inside the sump pit
> it is located below the ground ,the function is to pump out all collected drain
water to the nearest drain outlet, the pump itself has a complete control systems, to energized the
pump automatically when the water on high level with sensor inside the sump pit, and the pump will
de energized when the water on the low level.

8. Sewage Ejector pit

> a hole where the waste water being collected from a bathroom, laundry room or any other
type of plumbing fixture is located below the level of the main sewer or septic line flowing from the
house.
• Sewage Ejector Pump also called a pump-up ejector system, is used pump out the waste
from the Sewage Pit up to the main sewer line

5. House Sewer (Building Sewer)

> a horizontal drainage which starts from the outer face of the building and terminates at the
main sewer in the street of septic tank.
> The code state that House Sewer is the horizontal drainage system which starts 900 mm.
From the outer face of the building.
House Sewer Connection to Main Sewer:
 > House sewer is connected to main sewer by boring a small hole through the concrete
pipe.
> The hole will receive the sleeve and connect entering at 45 degrees angle and directly
from the top or higher than the waste level
Size of the house sewer:
> The old practice is to use 150 mm or 6 inches diameter cement of vitrified clay pipe.
> If plastic pipe the diameter can be reduce to 100 mm diameter.
> To consider the total discharges in terms of fixture unit.
> The overall lapping of discharges and the simultaneous use of the fixtures are also
included in the calculations

STORM DRAINAGE SYSTEM

A. Storm Drain
> unit of plumbing system that conveys rain or storm water to a suitable pipe.
> Storm water is normally discharge into street gutter conveyed by public drain system and
carried to some natural drainage like canals, lakes, rivers and the like

Splash Pan
> Is a collector of water coming down from the downspout leading the accumulated water
away from the house.
Catch Basin
> is a device or receptacle at the ground which catches the rain water from the roof that
runs to the downspout. And drain out to the main storm water line

Classification of Storm Drain

1. Inside storm drain
> sometimes located under the basement floor or within the wall of the building.
> commonly found in buildings constructed along the congested business district, or
building that occupies the entire lot.
2. Outside storm drain
> is installed outside the foundation wall of the building.
> possible on location where the lot is not totally occupied by the building.
3. Overhead storm drain
> is adopted when the street drainage is higher in elevation then the basement floor of
the building

Roof Leader
> known as water conductor or downspout either concealed of exposed type.
> It connects to the roof terminal to the storm drain.