DCQ3152

BUILDING SERVICES 2

TOPIC 1 : SANITATION SYSTEM (CLO1)

(6 HOURS LECTURE )
TOPIC 1 : SANITATION SYSTEM
TOPIC 1 : SANITATION SYSTEM
SANITATION
SYSTEM

SEWERAGE
SYSTEM
 SANITATION SYSTEM

SANITARY EQUIPMENT/ SANITARY PIPING

FITTINGS/ APPLIANCES
 DEFINITION OF SANITARY SYSTEM
Sanitary system is a combination
of sanitary fittings and sanitary
pipes installed to permit the
transfer of waste water and
sewerage from building to foul
drain including the ventilation.
 THE IMPORTANCE OF SANITARY SYSTEM

The importance:
 To collect & discharge the domestic
waste
(solid & fluid)
 Avoid the bad smell from the waste
material
 Enhance the quality of life and avoid the
contaminate disease.
 SANITARY APPLIANCES

DIRTY WATER EQUIPMENT WASTE WATER EQUIPMENT

LARGE/SMALL BOWEL WASHING AND BATHING
(SOLID WASTE) (WASTE WATER)

WATER
CLOSET BASIN

BATH TUB

BIDET SINK

FLOOR
URINAL TRAP
Water Closet

 accept and discharge human waste,

including solids.
 2 types : squatting and sitting
 designed to maintain a 50 mm
minimum water seal.
 ‘P’ or ‘S’ TRAP;
 Material: Ceramic, plastic, except in
correctional institutions.
 Various color, shape, size
Flushing Cistern
 flush away the contents of soil fitting to the drain.
 fixed 2m and 0.6 m above ground level.
 Standard capacity of the cistern from 5 to 15 liters,
 Material : plastic, ceramic
 piston or plunger type. And bell type for wc
Urinal
 accept and dispose of liquid human wastes only.
 types of urinal are ceramic slab , stall type and bowl type.
 The slab type is cheaper than the stall type (less privacy).
 Flushing is provided at 4.5 L per stall at about 20 minute
intervals from an automatic flushing system and
distributed through a system of sparge pipes or spreaders.
 Material : steel, ceramic
 Bidets to wash the excretory organs
 also be used as footbath.
 The hot and cold water.
 material: ceramic
Wash basin

 various designs (surgeon’s basin to small hand basin)

 fit into a corner of the room
 supported on brackets, a pedestal or by a ‘built in’
 material: ceramic, terrazo, plastic, stainless steel
Sinks
 - different applications
 - made of porcelain, stainless steel, plastic, fiberglass
 or any other nonporous material.
 - wall mounted, floor mounted, set into countertop or free
standing with legs.
 Material : Stainless steel, cast iron, granite, plastic
Bathtubs
 Bath tubs are available in enameled cast iron,
 pressed steel or in various types of plastics and acrylics.
 fixed as low as possible to assist getting in and out,
 available in an assortment of shapes and sizes.
 The standard length of a rectangular bath tub is 1.7 m.
 The water supply may be pillar tabs or by a
 special fitting incorporating a diverter and a shower.
MATERIALS
 must be non corroding, non-absorbent and easily cleaned.
 In factories and schools - capable of withstanding rough
treatment,
 Types:
a. Ceramic
b. Cast iron
c. Pressed steel
d. Plastic
e. Stainless steel
f. Terrazo/granite
CERAMICS
 made by firing clay.
 The strength and degree of materials
depends on composition of clay
mixture and temperature at which they
are fired.
 Has durable glazed surfaces in a wide
range of colors.
(i) earthenware: cheap, good color,
complicated shape
(ii) fireclay :strong and resistant to
knocks, hardware
(iii) vitreous china: good finish, but is
not as strong as fireclay. non-
absorbent even it is unglazed.
various colours.
(iv) Glazed stoneware- tough appliance,
non-absorbent even it is unglazed.
Cast iron
 for large appliances such as baths, which
would be too heavy if made in ceramics.
 strong but heavy
 white or a colored vitreous finish fired on.

Vitreous-enamelled Pressed Steel

 used of baths and sink units.
 Cheaper, not long lasting qualities of cast
iron.
 Used in place of cast iron.
 Finish can be of vitreous enamel.
 Noisy when used for sinks
Stainless Steel

 wide range of sanitary appliances

including WCs, sink units, urinal
stalls and wash-hand basins. Its
popularity derives from the
properties it possesses:
 clean, pleasant appearance
 non-corrosive
 hard wearing
 has no vitreous-enamelled surface to
chip
 easily cleaned
Plastics

- White and colored perspex

- have surface liable to
scratching.
- A wide range of plastics are
used in wc seats, cisterns, etc.

Terazzo

- Special appliances can be made

reasonably from terazzo and
very large items such as plunge
baths can be formed in situ in
this way.
 THE CONSTRUCTION AND PRINCIPLE AND FLOW
OF AUTOMATIC FLUSHING CISTERN.
 Automatic Flushing Cistern
 designed to discharge its contents of water at
regular intervals into a urinal.
 The rate depends upon the rate at which the water
is fed into the cistern and for a single installation
 not exceed ten liters per hour .
 These flush water automatically once in 10 – 15
minutes.
 To prevent wastage - at weekends, an Automatic
Flow Cut Off Device should be fitted.
Factors to be consider while selecting the
sanitary fittings

 Cost – outlay, fixing, maintenance

 Hygiene – inherent and ease of cleaning
 Appearance – size, color, shape
 Function – suitability, speed of operation and
reliability
 Weight – support required from wall and/or
floor
 Design – ease with which it can be included into
the general services installation
Factors to be consider while selecting the
sanitary fittings

 Material – waterproof, durable, smooth surface

 Installation – simple, not complicated
 Sound – not produce sound
 Size – appropriate
 Self cleaning
 Maintenance – easily repair, cleaning and maintain
 Layout – not interfere the movement
 Marketing – easily available
 Types of fitting – clay, plastic, steel, etc
PRINCIPLES AND DESIGN OF WATER SEAL
& WATER TIGHT

Definition : modern sanitation system designed to

reserved a small quantity of waste water inside the
pipe.
Function : Function to block the bad gasses and
crawling bugs from entering the house through
discharge pipe.

Usage : sanitary fitting and sewerage system

Types Of Trap for sanitary fittings

Bottle Trap Floor Trap Grease Trap P. Trap

Q. Trap S. Trap D Trap Bag Trap 3-piece running trap

Types Of Trap for sewerage system

1. Gully Trap 2. Intercepting Trap

 PRINCIPLES AND DESIGN OF WATER SEAL AND
WATER TIGHT

 Self-cleaning
 Smooth internal surface
 Made from incorrodible material
 Allow access for cleaning
 Water seal
 Have a Uniform diameter or bore
 LOSS OF WATER TRAP

 If a trap seal loss, smells from the sanitary

appliances would enter the building. Therefore the
water seal in the trap must be maintained under
all circumstances.
  LOSS OF WATER TRAP

 Evaporation
 Capillary action
 Momentum
 Leakage
 Wavering out
 Compression or back pressure
 Induced siphonage
 Self siphonage
Evaporation

 When trap is not being used, the rate of

water evaporation depends upon the
relative humidity of the air in the room.
 The rate is approximately 2.55 mm per
week, so a 25 mm seal would last for 10
week.
 Usually for abandon house
Capillary attraction
 happens in ‘S’ trap
 a piece of porous material being caught
over the bend of a trap
 absorbs water and
deposits it down the
waste discharge pipe.
Momentum
 This is caused by a sudden discharge of water from
a bucket.
 velocity water is discharged and it shoots around
the trap bend and goes down the waste pipe,
leaving no/less water I the trap

Leakage
 It is caused by a fault in the trap or plumbing
installation and water on the floor
 would be apparent.
 seal.
Wavering out
 This is caused by
the effect
of the wind which
passes over the top
of the ventilation pipe and
thus causes pressure
fluctuations
Compression/back pressure
 This occurs in high rise buildings.
 When water is discharged down to the main discharge
stack, air is compressed at the base of the stack.
 Hydraulic jump created
 Detergent foam increases the risk of compression
Induced siphonage
 This is caused by discharge of water from another sanitary
appliance connected to the same discharge pipe.
 In either a vertical or horizontal main waste pipe,
 as water flows down the pipe and passes the branch pipe
connected to it,
 it draws air from it,
thus creating a partial
vacuum and
subsequently
siphonage of the trap
takes place.
Self siphonage

 Usually happen at wash basins and other small appliances,

 It discharge their contents rapidly and do not have the final
small trickle of water needed to reseal the trap.
 When the plug is withdrawn, the water flows out fast and
completely fills the waste pipe.
 Partially vacuum created causing siphonage
 Atmospheric pressure (air bubbles) forces the water
through the trap, the seal is lost.
 FACTORS INFLUENCE THE LOSS OF WATER TIGHT

 Design of sanitary fittings

 Design of water trap
 Diametre of pipe
 Length of pipe
 Slope of pipe
 Flow of discharge
 The loss of water seal can be obtain by installing the
anti-siphonage mechanism :

McAlphine
 There are a chamber used to restore a water which flow out
the trap due to siphonage. It will flow back to the trap
when the siphonage done.

Grevak
 Siphonage happen – water level in the trap decrease.
 The air entering the pipe through ventilation pipe and
equal the air pressure inside and out. Siphonage stop.
 Water from restore chamber will flow back to the trap
 The loss of water seal can be obtain by installing the
anti-siphonage mechanism :

Econa
 When siphonage happen, half of the water will be forced to
the cylinder restoring chamber by atmosphere.
 It will flow back to the trap and maintain the seal

Antisifon
 When water in the trap been reduce, negative force will
pressure the upper valve. This will cause the valve closer to
open by atmosphere, and allowed air to enter the trap and
stopped the siphonage.
LAYOUT OF DISPOSAL PIPE SYSTEM FOR DOMESTIC
BUILDING
DEFINITION OF TERMS

 Soil Waste: This is discharge from water closets, urinals, slop sinks and similar
appliances.

 Soil Pipe: This pipe is conveys the discharge of water closets or fixtures
having similar function , with or without the discharges from others fixtures.

 Branch Soil Waste Pipe: This is pipe connecting one or more soil appliances
to the main soil stack..

 Waste Water: This comprises discharge from washbasins, sinks and similar
appliances not containing human excreta.

 Waste Pipe: Any pipe that receives the discharge of any fixtures except water
closets or similar fixtures and convey the same to the house drain or soil or
waste stack..
 Branch Waste Pipe: This is the pipe connecting one or more waste appliances to
the main waste stack.

 Discharge Stack: A stack related to main vertical discharge pipe or ventilating
pipe.In certain cases a discharge stack can be used to convey rainwater where a
combined system of underground drainage is permitted by local authority.

 Ventilating Stack: A ventilated vertical pipe which ventilates a drainage system
either by connection to a drain or to a discharge stack or branch ventilating pipe.

 Branch Ventilating Pipe: A pipe , one end of which is connected to the system
adjacent to a trap of an appliance and the other to main ventilating pipe is called a
branch ventilating pipe. It also provides ventilating to the branch waste pipe.

 Building Drain: The building drain is that part of the lowest horizontal piping of
a drainage system which receives the discharge from soil, waste and other pipes in
side the building and conveys it to the building sewer which begins one meter
outside the building wall.

 Building Sewer: The building sewer is that part of the horizontal pipe of a
drainage system which extands from the end of building drain, receives the
discharge from it and conveys it to a public sewer or another point of disposal.

Discharge Pipework System
 2 Pipes system
 Waste stack + vent pipe (sink, basin flor trap) to trapped
gully connected to drainage system
 Soil stack + vent pipe (+ loop vent) (soil appliances) to
underground drainage system
 More expensive, effective but complicated installation
 Usually used in hospital, factory and other similar building
Discharge Pipework System
 Single pipe system
 Multi storey building, non domestic sector (hospital,
school, office)
 Easy to install, less pipe, cheaper
 Soil and waste pipe + vent pipe (+ loop vent) to sewerage
pipe.
 Discharge Pipework System

 Single stack system

 reduce cost of piping, complicated installation
 Single pipe serves for both soil/waste pipe and ventilation
pipe.
 Basicly from 1 pipe system without vent pipe. (anti-siphone
pipe not required)
 Design success depend on close grouping of single
appliences (each with separate branch) around the stack.
 Installation must be precise and carefull

 To avoid siphone effect in the system:

 all sanitary appliances must be installed around the stack
for extension pipe will be shorten
 all appliances must be directly connect to the stack and
avoid losing water trap by siphone.
advantages :
 connecting each appliances separately to the stack
 limiting the flows in the stack to values at which plug will
not form
 maintaining stack straight to avoid plug formation

 Ventilation pipe to be release min 900 mm above

window/opening with horizontal distance 3m to avoid
danger/bad smell.
 MATERIAL FOR DISPOSAL PIPE –(METAL AND NON
METAL) & JOINTING METHOD
The material used for soil and waste systems are
classified into five basics groups:
a. Lead
b. Cast iron, aluminium
c. Copper
d. Pitch fiber
e. Plastics, uPVC
Lead
 traditional material for soil and waste systems
 sometimes used for the entire installation.
 now used for short branch pipes to the main case iron stacks
 Jointing: welding, pipe soldered joint

Advantage
 adaptability, especially in restricted duct spaces.
 smooth internal bore
 resistant to acid attack,

 Disadvantage
 can be attacked by Portland cement, lime, plaster, brickwork and
magnesite
Cast Iron
 manufactured from grey cast iron,
 advantage of resisting mechanical damage
 heavy and required good support,
 but they do not expand and contract
 pipes are protected from corrosion by a coating both inside
and outside with pitch.
 Jointing: caulked lead, roll ring flexible joint
Plastic, uPVC
 Common size is 21, 26, 33, 42, 48 and 60mm
 light in weight, easy to handle and install, smooth internal
bore, not easy to rust and highly resistant to corrosion.
 Has high hardness and mechanical properties.
 Easily broken and strength decrease when temperature
increase.
 Usually hidden in the wall and suitable used underground
 Plastics should be installed in a fire protector duct.
 Jointing: gum, welding technique, rubber ‘O’ ring