PLUMBING

PLUMBING:
• The art and science of creating and maintaining sanitary conditions in
buildings.
OR
• The art and science of installing, repairing and servicing of pipes, fixtures
and appurtenances necessary for bringing in water supply, distributing it
within and removing the liquid and water borne wastes.

BASIC PLUMBING COMPONENTSOF ANY BUILDING:

1. Water supply distributing pipes
2. Fixture and fixture traps
3. Soil, waste and vent pipes
4. Storm water drainage
NBC GENERAL REQUIREMENTS FOR DESIGN
CONSIDERATION:
• Smooth joints
• Avoid noise transmission
• Avoid formation of air locks
• Avoid unsightly arrangement
• Economy in labor and materials
• No piping under wastewater pipes
• Gradual size and direction changes
• Max rate of discharge required
• Water tight pipes and pipe connections
• No back flow towards the source of supply
• No direct connection of boilers or hot machinery
• No cross connection between pure and contaminated water pipes
SUPPLY SYSTEM
WATER SUPPLY FOR RESIDENCE:
A min of 70 to 100 lphd may be considered adequate for domestic
needs of urban communities apart from non domestic needs as
flushing requirements.
a) For communities with population upto 20,000 and without flushing
system:
1) Water supply through standpost 40 lphd, min
2) Water supply through house 70 to 100 lphd
service connection
b) For communities with population
20,000 to 1,00,000 together with 100 to 150 lphd
full flushing system
c) For communities with population
above 1,00,000 together with full 150 to 200 lphd
flushing system

*Out of 150 to 200 lphd, 45 lphd may be taken for flushing

requirements and the remaining quantity for other domestic
purposes.

STORAGE OF WATER:
a) to provide against interruption of the supply
b) to reduce the max rate of demand
c) storage for fire fighting
WHILE DESIGNING WE NEED TO KEEP IN MIND THE DESIGN OF
1) Manhole
2) Catch rings and ladders
3) Overflow pipes
4) Vent pipes
5) Scour pipes
6) Tanks
DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS IN MULTI STOREYED
BUILDINGS:
1) Direct supply from mains to ablutionary taps and kitchen with WCs
and urinals supplied by overhead tanks
2) Direct pumping systems
3) Hydro-pneumatic systems
4) Overhead tanks distribution
1) DIRECT SUPPLY SYSTEM:
This system is adopted when adequate pressure is available round the
clock at the topmost floor. With limited pressure available in most city
mains, water from direct supply is normally not available above two or
three floors.
2) DIRECT PUMPING:
Water is pumped directly into the
distribution system without the aid of any
overhead tank, except for flushing
purposes. The pumps are controlled by a
pressure switch installed on the line.
3) HYDRO-PNEUMATIC SYSTEMS:
It is a variation of direct pumping
system. An air tight pressure vessel
is installed on the line to regulate
the operation of the pumps. The
vessel capacity shall be based on
the cut-in and cut-out pressure of
the pumping system depending
upon allowable start/stops of the
pumping system. The system shall
have reliable power supply to avoid
breakdown in the water supply.
4) OVER-HEAD TANK DISTRIBUTION:
This is the most common of the
distribution systems adopted by various
type of buildings.
The system comprises pumping water
to one or more overhead tanks placed at
the top most location of the hydraulic
zone.
Water collected in the overhead tank
is distributed to the various parts of the
building by a set of pipes located
generally on the terrace.
PLUMBING FITTINGS
PLUMBING FIXTURES
PLUMBING FIXTURES:
It is recommended that each family dwelling unit should have at
least one water closet, one lavatory, one kitchen wash place or a sink
and one bathing wash place or shower to meet the basic requirements
of sanitation and personal hygiene.
FIXTURE TRAPS AND VENT PIPES:
Each fixture directly connected to the drainage system shall be
equipped with a liquid seal trap, trap seals shall be maintained to
prevent sewer gas, other potentially dangerous or noxious fumes or
vermin from entering the building.
Drainage system shall be designed to provide an adequate
circulation of air in all pipes with no danger of shiphonage, aspiration or
forcing of trap seals under conditions of ordinary use by providing vent
pipes throughout the system.
 TYPES OF PIPES
• SOIL PIPE:
Pipe through which human excreta flows. 100 mm in size.
• WASTE PIPE:
Pipe which carries only the liquid waste and does not carry human excreta.
HORIZONTAL 30-50 mm. VERTICAL 75 mm.
• VENT PIPE:
Pipe which is provided for the purpose of the ventilation of the system. A
vent pipe is open at top and bottom, to facilitate exit of foul gases. It is carried at
least 1 m higher than the roof level. 50 mm in size.
• RAIN WATER PIPE:
Pipe which carries only the rain water. 70 mm in size.
• ANTI-SIPHONAGE PIPE:
Pipe which is installed in the house drainage to preserve the water seal of
traps. 50 mm in size.
PLUMBING SYSTEM FOR
HOUSE DRAINAGE
• ONE PIPE SYSTEM:
Combined stack for soil and waste with anti siphonage pipe.
• TWO PIPE SYSTEM:
Independent stacks for soil and waste water with asp.
• SINGLE STACK SYSTEM:
Combined stack for soil and waste water with out anti siphonage

pipe.
• SINGLE STACK PARTIALLY VENTILATED SYSTEM:
Via media between one pipe and single stack. Only soil traps are
ventilated.
 ONE PIPE SYSTEM

• A separate vent pipe is provided in this

system.
• This system is costly and difficult to
construct.
• Ventilation is provided to sullage pipe
and soil pipe too.
• Arrangement of pipe work is difficult.
 TWO PIPE SYSTEM

• Water closets, bath traps, kitchen traps

and wash basin traps all are connected
to vent pipes.
• Separate soil pipe and waste pipes are
provided.
• Two vent pipes are provided.
• There are four stakes in this system.
• It is efficient system but costlier than
other systems.
 SINGLE STACK SYSTEM

• From the figure it is clear that only

single pipe acts as soil pipe waste
pipe and ventilation pipe.
• This is poorly ventilated system.
• It is simple system and easy to
construct.
• Risk of water seal breaking in the
trap is high because of induced
siphonage.
• Waste or air of the waste pipe may
be forced up due to back pressure.
 PARTIALLY VENTILATED
SINGLE STACK SYSTEM
• Only water closet traps are
ventilated.
• Traps of baths, washbasins and
kitchen are not joined with vent
pipe.
• This is economical system.
• It is required to maintain water seal
of 75 mm or more.
• It has simple arrangement of pipe.
• ADVANTAGES OF ONE PIPE SYSTEM:
~ Largely replaced two pipe system in most developed countries.
~ Fast becoming preferred system in other parts of the world.
~ High quality pipes, fittings and installation techniques available these
days.
~ Constant flow of water ensures reduction in blockage problem.
~ Eliminated gully traps. Thus precludes the need to clean them.
~ Require lesser shaft/duct space.
~ Highly economical in terms of cost.
~ Quick to construct and commission.
• DISADVANTAGES :
~ Danger of back flow of sewage in waste fittings.
• ADVANTAGES OF TWO PIPE SYSTEM:
~ Ensure segregation of foul sewage from waste water.
~ No danger of backflow of sewage in waste fittings incase of
blockage of soil pipe.
~ Enables use of waste water directly for irrigation / gardening.
~ Separate waste water stack permits arrest of solids from kitchen
in the gully trap thus preventing it from entering sewer.
~ Gully traps needs to be cleaned periodically.
• DISADVANTAGES OF TWO PIPE SYSTEM:
~ Difficult to install in high rise buildings where stacks terminate in
service floor or in the ceiling of the basement.
~ Long horizontal runs to reach external walls/ external sewers.
~ Provision of gully trap difficult to implement in above situation.
~ Require more shaft/ duct space.
~ Congested shaft results in difficult to maintain system.
~ Used in India as matter of convention and conservative approach
rather than as a pragmatic approach.
DRAINAGE SYSTEM
DRAINAGE SYSTEM:
The drainage system shall be designed, installed and maintained to
guard against fouling, deposit of solids and clogging and with adequate
cleanouts so arranged that the pipes may be readily cleaned.

FOUL AIR EXHAUST:

Each vent terminal shall extend to the outer air and be so installed
as to minimize the possibilities of clogging and the return of foul air to
the building, as it conveys potentially noxious or explosive gases to the
outside atmosphere. All vent pipes shall be provided with a cowl.
DRAINAGE INSTALLATION:
• Soil and waste drainage system
~Two-pipe ventilated gravity system
~Discharge to public foul water system

• Storm water drainage system

~Rain water outlet at roof, balcony and canopy
~Discharge to public storm water system